Mercurial > emacs
annotate etc/tutorials/TUTORIAL @ 84918:6c8465b69c48
(ada-prj-display-page): Use `mapc' rather than `mapcar'.
author | Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com> |
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date | Wed, 26 Sep 2007 00:24:29 +0000 |
parents | 908e8993d113 |
children | 107ccd98fa12 |
rev | line source |
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1 Emacs tutorial. See end for copying conditions. |
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2 |
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3 Emacs commands generally involve the CONTROL key (sometimes labeled |
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4 CTRL or CTL) or the META key (sometimes labeled EDIT or ALT). Rather than |
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5 write that in full each time, we'll use the following abbreviations: |
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6 |
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7 C-<chr> means hold the CONTROL key while typing the character <chr> |
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8 Thus, C-f would be: hold the CONTROL key and type f. |
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9 M-<chr> means hold the META or EDIT or ALT key down while typing <chr>. |
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10 If there is no META, EDIT or ALT key, instead press and release the |
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11 ESC key and then type <chr>. We write <ESC> for the ESC key. |
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12 |
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13 Important note: to end the Emacs session, type C-x C-c. (Two characters.) |
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14 The characters ">>" at the left margin indicate directions for you to |
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15 try using a command. For instance: |
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16 <<Blank lines inserted around following line by help-with-tutorial>> |
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17 [Middle of page left blank for didactic purposes. Text continues below] |
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18 >> Now type C-v (View next screen) to move to the next screen. |
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19 (go ahead, do it by holding down the CONTROL key while typing v). |
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20 From now on, you should do this again whenever you finish |
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21 reading the screen. |
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22 |
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23 Note that there is an overlap of two lines when you move from screen |
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24 to screen; this provides some continuity so you can continue reading |
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25 the text. |
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26 |
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27 The first thing that you need to know is how to move around from place |
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28 to place in the text. You already know how to move forward one screen, |
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29 with C-v. To move backwards one screen, type M-v (hold down the META key |
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30 and type v, or type <ESC>v if you do not have a META, EDIT, or ALT key). |
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31 |
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32 >> Try typing M-v and then C-v, a few times. |
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33 |
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34 |
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35 * SUMMARY |
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36 --------- |
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37 |
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38 The following commands are useful for viewing screenfuls: |
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39 |
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40 C-v Move forward one screenful |
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41 M-v Move backward one screenful |
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42 C-l Clear screen and redisplay all the text, |
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43 moving the text around the cursor |
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44 to the center of the screen. |
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45 (That's CONTROL-L, not CONTROL-1.) |
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46 |
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47 >> Find the cursor, and note what text is near it. |
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48 Then type C-l. |
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49 Find the cursor again and notice that the same text |
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50 is near the cursor now. |
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51 |
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52 You can also use the PageUp and PageDn keys to move by screenfuls, if |
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53 your terminal has them, but you can edit more efficiently if you use |
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54 C-v and M-v. |
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55 |
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56 |
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57 * BASIC CURSOR CONTROL |
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58 ---------------------- |
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59 |
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60 Moving from screenful to screenful is useful, but how do you |
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61 move to a specific place within the text on the screen? |
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62 |
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63 There are several ways you can do this. You can use the arrow keys, |
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64 but it's more efficient to keep your hands in the standard position |
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65 and use the commands C-p, C-b, C-f, and C-n. These characters |
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66 are equivalent to the four arrow keys, like this: |
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67 |
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68 Previous line, C-p |
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69 : |
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70 : |
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71 Backward, C-b .... Current cursor position .... Forward, C-f |
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72 : |
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73 : |
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74 Next line, C-n |
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75 |
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76 >> Move the cursor to the line in the middle of that diagram |
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77 using C-n or C-p. Then type C-l to see the whole diagram |
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78 centered in the screen. |
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79 |
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80 You'll find it easy to remember these letters by words they stand for: |
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81 P for previous, N for next, B for backward and F for forward. You |
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82 will be using these basic cursor positioning commands all the time. |
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83 |
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84 >> Do a few C-n's to bring the cursor down to this line. |
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85 |
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86 >> Move into the line with C-f's and then up with C-p's. |
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87 See what C-p does when the cursor is in the middle of the line. |
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88 |
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89 Each line of text ends with a Newline character, which serves to |
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90 separate it from the following line. The last line in your file ought |
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91 to have a Newline at the end (but Emacs does not require it to have |
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92 one). |
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93 |
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94 >> Try to C-b at the beginning of a line. It should move to |
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95 the end of the previous line. This is because it moves back |
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96 across the Newline character. |
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97 |
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98 C-f can move across a Newline just like C-b. |
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99 |
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100 >> Do a few more C-b's, so you get a feel for where the cursor is. |
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101 Then do C-f's to return to the end of the line. |
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102 Then do one more C-f to move to the following line. |
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103 |
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104 When you move past the top or bottom of the screen, the text beyond |
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105 the edge shifts onto the screen. This is called "scrolling". It |
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106 enables Emacs to move the cursor to the specified place in the text |
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107 without moving it off the screen. |
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108 |
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109 >> Try to move the cursor off the bottom of the screen with C-n, and |
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110 see what happens. |
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111 |
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112 If moving by characters is too slow, you can move by words. M-f |
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113 (META-f) moves forward a word and M-b moves back a word. |
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114 |
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115 >> Type a few M-f's and M-b's. |
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116 |
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117 When you are in the middle of a word, M-f moves to the end of the word. |
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118 When you are in whitespace between words, M-f moves to the end of the |
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119 following word. M-b works likewise in the opposite direction. |
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120 |
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121 >> Type M-f and M-b a few times, interspersed with C-f's and C-b's |
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122 so that you can observe the action of M-f and M-b from various |
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123 places inside and between words. |
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124 |
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125 Notice the parallel between C-f and C-b on the one hand, and M-f and |
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126 M-b on the other hand. Very often Meta characters are used for |
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127 operations related to the units defined by language (words, sentences, |
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128 paragraphs), while Control characters operate on basic units that are |
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129 independent of what you are editing (characters, lines, etc). |
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130 |
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131 This parallel applies between lines and sentences: C-a and C-e move to |
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132 the beginning or end of a line, and M-a and M-e move to the beginning |
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133 or end of a sentence. |
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134 |
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135 >> Try a couple of C-a's, and then a couple of C-e's. |
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136 Try a couple of M-a's, and then a couple of M-e's. |
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137 |
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138 See how repeated C-a's do nothing, but repeated M-a's keep moving one |
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139 more sentence. Although these are not quite analogous, each one seems |
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140 natural. |
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141 |
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142 The location of the cursor in the text is also called "point". To |
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143 paraphrase, the cursor shows on the screen where point is located in |
