Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/search.texi @ 62558:6d3be100a133
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author | Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com> |
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date | Fri, 20 May 2005 16:15:02 +0000 |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001, 2004, 2005 |
28126 | 3 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node Search, Fixit, Display, Top | |
6 @chapter Searching and Replacement | |
7 @cindex searching | |
8 @cindex finding strings within text | |
9 | |
10 Like other editors, Emacs has commands for searching for occurrences of | |
11 a string. The principal search command is unusual in that it is | |
12 @dfn{incremental}; it begins to search before you have finished typing the | |
13 search string. There are also nonincremental search commands more like | |
14 those of other editors. | |
15 | |
16 Besides the usual @code{replace-string} command that finds all | |
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17 occurrences of one string and replaces them with another, Emacs has a |
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18 more flexible replacement command called @code{query-replace}, which |
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19 asks interactively which occurrences to replace. |
25829 | 20 |
21 @menu | |
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22 * Incremental Search:: Search happens as you type the string. |
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23 * Nonincremental Search:: Specify entire string and then search. |
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24 * Word Search:: Search for sequence of words. |
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25 * Regexp Search:: Search for match for a regexp. |
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26 * Regexps:: Syntax of regular expressions. |
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27 * Search Case:: To ignore case while searching, or not. |
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28 * Replace:: Search, and replace some or all matches. |
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29 * Other Repeating Search:: Operating on all matches for some regexp. |
25829 | 30 @end menu |
31 | |
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32 @node Incremental Search |
25829 | 33 @section Incremental Search |
34 | |
35 An incremental search begins searching as soon as you type the first | |
36 character of the search string. As you type in the search string, Emacs | |
37 shows you where the string (as you have typed it so far) would be | |
38 found. When you have typed enough characters to identify the place you | |
39 want, you can stop. Depending on what you plan to do next, you may or | |
40 may not need to terminate the search explicitly with @key{RET}. | |
41 | |
42 @c WideCommands | |
43 @table @kbd | |
44 @item C-s | |
45 Incremental search forward (@code{isearch-forward}). | |
46 @item C-r | |
47 Incremental search backward (@code{isearch-backward}). | |
48 @end table | |
49 | |
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50 @menu |
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51 * Basic Isearch:: Basic incremental search commands. |
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52 * Repeat Isearch:: Searching for the same string again. |
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53 * Error in Isearch:: When your string is not found. |
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54 * Special Isearch:: Special input in incremental search. |
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55 * Non-ASCII Isearch:: How to search for non-ASCII characters. |
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56 * Isearch Yank:: Commands that grab text into the search string |
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57 or else edit the search string. |
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58 * Highlight Isearch:: Isearch highlights the other possible matches. |
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59 * Isearch Scroll:: Scrolling during an incremental search. |
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60 * Slow Isearch:: Incremental search features for slow terminals. |
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61 @end menu |
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62 |
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63 @node Basic Isearch |
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64 @subsection Basics of Incremental Search |
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65 @cindex incremental search |
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66 |
25829 | 67 @kindex C-s |
68 @findex isearch-forward | |
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69 @kbd{C-s} starts a forward incremental search. It reads characters |
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70 from the keyboard, and moves point past the next occurrence of those |
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71 characters. If you type @kbd{C-s} and then @kbd{F}, that puts the |
38880 | 72 cursor after the first @samp{F} (the first following the starting point, since |
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73 this is a forward search). Then if you type an @kbd{O}, you will see |
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74 the cursor move just after the first @samp{FO} (the @samp{F} in that |
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75 @samp{FO} may or may not be the first @samp{F}). After another |
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76 @kbd{O}, the cursor moves after the first @samp{FOO} after the place |
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77 where you started the search. At each step, the buffer text that |
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78 matches the search string is highlighted, if the terminal can do that; |
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79 the current search string is always displayed in the echo area. |
25829 | 80 |
81 If you make a mistake in typing the search string, you can cancel | |
82 characters with @key{DEL}. Each @key{DEL} cancels the last character of | |
83 search string. This does not happen until Emacs is ready to read another | |
84 input character; first it must either find, or fail to find, the character | |
85 you want to erase. If you do not want to wait for this to happen, use | |
86 @kbd{C-g} as described below. | |
87 | |
88 When you are satisfied with the place you have reached, you can type | |
89 @key{RET}, which stops searching, leaving the cursor where the search | |
90 brought it. Also, any command not specially meaningful in searches | |
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91 stops the searching and is then executed. Thus, typing @kbd{C-a} |
