Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/emacs.texi @ 63371:6d35491e8a34
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author | Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org> |
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date | Mon, 13 Jun 2005 11:56:12 +0000 |
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3 @setfilename ../info/emacs |
24093 | 4 @settitle GNU Emacs Manual |
5 | |
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6 @c The edition number appears in several places in this file |
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7 @set EDITION Fourteenth |
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8 @set EMACSVER 22.0.50 |
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9 |
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10 @copying |
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11 This is the @value{EDITION} edition of the @cite{GNU Emacs Manual}, |
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12 updated for Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}. |
24093 | 13 |
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14 Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, |
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15 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
24093 | 16 |
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17 @quotation |
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18 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
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19 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or |
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20 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the |
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21 Invariant Sections being ``The GNU Manifesto'', ``Distribution'' and |
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22 ``GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE'', with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU |
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23 Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the |
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24 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation |
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25 License.'' |
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26 |
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27 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify |
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28 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free |
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29 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' |
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30 @end quotation |
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31 @end copying |
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32 |
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33 @dircategory Emacs |
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34 @direntry |
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35 * Emacs: (emacs). The extensible self-documenting text editor. |
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36 @end direntry |
24093 | 37 |
38 @c in general, keep the following line commented out, unless doing a | |
39 @c copy of this manual that will be published. the manual should go | |
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40 @c onto the distribution in the full, 8.5 x 11" size. |
24093 | 41 |
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42 @c @smallbook |
24093 | 43 |
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44 @setchapternewpage odd |
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45 @defcodeindex op |
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46 @synindex pg cp |
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47 |
24093 | 48 @iftex |
49 @kbdinputstyle code | |
50 | |
51 @shorttitlepage GNU Emacs Manual | |
52 @end iftex | |
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53 |
24093 | 54 @titlepage |
55 @sp 6 | |
56 @center @titlefont{GNU Emacs Manual} | |
57 @sp 4 | |
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58 @center @value{EDITION} Edition, Updated for Emacs Version @value{EMACSVER}. |
24093 | 59 @sp 5 |
60 @center Richard Stallman | |
61 @page | |
62 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
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63 @insertcopying |
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64 |
24093 | 65 @sp 2 |
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66 ISBN 1-882114-06-X @* |
24093 | 67 Published by the Free Software Foundation @* |
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68 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor @* |
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69 Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA |
24093 | 70 |
71 @sp 2 | |
72 Cover art by Etienne Suvasa. | |
73 | |
74 @end titlepage | |
75 @page | |
30870 | 76 @ifnottex |
24093 | 77 @node Top, Distrib, (dir), (dir) |
78 @top The Emacs Editor | |
79 | |
80 Emacs is the extensible, customizable, self-documenting real-time | |
81 display editor. This Info file describes how to edit with Emacs and | |
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82 some of how to customize it; it corresponds to GNU Emacs version |
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83 @value{EMACSVER}. |
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84 |
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85 @ifinfo |
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86 If you never before used the Info documentation system, type @kbd{h}, |
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87 and Emacs will take you to a programmed instruction sequence for the |
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88 Info commands. |
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89 @end ifinfo |
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90 |
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91 For information on extending Emacs, see @ref{Top, Emacs Lisp,, elisp, The |
24093 | 92 Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. |
30870 | 93 @end ifnottex |
24093 | 94 |
95 @ignore | |
96 These subcategories have been deleted for simplicity | |
97 and to avoid conflicts. | |
98 Completion | |
99 Backup Files | |
100 Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters | |
101 Snapshots | |
102 Text Mode | |
103 Outline Mode | |
104 @TeX{} Mode | |
105 Formatted Text | |
106 Fortran Mode | |
107 Fortran Indentation | |
108 Shell Command History | |
109 | |
110 The ones for Dired and Rmail have had the items turned into :: items | |
111 to avoid conflicts. | |
112 Also Running Shell Commands from Emacs | |
113 and Sending Mail and Registers and Minibuffer. | |
114 @end ignore | |
115 | |
116 @menu | |
117 * Distrib:: How to get the latest Emacs distribution. | |
118 * Copying:: The GNU General Public License gives you permission | |
119 to redistribute GNU Emacs on certain terms; | |
120 it also explains that there is no warranty. | |
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121 * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation. |
24093 | 122 * Intro:: An introduction to Emacs concepts. |
123 * Glossary:: The glossary. | |
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124 * Antinews:: Information about Emacs version 21. |
34199 | 125 * Mac OS:: Using Emacs in the Mac. |
24093 | 126 * MS-DOS:: Using Emacs on MS-DOS (otherwise known as "MS-DOG"). |
127 * Manifesto:: What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix! | |
53695 | 128 * Acknowledgments:: Major contributors to GNU Emacs. |
24093 | 129 |
130 Indexes (nodes containing large menus) | |
131 * Key Index:: An item for each standard Emacs key sequence. | |
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132 * Option Index:: An item for every command-line option. |
24093 | 133 * Command Index:: An item for each command name. |
134 * Variable Index:: An item for each documented variable. | |
135 * Concept Index:: An item for each concept. | |
136 | |
137 Important General Concepts | |
138 * Screen:: How to interpret what you see on the screen. | |
139 * User Input:: Kinds of input events (characters, buttons, | |
140 function keys). | |
141 * Keys:: Key sequences: what you type to request one | |
142 editing action. | |
143 * Commands:: Named functions run by key sequences to do editing. | |
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144 * Text Characters:: Character set for text (the contents of buffers |
24093 | 145 and strings). |
146 * Entering Emacs:: Starting Emacs from the shell. | |
147 * Exiting:: Stopping or killing Emacs. | |
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148 * Emacs Invocation:: Hairy startup options. |
24093 | 149 |
150 Fundamental Editing Commands | |
151 * Basic:: The most basic editing commands. | |
152 * Minibuffer:: Entering arguments that are prompted for. | |
153 * M-x:: Invoking commands by their names. | |
154 * Help:: Commands for asking Emacs about its commands. | |
155 | |
156 Important Text-Changing Commands | |
157 * Mark:: The mark: how to delimit a ``region'' of text. | |
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158 * Killing:: Killing (cutting) text. |
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159 * Yanking:: Recovering killed text. Moving text. (Pasting.) |
24093 | 160 * Accumulating Text:: Other ways of copying text. |
161 * Rectangles:: Operating on the text inside a rectangle on the screen. | |
162 * Registers:: Saving a text string or a location in the buffer. | |
163 * Display:: Controlling what text is displayed. | |
164 * Search:: Finding or replacing occurrences of a string. | |
165 * Fixit:: Commands especially useful for fixing typos. | |
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166 * Keyboard Macros:: A keyboard macro records a sequence of |
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167 keystrokes to be replayed with a single command. |
24093 | 168 |
169 Major Structures of Emacs | |
170 * Files:: All about handling files. | |
171 * Buffers:: Multiple buffers; editing several files at once. | |
172 * Windows:: Viewing two pieces of text at once. | |
173 * Frames:: Running the same Emacs session in multiple X windows. | |
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174 * International:: Using non-@acronym{ASCII} character sets (the MULE features). |
24093 | 175 |
176 Advanced Features | |
177 * Major Modes:: Text mode vs. Lisp mode vs. C mode ... | |
178 * Indentation:: Editing the white space at the beginnings of lines. | |
179 * Text:: Commands and modes for editing English. | |
180 * Programs:: Commands and modes for editing programs. | |
181 * Building:: Compiling, running and debugging programs. | |
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182 * Maintaining:: Features for maintaining large programs. |
24093 | 183 * Abbrevs:: How to define text abbreviations to reduce |
184 the number of characters you must type. | |
185 * Picture:: Editing pictures made up of characters | |
186 using the quarter-plane screen model. | |
187 * Sending Mail:: Sending mail in Emacs. | |
188 * Rmail:: Reading mail in Emacs. | |
189 * Dired:: You can ``edit'' a directory to manage files in it. | |
190 * Calendar/Diary:: The calendar and diary facilities. | |
191 * Gnus:: How to read netnews with Emacs. | |
192 * Shell:: Executing shell commands from Emacs. | |
193 * Emacs Server:: Using Emacs as an editing server for @code{mail}, etc. | |
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194 * Printing:: Printing hardcopies of buffers or regions. |
24093 | 195 * Sorting:: Sorting lines, paragraphs or pages within Emacs. |
196 * Narrowing:: Restricting display and editing to a portion | |
197 of the buffer. | |
198 * Two-Column:: Splitting apart columns to edit them | |
199 in side-by-side windows. | |
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200 * Editing Binary Files::Using Hexl mode to edit binary files. |
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201 * Saving Emacs Sessions:: Saving Emacs state from one session to the next. |
24093 | 202 * Recursive Edit:: A command can allow you to do editing |
203 "within the command". This is called a | |
36211 | 204 "recursive editing level". |
24093 | 205 * Emulation:: Emulating some other editors with Emacs. |
30870 | 206 * Hyperlinking:: Following links in buffers. |
24093 | 207 * Dissociated Press:: Dissociating text for fun. |
208 * Amusements:: Various games and hacks. | |
209 * Customization:: Modifying the behavior of Emacs. | |
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210 * X Resources:: X resources for customizing Emacs. |
24093 | 211 |
212 Recovery from Problems | |
213 * Quitting:: Quitting and aborting. | |
214 * Lossage:: What to do if Emacs is hung or malfunctioning. | |
215 * Bugs:: How and when to report a bug. | |
216 * Contributing:: How to contribute improvements to Emacs. | |
217 * Service:: How to get help for your own Emacs needs. | |
218 | |
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219 Detailed Node Listing |
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220 --------------------- |
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221 |
24093 | 222 Here are some other nodes which are really inferiors of the ones |