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144 the text. |
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145 |
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146 Here is a summary of simple cursor-moving operations, including the |
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147 word and sentence moving commands: |
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148 |
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149 C-f Move forward a character |
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150 C-b Move backward a character |
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151 |
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152 M-f Move forward a word |
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153 M-b Move backward a word |
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154 |
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155 C-n Move to next line |
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156 C-p Move to previous line |
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157 |
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158 C-a Move to beginning of line |
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159 C-e Move to end of line |
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160 |
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161 M-a Move back to beginning of sentence |
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162 M-e Move forward to end of sentence |
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163 |
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164 >> Try all of these commands now a few times for practice. |
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165 These are the most often used commands. |
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166 |
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167 Two other important cursor motion commands are M-< (META Less-than), |
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168 which moves to the beginning of the whole text, and M-> (META |
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169 Greater-than), which moves to the end of the whole text. |
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170 |
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171 On most terminals, the "<" is above the comma, so you must use the |
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172 shift key to type it. On these terminals you must use the shift key |
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173 to type M-< also; without the shift key, you would be typing M-comma. |
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174 |
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175 >> Try M-< now, to move to the beginning of the tutorial. |
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176 Then use C-v repeatedly to move back here. |
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177 |
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178 >> Try M-> now, to move to the end of the tutorial. |
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179 Then use M-v repeatedly to move back here. |
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180 |
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181 You can also move the cursor with the arrow keys, if your terminal has |
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182 arrow keys. We recommend learning C-b, C-f, C-n and C-p for three |
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183 reasons. First, they work on all kinds of terminals. Second, once |
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184 you gain practice at using Emacs, you will find that typing these Control |
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185 characters is faster than typing the arrow keys (because you do not |
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186 have to move your hands away from touch-typing position). Third, once |
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187 you form the habit of using these Control character commands, you can |
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188 easily learn to use other advanced cursor motion commands as well. |
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189 |
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190 Most Emacs commands accept a numeric argument; for most commands, this |
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191 serves as a repeat-count. The way you give a command a repeat count |
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192 is by typing C-u and then the digits before you type the command. If |
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193 you have a META (or EDIT or ALT) key, there is another, alternative way |
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194 to enter a numeric argument: type the digits while holding down the |
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195 META key. We recommend learning the C-u method because it works on |
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196 any terminal. The numeric argument is also called a "prefix argument", |
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197 because you type the argument before the command it applies to. |
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198 |
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199 For instance, C-u 8 C-f moves forward eight characters. |
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200 |
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201 >> Try using C-n or C-p with a numeric argument, to move the cursor |
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202 to a line near this one with just one command. |
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203 |
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204 Most commands use the numeric argument as a repeat count, but some |
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205 commands use it in some other way. Several commands (but none of |
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206 those you have learned so far) use it as a flag--the presence of a |
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207 prefix argument, regardless of its value, makes the command do |
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208 something different. |
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209 |
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210 C-v and M-v are another kind of exception. When given an argument, |
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211 they scroll the screen up or down by that many lines, rather than by a |
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212 screenful. For example, C-u 8 C-v scrolls the screen by 8 lines. |
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213 |
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214 >> Try typing C-u 8 C-v now. |
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215 |
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216 This should have scrolled the screen up by 8 lines. If you would like |
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217 to scroll it down again, you can give an argument to M-v. |
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218 |
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219 If you are using a windowed display, such as X11 or MS-Windows, there |
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220 should be a tall rectangular area called a scroll bar at the |
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221 side of the Emacs window. You can scroll the text by clicking the |
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222 mouse in the scroll bar. |
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223 |
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224 >> Try pressing the middle button at the top of the highlighted area |
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225 within the scroll bar. This should scroll the text to a position |
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226 determined by how high or low you click. |
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227 |
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228 >> Try moving the mouse up and down, while holding the middle button |
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229 pressed down. You'll see that the text scrolls up and down as |
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230 you move the mouse. |
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231 |
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232 |
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233 * WHEN EMACS IS HUNG |
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234 -------------------- |
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235 |
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236 If Emacs stops responding to your commands, you can stop it safely by |
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237 typing C-g. You can use C-g to stop a command which is taking too |
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238 long to execute. |
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239 |
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240 You can also use C-g to discard a numeric argument or the beginning of |
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241 a command that you do not want to finish. |
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242 |
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243 >> Type C-u 100 to make a numeric arg of 100, then type C-g. |
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244 Now type C-f. It should move just one character, |
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245 because you canceled the argument with C-g. |
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246 |
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247 If you have typed an <ESC> by mistake, you can get rid of it |
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248 with a C-g. |
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249 |
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250 |
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251 * DISABLED COMMANDS |
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252 ------------------- |
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253 |
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254 Some Emacs commands are "disabled" so that beginning users cannot use |
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255 them by accident. |
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256 |
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257 If you type one of the disabled commands, Emacs displays a message |
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258 saying what the command was, and asking you whether you want to go |
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259 ahead and execute the command. |
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260 |
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261 If you really want to try the command, type <SPC> (the Space bar) in |
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262 answer to the question. Normally, if you do not want to execute the |
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263 disabled command, answer the question with "n". |
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264 |
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265 >> Type C-x C-l (which is a disabled command), |
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266 then type n to answer the question. |
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267 |
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268 |
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269 * WINDOWS |
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270 --------- |
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271 |
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272 Emacs can have several windows, each displaying its own text. We will |
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273 explain later on how to use multiple windows. Right now we want to |
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274 explain how to get rid of extra windows and go back to basic |
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275 one-window editing. It is simple: |
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276 |
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277 C-x 1 One window (i.e., kill all other windows). |
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278 |
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279 That is CONTROL-x followed by the digit 1. C-x 1 expands the window |
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280 which contains the cursor, to occupy the full screen. It deletes all |
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281 other windows. |
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282 |
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283 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l. |
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284 >> Type CONTROL-h k CONTROL-f. |
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285 See how this window shrinks, while a new one appears |
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286 to display documentation on the CONTROL-f command. |
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287 |
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288 >> Type C-x 1 and see the documentation listing window disappear. |
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289 |
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290 This command is unlike the other commands you have learned in that it |
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291 consists of two characters. It starts with the character CONTROL-x. |
