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annotate man/windows.texi @ 38212:6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
moved to maintaining.texi. Some sections reordered.
Node Misc for Programs moved to just before the language-specific sections.
New node Defuns contains an intro plus the old
Defuns node (now renamed Moving by Defuns)
as well as Imenu, Which Function, and a node
Left Margin Paren to explain the convention about this.
New node Parentheses now documents M-x check-parens.
It contains subnodes Expressions, Moving by Parens, and Matching.
Expressions and Moving by Parens contain the material
formerly in Lists and List Commands, but divided up differently.
The section Balanced Editing has been deleted.
Most of the C indentation customization (all except c-set-style),
has been replaced with a reference to the C Modes manual.
Documentation now is divided into three subsections.
Some rewrites in the Program Indent section about
C-u TAB and C-M-q.
author | Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org> |
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date | Tue, 26 Jun 2001 13:43:32 +0000 |
parents | e11682cc1516 |
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rev | line source |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
30875 | 2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 97, 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 3 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
4 @node Windows, Frames, Buffers, Top | |
5 @chapter Multiple Windows | |
6 @cindex windows in Emacs | |
7 @cindex multiple windows in Emacs | |
8 | |
9 Emacs can split a frame into two or many windows. Multiple windows | |
10 can display parts of different buffers, or different parts of one | |
11 buffer. Multiple frames always imply multiple windows, because each | |
12 frame has its own set of windows. Each window belongs to one and only | |
13 one frame. | |
14 | |
15 @menu | |
16 * Basic Window:: Introduction to Emacs windows. | |
17 * Split Window:: New windows are made by splitting existing windows. | |
18 * Other Window:: Moving to another window or doing something to it. | |
19 * Pop Up Window:: Finding a file or buffer in another window. | |
20 * Force Same Window:: Forcing certain buffers to appear in the selected | |
21 window rather than in another window. | |
22 * Change Window:: Deleting windows and changing their sizes. | |
28551 | 23 * Window Convenience:: Convenience functions for window handling. |
25829 | 24 @end menu |
25 | |
26 @node Basic Window | |
27 @section Concepts of Emacs Windows | |
28 | |
29 Each Emacs window displays one Emacs buffer at any time. A single | |
30 buffer may appear in more than one window; if it does, any changes in | |
31 its text are displayed in all the windows where it appears. But the | |
32 windows showing the same buffer can show different parts of it, because | |
33 each window has its own value of point. | |
34 | |
35 @cindex selected window | |
36 At any time, one of the windows is the @dfn{selected window}; the | |
37 buffer this window is displaying is the current buffer. The terminal's | |
38 cursor shows the location of point in this window. Each other window | |
39 has a location of point as well, but since the terminal has only one | |
40 cursor there is no way to show where those locations are. When multiple | |
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41 frames are visible in X, each frame has a cursor which appears in the |
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42 frame's selected window. The cursor in the selected frame is solid; the |
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43 cursor in other frames is a hollow box. |
25829 | 44 |
45 Commands to move point affect the value of point for the selected Emacs | |
46 window only. They do not change the value of point in any other Emacs | |
47 window, even one showing the same buffer. The same is true for commands | |
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48 such as @kbd{C-x b} to change the current buffer in the selected window; |
25829 | 49 they do not affect other windows at all. However, there are other commands |
50 such as @kbd{C-x 4 b} that select a different window and switch buffers in | |
51 it. Also, all commands that display information in a window, including | |
52 (for example) @kbd{C-h f} (@code{describe-function}) and @kbd{C-x C-b} | |
53 (@code{list-buffers}), work by switching buffers in a nonselected window | |
54 without affecting the selected window. | |
55 | |
56 When multiple windows show the same buffer, they can have different | |
57 regions, because they can have different values of point. However, | |
58 they all have the same value for the mark, because each buffer has | |