223 already listed, mentioned here so you can get to them in one step: | |
224 | |
225 The Organization of the Screen | |
226 | |
227 * Point:: The place in the text where editing commands operate. | |
228 * Echo Area:: Short messages appear at the bottom of the screen. | |
229 * Mode Line:: Interpreting the mode line. | |
230 * Menu Bar:: How to use the menu bar. | |
231 | |
232 Basic Editing Commands | |
233 | |
234 * Inserting Text:: Inserting text by simply typing it. | |
235 * Moving Point:: How to move the cursor to the place where you want to | |
236 change something. | |
237 * Erasing:: Deleting and killing text. | |
238 * Undo:: Undoing recent changes in the text. | |
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239 * Basic Files:: Visiting, creating, and saving files. |
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240 * Basic Help:: Asking what a character does. |
24093 | 241 * Blank Lines:: Commands to make or delete blank lines. |
242 * Continuation Lines:: Lines too wide for the screen. | |
243 * Position Info:: What page, line, row, or column is point on? | |
244 * Arguments:: Numeric arguments for repeating a command. | |
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245 * Repeating:: A short-cut for repeating the previous command. |
24093 | 246 |
247 The Minibuffer | |
248 | |
249 * Minibuffer File:: Entering file names with the minibuffer. | |
250 * Minibuffer Edit:: How to edit in the minibuffer. | |
251 * Completion:: An abbreviation facility for minibuffer input. | |
252 * Minibuffer History:: Reusing recent minibuffer arguments. | |
253 * Repetition:: Re-executing commands that used the minibuffer. | |
254 | |
255 Help | |
256 | |
257 * Help Summary:: Brief list of all Help commands. | |
258 * Key Help:: Asking what a key does in Emacs. | |
259 * Name Help:: Asking about a command, variable or function name. | |
260 * Apropos:: Asking what pertains to a given topic. | |
261 * Library Keywords:: Finding Lisp libraries by keywords (topics). | |
262 * Language Help:: Help relating to international language support. | |
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263 * Help Mode:: Special features of Help mode and Help buffers. |
24093 | 264 * Misc Help:: Other help commands. |
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265 * Help Files:: Commands to display pre-written help files. |
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266 * Help Echo:: Help on active text and tooltips (`balloon help') |
24093 | 267 |
268 The Mark and the Region | |
269 | |
270 * Setting Mark:: Commands to set the mark. | |
271 * Transient Mark:: How to make Emacs highlight the region-- | |
272 when there is one. | |
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273 * Momentary Mark:: Enabling Transient Mark mode momentarily. |
24093 | 274 * Using Region:: Summary of ways to operate on contents of the region. |
275 * Marking Objects:: Commands to put region around textual units. | |
276 * Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions saved so you can go back there. | |
277 * Global Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions in various buffers. | |
278 | |
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279 Killing and Moving Text |
24093 | 280 |
281 * Deletion:: Commands for deleting small amounts of text and | |
282 blank areas. | |
283 * Killing by Lines:: How to kill entire lines of text at one time. | |
284 * Other Kill Commands:: Commands to kill large regions of text and | |
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285 syntactic units such as words and sentences. |
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286 * Graphical Kill:: The kill ring on graphical terminals: |
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287 yanking between applications. |
24093 | 288 |
289 Yanking | |
290 | |
291 * Kill Ring:: Where killed text is stored. Basic yanking. | |
292 * Appending Kills:: Several kills in a row all yank together. | |
293 * Earlier Kills:: Yanking something killed some time ago. | |
294 | |
295 Registers | |
296 | |
297 * RegPos:: Saving positions in registers. | |
298 * RegText:: Saving text in registers. | |
299 * RegRect:: Saving rectangles in registers. | |
300 * RegConfig:: Saving window configurations in registers. | |
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301 * RegNumbers:: Numbers in registers. |
24093 | 302 * RegFiles:: File names in registers. |
303 * Bookmarks:: Bookmarks are like registers, but persistent. | |
304 | |
305 Controlling the Display | |
306 | |
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307 * Faces:: How to change the display style using faces. |
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308 * Font Lock:: Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces. |
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309 * Highlight Changes:: Using colors to show where you changed the buffer. |
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310 * Highlight Interactively:: Tell Emacs what text to highlight. |
24093 | 311 * Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in a window. |
312 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text left and right in a window. | |
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313 * Fringes:: Enabling or disabling window fringes. |
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314 * Useless Whitespace:: Showing possibly-spurious trailing whitespace. |
24093 | 315 * Follow Mode:: Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one. |
316 * Selective Display:: Hiding lines with lots of indentation. | |
317 * Optional Mode Line:: Optional mode line display features. | |
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318 * Text Display:: How text characters are normally displayed. |
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319 * Cursor Display:: Features for displaying the cursor. |
36211 | 320 * Display Custom:: Information on variables for customizing display. |
24093 | 321 |
322 Searching and Replacement | |
323 | |
324 * Incremental Search:: Search happens as you type the string. | |
325 * Nonincremental Search:: Specify entire string and then search. | |
326 * Word Search:: Search for sequence of words. | |
327 * Regexp Search:: Search for match for a regexp. | |
328 * Regexps:: Syntax of regular expressions. | |
329 * Search Case:: To ignore case while searching, or not. | |
330 * Replace:: Search, and replace some or all matches. | |
331 * Other Repeating Search:: Operating on all matches for some regexp. | |
332 | |
333 Replacement Commands | |
334 | |
335 * Unconditional Replace:: Replacing all matches for a string. | |
336 * Regexp Replace:: Replacing all matches for a regexp. | |
337 * Replacement and Case:: How replacements preserve case of letters. | |
338 * Query Replace:: How to use querying. | |
339 | |
340 Commands for Fixing Typos | |
341 | |
342 * Kill Errors:: Commands to kill a batch of recently entered text. | |
343 * Transpose:: Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists... | |
344 * Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered. | |
345 * Spelling:: Apply spelling checker to a word or a whole buffer. | |
346 | |
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347 Keyboard Macros |
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348 |
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349 * Basic Keyboard Macro:: Defining and running keyboard macros. |
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350 * Keyboard Macro Ring:: Where previous keyboard macros are saved. |
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351 * Keyboard Macro Counter:: Inserting incrementing numbers in macros. |
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352 * Keyboard Macro Query:: Making keyboard macros do different things each time. |
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353 * Save Keyboard Macro:: Giving keyboard macros names; saving them in files. |
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354 * Edit Keyboard Macro:: Editing keyboard macros. |
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355 * Keyboard Macro Step-Edit:: Interactively executing and editing a keyboard |
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356 macro. |
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357 |
24093 | 358 File Handling |
359 | |
360 * File Names:: How to type and edit file-name arguments. | |
361 * Visiting:: Visiting a file prepares Emacs to edit the file. | |
362 * Saving:: Saving makes your changes permanent. | |
363 * Reverting:: Reverting cancels all the changes not saved. | |
364 * Auto Save:: Auto Save periodically protects against loss of data. | |
365 * File Aliases:: Handling multiple names for one file. | |
366 * Version Control:: Version control systems (RCS, CVS and SCCS). | |
367 * Directories:: Creating, deleting, and listing file directories. | |
368 * Comparing Files:: Finding where two files differ. | |
369 * Misc File Ops:: Other things you can do on files. | |
370 * Compressed Files:: Accessing compressed files. | |
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371 * File Archives:: Operating on tar, zip, jar etc. archive files. |
24093 | 372 * Remote Files:: Accessing files on other sites. |
373 * Quoted File Names:: Quoting special characters in file names. | |
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374 * File Name Cache:: Completion against a list of files you often use. |
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375 * File Conveniences:: Convenience Features for Finding Files. |
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376 * Filesets:: Handling sets of files. |
24093 | 377 |
378 Saving Files | |
379 | |
380 * Backup:: How Emacs saves the old version of your file. | |
381 * Interlocking:: How Emacs protects against simultaneous editing | |
382 of one file by two users. | |
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383 * File Shadowing:: Copying files to "shadows" automatically. |
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384 * Time Stamps:: Emacs can update time stamps on saved files. |
24093 | 385 |
386 Version Control | |
387 | |
388 * Introduction to VC:: How version control works in general. | |
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389 * VC Mode Line:: How the mode line shows version control status. |
24093 | 390 * Basic VC Editing:: How to edit a file under version control. |
391 * Old Versions:: Examining and comparing old versions. | |
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392 * Secondary VC Commands:: The commands used a little less frequently. |
24093 | 393 * Branches:: Multiple lines of development. |
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394 * Remote Repositories:: Efficient access to remote CVS servers. |
24093 | 395 * Snapshots:: Sets of file versions treated as a unit. |
396 * Miscellaneous VC:: Various other commands and features of VC. | |
397 * Customizing VC:: Variables that change VC's behavior. | |
398 | |
399 Using Multiple Buffers | |
400 | |
401 * Select Buffer:: Creating a new buffer or reselecting an old one. | |
402 * List Buffers:: Getting a list of buffers that exist. | |
39267 | 403 * Misc Buffer:: Renaming; changing read-onliness; copying text. |
24093 | 404 * Kill Buffer:: Killing buffers you no longer need. |
405 * Several Buffers:: How to go through the list of all buffers | |
406 and operate variously on several of them. | |
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407 * Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares the text of another buffer. |
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408 * Buffer Convenience:: Convenience and customization features for |
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409 buffer handling. |
24093 | 410 |
411 Multiple Windows | |
412 | |
413 * Basic Window:: Introduction to Emacs windows. | |
414 * Split Window:: New windows are made by splitting existing windows. | |
415 * Other Window:: Moving to another window or doing something to it. | |
416 * Pop Up Window:: Finding a file or buffer in another window. | |
417 * Force Same Window:: Forcing certain buffers to appear in the selected | |
418 window rather than in another window. | |
419 * Change Window:: Deleting windows and changing their sizes. | |
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420 * Window Convenience:: Convenience functions for window handling. |
24093 | 421 |
422 Frames and X Windows | |
423 | |
424 * Mouse Commands:: Moving, cutting, and pasting, with the mouse. | |
425 * Secondary Selection:: Cutting without altering point and mark. | |
36211 | 426 * Clipboard:: Using the clipboard for selections. |
24093 | 427 * Mouse References:: Using the mouse to select an item from a list. |
428 * Menu Mouse Clicks:: Mouse clicks that bring up menus. | |
429 * Mode Line Mouse:: Mouse clicks on the mode line. | |
430 * Creating Frames:: Creating additional Emacs frames with various contents. | |
36211 | 431 * Frame Commands:: Iconifying, deleting, and switching frames. |
432 * Speedbar:: How to make and use a speedbar frame. | |
24093 | 433 * Multiple Displays:: How one Emacs job can talk to several displays. |
434 * Special Buffer Frames:: You can make certain buffers have their own frames. | |
435 * Frame Parameters:: Changing the colors and other modes of frames. | |
436 * Scroll Bars:: How to enable and disable scroll bars; how to use them. | |