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92 would exit the search and then move to the beginning of the line. |
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93 @key{RET} is necessary only if the next command you want to type is a |
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94 printing character, @key{DEL}, @key{RET}, or another character that is |
25829 | 95 special within searches (@kbd{C-q}, @kbd{C-w}, @kbd{C-r}, @kbd{C-s}, |
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96 @kbd{C-y}, @kbd{M-y}, @kbd{M-r}, @kbd{M-c}, @kbd{M-e}, and some other |
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97 meta-characters). |
25829 | 98 |
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99 When you exit the incremental search, it sets the mark where point |
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100 @emph{was} before the search. That is convenient for moving back |
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101 there. In Transient Mark mode, incremental search sets the mark |
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102 without activating it, and does so only if the mark is not already |
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103 active. |
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104 |
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105 @node Repeat Isearch |
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106 @subsection Repeating Incremental Search |
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107 |
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108 Sometimes you search for @samp{FOO} and find one, but not the one you |
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109 expected to find. There was a second @samp{FOO} that you forgot |
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110 about, before the one you were aiming for. In this event, type |
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111 another @kbd{C-s} to move to the next occurrence of the search string. |
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112 You can repeat this any number of times. If you overshoot, you can |
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113 cancel some @kbd{C-s} characters with @key{DEL}. |
25829 | 114 |
115 After you exit a search, you can search for the same string again by | |
116 typing just @kbd{C-s C-s}: the first @kbd{C-s} is the key that invokes | |
117 incremental search, and the second @kbd{C-s} means ``search again.'' | |
118 | |
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119 If a search is failing and you ask to repeat it by typing another |
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120 @kbd{C-s}, it starts again from the beginning of the buffer. |
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121 Repeating a failing reverse search with @kbd{C-r} starts again from |
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122 the end. This is called @dfn{wrapping around}, and @samp{Wrapped} |
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123 appears in the search prompt once this has happened. If you keep on |
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124 going past the original starting point of the search, it changes to |
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125 @samp{Overwrapped}, which means that you are revisiting matches that |
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126 you have already seen. |
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127 |
25829 | 128 To reuse earlier search strings, use the @dfn{search ring}. The |
129 commands @kbd{M-p} and @kbd{M-n} move through the ring to pick a search | |
130 string to reuse. These commands leave the selected search ring element | |
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131 in the minibuffer, where you can edit it. To edit the current search |
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132 string in the minibuffer without replacing it with items from the |
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133 search ring, type @kbd{M-e}. Type @kbd{C-s} or @kbd{C-r} |
25829 | 134 to terminate editing the string and search for it. |
135 | |
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136 You can change to searching backwards with @kbd{C-r}. If a search fails |
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137 because the place you started was too late in the file, you should do this. |
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138 Repeated @kbd{C-r} keeps looking for more occurrences backwards. A |
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139 @kbd{C-s} starts going forwards again. @kbd{C-r} in a search can be canceled |
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140 with @key{DEL}. |
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141 |
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142 @kindex C-r |
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143 @findex isearch-backward |
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144 If you know initially that you want to search backwards, you can use |
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145 @kbd{C-r} instead of @kbd{C-s} to start the search, because @kbd{C-r} as |
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146 a key runs a command (@code{isearch-backward}) to search backward. A |
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147 backward search finds matches that are entirely before the starting |
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148 point, just as a forward search finds matches that begin after it. |
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149 |
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150 @node Error in Isearch |
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151 @subsection Errors in Incremental Search |
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152 |
25829 | 153 If your string is not found at all, the echo area says @samp{Failing |
154 I-Search}. The cursor is after the place where Emacs found as much of your | |
155 string as it could. Thus, if you search for @samp{FOOT}, and there is no | |
156 @samp{FOOT}, you might see the cursor after the @samp{FOO} in @samp{FOOL}. | |
157 At this point there are several things you can do. If your string was | |
158 mistyped, you can rub some of it out and correct it. If you like the place | |
159 you have found, you can type @key{RET} or some other Emacs command to | |
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160 remain there. Or you can type @kbd{C-g}, which |
25829 | 161 removes from the search string the characters that could not be found (the |
162 @samp{T} in @samp{FOOT}), leaving those that were found (the @samp{FOO} in | |
163 @samp{FOOT}). A second @kbd{C-g} at that point cancels the search | |