59 only one mark position. | |
60 | |
61 Each window has its own mode line, which displays the buffer name, | |
62 modification status and major and minor modes of the buffer that is | |
63 displayed in the window. @xref{Mode Line}, for full details on the mode | |
64 line. | |
65 | |
66 @iftex | |
67 @break | |
68 @end iftex | |
69 | |
70 @node Split Window | |
71 @section Splitting Windows | |
72 | |
73 @table @kbd | |
74 @item C-x 2 | |
75 Split the selected window into two windows, one above the other | |
76 (@code{split-window-vertically}). | |
77 @item C-x 3 | |
78 Split the selected window into two windows positioned side by side | |
79 (@code{split-window-horizontally}). | |
80 @item C-Mouse-2 | |
81 In the mode line or scroll bar of a window, split that window. | |
82 @end table | |
83 | |
84 @kindex C-x 2 | |
85 @findex split-window-vertically | |
86 The command @kbd{C-x 2} (@code{split-window-vertically}) breaks the | |
87 selected window into two windows, one above the other. Both windows start | |
88 out displaying the same buffer, with the same value of point. By default | |
89 the two windows each get half the height of the window that was split; a | |
90 numeric argument specifies how many lines to give to the top window. | |
91 | |
92 @kindex C-x 3 | |
93 @findex split-window-horizontally | |
94 @kbd{C-x 3} (@code{split-window-horizontally}) breaks the selected | |
95 window into two side-by-side windows. A numeric argument specifies how | |
96 many columns to give the one on the left. A line of vertical bars | |
97 separates the two windows. Windows that are not the full width of the | |
98 screen have mode lines, but they are truncated. On terminals where | |
99 Emacs does not support highlighting, truncated mode lines sometimes do | |
100 not appear in inverse video. | |
101 | |
102 @kindex C-Mouse-2 @r{(scroll bar)} | |
103 You can split a window horizontally or vertically by clicking | |
37121 | 104 @kbd{C-Mouse-2} in the mode line or the scroll bar. (This does not |
105 work in scroll bars implemented by X toolkits.) The line of splitting | |
106 goes through the place where you click: if you click on the mode line, | |
107 the new scroll bar goes above the spot; if you click in the scroll | |
108 bar, the mode line of the split window is side by side with your | |
25829 | 109 click. |
110 | |
111 @vindex truncate-partial-width-windows | |
112 When a window is less than the full width, text lines too long to fit are | |
113 frequent. Continuing all those lines might be confusing. The variable | |
114 @code{truncate-partial-width-windows} can be set non-@code{nil} to force | |
115 truncation in all windows less than the full width of the screen, | |
116 independent of the buffer being displayed and its value for | |
117 @code{truncate-lines}. @xref{Continuation Lines}.@refill | |
118 | |
119 Horizontal scrolling is often used in side-by-side windows. | |
120 @xref{Display}. | |
121 | |
122 @vindex split-window-keep-point | |
37121 | 123 If @code{split-window-keep-point} is non-@code{nil}, the default, |
124 both of the windows resulting from @kbd{C-x 2} inherit the value of | |
125 point from the window that was split. This means that scrolling is | |
25829 | 126 inevitable. If this variable is @code{nil}, then @kbd{C-x 2} tries to |
37121 | 127 avoid scrolling the text currently visible on the screen, by putting |
128 point in each window at a position already visible in the window. It | |
129 also selects whichever window contain the screen line that the cursor | |
130 was previously on. Some users prefer the latter mode on slow | |
131 terminals. | |
25829 | 132 |
133 @node Other Window | |
134 @section Using Other Windows | |
135 | |
136 @table @kbd | |
137 @item C-x o | |
138 Select another window (@code{other-window}). That is @kbd{o}, not zero. | |
139 @item C-M-v | |
140 Scroll the next window (@code{scroll-other-window}). | |
141 @item M-x compare-windows | |
142 Find next place where the text in the selected window does not match | |
143 the text in the next window. | |
144 @item Mouse-1 | |
145 @kbd{Mouse-1}, in a window's mode line, selects that window | |
146 but does not move point in it (@code{mouse-select-window}). | |
147 @end table | |
148 | |
149 @kindex C-x o | |
150 @findex other-window | |
151 To select a different window, click with @kbd{Mouse-1} on its mode | |
152 line. With the keyboard, you can switch windows by typing @kbd{C-x o} | |
36185 | 153 (@code{other-window}). That is an @kbd{o}, for ``other,'' not a zero. |
25829 | 154 When there are more than two windows, this command moves through all the |
155 windows in a cyclic order, generally top to bottom and left to right. | |
156 After the rightmost and bottommost window, it goes back to the one at | |