36211 | 437 * Wheeled Mice:: Using mouse wheels for scrolling. |
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438 * Drag and Drop:: Using drag and drop to open files and insert text. |
24093 | 439 * Menu Bars:: Enabling and disabling the menu bar. |
36211 | 440 * Tool Bars:: Enabling and disabling the tool bar. |
441 * Dialog Boxes:: Controlling use of dialog boxes. | |
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442 * Tooltips:: Showing "tooltips", AKA "balloon help" for active text. |
36211 | 443 * Mouse Avoidance:: Moving the mouse pointer out of the way. |
24093 | 444 * Non-Window Terminals:: Multiple frames on terminals that show only one. |
36211 | 445 * XTerm Mouse:: Using the mouse in an XTerm terminal emulator. |
24093 | 446 |
447 International Character Set Support | |
448 | |
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449 * International Chars:: Basic concepts of multibyte characters. |
24093 | 450 * Enabling Multibyte:: Controlling whether to use multibyte characters. |
451 * Language Environments:: Setting things up for the language you use. | |
452 * Input Methods:: Entering text characters not on your keyboard. | |
453 * Select Input Method:: Specifying your choice of input methods. | |
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454 * Multibyte Conversion:: How single-byte characters convert to multibyte. |
24093 | 455 * Coding Systems:: Character set conversion when you read and |
456 write files, and so on. | |
457 * Recognize Coding:: How Emacs figures out which conversion to use. | |
458 * Specify Coding:: Various ways to choose which conversion to use. | |
459 * Fontsets:: Fontsets are collections of fonts | |
460 that cover the whole spectrum of characters. | |
461 * Defining Fontsets:: Defining a new fontset. | |
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462 * Undisplayable Characters::When characters don't display. |
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463 * Single-Byte Character Support:: You can pick one European character set |
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464 to use without multibyte characters. |
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465 * Charsets:: How Emacs groups its internal character codes. |
24093 | 466 |
467 Major Modes | |
468 | |
469 * Choosing Modes:: How major modes are specified or chosen. | |
470 | |
471 Indentation | |
472 | |
473 * Indentation Commands:: Various commands and techniques for indentation. | |
474 * Tab Stops:: You can set arbitrary "tab stops" and then | |
475 indent to the next tab stop when you want to. | |
476 * Just Spaces:: You can request indentation using just spaces. | |
477 | |
478 Commands for Human Languages | |
479 | |
480 * Words:: Moving over and killing words. | |
481 * Sentences:: Moving over and killing sentences. | |
482 * Paragraphs:: Moving over paragraphs. | |
483 * Pages:: Moving over pages. | |
484 * Filling:: Filling or justifying text. | |
485 * Case:: Changing the case of text. | |
486 * Text Mode:: The major modes for editing text files. | |
487 * Outline Mode:: Editing outlines. | |
488 * TeX Mode:: Editing input to the formatter TeX. | |
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489 * HTML Mode:: Editing HTML, SGML, and XML files. |
24093 | 490 * Nroff Mode:: Editing input to the formatter nroff. |
491 * Formatted Text:: Editing formatted text directly in WYSIWYG fashion. | |
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492 * Text Based Tables:: Editing text-based tables in WYSIWYG fashion. |
24093 | 493 |
494 Filling Text | |
495 | |
496 * Auto Fill:: Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically. | |
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497 * Refill:: Keeping paragraphs filled. |
24093 | 498 * Fill Commands:: Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines. |
499 * Fill Prefix:: Filling paragraphs that are indented | |
500 or in a comment, etc. | |
501 * Adaptive Fill:: How Emacs can determine the fill prefix automatically. | |
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502 * Longlines:: Editing text with very long lines. |
24093 | 503 |
504 Editing Programs | |
505 | |
506 * Program Modes:: Major modes for editing programs. | |
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507 * Defuns:: Commands to operate on major top-level parts |
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508 of a program. |
24093 | 509 * Program Indent:: Adjusting indentation to show the nesting. |
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510 * Parentheses:: Commands that operate on parentheses. |
24093 | 511 * Comments:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments. |
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512 * Documentation:: Getting documentation of functions you plan to call. |
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513 * Hideshow:: Displaying blocks selectively. |
24093 | 514 * Symbol Completion:: Completion on symbol names of your program or language. |
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515 * Glasses:: Making identifiersLikeThis more readable. |
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516 * Misc for Programs:: Other Emacs features useful for editing programs. |
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517 * C Modes:: Special commands of C, C++, Objective-C, |
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518 Java, and Pike modes. |
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519 * Fortran:: Fortran mode and its special features. |
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520 * Asm Mode:: Asm mode and its special features. |
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521 |
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522 Top-Level Definitions, or Defuns |
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523 |
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524 * Left Margin Paren:: An open-paren or similar opening delimiter |
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525 starts a defun if it is at the left margin. |
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526 * Moving by Defuns:: Commands to move over or mark a major definition. |
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527 * Imenu:: Making buffer indexes as menus. |
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528 * Which Function:: Which Function mode shows which function you are in. |
24093 | 529 |
530 Indentation for Programs | |
531 | |
532 * Basic Indent:: Indenting a single line. | |
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533 * Multi-line Indent:: Commands to reindent many lines at once. |
24093 | 534 * Lisp Indent:: Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented. |
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535 * C Indent:: Extra features for indenting C and related modes. |
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536 * Custom C Indent:: Controlling indentation style for C and related modes. |
24093 | 537 |
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538 Commands for Editing with Parentheses |
24093 | 539 |
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540 * Expressions:: Expressions with balanced parentheses. |
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541 * Moving by Parens:: Commands for moving up, down and across |
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542 in the structure of parentheses. |
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543 * Matching:: Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open. |
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544 |
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545 Manipulating Comments |
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546 |
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547 * Comment Commands:: Inserting, killing, and indenting comments. |
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548 * Multi-Line Comments:: Commands for adding and editing multi-line comments. |
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549 * Options for Comments::Customizing the comment features. |
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550 |
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551 Documentation Lookup |
24093 | 552 |
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553 * Info Lookup:: Looking up library functions and commands |
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554 in Info files. |
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555 * Man Page:: Looking up man pages of library functions and commands. |
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556 * Lisp Doc:: Looking up Emacs Lisp functions, etc. |
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557 |
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558 C and Related Modes |
24093 | 559 |
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560 * Motion in C:: Commands to move by C statements, etc. |
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561 * Electric C:: Colon and other chars can automatically reindent. |
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562 * Hungry Delete:: A more powerful DEL command. |
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563 * Other C Commands:: Filling comments, viewing expansion of macros, |
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564 and other neat features. |
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565 |
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566 Fortran Mode |
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567 |
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568 * Fortran Motion:: Moving point by statements or subprograms. |
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569 * Fortran Indent:: Indentation commands for Fortran. |
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570 * Fortran Comments:: Inserting and aligning comments. |
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571 * Fortran Autofill:: Auto fill minor mode for Fortran. |
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572 * Fortran Columns:: Measuring columns for valid Fortran. |
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573 * Fortran Abbrev:: Built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords. |
24093 | 574 |
575 Compiling and Testing Programs | |
576 | |
577 * Compilation:: Compiling programs in languages other | |
578 than Lisp (C, Pascal, etc.). | |
579 * Compilation Mode:: The mode for visiting compiler errors. | |
580 * Compilation Shell:: Customizing your shell properly | |
581 for use in the compilation buffer. | |
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582 * Grep Searching:: Searching with grep. |
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583 * Flymake:: Finding syntax errors on the fly. |
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584 * Debuggers:: Running symbolic debuggers for non-Lisp programs. |
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585 * Executing Lisp:: Various modes for editing Lisp programs, |
24093 | 586 with different facilities for running |
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587 the Lisp programs. |
24093 | 588 * Lisp Libraries:: Creating Lisp programs to run in Emacs. |
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589 * Lisp Eval:: Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs. |
24093 | 590 * Lisp Interaction:: Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer. |
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591 * External Lisp:: Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp. |
24093 | 592 |
593 Running Debuggers Under Emacs | |
594 | |
595 * Starting GUD:: How to start a debugger subprocess. | |
596 * Debugger Operation:: Connection between the debugger and source buffers. | |
597 * Commands of GUD:: Key bindings for common commands. | |
598 * GUD Customization:: Defining your own commands for GUD. | |
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599 * GDB Graphical Interface:: An enhanced mode that uses GDB features to |
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600 implement a graphical debugging environment through |
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601 Emacs. |
24093 | 602 |
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603 Maintaining Programs |
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604 |
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605 * Change Log:: Maintaining a change history for your program. |
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606 @ignore |
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607 * Authors:: Maintaining the Emacs @file{AUTHORS} file. |
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608 @end ignore |
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609 * Tags:: Go direct to any function in your program in one |
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610 command. Tags remembers which file it is in. |
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611 * Emerge:: A convenient way of merging two versions of a program. |
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612 |
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613 Tags Tables |
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614 |
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615 * Tag Syntax:: Tag syntax for various types of code and text files. |