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292 There is a whole series of commands that start with CONTROL-x; many of |
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293 them have to do with windows, files, buffers, and related things. |
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294 These commands are two, three or four characters long. |
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295 |
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296 |
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297 * INSERTING AND DELETING |
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298 ------------------------ |
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299 |
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300 If you want to insert text, just type the text. Characters which you |
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301 can see, such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by Emacs as text and inserted |
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302 immediately. Type <Return> (the carriage-return key) to insert a |
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303 Newline character. |
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304 |
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305 You can delete the last character you typed by typing <Delback>. |
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306 <Delback> is a key on the keyboard--the same one you normally use, |
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307 outside Emacs, for deleting the last character you typed. It is |
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308 normally a large key a couple of lines up from the <Return> key, and |
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309 it is usually labeled "Delete", "Del" or "Backspace". |
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310 |
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311 If the large key there is labeled "Backspace", then that's the one you |
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312 use for <Delback>. There may also be another key labeled "Delete" |
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313 somewhere else, but that's not <Delback>. |
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314 |
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315 More generally, <Delback> deletes the character immediately before the |
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316 current cursor position. |
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317 |
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318 >> Do this now--type a few characters, then delete them |
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319 by typing <Delback> a few times. Don't worry about this file |
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320 being changed; you will not alter the master tutorial. This is |
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321 your personal copy of it. |
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322 |
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323 When a line of text gets too big for one line on the screen, the line |
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324 of text is "continued" onto a second screen line. A backslash ("\") |
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325 (or, if you're using a windowed display, a little curved arrow) at the |
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326 right margin indicates a line which has been continued. |
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327 |
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328 >> Insert text until you reach the right margin, and keep on inserting. |
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329 You'll see a continuation line appear. |
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330 |
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331 >> Use <Delback>s to delete the text until the line fits on one screen |
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332 line again. The continuation line goes away. |
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333 |
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334 You can delete a Newline character just like any other character. |
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335 Deleting the Newline character between two lines merges them into |
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336 one line. If the resulting combined line is too long to fit in the |
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337 screen width, it will be displayed with a continuation line. |
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338 |
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339 >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type <Delback>. This |
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340 merges that line with the previous line. |
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341 |
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342 >> Type <Return> to reinsert the Newline you deleted. |
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343 |
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344 Remember that most Emacs commands can be given a repeat count; |
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345 this includes text characters. Repeating a text character inserts |
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346 it several times. |
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347 |
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348 >> Try that now -- type C-u 8 * to insert ********. |
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349 |
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350 You've now learned the most basic way of typing something in |
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351 Emacs and correcting errors. You can delete by words or lines |
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352 as well. Here is a summary of the delete operations: |
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353 |
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354 <Delback> Delete the character just before the cursor |
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355 C-d Delete the next character after the cursor |
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356 |
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357 M-<Delback> Kill the word immediately before the cursor |
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358 M-d Kill the next word after the cursor |
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359 |
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360 C-k Kill from the cursor position to end of line |
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361 M-k Kill to the end of the current sentence |
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362 |
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363 Notice that <Delback> and C-d vs M-<Delback> and M-d extend the parallel |
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364 started by C-f and M-f (well, <Delback> is not really a control |
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365 character, but let's not worry about that). C-k and M-k are like C-e |
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366 and M-e, sort of, in that lines are opposite sentences. |
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367 |
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368 You can also kill any part of the text with one uniform method. Move |
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369 to one end of that part, and type C-@ or C-<SPC> (either one). (<SPC> |
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370 is the Space bar.) Move to the other end of that part, and type C-w. |
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371 That kills all the text between the two positions. |
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372 |
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373 >> Move the cursor to the Y at the start of the previous paragraph. |
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374 >> Type C-<SPC>. Emacs should display a message "Mark set" |
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375 at the bottom of the screen. |
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376 >> Move the cursor to the n in "end", on the second line of the |
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377 paragraph. |
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378 >> Type C-w. This will kill the text starting from the Y, |
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379 and ending just before the n. |
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380 |
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381 The difference between "killing" and "deleting" is that "killed" text |
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382 can be reinserted, whereas "deleted" things cannot be reinserted. |
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383 Reinsertion of killed text is called "yanking". Generally, the |
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384 commands that can remove a lot of text kill the text (they set up so |
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385 that you can yank the text), while the commands that remove just one |
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386 character, or only remove blank lines and spaces, do deletion (so you |
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387 cannot yank that text). <Delback> and C-d do deletion in the simplest |
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388 case, with no argument. When given an argument, they kill instead. |
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389 |
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390 >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line which is not empty. |
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391 Then type C-k to kill the text on that line. |
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392 >> Type C-k a second time. You'll see that it kills the Newline |
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393 which follows that line. |
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394 |
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395 Note that a single C-k kills the contents of the line, and a second |
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396 C-k kills the line itself, and makes all the other lines move up. C-k |
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397 treats a numeric argument specially: it kills that many lines AND |
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398 their contents. This is not mere repetition. C-u 2 C-k kills two |
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399 lines and their newlines; typing C-k twice would not do that. |
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400 |
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401 Bringing back killed text is called "yanking". (Think of it as |
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402 yanking back, or pulling back, some text that was taken away.) You |
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403 can yank the killed text either at the same place where it was killed, |
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404 or at some other place in the text you are editing, or even in a |
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405 different file. You can yank the same text several times; that makes |
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406 multiple copies of it. |
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407 |
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408 The command for yanking is C-y. It reinserts the last killed text, |
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409 at the current cursor position. |
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410 |
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411 >> Try it; type C-y to yank the text back. |
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412 |
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413 If you do several C-k's in a row, all of the killed text is saved |
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414 together, so that one C-y will yank all of the lines at once. |
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415 |
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416 >> Do this now, type C-k several times. |
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417 |
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418 Now to retrieve that killed text: |
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419 |
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420 >> Type C-y. Then move the cursor down a few lines and type C-y |
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421 again. You now see how to copy some text. |
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422 |
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423 What do you do if you have some text you want to yank back, and then |
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424 you kill something else? C-y would yank the more recent kill. But |
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425 the previous text is not lost. You can get back to it using the M-y |
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426 command. After you have done C-y to get the most recent kill, typing |
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427 M-y replaces that yanked text with the previous kill. Typing M-y |
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428 again and again brings in earlier and earlier kills. When you have |
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429 reached the text you are looking for, you do not have to do anything to |