157 the upper left corner. A numeric argument means to move several steps | |
158 in the cyclic order of windows. A negative argument moves around the | |
159 cycle in the opposite order. When the minibuffer is active, the | |
160 minibuffer is the last window in the cycle; you can switch from the | |
161 minibuffer window to one of the other windows, and later switch back and | |
162 finish supplying the minibuffer argument that is requested. | |
163 @xref{Minibuffer Edit}. | |
164 | |
165 @kindex C-M-v | |
166 @findex scroll-other-window | |
167 The usual scrolling commands (@pxref{Display}) apply to the selected | |
168 window only, but there is one command to scroll the next window. | |
169 @kbd{C-M-v} (@code{scroll-other-window}) scrolls the window that | |
170 @kbd{C-x o} would select. It takes arguments, positive and negative, | |
171 like @kbd{C-v}. (In the minibuffer, @kbd{C-M-v} scrolls the window | |
172 that contains the minibuffer help display, if any, rather than the | |
173 next window in the standard cyclic order.) | |
174 | |
175 The command @kbd{M-x compare-windows} lets you compare two files or | |
176 buffers visible in two windows, by moving through them to the next | |
177 mismatch. @xref{Comparing Files}, for details. | |
178 | |
179 @node Pop Up Window | |
180 @section Displaying in Another Window | |
181 | |
182 @cindex selecting buffers in other windows | |
183 @kindex C-x 4 | |
184 @kbd{C-x 4} is a prefix key for commands that select another window | |
185 (splitting the window if there is only one) and select a buffer in that | |
186 window. Different @kbd{C-x 4} commands have different ways of finding the | |
187 buffer to select. | |
188 | |
189 @table @kbd | |
190 @item C-x 4 b @var{bufname} @key{RET} | |
191 Select buffer @var{bufname} in another window. This runs | |
192 @code{switch-to-buffer-other-window}. | |
193 @item C-x 4 C-o @var{bufname} @key{RET} | |
194 Display buffer @var{bufname} in another window, but | |
195 don't select that buffer or that window. This runs | |
196 @code{display-buffer}. | |
197 @item C-x 4 f @var{filename} @key{RET} | |
198 Visit file @var{filename} and select its buffer in another window. This | |
199 runs @code{find-file-other-window}. @xref{Visiting}. | |
200 @item C-x 4 d @var{directory} @key{RET} | |
201 Select a Dired buffer for directory @var{directory} in another window. | |
202 This runs @code{dired-other-window}. @xref{Dired}. | |
203 @item C-x 4 m | |
204 Start composing a mail message in another window. This runs | |
205 @code{mail-other-window}; its same-window analogue is @kbd{C-x m} | |
206 (@pxref{Sending Mail}). | |
207 @item C-x 4 . | |
208 Find a tag in the current tags table, in another window. This runs | |
209 @code{find-tag-other-window}, the multiple-window variant of @kbd{M-.} | |
210 (@pxref{Tags}). | |
211 @item C-x 4 r @var{filename} @key{RET} | |
212 Visit file @var{filename} read-only, and select its buffer in another | |
213 window. This runs @code{find-file-read-only-other-window}. | |
214 @xref{Visiting}. | |
215 @end table | |
216 | |
217 @node Force Same Window | |
218 @section Forcing Display in the Same Window | |
219 | |
220 Certain Emacs commands switch to a specific buffer with special | |
221 contents. For example, @kbd{M-x shell} switches to a buffer named | |
222 @samp{*Shell*}. By convention, all these commands are written to pop up | |
223 the buffer in a separate window. But you can specify that certain of | |
224 these buffers should appear in the selected window. | |
225 | |
226 @vindex same-window-buffer-names | |
227 If you add a buffer name to the list @code{same-window-buffer-names}, | |
228 the effect is that such commands display that particular buffer by | |
229 switching to it in the selected window. For example, if you add the | |
230 element @code{"*grep*"} to the list, the @code{grep} command will | |
231 display its output buffer in the selected window. | |
232 | |
233 The default value of @code{same-window-buffer-names} is not | |
234 @code{nil}: it specifies buffer names @samp{*info*}, @samp{*mail*} and | |
235 @samp{*shell*} (as well as others used by more obscure Emacs packages). | |
236 This is why @kbd{M-x shell} normally switches to the @samp{*shell*} | |
237 buffer in the selected window. If you delete this element from the | |
238 value of @code{same-window-buffer-names}, the behavior of @kbd{M-x | |
239 shell} will change---it will pop up the buffer in another window | |
240 instead. | |
241 | |
242 @vindex same-window-regexps | |
243 You can specify these buffers more generally with the variable | |
244 @code{same-window-regexps}. Set it to a list of regular expressions; | |
245 then any buffer whose name matches one of those regular expressions is | |