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616 * Create Tags Table:: Creating a tags table with @code{etags}. |
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617 * Etags Regexps:: Create arbitrary tags using regular expressions. |
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618 * Select Tags Table:: How to visit a tags table. |
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619 * Find Tag:: Commands to find the definition of a specific tag. |
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620 * Tags Search:: Using a tags table for searching and replacing. |
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621 * List Tags:: Listing and finding tags defined in a file. |
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622 |
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623 Merging Files with Emerge |
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624 |
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625 * Overview of Emerge:: How to start Emerge. Basic concepts. |
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626 * Submodes of Emerge:: Fast mode vs. Edit mode. |
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627 Skip Prefers mode and Auto Advance mode. |
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628 * State of Difference:: You do the merge by specifying state A or B |
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629 for each difference. |
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630 * Merge Commands:: Commands for selecting a difference, |
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631 changing states of differences, etc. |
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632 * Exiting Emerge:: What to do when you've finished the merge. |
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633 * Combining in Emerge:: How to keep both alternatives for a difference. |
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634 * Fine Points of Emerge:: Misc. |
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635 |
24093 | 636 Abbrevs |
637 | |
638 * Abbrev Concepts:: Fundamentals of defined abbrevs. | |
639 * Defining Abbrevs:: Defining an abbrev, so it will expand when typed. | |
640 * Expanding Abbrevs:: Controlling expansion: prefixes, canceling expansion. | |
641 * Editing Abbrevs:: Viewing or editing the entire list of defined abbrevs. | |
642 * Saving Abbrevs:: Saving the entire list of abbrevs for another session. | |
643 * Dynamic Abbrevs:: Abbreviations for words already in the buffer. | |
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644 * Dabbrev Customization:: What is a word, for dynamic abbrevs. Case handling. |
24093 | 645 |
646 Editing Pictures | |
647 | |
648 * Basic Picture:: Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode. | |
649 * Insert in Picture:: Controlling direction of cursor motion | |
650 after "self-inserting" characters. | |
651 * Tabs in Picture:: Various features for tab stops and indentation. | |
652 * Rectangles in Picture:: Clearing and superimposing rectangles. | |
653 | |
654 Sending Mail | |
655 | |
656 * Mail Format:: Format of the mail being composed. | |
657 * Mail Headers:: Details of permitted mail header fields. | |
658 * Mail Aliases:: Abbreviating and grouping mail addresses. | |
659 * Mail Mode:: Special commands for editing mail being composed. | |
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660 * Mail Amusements:: Distract the NSA's attention; add a fortune to a msg. |
24093 | 661 * Mail Methods:: Using alternative mail-composition methods. |
662 | |
663 Reading Mail with Rmail | |
664 | |
665 * Rmail Basics:: Basic concepts of Rmail, and simple use. | |
666 * Rmail Scrolling:: Scrolling through a message. | |
667 * Rmail Motion:: Moving to another message. | |
668 * Rmail Deletion:: Deleting and expunging messages. | |
669 * Rmail Inbox:: How mail gets into the Rmail file. | |
670 * Rmail Files:: Using multiple Rmail files. | |
671 * Rmail Output:: Copying message out to files. | |
672 * Rmail Labels:: Classifying messages by labeling them. | |
673 * Rmail Attributes:: Certain standard labels, called attributes. | |
674 * Rmail Reply:: Sending replies to messages you are viewing. | |
675 * Rmail Summary:: Summaries show brief info on many messages. | |
676 * Rmail Sorting:: Sorting messages in Rmail. | |
677 * Rmail Display:: How Rmail displays a message; customization. | |
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678 * Rmail Coding:: How Rmail handles decoding character sets. |
24093 | 679 * Rmail Editing:: Editing message text and headers in Rmail. |
680 * Rmail Digest:: Extracting the messages from a digest message. | |
681 * Out of Rmail:: Converting an Rmail file to mailbox format. | |
682 * Rmail Rot13:: Reading messages encoded in the rot13 code. | |
683 * Movemail:: More details of fetching new mail. | |
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684 * Remote Mailboxes:: Retrieving Mail from Remote Mailboxes. |
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685 * Other Mailbox Formats:: Retrieving Mail from Local Mailboxes in |
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686 Various Formats |
24093 | 687 |
688 Dired, the Directory Editor | |
689 | |
690 * Dired Enter:: How to invoke Dired. | |
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691 * Dired Navigation:: How to move in the Dired buffer. |
24093 | 692 * Dired Deletion:: Deleting files with Dired. |
693 * Flagging Many Files:: Flagging files based on their names. | |
694 * Dired Visiting:: Other file operations through Dired. | |
695 * Marks vs Flags:: Flagging for deletion vs marking. | |
696 * Operating on Files:: How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc. | |
697 either one file or several files. | |
698 * Shell Commands in Dired:: Running a shell command on the marked files. | |
699 * Transforming File Names:: Using patterns to rename multiple files. | |
700 * Comparison in Dired:: Running `diff' by way of Dired. | |
701 * Subdirectories in Dired:: Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer. | |
702 * Subdirectory Motion:: Moving across subdirectories, and up and down. | |
703 * Hiding Subdirectories:: Making subdirectories visible or invisible. | |
704 * Dired Updating:: Discarding lines for files of no interest. | |
705 * Dired and Find:: Using `find' to choose the files for Dired. | |
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706 * Wdired:: Operating on files by editing the Dired buffer. |
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707 * Misc Dired Features:: Various other features. |
24093 | 708 |
709 The Calendar and the Diary | |
710 | |
711 * Calendar Motion:: Moving through the calendar; selecting a date. | |
712 * Scroll Calendar:: Bringing earlier or later months onto the screen. | |
713 * Counting Days:: How many days are there between two dates? | |
714 * General Calendar:: Exiting or recomputing the calendar. | |
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715 * LaTeX Calendar:: Print a calendar using LaTeX. |
24093 | 716 * Holidays:: Displaying dates of holidays. |
717 * Sunrise/Sunset:: Displaying local times of sunrise and sunset. | |
718 * Lunar Phases:: Displaying phases of the moon. | |
719 * Other Calendars:: Converting dates to other calendar systems. | |
720 * Diary:: Displaying events from your diary. | |
721 * Appointments:: Reminders when it's time to do something. | |
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722 * Importing Diary:: Converting diary events to/from other formats. |
24093 | 723 * Daylight Savings:: How to specify when daylight savings time is active. |
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724 * Time Intervals:: Keeping track of time intervals. |
24093 | 725 |
726 Movement in the Calendar | |
727 | |
728 * Calendar Unit Motion:: Moving by days, weeks, months, and years. | |
729 * Move to Beginning or End:: Moving to start/end of weeks, months, and years. | |
730 * Specified Dates:: Moving to the current date or another | |
731 specific date. | |
732 | |
733 Conversion To and From Other Calendars | |
734 | |
735 * Calendar Systems:: The calendars Emacs understands | |
736 (aside from Gregorian). | |
737 * To Other Calendar:: Converting the selected date to various calendars. | |
738 * From Other Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in another calendar. | |
739 * Mayan Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in a Mayan calendar. | |
740 | |
741 The Diary | |
742 | |
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743 * Displaying the Diary:: Viewing diary entries and associated calendar dates. |
24093 | 744 * Format of Diary File:: Entering events in your diary. |
745 * Date Formats:: Various ways you can specify dates. | |
746 * Adding to Diary:: Commands to create diary entries. | |
747 * Special Diary Entries:: Anniversaries, blocks of dates, cyclic entries, etc. | |
748 | |
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749 Gnus |
24093 | 750 |
751 * Buffers of Gnus:: The group, summary, and article buffers. | |
752 * Gnus Startup:: What you should know about starting Gnus. | |
753 * Summary of Gnus:: A short description of the basic Gnus commands. | |
754 | |
755 Running Shell Commands from Emacs | |
756 | |
757 * Single Shell:: How to run one shell command and return. | |
758 * Interactive Shell:: Permanent shell taking input via Emacs. | |
759 * Shell Mode:: Special Emacs commands used with permanent shell. | |
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760 * Shell Prompts:: Two ways to recognize shell prompts. |
24093 | 761 * Shell History:: Repeating previous commands in a shell buffer. |
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762 * Directory Tracking:: Keeping track when the subshell changes directory. |
24093 | 763 * Shell Options:: Options for customizing Shell mode. |
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764 * Terminal emulator:: An Emacs window as a terminal emulator. |
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765 * Term Mode:: Special Emacs commands used in Term mode. |
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766 * Paging in Term:: Paging in the terminal emulator. |
24093 | 767 * Remote Host:: Connecting to another computer. |
768 | |
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769 Using Emacs as a Server |
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770 |
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771 * Invoking emacsclient:: Emacs client startup options. |
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772 |
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773 Hyperlinking and Navigation Features |
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774 |
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775 * Browse-URL:: Following URLs. |
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776 * Goto-address:: Activating URLs. |
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777 * FFAP:: Finding files etc. at point. |
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778 |
24093 | 779 Customization |
780 | |
781 * Minor Modes:: Each minor mode is one feature you can turn on | |
782 independently of any others. | |
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783 * Easy Customization:: Convenient way to browse and change user options. |
24093 | 784 * Variables:: Many Emacs commands examine Emacs variables |
785 to decide what to do; by setting variables, | |
786 you can control their functioning. | |
787 * Key Bindings:: The keymaps say what command each key runs. | |
788 By changing them, you can "redefine keys". | |
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789 * Keyboard Translations:: If your keyboard passes an undesired code |
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790 for a key, you can tell Emacs to |
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791 substitute another code. |
24093 | 792 * Syntax:: The syntax table controls how words and |
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793 expressions are parsed. |
24093 | 794 * Init File:: How to write common customizations in the |
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795 @file{.emacs} file. |
24093 | 796 |
797 Variables | |
798 | |
799 * Examining:: Examining or setting one variable's value. | |
800 * Hooks:: Hook variables let you specify programs for parts | |
801 of Emacs to run on particular occasions. | |
802 * Locals:: Per-buffer values of variables. | |
803 * File Variables:: How files can specify variable values. | |
804 | |
805 Customizing Key Bindings | |
806 | |
807 * Keymaps:: Generalities. The global keymap. | |
808 * Prefix Keymaps:: Keymaps for prefix keys. | |
809 * Local Keymaps:: Major and minor modes have their own keymaps. | |
810 * Minibuffer Maps:: The minibuffer uses its own local keymaps. | |
811 * Rebinding:: How to redefine one key's meaning conveniently. | |
812 * Init Rebinding:: Rebinding keys with your init file, @file{.emacs}. | |
813 * Function Keys:: Rebinding terminal function keys. | |
814 * Named ASCII Chars:: Distinguishing @key{TAB} from @kbd{C-i}, and so on. | |
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815 * Non-ASCII Rebinding:: Rebinding non-@acronym{ASCII} characters such as Latin-1. |
24093 | 816 * Mouse Buttons:: Rebinding mouse buttons in Emacs. |