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430 keep it. Just go on with your editing, leaving the yanked text where |
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431 it is. |
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432 |
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433 If you M-y enough times, you come back to the starting point (the most |
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434 recent kill). |
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435 |
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436 >> Kill a line, move around, kill another line. |
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437 Then do C-y to get back the second killed line. |
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438 Then do M-y and it will be replaced by the first killed line. |
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439 Do more M-y's and see what you get. Keep doing them until |
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440 the second kill line comes back, and then a few more. |
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441 If you like, you can try giving M-y positive and negative |
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442 arguments. |
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443 |
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444 |
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445 * UNDO |
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446 ------ |
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447 |
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448 If you make a change to the text, and then decide that it was a |
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449 mistake, you can undo the change with the undo command, C-x u. |
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450 |
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451 Normally, C-x u undoes the changes made by one command; if you repeat |
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452 the C-x u several times in a row, each repetition undoes one |
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453 additional command. |
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454 |
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455 But there are two exceptions: commands that do not change the text do |
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456 not count (this includes cursor motion commands and scrolling |
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457 command), and self-inserting characters are usually handled in groups |
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458 of up to 20. (This is to reduce the number of C-x u's you have to |
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459 type to undo insertion of text.) |
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460 |
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461 >> Kill this line with C-k, then type C-x u and it should reappear. |
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462 |
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463 C-_ is an alternative undo command; it works just the same as C-x u, |
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464 but it is easier to type several times in a row. The disadvantage of |
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465 C-_ is that on some keyboards it is not obvious how to type it. That |
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466 is why we provide C-x u as well. On some terminals, you can type C-_ |
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467 by typing / while holding down CONTROL. |
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468 |
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469 A numeric argument to C-_ or C-x u acts as a repeat count. |
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470 |
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471 You can undo deletion of text just as you can undo killing of text. |
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472 The distinction between killing something and deleting it affects |
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473 whether you can yank it with C-y; it makes no difference for undo. |
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474 |
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475 |
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476 * FILES |
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477 ------- |
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478 |
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479 In order to make the text you edit permanent, you must put it in a |
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480 file. Otherwise, it will go away when your invocation of Emacs goes |
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481 away. In order to put your text in a file, you must "find" the file |
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482 before you enter the text. (This is also called "visiting" the file.) |
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483 |
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484 Finding a file means that you see the contents of the file within |
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485 Emacs. In many ways, it is as if you were editing the file itself. |
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486 However, the changes you make using Emacs do not become permanent |
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487 until you "save" the file. This is so you can avoid leaving a |
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488 half-changed file on the system when you do not want to. Even when |
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489 you save, Emacs leaves the original file under a changed name in case |
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490 you later decide that your changes were a mistake. |
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491 |
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492 If you look near the bottom of the screen you will see a line that |
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493 begins and ends with dashes, and starts with "--:-- TUTORIAL" or |
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494 something like that. This part of the screen normally shows the name |
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495 of the file that you are visiting. Right now, you are visiting a file |
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496 called "TUTORIAL" which is your personal scratch copy of the Emacs |
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497 tutorial. When you find a file with Emacs, that file's name will |
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498 appear in that precise spot. |
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499 |
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500 One special thing about the command for finding a file is that you |
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501 have to say what file name you want. We say the command "reads an |
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502 argument from the terminal" (in this case, the argument is the name of |
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503 the file). After you type the command |
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504 |
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505 C-x C-f Find a file |
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506 |
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507 Emacs asks you to type the file name. The file name you type appears |
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508 on the bottom line of the screen. The bottom line is called the |
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509 minibuffer when it is used for this sort of input. You can use |
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510 ordinary Emacs editing commands to edit the file name. |
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511 |
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512 While you are entering the file name (or any minibuffer input), |
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513 you can cancel the command with C-g. |
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514 |
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515 >> Type C-x C-f, then type C-g. This cancels the minibuffer, |
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516 and also cancels the C-x C-f command that was using the |
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517 minibuffer. So you do not find any file. |
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518 |
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519 When you have finished entering the file name, type <Return> to |
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520 terminate it. Then C-x C-f command goes to work, and finds the file |
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521 you chose. The minibuffer disappears when the C-x C-f command is |
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522 finished. |
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523 |
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524 In a little while the file contents appear on the screen, and you can |
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525 edit the contents. When you wish to make your changes permanent, |
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526 type the command |
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527 |
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528 C-x C-s Save the file |
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529 |
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530 This copies the text within Emacs into the file. The first time you |
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531 do this, Emacs renames the original file to a new name so that it is |
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532 not lost. The new name is made by adding "~" to the end of the |
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533 original file's name. |
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534 |
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535 When saving is finished, Emacs displays the name of the file written. |
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536 You should save fairly often, so that you will not lose very much |
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537 work if the system should crash. |
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538 |
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539 >> Type C-x C-s, saving your copy of the tutorial. |
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540 This should show "Wrote ...TUTORIAL" at the bottom of the screen. |
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541 |
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542 NOTE: On some systems, typing C-x C-s will freeze the screen and you |
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543 will see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an |
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544 operating system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the |
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545 C-s and not letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen, |
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546 type C-q. Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental |
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547 Search" in the Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature". |
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548 |
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549 You can find an existing file, to view it or edit it. You can also |
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550 find a file which does not already exist. This is the way to create a |
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551 file with Emacs: find the file, which will start out empty, and then |
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552 begin inserting the text for the file. When you ask to "save" the |
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553 file, Emacs will really create the file with the text that you have |
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554 inserted. From then on, you can consider yourself to be editing an |
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555 already existing file. |
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556 |
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557 |
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558 * BUFFERS |
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559 --------- |
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560 |
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561 If you find a second file with C-x C-f, the first file remains |
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562 inside Emacs. You can switch back to it by finding it again with |
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563 C-x C-f. This way you can get quite a number of files inside Emacs. |
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564 |
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565 >> Create a file named "foo" by typing C-x C-f foo <Return>. |
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566 Then insert some text, edit it, and save "foo" by typing C-x C-s. |
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567 Finally, type C-x C-f TUTORIAL <Return> |
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568 to come back to the tutorial. |
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569 |
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570 Emacs stores each file's text inside an object called a "buffer". |