246 displayed by switching to it in the selected window. (Once again, this | |
247 applies only to buffers that normally get displayed for you in a | |
248 separate window.) The default value of this variable specifies Telnet | |
249 and rlogin buffers. | |
250 | |
251 An analogous feature lets you specify buffers which should be | |
252 displayed in their own individual frames. @xref{Special Buffer Frames}. | |
253 | |
254 @node Change Window | |
255 @section Deleting and Rearranging Windows | |
256 | |
257 @table @kbd | |
258 @item C-x 0 | |
259 Delete the selected window (@code{delete-window}). The last character | |
260 in this key sequence is a zero. | |
261 @item C-x 1 | |
262 Delete all windows in the selected frame except the selected window | |
263 (@code{delete-other-windows}). | |
264 @item C-x 4 0 | |
265 Delete the selected window and kill the buffer that was showing in it | |
266 (@code{kill-buffer-and-window}). The last character in this key | |
267 sequence is a zero. | |
268 @item C-x ^ | |
269 Make selected window taller (@code{enlarge-window}). | |
270 @item C-x @} | |
271 Make selected window wider (@code{enlarge-window-horizontally}). | |
272 @item C-x @{ | |
273 Make selected window narrower (@code{shrink-window-horizontally}). | |
274 @item C-x - | |
275 Shrink this window if its buffer doesn't need so many lines | |
276 (@code{shrink-window-if-larger-than-buffer}). | |
277 @item C-x + | |
278 Make all windows the same height (@code{balance-windows}). | |
279 @item Drag-Mouse-1 | |
280 Dragging a window's mode line up or down with @kbd{Mouse-1} changes | |
281 window heights. | |
282 @item Mouse-2 | |
283 @kbd{Mouse-2} in a window's mode line deletes all other windows in the frame | |
284 (@code{mouse-delete-other-windows}). | |
285 @item Mouse-3 | |
286 @kbd{Mouse-3} in a window's mode line deletes that window | |
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287 (@code{mouse-delete-window}), unless the frame has only one window, in |
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288 which case it buries the current buffer instead and switches to another |
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289 buffer. |
25829 | 290 @end table |
291 | |
292 @kindex C-x 0 | |
293 @findex delete-window | |
294 To delete a window, type @kbd{C-x 0} (@code{delete-window}). (That is | |
295 a zero.) The space occupied by the deleted window is given to an | |
296 adjacent window (but not the minibuffer window, even if that is active | |
297 at the time). Once a window is deleted, its attributes are forgotten; | |
298 only restoring a window configuration can bring it back. Deleting the | |
299 window has no effect on the buffer it used to display; the buffer | |
300 continues to exist, and you can select it in any window with @kbd{C-x | |
301 b}. | |
302 | |
303 @findex kill-buffer-and-window | |
304 @kindex C-x 4 0 | |
305 @kbd{C-x 4 0} (@code{kill-buffer-and-window}) is a stronger command | |
306 than @kbd{C-x 0}; it kills the current buffer and then deletes the | |
307 selected window. | |
308 | |
309 @kindex C-x 1 | |
310 @findex delete-other-windows | |
311 @kbd{C-x 1} (@code{delete-other-windows}) is more powerful in a | |
312 different way; it deletes all the windows except the selected one (and | |
313 the minibuffer); the selected window expands to use the whole frame | |
314 except for the echo area. | |
315 | |
316 You can also delete a window by clicking on its mode line with | |
317 @kbd{Mouse-2}, and delete all the windows in a frame except one window | |
318 by clicking on that window's mode line with @kbd{Mouse-3}. | |
319 | |
320 The easiest way to adjust window heights is with a mouse. If you | |
321 press @kbd{Mouse-1} on a mode line, you can drag that mode line up or | |
322 down, changing the heights of the windows above and below it. | |
323 | |
324 @kindex C-x ^ | |
325 @findex enlarge-window | |
326 @kindex C-x @} | |
327 @findex enlarge-window-horizontally | |
328 @vindex window-min-height | |
329 @vindex window-min-width | |
330 To readjust the division of space among vertically adjacent windows, | |
331 use @kbd{C-x ^} (@code{enlarge-window}). It makes the currently | |
332 selected window get one line bigger, or as many lines as is specified | |
333 with a numeric argument. With a negative argument, it makes the | |
334 selected window smaller. @kbd{C-x @}} | |
335 (@code{enlarge-window-horizontally}) makes the selected window wider by | |
336 the specified number of columns. @kbd{C-x @{} | |
337 (@code{shrink-window-horizontally}) makes the selected window narrower | |
338 by the specified number of columns. | |
339 | |
340 When you make a window bigger, the space comes from one of its | |