817 * Disabling:: Disabling a command means confirmation is required | |
818 before it can be executed. This is done to protect | |
819 beginners from surprises. | |
820 | |
821 The Init File, @file{~/.emacs} | |
822 | |
823 * Init Syntax:: Syntax of constants in Emacs Lisp. | |
824 * Init Examples:: How to do some things with an init file. | |
825 * Terminal Init:: Each terminal type can have an init file. | |
826 * Find Init:: How Emacs finds the init file. | |
827 | |
828 Dealing with Emacs Trouble | |
829 | |
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830 * DEL Does Not Delete:: What to do if @key{DEL} doesn't delete. |
24093 | 831 * Stuck Recursive:: `[...]' in mode line around the parentheses. |
832 * Screen Garbled:: Garbage on the screen. | |
833 * Text Garbled:: Garbage in the text. | |
834 * Unasked-for Search:: Spontaneous entry to incremental search. | |
835 * Memory Full:: How to cope when you run out of memory. | |
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836 * After a Crash:: Recovering editing in an Emacs session that crashed. |
24093 | 837 * Emergency Escape:: Emergency escape--- |
838 What to do if Emacs stops responding. | |
839 * Total Frustration:: When you are at your wits' end. | |
840 | |
841 Reporting Bugs | |
842 | |
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843 * Bug Criteria:: Have you really found a bug? |
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844 * Understanding Bug Reporting:: How to report a bug effectively. |
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845 * Checklist:: Steps to follow for a good bug report. |
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846 * Sending Patches:: How to send a patch for GNU Emacs. |
24093 | 847 |
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848 Command Line Arguments for Emacs Invocation |
24093 | 849 |
850 * Action Arguments:: Arguments to visit files, load libraries, | |
851 and call functions. | |
852 * Initial Options:: Arguments that take effect while starting Emacs. | |
853 * Command Example:: Examples of using command line arguments. | |
854 * Resume Arguments:: Specifying arguments when you resume a running Emacs. | |
855 * Environment:: Environment variables that Emacs uses. | |
856 * Display X:: Changing the default display and using remote login. | |
857 * Font X:: Choosing a font for text, under X. | |
43015 | 858 * Colors:: Choosing display colors. |
24093 | 859 * Window Size X:: Start-up window size, under X. |
860 * Borders X:: Internal and external borders, under X. | |
861 * Title X:: Specifying the initial frame's title. | |
862 * Icons X:: Choosing what sort of icon to use, under X. | |
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863 * Misc X:: Other display options. |
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864 |
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865 Environment Variables |
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866 |
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867 * General Variables:: Environment variables that all versions of Emacs use. |
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868 * Misc Variables:: Certain system specific variables. |
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869 * MS-Windows Registry:: An alternative to the environment on MS-Windows. |
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870 |
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871 X Options and Resources |
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872 |
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873 * Resources:: Using X resources with Emacs (in general). |
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874 * Table of Resources:: Table of specific X resources that affect Emacs. |
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875 * Face Resources:: X resources for customizing faces. |
24093 | 876 * Lucid Resources:: X resources for Lucid menus. |
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877 * LessTif Resources:: X resources for LessTif and Motif menus. |
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878 * GTK resources:: Resources for GTK widgets. |
24093 | 879 |
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880 Emacs and the Mac OS |
24093 | 881 |
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882 * Mac Input:: Keyboard input on the Mac. |
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883 * Mac International:: International character sets on the Mac. |
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884 * Mac Environment Variables:: Setting environment variables for Emacs. |
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885 * Mac Directories:: Volumes and directories on the Mac. |
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886 * Mac Font Specs:: Specifying fonts on the Mac. |
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887 * Mac Functions:: Mac-specific Lisp functions. |
24093 | 888 |
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889 MS-DOS and Windows 95/98/NT |
24093 | 890 |
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891 * MS-DOS Keyboard:: Keyboard usage on MS-DOS. |
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892 * MS-DOS Mouse:: Mouse usage on MS-DOS. |
24093 | 893 * MS-DOS Display:: Fonts, frames and display size on MS-DOS. |
894 * MS-DOS File Names:: File-name conventions on MS-DOS. | |
895 * Text and Binary:: Text files on MS-DOS use CRLF to separate lines. | |
896 * MS-DOS Printing:: How to specify the printer on MS-DOS. | |
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897 * MS-DOS and MULE:: Support for internationalization on MS-DOS. |
24093 | 898 * MS-DOS Processes:: Running subprocesses on MS-DOS. |
899 * Windows Processes:: Running subprocesses on Windows. | |
900 * Windows System Menu:: Controlling what the ALT key does. | |
901 @end menu | |
902 | |
903 @iftex | |
904 @unnumbered Preface | |
905 | |
906 This manual documents the use and simple customization of the Emacs | |
907 editor. The reader is not expected to be a programmer; simple | |
908 customizations do not require programming skill. But the user who is not | |
909 interested in customizing can ignore the scattered customization hints. | |
910 | |
911 This is primarily a reference manual, but can also be used as a | |
912 primer. For complete beginners, it is a good idea to start with the | |
913 on-line, learn-by-doing tutorial, before reading the manual. To run the | |
914 tutorial, start Emacs and type @kbd{C-h t}. This way you can learn | |
915 Emacs by using Emacs on a specially designed file which describes | |
916 commands, tells you when to try them, and then explains the results you | |
917 see. | |
918 | |
919 On first reading, just skim chapters 1 and 2, which describe the | |
920 notational conventions of the manual and the general appearance of the | |
921 Emacs display screen. Note which questions are answered in these | |
922 chapters, so you can refer back later. After reading chapter 4, you | |
923 should practice the commands there. The next few chapters describe | |
924 fundamental techniques and concepts that are used constantly. You need | |
925 to understand them thoroughly, experimenting with them if necessary. | |
926 | |
927 Chapters 14 through 19 describe intermediate-level features that are | |
928 useful for all kinds of editing. Chapter 20 and following chapters | |
929 describe features that you may or may not want to use; read those | |
930 chapters when you need them. | |
931 | |
932 Read the Trouble chapter if Emacs does not seem to be working | |
933 properly. It explains how to cope with some common problems | |
934 (@pxref{Lossage}), as well as when and how to report Emacs bugs | |
935 (@pxref{Bugs}). | |
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936 |
24093 | 937 To find the documentation on a particular command, look in the index. |
938 Keys (character commands) and command names have separate indexes. There | |
939 is also a glossary, with a cross reference for each term. | |
940 | |
941 This manual is available as a printed book and also as an Info file. | |
942 The Info file is for on-line perusal with the Info program, which will | |
943 be the principal way of viewing documentation on-line in the GNU system. | |
944 Both the Info file and the Info program itself are distributed along | |
945 with GNU Emacs. The Info file and the printed book contain | |
946 substantially the same text and are generated from the same source | |
947 files, which are also distributed along with GNU Emacs. | |
948 | |
949 GNU Emacs is a member of the Emacs editor family. There are many Emacs | |
950 editors, all sharing common principles of organization. For information on | |
951 the underlying philosophy of Emacs and the lessons learned from its | |
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952 development, write for a copy of AI memo 519a, @cite{Emacs, the Extensible, |
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953 Customizable Self-Documenting Display Editor}, to Publications Department, |
24093 | 954 Artificial Intelligence Lab, 545 Tech Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA@. At |
955 last report they charge $2.25 per copy. Another useful publication is LCS | |
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956 TM-165, @cite{A Cookbook for an Emacs}, by Craig Finseth, available from |
24093 | 957 Publications Department, Laboratory for Computer Science, 545 Tech Square, |
958 Cambridge, MA 02139, USA@. The price today is $3. | |
959 | |
960 This edition of the manual is intended for use with GNU Emacs installed | |
961 on GNU and Unix systems. GNU Emacs can also be used on VMS, MS-DOS | |
962 (also called MS-DOG), Windows NT, and Windows 95 systems. Those systems use | |
963 different file name syntax; in addition, VMS and MS-DOS do not support | |
964 all GNU Emacs features. We don't try to describe VMS usage in this | |
965 manual. @xref{MS-DOS}, for information about using Emacs on MS-DOS. | |
966 @end iftex | |
967 | |
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968 @node Distrib, Intro, Top, Top |
24093 | 969 @unnumbered Distribution |
970 | |
971 GNU Emacs is @dfn{free software}; this means that everyone is free to | |
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972 use it and free to redistribute it on certain conditions. GNU Emacs |
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973 is not in the public domain; it is copyrighted and there are |
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974 restrictions on its distribution, but these restrictions are designed |
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975 to permit everything that a good cooperating citizen would want to do. |
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976 What is not allowed is to try to prevent others from further sharing |
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977 any version of GNU Emacs that they might get from you. The precise |
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978 conditions are found in the GNU General Public License that comes with |
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979 Emacs and also appears in this manual@footnote{This manual is itself |
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980 covered by the GNU Free Documentation License. This license is |
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981 similar in spirit to the General Public License, but is more suitable |
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982 for documentation. @xref{GNU Free Documentation License}.}. |
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983 @xref{Copying}. |
24093 | 984 |
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985 One way to get a copy of GNU Emacs is from someone else who has it. |
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986 You need not ask for our permission to do so, or tell any one else; |
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987 just copy it. If you have access to the Internet, you can get the |
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988 latest distribution version of GNU Emacs by anonymous FTP; see |
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|
989 @url{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs} on our website for more |
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|
990 information. |
24093 | 991 |
992 You may also receive GNU Emacs when you buy a computer. Computer | |
993 manufacturers are free to distribute copies on the same terms that apply to | |
994 everyone else. These terms require them to give you the full sources, | |
995 including whatever changes they may have made, and to permit you to | |
996 redistribute the GNU Emacs received from them under the usual terms of the | |
997 General Public License. In other words, the program must be free for you | |
998 when you get it, not just free for the manufacturer. | |
999 | |
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1000 You can also order copies of GNU Emacs from the Free Software |
62647
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1001 Foundation. This is a convenient and reliable way to get a copy; it is |
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1002 also a good way to help fund our work. We also sell hardcopy versions |
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Update FSF's address throughout.