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571 Finding a file makes a new buffer inside Emacs. To see a list of the |
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572 buffers that currently exist in your Emacs job, type |
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573 |
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574 C-x C-b List buffers |
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575 |
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576 >> Try C-x C-b now. |
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577 |
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578 See how each buffer has a name, and it may also have a file name for |
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579 the file whose contents it holds. ANY text you see in an Emacs window |
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580 is always part of some buffer. |
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581 |
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582 >> Type C-x 1 to get rid of the buffer list. |
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583 |
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584 When you have several buffers, only one of them is "current" at any |
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585 time. That buffer is the one you edit. If you want to edit another |
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586 buffer, you need to "switch" to it. If you want to switch to a buffer |
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587 that corresponds to a file, you can do it by visiting the file again |
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588 with C-x C-f. But there is an easier way: use the C-x b command. |
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589 In that command, you have to type the buffer's name. |
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590 |
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591 >> Type C-x b foo <Return> to go back to the buffer "foo" which holds |
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592 the text of the file "foo". Then type C-x b TUTORIAL <Return> |
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593 to come back to this tutorial. |
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594 |
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595 Most of the time, the buffer's name is the same as the file name |
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596 (without the file directory part). However, this is not always true. |
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597 The buffer list you make with C-x C-b always shows you the name of |
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598 every buffer. |
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599 |
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600 ANY text you see in an Emacs window is always part of some buffer. |
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601 Some buffers do not correspond to files. For example, the buffer |
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602 named "*Buffer List*" does not have any file. It is the buffer which |
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603 contains the buffer list that you made with C-x C-b. The buffer named |
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604 "*Messages*" also does not correspond to any file; it contains the |
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605 messages that have appeared on the bottom line during your Emacs |
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606 session. |
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607 |
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608 >> Type C-x b *Messages* <Return> to look at the buffer of messages. |
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609 Then type C-x b TUTORIAL <Return> to come back to this tutorial. |
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610 |
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611 If you make changes to the text of one file, then find another file, |
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612 this does not save the first file. Its changes remain inside Emacs, |
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613 in that file's buffer. The creation or editing of the second file's |
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614 buffer has no effect on the first file's buffer. This is very useful, |
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615 but it also means that you need a convenient way to save the first |
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616 file's buffer. It would be a nuisance to have to switch back to |
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617 it with C-x C-f in order to save it with C-x C-s. So we have |
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618 |
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619 C-x s Save some buffers |
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620 |
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621 C-x s asks you about each buffer which contains changes that you have |
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622 not saved. It asks you, for each such buffer, whether to save the |
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623 buffer. |
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624 |
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625 >> Insert a line of text, then type C-x s. |
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626 It should ask you whether to save the buffer named TUTORIAL. |
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627 Answer yes to the question by typing "y". |
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628 |
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629 |
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630 * EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET |
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631 --------------------------- |
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632 |
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633 There are many, many more Emacs commands than could possibly be put |
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634 on all the control and meta characters. Emacs gets around this with |
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635 the X (eXtend) command. This comes in two flavors: |
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636 |
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637 C-x Character eXtend. Followed by one character. |
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638 M-x Named command eXtend. Followed by a long name. |
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639 |
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640 These are commands that are generally useful but used less than the |
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641 commands you have already learned about. You have already seen a few |
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642 of them: the file commands C-x C-f to Find and C-x C-s to Save, for |
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643 example. Another example is the command to end the Emacs |
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644 session--this is the command C-x C-c. (Do not worry about losing |
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645 changes you have made; C-x C-c offers to save each changed file before |
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646 it kills the Emacs.) |
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647 |
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648 If you are using a graphical display that supports multiple |
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649 applications in parallel, you don't need any special command to move |
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650 from Emacs to another application. You can do this with the mouse or |
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651 with window manager commands. However, if you're using a text |
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652 terminal which can only show one application at a time, you need to |
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653 "suspend" Emacs to move to any other program. |
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654 |
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655 C-z is the command to exit Emacs *temporarily*--so that you can go |
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656 back to the same Emacs session afterward. When Emacs is running on a |
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657 text terminal, C-z "suspends" Emacs; that is, it returns to the shell |
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658 but does not destroy the Emacs. In the most common shells, you can |
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659 resume Emacs with the `fg' command or with `%emacs'. |
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660 |
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661 The time to use C-x C-c is when you are about to log out. It's also |
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662 the right thing to use to exit an Emacs invoked under mail handling |
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663 programs and other miscellaneous utilities, since they may not know |
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664 how to cope with suspension of Emacs. In ordinary circumstances, |
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665 though, if you are not about to log out, it is better to suspend Emacs |
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666 with C-z instead of exiting Emacs. |
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667 |
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668 There are many C-x commands. Here is a list of the ones you have learned: |
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669 |
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670 C-x C-f Find file |
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671 C-x C-s Save file |
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672 C-x s Save some buffers |
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673 C-x C-b List buffers |
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674 C-x b Switch buffer |
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675 C-x C-c Quit Emacs |
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676 C-x 1 Delete all but one window |
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677 C-x u Undo |
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678 |
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679 Named eXtended commands are commands which are used even less |
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680 frequently, or commands which are used only in certain modes. An |
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681 example is the command replace-string, which globally replaces one |
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682 string with another. When you type M-x, Emacs prompts you at the |
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683 bottom of the screen with M-x and you should type the name of the |
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684 command; in this case, "replace-string". Just type "repl s<TAB>" and |
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685 Emacs will complete the name. (<TAB> is the Tab key, usually found |
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686 above the CapsLock or Shift key near the left edge of the keyboard.) |
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687 End the command name with <Return>. |
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688 |
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689 The replace-string command requires two arguments--the string to be |
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690 replaced, and the string to replace it with. You must end each |
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691 argument with <Return>. |
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692 |
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693 >> Move the cursor to the blank line two lines below this one. |
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694 Then type M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>. |
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695 |
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696 Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced |
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697 the word c-h-a-n-g-e-d with "altered" wherever it occurred, |
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698 after the initial position of the cursor. |
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699 |
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700 |
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701 * AUTO SAVE |
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702 ----------- |
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703 |
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704 When you have made changes in a file, but you have not saved them yet, |
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705 they could be lost if your computer crashes. To protect you from |
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706 this, Emacs periodically writes an "auto save" file for each file that |
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707 you are editing. The auto save file name has a # at the beginning and |
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708 the end; for example, if your file is named "hello.c", its auto save |