341 neighbors. If this makes any window too small, it is deleted and its | |
342 space is given to an adjacent window. The minimum size is specified by | |
343 the variables @code{window-min-height} and @code{window-min-width}. | |
344 | |
345 @kindex C-x - | |
346 @findex shrink-window-if-larger-than-buffer | |
347 The command @kbd{C-x -} (@code{shrink-window-if-larger-than-buffer}) | |
348 reduces the height of the selected window, if it is taller than | |
349 necessary to show the whole text of the buffer it is displaying. It | |
350 gives the extra lines to other windows in the frame. | |
351 | |
352 @kindex C-x + | |
353 @findex balance-windows | |
354 You can also use @kbd{C-x +} (@code{balance-windows}) to even out the | |
355 heights of all the windows in the selected frame. | |
356 | |
28551 | 357 @node Window Convenience |
358 @section Window Handling Convenience Features and Customization | |
359 | |
360 @findex winner-mode | |
30875 | 361 @cindex Winner mode |
362 @cindex mode, Winner | |
28551 | 363 @cindex undoing window configuration changes |
364 @cindex window configuration changes, undoing | |
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365 @kbd{M-x winner-mode} is a global minor mode that records the |
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366 changes in the window configuration (i.e. how the frames are |
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367 partitioned into windows), so that you can ``undo'' them. To undo, |
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368 use @kbd{C-x left} (@code{winner-undo}). If you change your mind |
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369 while undoing, you can redo the changes you had undone using @kbd{C-x |
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370 right} (@code{M-x winner-redo}). Another way to enable Winner mode is |
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371 by customizing the variable @code{winner-mode}. |
28551 | 372 |
373 @cindex Windmove package | |
374 @cindex directional window selection | |
30875 | 375 @findex windmove-right |
376 @findex windmove-default-keybindings | |
36875 | 377 The Windmove commands move directionally between neighbouring windows in |
30875 | 378 a frame. @kbd{M-x windmove-right} selects the window immediately to the |
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379 right of the currently selected one, and similarly for the ``left,'' ``up,'' |
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380 and ``down'' counterparts. @kbd{M-x windmove-default-keybindings} binds |
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381 these commands to @kbd{S-right} etc. (Not all terminals support shifted |
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382 arrow keys, however.) |
28551 | 383 |
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384 Follow minor mode (@kbd{M-x follow-mode}) synchronizes several |
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385 windows on the same buffer so that they always display adjacent |
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386 sections of that buffer. @xref{Follow Mode}. |
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387 |
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388 @vindex scroll-all-mode |
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389 @cindex scrolling windows together |
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390 @cindex Scroll-all mode |
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391 @cindex mode, Scroll-all |
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392 @kbd{M-x scroll-all-mode} provides commands to scroll all visible |
add12d9a298a
Major rewrite in Window Convenience node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35954
diff
changeset
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393 windows together. You can also turn it on by customizing the variable |
add12d9a298a
Major rewrite in Window Convenience node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35954
diff
changeset
|
394 @code{scroll-all-mode}. The commands provided are @kbd{M-x |
add12d9a298a
Major rewrite in Window Convenience node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35954
diff
changeset
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395 scroll-all-scroll-down-all}, @kbd{M-x scroll-all-page-down-all} and |
add12d9a298a
Major rewrite in Window Convenience node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35954
diff
changeset
|
396 their corresponding ``up'' equivalents. To make this mode useful, |
add12d9a298a
Major rewrite in Window Convenience node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35954
diff
changeset
|
397 you should bind these commands to appropriate keys. |