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|
1003 of this manual and @cite{An Introduction to Programming in Emacs Lisp}, |
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|
1004 by Robert J. Chassell. You can find an order form on our web site at |
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|
1005 @url{http://www.gnu.org/order/order.html}. For further information, |
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|
1006 write to |
24093 | 1007 |
1008 @display | |
1009 Free Software Foundation | |
62647
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|
1010 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor |
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|
1011 Boston, MA 02110-1301 |
24093 | 1012 USA |
1013 @end display | |
1014 | |
1015 The income from distribution fees goes to support the foundation's | |
1016 purpose: the development of new free software, and improvements to our | |
1017 existing programs including GNU Emacs. | |
1018 | |
1019 If you find GNU Emacs useful, please @strong{send a donation} to the | |
1020 Free Software Foundation to support our work. Donations to the Free | |
1021 Software Foundation are tax deductible in the US. If you use GNU Emacs | |
1022 at your workplace, please suggest that the company make a donation. If | |
1023 company policy is unsympathetic to the idea of donating to charity, you | |
1024 might instead suggest ordering a CD-ROM from the Foundation | |
1025 occasionally, or subscribing to periodic updates. | |
1026 | |
56820
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1027 @iftex |
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1028 @node Acknowledgments, Intro, Distrib, Top |
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1029 @unnumberedsec Acknowledgments |
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1030 |
60803
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1031 Contributors to GNU Emacs include Per Abrahamsen, Tomas Abrahamsson, |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1032 Jay K.@: Adams, Joe Arceneaux, Miles Bader, David Bakhash, Eli |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1033 Barzilay, Steven L.@: Baur, Boaz Ben-Zvi, Ray Blaak, Jim Blandy, Per |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1034 Bothner, Terrence Brannon, Frank Bresz, Peter Breton, Emmanuel Briot, |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1035 Kevin Broadey, Vincent Broman, David M.@: Brown, Georges Brun-Cottan, |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1036 W@l{}odek Bzyl, Bill Carpenter, Per Cederqvist, Hans Chalupsky, Chris |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1037 Chase, Bob Chassell, Andrew Choi, James Clark, Mike Clarkson, Glynn |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1038 Clements, Andrew Csillag, Doug Cutting, Michael DeCorte, Gary Delp, |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1039 Matthieu Devin, Eri Ding, Jan Dj@"{a}rv, Carsten Dominik, Scott |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1040 Draves, Benjamin Drieu, Viktor Dukhovni, John Eaton, Rolf Ebert, |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1041 Stephen Eglen, Torbj@"orn Einarsson, Tsugutomo Enami, Hans Henrik |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1042 Eriksen, Michael Ernst, Ata Etemadi, Frederick Farnbach, Oscar |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1043 Figueiredo, Fred Fish, Karl Fogel, Gary Foster, Noah Friedman, |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1044 Hallvard Furuseth, Keith Gabryelski, Kevin Gallagher, Kevin Gallo, |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1045 Juan Le@'{o}n Lahoz Garc@'{i}a, Howard Gayle, Stephen Gildea, Julien |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1046 Gilles, David Gillespie, Bob Glickstein, Boris Goldowsky, Michelangelo |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1047 Grigni, Odd Gripenstam, Kai Gro@ss{}johann, Michael Gschwind, Henry |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1048 Guillaume, Doug Gwyn, Ken'ichi Handa, Chris Hanson, K. Shane Hartman, |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1049 John Heidemann, Jon K.@: Hellan, Markus Heritsch, Karl Heuer, Manabu |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1050 Higashida, Anders Holst, Kurt Hornik, Tom Houlder, Denis Howe, Lars |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1051 Ingebrigtsen, Andrew Innes, Seiichiro Inoue, Ulf Jasper, Michael |
1d4595ddf963
(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1052 K. Johnson, Kyle Jones, Terry Jones, Simon Josefsson, Tomoji Kagatani, |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1053 Brewster Kahle, David Kaufman, Henry Kautz, Taichi Kawabata, Howard |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1054 Kaye, Michael Kifer, Richard King, Peter Kleiweg, Larry K.@: Kolodney, |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1055 Pavel Kobiakov, Larry K.@: Kolodney, David M.@: Koppelman, Koseki |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1056 Yoshinori, Robert Krawitz, Sebastian Kremer, Ryszard Kubiak, Geoff |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1057 Kuenning, David K@aa{}gedal, Daniel LaLiberte, Aaron Larson, James |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1058 R.@: Larus, Vinicius Jose Latorre, Frederic Lepied, Peter Liljenberg, |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1059 Lars Lindberg, Chris Lindblad, Anders Lindgren, Thomas Link, Dave |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1060 Love, Eric Ludlam, Alan Mackenzie, Christopher J.@: Madsen, |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1061 Neil M.@: Mager, Ken Manheimer, Bill Mann, Brian Marick, Simon |
24093 | 1062 Marshall, Bengt Martensson, Charlie Martin, Thomas May, Roland McGrath, |
60803
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1063 Will Mengarini, David Megginson, Wayne Mesard, Brad Miller, Richard |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1064 Mlynarik, Gerd Moellmann, Stefan Monnier, Morioka Tomohiko, Keith |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1065 Moore, Sen Nagata, Erik Naggum, Thomas Neumann, Thien-Thi Nguyen, Mike |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1066 Newton, Jurgen Nickelsen, Dan Nicolaescu, Jeff Norden, Andrew Norman, |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1067 Alexandre Oliva, Bob Olson, Takaaki Ota, Pieter E.@: J.@: Pareit, |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1068 David Pearson, Jeff Peck, Damon Anton Permezel, Tom Perrine, William |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1069 M.@: Perry, Per Persson, Jens Petersen, Daniel Pfeiffer, Richard |
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1070 L.@: Pieri, Fred Pierresteguy, Christian Plaunt, David Ponce, Francesco |
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1071 A. Potorti, Michael D. Prange, Mukesh Prasad, Marko Rahamaa, Ashwin |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1072 Ram, Eric S. Raymond, Paul Reilly, Edward M. Reingold, Alex Rezinsky, |
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1073 Rob Riepel, Nick Roberts, Roland B.@: Roberts, John Robinson, Danny |
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1074 Roozendaal, William Rosenblatt, Guillermo J.@: Rozas, Ivar Rummelhoff, |
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1075 Jason Rumney, Wolfgang Rupprecht, Kevin Ryde, James B. Salem, Masahiko |
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1076 Sato, Holger Schauer, William Schelter, Ralph Schleicher, Gregor |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1077 Schmid, Michael Schmidt, Ronald S. Schnell, Philippe Schnoebelen, Jan |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1078 Schormann, Alex Schroeder, Stephen Schoef, Randal Schwartz, Oliver |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1079 Seidel, Manuel Serrano, Hovav Shacham, Stanislav Shalunov, Mark |
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1080 Shapiro, Richard Sharman, Olin Shivers, Espen Skoglund, Rick Sladkey, |
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1081 Lynn Slater, Chris Smith, David Smith, Paul D.@: Smith, Andre Spiegel, |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1082 Michael Staats, William Sommerfeld, Michael Staats, Sam Steingold, Ake |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1083 Stenhoff, Peter Stephenson, Ken Stevens, Jonathan Stigelman, Martin |
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1084 Stjernholm, Kim F.@: Storm, Steve Strassman, Olaf Sylvester, Naoto |
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1085 Takahashi, Jean-Philippe Theberge, Jens T.@: Berger Thielemann, |
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1086 Spencer Thomas, Jim Thompson, Tom Tromey, Daiki Ueno, Masanobu Umeda, |
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1087 Rajesh Vaidheeswarran, Neil W.@: Van Dyke, Didier Verna, Ulrik Vieth, |
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1088 Geoffrey Voelker, Johan Vromans, Inge Wallin, Colin Walters, Barry |
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1089 Warsaw, Morten Welinder, Joseph Brian Wells, Rodney Whitby, John |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1090 Wiegley, Ed Wilkinson, Mike Williams, Bill Wohler, Steven A. Wood, |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1091 Dale R.@: Worley, Francis J.@: Wright, Felix S. T. Wu, Tom Wurgler, |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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|
1092 Masatake Yamato, Jonathan Yavner, Ilya Zakharevich, Milan Zamazal, |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1093 Victor Zandy, Eli Zaretskii, Jamie Zawinski, Shenghuo Zhu, Ian |
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(Acknowledgments): Updated.