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709 file's name is "#hello.c#". When you save the file in the normal way, |
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710 Emacs deletes its auto save file. |
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711 |
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712 If the computer crashes, you can recover your auto-saved editing by |
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713 finding the file normally (the file you were editing, not the auto |
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714 save file) and then typing M-x recover file<Return>. When it asks for |
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715 confirmation, type yes<Return> to go ahead and recover the auto-save |
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716 data. |
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717 |
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718 |
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719 * ECHO AREA |
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720 ----------- |
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721 |
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722 If Emacs sees that you are typing multicharacter commands slowly, it |
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723 shows them to you at the bottom of the screen in an area called the |
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724 "echo area". The echo area contains the bottom line of the screen. |
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725 |
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726 |
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727 * MODE LINE |
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728 ----------- |
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729 |
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730 The line immediately above the echo area is called the "mode line". |
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731 The mode line says something like this: |
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732 |
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733 --:** TUTORIAL 63% L749 (Fundamental)----------------------- |
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734 |
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735 This line gives useful information about the status of Emacs and |
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736 the text you are editing. |
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737 |
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738 You already know what the filename means--it is the file you have |
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739 found. NN% indicates your current position in the text; it means that |
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740 NN percent of the text is above the top of the screen. If the top of |
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741 the file is on the screen, it will say "Top" instead of " 0%". If the |
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742 bottom of the text is on the screen, it will say "Bot". If you are |
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743 looking at text so small that all of it fits on the screen, the mode |
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744 line says "All". |
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745 |
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746 The L and digits indicate position in another way: they give the |
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747 current line number of point. |
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748 |
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749 The stars near the front mean that you have made changes to the text. |
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750 Right after you visit or save a file, that part of the mode line shows |
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751 no stars, just dashes. |
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752 |
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753 The part of the mode line inside the parentheses is to tell you what |
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754 editing modes you are in. The default mode is Fundamental which is |
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755 what you are using now. It is an example of a "major mode". |
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756 |
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757 Emacs has many different major modes. Some of them are meant for |
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758 editing different languages and/or kinds of text, such as Lisp mode, |
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759 Text mode, etc. At any time one and only one major mode is active, |
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760 and its name can always be found in the mode line just where |
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761 "Fundamental" is now. |
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762 |
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763 Each major mode makes a few commands behave differently. For example, |
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764 there are commands for creating comments in a program, and since each |
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765 programming language has a different idea of what a comment should |
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766 look like, each major mode has to insert comments differently. Each |
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767 major mode is the name of an extended command, which is how you can |
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768 switch to that mode. For example, M-x fundamental-mode is a command to |
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769 switch to Fundamental mode. |
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770 |
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771 If you are going to be editing human-language text, such as this file, you |
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772 should probably use Text Mode. |
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773 |
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774 >> Type M-x text mode<Return>. |
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775 |
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776 Don't worry, none of the Emacs commands you have learned changes in |
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777 any great way. But you can observe that M-f and M-b now treat |
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778 apostrophes as part of words. Previously, in Fundamental mode, |
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779 M-f and M-b treated apostrophes as word-separators. |
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780 |
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781 Major modes usually make subtle changes like that one: most commands |
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782 do "the same job" in each major mode, but they work a little bit |
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783 differently. |
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784 |
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785 To view documentation on your current major mode, type C-h m. |
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786 |
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787 >> Use C-u C-v once or more to bring this line near the top of screen. |
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788 >> Type C-h m, to see how Text mode differs from Fundamental mode. |
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789 >> Type C-x 1 to remove the documentation from the screen. |
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790 |
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791 Major modes are called major because there are also minor modes. |
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792 Minor modes are not alternatives to the major modes, just minor |
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793 modifications of them. Each minor mode can be turned on or off by |
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794 itself, independent of all other minor modes, and independent of your |
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795 major mode. So you can use no minor modes, or one minor mode, or any |
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796 combination of several minor modes. |
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797 |
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798 One minor mode which is very useful, especially for editing |
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799 human-language text, is Auto Fill mode. When this mode is on, Emacs |
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800 breaks the line in between words automatically whenever you insert |
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801 text and make a line that is too wide. |
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802 |
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803 You can turn Auto Fill mode on by doing M-x auto fill mode<Return>. |
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804 When the mode is on, you can turn it off again by doing M-x |
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805 auto fill mode<Return>. If the mode is off, this command turns it on, |
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806 and if the mode is on, this command turns it off. We say that the |
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807 command "toggles the mode". |
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808 |
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809 >> Type M-x auto fill mode<Return> now. Then insert a line of "asdf " |
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810 over again until you see it divide into two lines. You must put in |
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811 spaces between them because Auto Fill breaks lines only at spaces. |
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812 |
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813 The margin is usually set at 70 characters, but you can change it |
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814 with the C-x f command. You should give the margin setting you want |
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|
815 as a numeric argument. |
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816 |
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817 >> Type C-x f with an argument of 20. (C-u 2 0 C-x f). |
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818 Then type in some text and see Emacs fill lines of 20 |
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819 characters with it. Then set the margin back to 70 using |
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820 C-x f again. |
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|
821 |
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|
822 If you make changes in the middle of a paragraph, Auto Fill mode |
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823 does not re-fill it for you. |
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|
824 To re-fill the paragraph, type M-q (META-q) with the cursor inside |
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825 that paragraph. |
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|
826 |
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827 >> Move the cursor into the previous paragraph and type M-q. |
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|
828 |
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|
829 |
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|
830 * SEARCHING |
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|
831 ----------- |
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|
832 |
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833 Emacs can do searches for strings (these are groups of contiguous |
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834 characters or words) either forward through the text or backward |
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835 through it. Searching for a string is a cursor motion command; |
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836 it moves the cursor to the next place where that string appears. |
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|
837 |
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838 The Emacs search command is different from the search commands |
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839 of most editors, in that it is "incremental". This means that the |
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840 search happens while you type in the string to search for. |
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|
841 |
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842 The command to initiate a search is C-s for forward search, and C-r |
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843 for reverse search. BUT WAIT! Don't try them now. |
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844 |
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845 When you type C-s you'll notice that the string "I-search" appears as |
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846 a prompt in the echo area. This tells you that Emacs is in what is |
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847 called an incremental search waiting for you to type the thing that |
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848 you want to search for. <Return> terminates a search. |
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849 |
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850 >> Now type C-s to start a search. SLOWLY, one letter at a time, |