164 entirely, returning point to where it was when the search started. | |
165 | |
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166 @cindex quitting (in search) |
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167 The @kbd{C-g} ``quit'' character does special things during searches; |
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168 just what it does depends on the status of the search. If the search has |
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169 found what you specified and is waiting for input, @kbd{C-g} cancels the |
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170 entire search. The cursor moves back to where you started the search. If |
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171 @kbd{C-g} is typed when there are characters in the search string that have |
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172 not been found---because Emacs is still searching for them, or because it |
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173 has failed to find them---then the search string characters which have not |
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174 been found are discarded from the search string. With them gone, the |
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175 search is now successful and waiting for more input, so a second @kbd{C-g} |
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176 will cancel the entire search. |
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177 |
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178 @node Special Isearch |
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179 @subsection Special Input for Incremental Search |
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180 |
25829 | 181 An upper-case letter in the search string makes the search |
182 case-sensitive. If you delete the upper-case character from the search | |
183 string, it ceases to have this effect. @xref{Search Case}. | |
184 | |
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185 To search for a newline, type @kbd{C-j}. To search for another |
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186 control character, such as control-S or carriage return, you must quote |
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187 it by typing @kbd{C-q} first. This function of @kbd{C-q} is analogous |
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188 to its use for insertion (@pxref{Inserting Text}): it causes the |
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189 following character to be treated the way any ``ordinary'' character is |
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190 treated in the same context. You can also specify a character by its |
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191 octal code: enter @kbd{C-q} followed by a sequence of octal digits. |
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192 |
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193 @kbd{M-%} typed in incremental search invokes @code{query-replace} |
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194 or @code{query-replace-regexp} (depending on search mode) with the |
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195 current search string used as the string to replace. @xref{Query |
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196 Replace}. |
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197 |
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198 Entering @key{RET} when the search string is empty launches |
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199 nonincremental search (@pxref{Nonincremental Search}). |
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200 |
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201 @vindex isearch-mode-map |
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202 To customize the special characters that incremental search understands, |
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203 alter their bindings in the keymap @code{isearch-mode-map}. For a list |
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204 of bindings, look at the documentation of @code{isearch-mode} with |
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205 @kbd{C-h f isearch-mode @key{RET}}. |
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206 |
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207 @node Non-ASCII Isearch |
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208 @subsection Isearch for Non-@acronym{ASCII} Characters |
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209 |
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210 @cindex searching for non-@acronym{ASCII} characters |
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211 @cindex input method, during incremental search |
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212 |
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213 To enter non-@acronym{ASCII} characters in an incrementral search, |
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214 you must use an input method (@pxref{Input Methods}). If an input |
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215 method is enabled in the current buffer when you start the search, you |
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216 can use it while you type the search string also. Emacs indicates |
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217 that by including the input method mnemonic in its prompt, like this: |
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218 |
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219 @example |
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220 I-search [@var{im}]: |
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221 @end example |
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222 |
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223 @noindent |
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224 @findex isearch-toggle-input-method |
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225 @findex isearch-toggle-specified-input-method |
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226 where @var{im} is the mnemonic of the active input method. You can |
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227 toggle (enable or disable) the input method while you type the search |
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228 string with @kbd{C-\} (@code{isearch-toggle-input-method}). You can |
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229 turn on a certain (non-default) input method with @kbd{C-^} |
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230 (@code{isearch-toggle-specified-input-method}), which prompts for the |
38880 | 231 name of the input method. The input method you enable during |
232 incremental search remains enabled in the current buffer afterwards. | |
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233 |