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1094 T.@: Zimmermann, Reto Zimmermann, Neal Ziring, and Detlev Zundel. |
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1095 @end iftex |
24093 | 1096 |
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1097 @node Intro, Glossary, Distrib, Top |
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1098 @unnumbered Introduction |
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1099 |
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1100 You are reading about GNU Emacs, the GNU incarnation of the advanced, |
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1101 self-documenting, customizable, extensible real-time display editor Emacs. |
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1102 (The `G' in `GNU' is not silent.) |
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|
1103 |
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1104 We say that Emacs is a @dfn{display} editor because normally the text |
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1105 being edited is visible on the screen and is updated automatically as you |
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1106 type your commands. @xref{Screen,Display}. |
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|
1107 |
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1108 We call it a @dfn{real-time} editor because the display is updated very |
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1109 frequently, usually after each character or pair of characters you |
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1110 type. This minimizes the amount of information you must keep in your |
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1111 head as you edit. @xref{Basic,Real-time,Basic Editing}. |
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|
1112 |
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1113 We call Emacs advanced because it provides facilities that go beyond |
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1114 simple insertion and deletion: controlling subprocesses; automatic |
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1115 indentation of programs; viewing two or more files at once; editing |
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1116 formatted text; and dealing in terms of characters, words, lines, |
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1117 sentences, paragraphs, and pages, as well as expressions and comments in |
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1118 several different programming languages. |
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|
1119 |
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1120 @dfn{Self-documenting} means that at any time you can type a special |
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1121 character, @kbd{Control-h}, to find out what your options are. You can |
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1122 also use it to find out what any command does, or to find all the commands |
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1123 that pertain to a topic. @xref{Help}. |
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|
1124 |
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1125 @dfn{Customizable} means that you can change the definitions of Emacs |
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1126 commands in little ways. For example, if you use a programming language in |
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1127 which comments start with @samp{<**} and end with @samp{**>}, you can tell |
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1128 the Emacs comment manipulation commands to use those strings |
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1129 (@pxref{Comments}). Another sort of customization is rearrangement of the |
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|
1130 command set. For example, if you prefer the four basic cursor motion |
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1131 commands (up, down, left and right) on keys in a diamond pattern on the |
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1132 keyboard, you can rebind the keys that way. @xref{Customization}. |
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|
1133 |
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|
1134 @dfn{Extensible} means that you can go beyond simple customization and |
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1135 write entirely new commands, programs in the Lisp language to be run by |
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1136 Emacs's own Lisp interpreter. Emacs is an ``on-line extensible'' |
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1137 system, which means that it is divided into many functions that call |
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|
1138 each other, any of which can be redefined in the middle of an editing |
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1139 session. Almost any part of Emacs can be replaced without making a |
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1140 separate copy of all of Emacs. Most of the editing commands of Emacs |
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1141 are written in Lisp; the few exceptions could have been written |
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|
1142 in Lisp but are written in C for efficiency. Although only a programmer |
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|
1143 can write an extension, anybody can use it afterward. @xref{Top, |
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|
1144 Emacs Lisp Intro, Preface, eintr, An Introduction to Programming in |
122d68d8ebab
Update FSF's address throughout.
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1145 Emacs Lisp}, if you want to learn Emacs Lisp programming. |
56811
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|
1146 |
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|
1147 When run under the X Window System, Emacs provides its own menus and |
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|
1148 convenient bindings to mouse buttons. But Emacs can provide many of the |
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|
1149 benefits of a window system on a text-only terminal. For instance, you |
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|
1150 can look at or edit several files at once, move text between files, and |
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|
1151 edit files while running shell commands. |
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|
1152 |
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|
1153 @include screen.texi |
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|
1154 @include commands.texi |
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|
1155 @include entering.texi |
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1156 @include basic.texi |
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1157 @include mini.texi |
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1158 @include m-x.texi |
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1159 @include help.texi |
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|
1160 @include mark.texi |
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1161 @include killing.texi |
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|
1162 @include regs.texi |
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1163 @include display.texi |
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|
1164 @include search.texi |
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|
1165 @include fixit.texi |
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|
1166 @include kmacro.texi |
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|
1167 @include files.texi |
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|
1168 @include buffers.texi |
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|
1169 @include windows.texi |
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|
1170 @include frames.texi |
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|
1171 @include mule.texi |
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1172 @include major.texi |
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|
1173 @include indent.texi |
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|
1174 @include text.texi |
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|
1175 @include programs.texi |
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|
1176 @include building.texi |
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|
1177 @include maintaining.texi |
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|
1178 @include abbrevs.texi |
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|
1179 @include picture.texi |
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|
1180 @include sending.texi |
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|
1181 @include rmail.texi |
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|
1182 @include dired.texi |
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|
1183 @include calendar.texi |
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|
1184 @include misc.texi |
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|
1185 @include custom.texi |
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|
1186 @include trouble.texi |
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|
1187 |
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|
1188 @node Copying, GNU Free Documentation License, Service, Top |
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|
1189 @appendix GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE |
24093 | 1190 @center Version 2, June 1991 |
1191 | |
1192 @display | |
1193 Copyright @copyright{} 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
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|
1194 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA |
24093 | 1195 |
1196 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies | |
1197 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. | |
1198 @end display | |
1199 | |
1200 @unnumberedsec Preamble | |
1201 | |
1202 The licenses for most software are designed to take away your | |
1203 freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public | |
1204 License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free | |
1205 software---to make sure the software is free for all its users. This | |
1206 General Public License applies to most of the Free Software | |
1207 Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to | |
1208 using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by | |
50754
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Undo rest of previous change.