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851 type the word 'cursor', pausing after you type each |
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852 character to notice what happens to the cursor. |
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853 Now you have searched for "cursor", once. |
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854 >> Type C-s again, to search for the next occurrence of "cursor". |
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855 >> Now type <Delback> four times and see how the cursor moves. |
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|
856 >> Type <Return> to terminate the search. |
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|
857 |
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|
858 Did you see what happened? Emacs, in an incremental search, tries to |
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|
859 go to the occurrence of the string that you've typed out so far. To |
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860 go to the next occurrence of 'cursor' just type C-s again. If no such |
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861 occurrence exists, Emacs beeps and tells you the search is currently |
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862 "failing". C-g would also terminate the search. |
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|
863 |
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864 NOTE: On some systems, typing C-s will freeze the screen and you will |
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865 see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an operating |
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|
866 system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the C-s and not |
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|
867 letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen, type C-q. |
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868 Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" in the |
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869 Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature". |
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|
870 |
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871 If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type <Delback>, |
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872 you'll notice that the last character in the search string is erased |
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873 and the search backs up to the last place of the search. For |
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874 instance, suppose you have typed "c", to search for the first |
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|
875 occurrence of "c". Now if you type "u", the cursor will move |
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|
876 to the first occurrence of "cu". Now type <Delback>. This erases |
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|
877 the "u" from the search string, and the cursor moves back to |
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878 the first occurrence of "c". |
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|
879 |
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|
880 If you are in the middle of a search and type a control or meta |
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881 character (with a few exceptions--characters that are special in |
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882 a search, such as C-s and C-r), the search is terminated. |
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|
883 |
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884 The C-s starts a search that looks for any occurrence of the search |
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885 string AFTER the current cursor position. If you want to search for |
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|
886 something earlier in the text, type C-r instead. Everything that we |
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887 have said about C-s also applies to C-r, except that the direction of |
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888 the search is reversed. |
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|
889 |
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|
890 |
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891 * MULTIPLE WINDOWS |
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|
892 ------------------ |
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|
893 |
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894 One of the nice features of Emacs is that you can display more than one |
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|
895 window on the screen at the same time. |
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|
896 |
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897 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l (that's CONTROL-L, not |
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parents:
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|
898 CONTROL-1). |
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899 |
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900 >> Now type C-x 2 which splits the screen into two windows. |
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901 Both windows display this tutorial. The cursor stays in the top window. |
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|
902 |
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903 >> Type C-M-v to scroll the bottom window. |
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diff
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904 (If you do not have a real META key, type <ESC> C-v.) |
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905 |
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906 >> Type C-x o ("o" for "other") to move the cursor to the bottom window. |
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907 >> Use C-v and M-v in the bottom window to scroll it. |
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908 Keep reading these directions in the top window. |
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909 |
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910 >> Type C-x o again to move the cursor back to the top window. |
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911 The cursor in the top window is just where it was before. |
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912 |
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913 You can keep using C-x o to switch between the windows. Each |
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914 window has its own cursor position, but only one window actually |
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915 shows the cursor. All the ordinary editing commands apply to the |
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916 window that the cursor is in. We call this the "selected window". |
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917 |
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918 The command C-M-v is very useful when you are editing text in one |
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919 window and using the other window just for reference. You can keep |
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920 the cursor always in the window where you are editing, and advance |
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921 through the other window sequentially with C-M-v. |
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922 |
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923 C-M-v is an example of a CONTROL-META character. If you have a real |
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924 META key, you can type C-M-v by holding down both CONTROL and META while |
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925 typing v. It does not matter whether CONTROL or META "comes first," |
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926 because both of these keys act by modifying the characters you type. |
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927 |
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928 If you do not have a real META key, and you use <ESC> instead, the |
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929 order does matter: you must type <ESC> followed by CONTROL-v, because |
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930 CONTROL-<ESC> v will not work. This is because <ESC> is a character |
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931 in its own right, not a modifier key. |
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932 |
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933 >> Type C-x 1 (in the top window) to get rid of the bottom window. |
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934 |
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935 (If you had typed C-x 1 in the bottom window, that would get rid |
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936 of the top one. Think of this command as "Keep just one |
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937 window--the window I am already in.") |
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938 |
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939 You do not have to display the same buffer in both windows. If you |
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940 use C-x C-f to find a file in one window, the other window does not |
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941 change. You can find a file in each window independently. |
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942 |
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943 Here is another way to use two windows to display two different |
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944 things: |
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945 |
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946 >> Type C-x 4 C-f followed by the name of one of your files. |
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947 End with <Return>. See the specified file appear in the bottom |
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948 window. The cursor goes there, too. |
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|
949 |
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950 >> Type C-x o to go back to the top window, and C-x 1 to delete |
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951 the bottom window. |
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952 |
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|
953 |
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|
954 * RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS |
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|
955 -------------------------- |
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|
956 |
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957 Sometimes you will get into what is called a "recursive editing |
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958 level". This is indicated by square brackets in the mode line, |
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959 surrounding the parentheses around the major mode name. For |
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960 example, you might see [(Fundamental)] instead of (Fundamental). |
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961 |
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962 To get out of the recursive editing level, type <ESC> <ESC> <ESC>. |
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963 That is an all-purpose "get out" command. You can also use it for |
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964 eliminating extra windows, and getting out of the minibuffer. |
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965 |
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966 >> Type M-x to get into a minibuffer; then type <ESC> <ESC> <ESC> to |
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967 get out. |
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968 |
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969 You cannot use C-g to get out of a recursive editing level. This is |
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970 because C-g is used for canceling commands and arguments WITHIN the |
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971 recursive editing level. |
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972 |
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|
973 |
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974 * GETTING MORE HELP |
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975 ------------------- |
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976 |
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977 In this tutorial we have tried to supply just enough information to |
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978 get you started using Emacs. There is so much available in Emacs that |
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979 it would be impossible to explain it all here. However, you may want |
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980 to learn more about Emacs since it has many other useful features. |
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981 Emacs provides commands for reading documentation about Emacs |
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982 commands. These "help" commands all start with the character |
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983 CONTROL-h, which is called "the Help character". |
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984 |
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985 To use the Help features, type the C-h character, and then a |
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986 character saying what kind of help you want. If you are REALLY lost, |