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234 @node Isearch Yank |
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235 @subsection Isearch Yanking |
25829 | 236 |
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237 The characters @kbd{C-w} and @kbd{C-y} can be used in incremental |
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238 search to grab text from the buffer into the search string. This |
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239 makes it convenient to search for another occurrence of text at point. |
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240 @kbd{C-w} copies the character or word after point as part of the |
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241 search string, advancing point over it. (The decision, whether to |
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242 copy a character or a word, is heuristic.) Another @kbd{C-s} to |
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243 repeat the search will then search for a string including that |
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244 character or word. |
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245 |
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246 @kbd{C-y} is similar to @kbd{C-w} but copies all the rest of the |
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247 current line into the search string. If point is already at the end |
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248 of a line, it grabs the entire next line. Both @kbd{C-y} and |
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249 @kbd{C-w} convert the text they copy to lower case if the search is |
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250 currently not case-sensitive; this is so the search remains |
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251 case-insensitive. |
25829 | 252 |
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253 @kbd{C-M-w} and @kbd{C-M-y} modify the search string by only one |
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254 character at a time: @kbd{C-M-w} deletes the last character from the |
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255 search string and @kbd{C-M-y} copies the character after point to the |
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256 end of the search string. An alternative method to add the character |
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257 after point into the search string is to enter the minibuffer by |
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258 @kbd{M-e} and to type @kbd{C-f} at the end of the search string in the |
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259 minibuffer. |
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260 |
25829 | 261 The character @kbd{M-y} copies text from the kill ring into the search |
262 string. It uses the same text that @kbd{C-y} as a command would yank. | |
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263 @kbd{Mouse-2} in the echo area does the same. |
25829 | 264 @xref{Yanking}. |
265 | |
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266 @node Highlight Isearch |
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267 @subsection Lazy Search Highlighting |
27217 | 268 @cindex lazy search highlighting |
269 @vindex isearch-lazy-highlight | |
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270 |
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271 When you pause for a little while during incremental search, it |
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272 highlights all other possible matches for the search string. This |
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273 makes it easier to anticipate where you can get to by typing @kbd{C-s} |
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274 or @kbd{C-r} to repeat the search. The short delay before highlighting |
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275 other matches helps indicate which match is the current one. |
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276 If you don't like this feature, you can turn it off by setting |
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277 @code{isearch-lazy-highlight} to @code{nil}. |
27217 | 278 |
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279 @cindex faces for highlighting search matches |
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280 You can control how this highlighting looks by customizing the faces |
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281 @code{isearch} (used for the current match) and @code{lazy-highlight} |
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282 (for all the other matches). The latter is also used for other matches |
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283 inside @code{query-replace}. |
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284 |
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285 @node Isearch Scroll |
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286 @subsection Scrolling During Incremental Search |
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287 |
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288 Vertical scrolling during incremental search can be enabled by |
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289 setting the customizable variable @code{isearch-allow-scroll} to a |
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290 non-@code{nil} value. |
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291 |
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292 You can then use the vertical scroll-bar or certain keyboard |
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293 commands such as @kbd{@key{PRIOR}} (@code{scroll-down}), |
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294 @kbd{@key{NEXT}} (@code{scroll-up}) and @kbd{C-l} (@code{recenter}) |
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295 within the search, thus letting you see more of the text near the |
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296 current match. You must run these commands via their key sequences to |
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297 stay in the search---typing M-x @var{comand-name} will always |
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298 terminate a search. |
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299 |
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300 You can give prefix arguments to these commands in the usual way. |
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301 The current match cannot be scrolled out of the window---this is |
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302 intentional. |
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303 |
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304 Several other commands, such as @kbd{C-x 2} |