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|
1209 the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to |
24093 | 1210 your programs, too. |
1211 | |
1212 When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not | |
1213 price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you | |
1214 have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for | |
1215 this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it | |
1216 if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it | |
1217 in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. | |
1218 | |
1219 To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid | |
1220 anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. | |
1221 These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you | |
1222 distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. | |
1223 | |
1224 For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether | |
1225 gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that | |
1226 you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the | |
1227 source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their | |
1228 rights. | |
1229 | |
1230 We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and | |
1231 (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, | |
1232 distribute and/or modify the software. | |
1233 | |
1234 Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain | |
1235 that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free | |
1236 software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we | |
1237 want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so | |
1238 that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original | |
1239 authors' reputations. | |
1240 | |
1241 Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software | |
1242 patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free | |
1243 program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the | |
1244 program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any | |
1245 patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all. | |
1246 | |
1247 The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and | |
1248 modification follow. | |
1249 | |
1250 @iftex | |
1251 @unnumberedsec TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION | |
1252 @end iftex | |
1253 @ifinfo | |
1254 @center TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION | |
1255 @end ifinfo | |
1256 | |
1257 @enumerate 0 | |
1258 @item | |
1259 This License applies to any program or other work which contains | |
1260 a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed | |
36168
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|
1261 under the terms of this General Public License. The ``Program,'' below, |
24093 | 1262 refers to any such program or work, and a ``work based on the Program'' |
1263 means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: | |
1264 that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, | |
1265 either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another | |
1266 language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in | |
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|
1267 the term ``modification.'') Each licensee is addressed as ``you.'' |
24093 | 1268 |
1269 Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not | |
1270 covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of | |
1271 running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program | |
1272 is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the | |
1273 Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). | |
1274 Whether that is true depends on what the Program does. | |
1275 | |
1276 @item | |
1277 You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's | |
1278 source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you | |
1279 conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate | |
1280 copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the | |
1281 notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; | |
1282 and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License | |
1283 along with the Program. | |
1284 | |
1285 You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and | |
1286 you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee. | |
1287 | |
1288 @item | |
1289 You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion | |
1290 of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and | |
1291 distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 | |
1292 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: | |
1293 | |
1294 @enumerate a | |
1295 @item | |
1296 You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices | |
1297 stating that you changed the files and the date of any change. | |
1298 | |
1299 @item | |
1300 You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in | |
1301 whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any | |
1302 part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third | |
1303 parties under the terms of this License. | |
1304 | |
1305 @item | |
1306 If the modified program normally reads commands interactively | |
1307 when run, you must cause it, when started running for such | |
1308 interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an | |
1309 announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a | |
1310 notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide | |
1311 a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under | |
1312 these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this | |
1313 License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but | |
1314 does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on | |
1315 the Program is not required to print an announcement.) | |
1316 @end enumerate | |
1317 | |
1318 These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If | |
1319 identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, | |
1320 and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in | |
1321 themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those | |
1322 sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you | |
1323 distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based | |
1324 on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of | |
1325 this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the | |
1326 entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it. | |
1327 | |
1328 Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest | |
1329 your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to | |
1330 exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or | |
1331 collective works based on the Program. | |
1332 | |
1333 In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program | |
1334 with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of | |
1335 a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under | |
1336 the scope of this License. | |
1337 | |
1338 @item | |
1339 You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, | |
1340 under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of | |
1341 Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following: | |
1342 | |
1343 @enumerate a | |
1344 @item | |
1345 Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable | |
1346 source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections | |
1347 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or, | |
1348 | |
1349 @item | |
1350 Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three | |
1351 years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your | |
1352 cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete | |
1353 machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be | |
1354 distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium | |
1355 customarily used for software interchange; or, | |
1356 | |
1357 @item | |
1358 Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer | |
1359 to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is | |
1360 allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you | |
1361 received the program in object code or executable form with such | |
1362 an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.) | |
1363 @end enumerate | |
1364 | |
1365 The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for | |
1366 making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source | |
1367 code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any | |
1368 associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to | |
1369 control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a | |
1370 special exception, the source code distributed need not include | |
1371 anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary | |
1372 form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the | |
1373 operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component | |
1374 itself accompanies the executable. | |
1375 | |
1376 If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering | |
1377 access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent | |
1378 access to copy the source code from the same place counts as | |
1379 distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not | |
1380 compelled to copy the source along with the object code. | |
1381 | |
1382 @item | |
1383 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program | |
1384 except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt | |
1385 otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is | |
1386 void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. | |
1387 However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under | |
1388 this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such | |
1389 parties remain in full compliance. | |
1390 | |
1391 @item | |
1392 You are not required to accept this License, since you have not | |
1393 signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or | |
1394 distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are | |
1395 prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by | |
1396 modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the | |
1397 Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and | |
1398 all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying | |
1399 the Program or works based on it. | |
1400 | |
1401 @item | |
1402 Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the | |
1403 Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the | |
1404 original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to | |
1405 these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further | |
1406 restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. | |
1407 You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to | |
1408 this License. | |
1409 | |
1410 @item | |
1411 If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent | |
1412 infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), | |
1413 conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or | |
1414 otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not | |
1415 excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot | |
1416 distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this | |
1417 License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you | |
1418 may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent | |
1419 license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by | |
1420 all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then | |
1421 the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to | |
1422 refrain entirely from distribution of the Program. | |
1423 | |
1424 If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under | |
1425 any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to | |
1426 apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other | |
1427 circumstances. | |
1428 | |
1429 It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any | |
1430 patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any | |
1431 such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the | |
1432 integrity of the free software distribution system, which is | |
1433 implemented by public license practices. Many people have made | |
1434 generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed | |
1435 through that system in reliance on consistent application of that | |
1436 system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing | |
1437 to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot | |
1438 impose that choice. | |
1439 | |
1440 This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to | |
1441 be a consequence of the rest of this License. | |
1442 | |
1443 @item | |
1444 If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in | |
1445 certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the | |
1446 original copyright holder who places the Program under this License | |
1447 may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding | |
1448 those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among | |
1449 countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates | |
1450 the limitation as if written in the body of this License. | |
1451 | |
1452 @item | |
1453 The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions | |
1454 of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will | |
1455 be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to | |
1456 address new problems or concerns. | |
1457 | |
1458 Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program | |
1459 specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and ``any | |
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1460 later version,'' you have the option of following the terms and conditions |
24093 | 1461 either of that version or of any later version published by the Free |
1462 Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of | |
1463 this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software | |
1464 Foundation. | |
1465 | |
1466 @item | |
1467 If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free | |
1468 programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author | |
1469 to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free | |
1470 Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes | |
1471 make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals | |
1472 of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and | |
1473 of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. | |
1474 | |
1475 @iftex | |
1476 @heading NO WARRANTY | |
1477 @end iftex | |
1478 @ifinfo | |
1479 @center NO WARRANTY | |
1480 @end ifinfo | |
1481 | |
1482 @item | |
1483 BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY | |
1484 FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW@. EXCEPT WHEN | |
1485 OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES | |
1486 PROVIDE THE PROGRAM ``AS IS'' WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED | |
1487 OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF | |
1488 MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE@. THE ENTIRE RISK AS | |
1489 TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU@. SHOULD THE | |
1490 PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, | |
1491 REPAIR OR CORRECTION. | |
1492 | |
1493 @item | |
1494 IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING | |
1495 WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR | |
1496 REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, | |
1497 INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING | |
1498 OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED | |
1499 TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY | |
1500 YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER | |
1501 PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE | |
1502 POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. | |
1503 @end enumerate | |
1504 | |
1505 @iftex | |
1506 @heading END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS | |
1507 @end iftex | |
1508 @ifinfo | |
1509 @center END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS | |
1510 @end ifinfo | |
1511 | |
1512 @page | |
1513 @unnumberedsec How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs | |
1514 | |
1515 If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest | |
1516 possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it | |
1517 free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. | |
1518 | |
1519 To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest | |
1520 to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively | |
1521 convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least | |
1522 the ``copyright'' line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. | |
1523 | |
1524 @smallexample | |
1525 @var{one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does.} | |
1526 Copyright (C) 19@var{yy} @var{name of author} | |
1527 | |
1528 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or | |
1529 modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License | |
1530 as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 | |
1531 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. | |
1532 | |
1533 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, | |
1534 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of | |
1535 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE@. See the | |
1536 GNU General Public License for more details. | |
1537 | |
1538 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along | |
1539 with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., | |
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1540 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA. |
24093 | 1541 @end smallexample |
1542 | |
1543 Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. | |
1544 | |
1545 If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this | |
1546 when it starts in an interactive mode: | |
1547 | |
1548 @smallexample | |
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1549 Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 20@var{yy} @var{name of author} |
24093 | 1550 Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details |
1551 type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome | |
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1552 to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' |
24093 | 1553 for details. |
1554 @end smallexample | |
1555 | |
1556 The hypothetical commands @samp{show w} and @samp{show c} should show | |
1557 the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the | |
1558 commands you use may be called something other than @samp{show w} and | |
1559 @samp{show c}; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items---whatever | |
1560 suits your program. | |
1561 | |
1562 You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your | |
1563 school, if any, to sign a ``copyright disclaimer'' for the program, if | |
1564 necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: | |
1565 | |
1566 @smallexample | |
1567 @group | |
1568 Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright | |
1569 interest in the program `Gnomovision' | |
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1570 (which makes passes at compilers) written |
24093 | 1571 by James Hacker. |
1572 | |
1573 @var{signature of Ty Coon}, 1 April 1989 | |
1574 Ty Coon, President of Vice | |
1575 @end group | |
1576 @end smallexample | |
1577 | |
1578 This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into | |
1579 proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may | |
1580 consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the | |
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1581 library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General |
24093 | 1582 Public License instead of this License. |
1583 | |
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1584 @include doclicense.texi |
24093 | 1585 @include cmdargs.texi |
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1586 @include xresources.texi |
24093 | 1587 |
1588 @include anti.texi | |
34199 | 1589 @include macos.texi |
24093 | 1590 @include msdog.texi |
1591 @include gnu.texi | |
1592 @include glossary.texi | |
55626 | 1593 @ifnottex |
24093 | 1594 @include ack.texi |
55626 | 1595 @end ifnottex |
24093 | 1596 |
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1597 @c The Option Index is produced only in the on-line version, |
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1598 @c because the index entries related to command-line options |
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1599 @c tend to point to the same pages and all begin with a dash. |
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1600 @c This, and the need to keep the node links consistent, are |
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1601 @c the reasons for the funky @iftex/@ifnottex dance below. |
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1602 @c The Option Index is _not_ before Key Index, because that |
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1603 @c would require changes in the glossary.texi's @node line. |
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1604 @c It is not after Concept Index for similar reasons. |
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1605 |
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1606 @iftex |
24093 | 1607 @node Key Index, Command Index, Glossary, Top |
1608 @unnumbered Key (Character) Index | |
1609 @printindex ky | |
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1610 @end iftex |
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1611 |
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1612 @ifnottex |
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1613 @node Key Index, Option Index, Glossary, Top |
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1614 @unnumbered Key (Character) Index |
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1615 @printindex ky |
24093 | 1616 |
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1617 @node Option Index, Command Index, Key Index, Top |
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1618 @unnumbered Command-Line Options Index |
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1619 @printindex op |
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1620 |
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1621 @node Command Index, Variable Index, Option Index, Top |
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1622 @unnumbered Command and Function Index |
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1623 @printindex fn |
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1624 @end ifnottex |
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1625 |
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1626 @iftex |
24093 | 1627 @node Command Index, Variable Index, Key Index, Top |
1628 @unnumbered Command and Function Index | |
1629 @printindex fn | |
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1630 @end iftex |
24093 | 1631 |
1632 @node Variable Index, Concept Index, Command Index, Top | |
1633 @unnumbered Variable Index | |
1634 @printindex vr | |
1635 | |
1636 @node Concept Index, Acknowledgments, Variable Index, Top | |
1637 @unnumbered Concept Index | |
1638 @printindex cp | |
1639 | |
1640 @summarycontents | |
1641 @contents | |
1642 @bye | |
1643 | |
52401 | 1644 @ignore |
1645 arch-tag: ed48740a-410b-46ea-9387-c9a9252a3392 | |
1646 @end ignore |