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987 type C-h ? and Emacs will tell you what kinds of help it can give. |
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988 If you have typed C-h and decide you do not want any help, just |
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989 type C-g to cancel it. |
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990 |
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991 (Some sites change the meaning of the character C-h. They really |
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992 should not do this as a blanket measure for all users, so you have |
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993 grounds to complain to the system administrator. Meanwhile, if C-h |
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994 does not display a message about help at the bottom of the screen, try |
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995 typing the F1 key or M-x help <Return> instead.) |
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|
996 |
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997 The most basic HELP feature is C-h c. Type C-h, the character c, and |
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998 a command character or sequence; then Emacs displays a very brief |
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999 description of the command. |
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|
1000 |
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1001 >> Type C-h c C-p. |
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1002 |
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1003 The message should be something like this: |
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1004 |
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1005 C-p runs the command previous-line |
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1006 |
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1007 This tells you the "name of the function". Function names are used |
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1008 mainly for customizing and extending Emacs. But since function names |
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1009 are chosen to indicate what the command does, they can serve also as |
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1010 very brief documentation--sufficient to remind you of commands you |
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1011 have already learned. |
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1012 |
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1013 Multi-character commands such as C-x C-s and (if you have no META or |
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1014 EDIT or ALT key) <ESC>v are also allowed after C-h c. |
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1015 |
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1016 To get more information about a command, use C-h k instead of C-h c. |
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1017 |
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1018 >> Type C-h k C-p. |
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1019 |
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1020 This displays the documentation of the function, as well as its |
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1021 name, in an Emacs window. When you are finished reading the |
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1022 output, type C-x 1 to get rid of the help text. You do not have |
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1023 to do this right away. You can do some editing while referring |
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1024 to the help text, and then type C-x 1. |
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1025 |
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1026 Here are some other useful C-h options: |
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1027 |
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1028 C-h f Describe a function. You type in the name of the |
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1029 function. |
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1030 |
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1031 >> Try typing C-h f previous-line<Return>. |
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1032 This displays all the information Emacs has about the |
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1033 function which implements the C-p command. |
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1034 |
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1035 A similar command C-h v displays the documentation of variables whose |
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1036 values you can set to customize Emacs behavior. You need to type in |
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1037 the name of the variable when Emacs prompts for it. |
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1038 |
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1039 C-h a Command Apropos. Type in a keyword and Emacs will list |
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1040 all the commands whose names contain that keyword. |
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1041 These commands can all be invoked with META-x. |
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1042 For some commands, Command Apropos will also list a one |
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1043 or two character sequence which runs the same command. |
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1044 |
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1045 >> Type C-h a file<Return>. |
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1046 |
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1047 This displays in another window a list of all M-x commands with "file" |
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1048 in their names. You will see character-commands like C-x C-f listed |
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1049 beside the corresponding command names such as find-file. |
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1050 |
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1051 >> Type C-M-v to scroll the help window. Do this a few times. |
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1052 |
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1053 >> Type C-x 1 to delete the help window. |
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1054 |
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1055 C-h i Read On-line Manuals (a.k.a. Info). This command puts |
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1056 you into a special buffer called `*info*' where you |
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1057 can read on-line manuals for the packages installed on |
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1058 your system. Type m emacs <Return> to read the Emacs |
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1059 manual. If you have never before used Info, type ? |
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1060 and Emacs will take you on a guided tour of Info mode |
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1061 facilities. Once you are through with this tutorial, |
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1062 you should consult the Emacs Info manual as your |
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1063 primary documentation. |
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1064 |
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1065 |
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1066 * MORE FEATURES |
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1067 --------------- |
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1068 |
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1069 You can learn more about Emacs by reading its manual, either as a book |
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1070 or on-line in Info (use the Help menu or type F10 h r). Two features |
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1071 that you may like especially are completion, which saves typing, and |
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1072 dired, which simplifies file handling. |
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1073 |
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1074 Completion is a way to avoid unnecessary typing. For instance, if you |
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1075 want to switch to the *Messages* buffer, you can type C-x b *M<Tab> |
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1076 and Emacs will fill in the rest of the buffer name as far as it can |
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1077 determine from what you have already typed. Completion is described |
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1078 in Info in the Emacs manual in the node called "Completion". |
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1079 |
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1080 Dired enables you to list files in a directory (and optionally its |
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1081 subdirectories), move around that list, visit, rename, delete and |
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1082 otherwise operate on the files. Dired is described in Info in the |
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1083 Emacs manual in the node called "Dired". |
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1084 |
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1085 The manual also describes many other Emacs features. |
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1086 |
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1087 |
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1088 * CONCLUSION |
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1089 ------------ |
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1090 |
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1091 Remember, to exit Emacs permanently use C-x C-c. To exit to a shell |
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1092 temporarily, so that you can come back to Emacs afterward, use C-z. |
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1093 |
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1094 This tutorial is meant to be understandable to all new users, so if |
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1095 you found something unclear, don't sit and blame yourself - complain! |
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1096 |
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1097 |
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1098 * COPYING |
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1099 --------- |
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1100 |
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1101 This tutorial descends from a long line of Emacs tutorials |
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1102 starting with the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs. |
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1103 |
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1104 This version of the tutorial is a part of GNU Emacs. It is copyrighted |
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1105 and comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions: |
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1106 |
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1107 Copyright (C) 1985, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, |
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1108 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
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1109 |
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1110 This file is part of GNU Emacs. |
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1111 |
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1112 GNU Emacs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify |
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1113 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by |
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1114 the Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option) |
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1115 any later version. |
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1116 |
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1117 GNU Emacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, |
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1118 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of |
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1119 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the |
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1120 GNU General Public License for more details. |
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1121 |
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1122 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License |
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1123 along with GNU Emacs; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the |
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1124 Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, |
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1125 Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA. |
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1126 |
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1127 Please read the file COPYING and then do give copies of GNU Emacs to |
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1128 your friends. Help stamp out software obstructionism ("ownership") by |
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1129 using, writing, and sharing free software! |
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1130 |
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1131 ;;; arch-tag: a0f84628-777f-4238-8865-451a73167f55 |