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305 (@code{split-window-vertically}) and @kbd{C-x ^} |
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306 (@code{enlarge-window}) which don't scroll the window, are |
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307 nevertheless made available under this rubric, since they are likewise |
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308 handy during a search. |
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309 |
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310 You can make other commands usable within an incremental search by |
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311 giving the command a non-@code{nil} @code{isearch-scroll} property. |
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312 This works for commands that don't permanently change point, the |
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313 buffer contents, the match data, the current buffer, or the selected |
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314 window and frame. The command must not delete the current window and |
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315 must not itself attempt an incremental search. |
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316 |
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317 @node Slow Isearch |
25829 | 318 @subsection Slow Terminal Incremental Search |
319 | |
320 Incremental search on a slow terminal uses a modified style of display | |
321 that is designed to take less time. Instead of redisplaying the buffer at | |
322 each place the search gets to, it creates a new single-line window and uses | |
323 that to display the line that the search has found. The single-line window | |
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324 comes into play as soon as point moves outside of the text that is already |
25829 | 325 on the screen. |
326 | |
327 When you terminate the search, the single-line window is removed. | |
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328 Emacs then redisplays the window in which the search was done, to show |
25829 | 329 its new position of point. |
330 | |
331 @vindex search-slow-speed | |
332 The slow terminal style of display is used when the terminal baud rate is | |
333 less than or equal to the value of the variable @code{search-slow-speed}, | |
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334 initially 1200. See @code{baud-rate} in @ref{Display Custom}. |
25829 | 335 |
336 @vindex search-slow-window-lines | |
337 The number of lines to use in slow terminal search display is controlled | |
338 by the variable @code{search-slow-window-lines}. Its normal value is 1. | |
339 | |
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340 @node Nonincremental Search |
25829 | 341 @section Nonincremental Search |
342 @cindex nonincremental search | |
343 | |
344 Emacs also has conventional nonincremental search commands, which require | |
345 you to type the entire search string before searching begins. | |
346 | |
347 @table @kbd | |
348 @item C-s @key{RET} @var{string} @key{RET} | |
349 Search for @var{string}. | |
350 @item C-r @key{RET} @var{string} @key{RET} | |
351 Search backward for @var{string}. | |
352 @end table | |
353 | |
354 To do a nonincremental search, first type @kbd{C-s @key{RET}}. This | |
355 enters the minibuffer to read the search string; terminate the string | |
356 with @key{RET}, and then the search takes place. If the string is not | |
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357 found, the search command signals an error. |
25829 | 358 |
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359 When you type @kbd{C-s @key{RET}}, the @kbd{C-s} invokes incremental |
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360 search as usual. That command is specially programmed to invoke |
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361 nonincremental search, @code{search-forward}, if the string you |
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362 specify is empty. (Such an empty argument would otherwise be |
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363 useless.) But it does not call @code{search-forward} right away. First |
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364 it checks the next input character to see if is @kbd{C-w}, |
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365 which specifies a word search. |
25829 | 366 @ifinfo |
367 @xref{Word Search}. | |
368 @end ifinfo | |
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369 @kbd{C-r @key{RET}} does likewise, for a reverse incremental search. |
25829 | 370 |
371 @findex search-forward | |
372 @findex search-backward | |
373 Forward and backward nonincremental searches are implemented by the | |
374 commands @code{search-forward} and @code{search-backward}. These | |
375 commands may be bound to keys in the usual manner. The feature that you | |
376 can get to them via the incremental search commands exists for | |
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377 historical reasons, and to avoid the need to find key sequences |
25829 | 378 for them. |
379 | |
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380 @node Word Search |
25829 | 381 @section Word Search |
382 @cindex word search | |
383 | |
384 Word search searches for a sequence of words without regard to how the | |
385 words are separated. More precisely, you type a string of many words, | |
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386 using single spaces to separate them, and the string can be found even |
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387 if there are multiple spaces, newlines, or other punctuation characters |
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388 between these words. |
25829 | 389 |
390 Word search is useful for editing a printed document made with a text | |
391 formatter. If you edit while looking at the printed, formatted version, | |
392 you can't tell where the line breaks are in the source file. With word | |
393 search, you can search without having to know them. | |
394 | |
395 @table @kbd | |
396 @item C-s @key{RET} C-w @var{words} @key{RET} | |
397 Search for @var{words}, ignoring details of punctuation. | |
398 @item C-r @key{RET} C-w @var{words} @key{RET} | |
399 Search backward for @var{words}, ignoring details of punctuation. | |
400 @end table | |
401 | |
402 Word search is a special case of nonincremental search and is invoked | |
403 with @kbd{C-s @key{RET} C-w}. This is followed by the search string, | |
404 which must always be terminated with @key{RET}. Being nonincremental, | |
405 this search does not start until the argument is terminated. It works | |
406 by constructing a regular expression and searching for that; see | |
407 @ref{Regexp Search}. | |
408 | |
409 Use @kbd{C-r @key{RET} C-w} to do backward word search. | |
410 | |
411 @findex word-search-forward | |
412 @findex word-search-backward | |
413 Forward and backward word searches are implemented by the commands | |
414 @code{word-search-forward} and @code{word-search-backward}. These | |
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415 commands may be bound to keys in the usual manner. They are available |
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416 via the incremental search commands both for historical reasons and |
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417 to avoid the need to find suitable key sequences for them. |
25829 | 418 |
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419 @node Regexp Search |
25829 | 420 @section Regular Expression Search |
421 @cindex regular expression | |
422 @cindex regexp | |
423 | |
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424 A @dfn{regular expression} (@dfn{regexp}, for short) is a pattern |
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425 that denotes a class of alternative strings to match, possibly |
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426 infinitely many. GNU Emacs provides both incremental and |
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427 nonincremental ways to search for a match for a regexp. The syntax of |
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428 regular expressions is explained in the following section. |
25829 | 429 |
430 @kindex C-M-s | |
431 @findex isearch-forward-regexp | |
432 @kindex C-M-r | |
433 @findex isearch-backward-regexp | |
434 Incremental search for a regexp is done by typing @kbd{C-M-s} | |
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435 (@code{isearch-forward-regexp}), by invoking @kbd{C-s} with a |
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436 prefix argument (whose value does not matter), or by typing @kbd{M-r} |
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437 within a forward incremental search. This command reads a |
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438 search string incrementally just like @kbd{C-s}, but it treats the |
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439 search string as a regexp rather than looking for an exact match |
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440 against the text in the buffer. Each time you add text to the search |
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441 string, you make the regexp longer, and the new regexp is searched |
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442 for. To search backward for a regexp, use @kbd{C-M-r} |
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443 (@code{isearch-backward-regexp}), @kbd{C-r} with a prefix argument, |
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444 or @kbd{M-r} within a backward incremental search. |
25829 | 445 |
446 All of the control characters that do special things within an | |
447 ordinary incremental search have the same function in incremental regexp | |
448 search. Typing @kbd{C-s} or @kbd{C-r} immediately after starting the | |
449 search retrieves the last incremental search regexp used; that is to | |
450 say, incremental regexp and non-regexp searches have independent | |
451 defaults. They also have separate search rings that you can access with | |
452 @kbd{M-p} and @kbd{M-n}. | |
453 | |
454 If you type @key{SPC} in incremental regexp search, it matches any | |
455 sequence of whitespace characters, including newlines. If you want | |
456 to match just a space, type @kbd{C-q @key{SPC}}. | |
457 | |
458 Note that adding characters to the regexp in an incremental regexp | |
459 search can make the cursor move back and start again. For example, if | |
460 you have searched for @samp{foo} and you add @samp{\|bar}, the cursor | |
461 backs up in case the first @samp{bar} precedes the first @samp{foo}. | |
462 | |
463 @findex re-search-forward | |
464 @findex re-search-backward | |
465 Nonincremental search for a regexp is done by the functions | |
466 @code{re-search-forward} and @code{re-search-backward}. You can invoke | |
467 these with @kbd{M-x}, or bind them to keys, or invoke them by way of | |
468 incremental regexp search with @kbd{C-M-s @key{RET}} and @kbd{C-M-r | |
469 @key{RET}}. | |
470 | |
471 If you use the incremental regexp search commands with a prefix | |
472 argument, they perform ordinary string search, like | |
473 @code{isearch-forward} and @code{isearch-backward}. @xref{Incremental | |
474 Search}. | |
475 | |
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476 @node Regexps |
25829 | 477 @section Syntax of Regular Expressions |
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478 @cindex syntax of regexps |
25829 | 479 |
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480 This manual describes regular expression features that users |
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481 typically want to use. There are additional features that are |
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482 mainly used in Lisp programs; see @ref{Regular Expressions,,, |
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483 elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. |
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484 |
25829 | 485 Regular expressions have a syntax in which a few characters are |
486 special constructs and the rest are @dfn{ordinary}. An ordinary | |
487 character is a simple regular expression which matches that same | |
488 character and nothing else. The special characters are @samp{$}, | |
489 @samp{^}, @samp{.}, @samp{*}, @samp{+}, @samp{?}, @samp{[}, @samp{]} and | |
490 @samp{\}. Any other character appearing in a regular expression is | |
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491 ordinary, unless a @samp{\} precedes it. (When you use regular |
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492 expressions in a Lisp program, each @samp{\} must be doubled, see the |
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493 example near the end of this section.) |
25829 | 494 |
495 For example, @samp{f} is not a special character, so it is ordinary, and | |
496 therefore @samp{f} is a regular expression that matches the string | |
497 @samp{f} and no other string. (It does @emph{not} match the string | |
498 @samp{ff}.) Likewise, @samp{o} is a regular expression that matches | |
499 only @samp{o}. (When case distinctions are being ignored, these regexps | |
500 also match @samp{F} and @samp{O}, but we consider this a generalization | |
501 of ``the same string,'' rather than an exception.) | |
502 | |
503 Any two regular expressions @var{a} and @var{b} can be concatenated. The | |
504 result is a regular expression which matches a string if @var{a} matches | |
505 some amount of the beginning of that string and @var{b} matches the rest of | |
506 the string.@refill | |
507 | |
508 As a simple example, we can concatenate the regular expressions @samp{f} | |
509 and @samp{o} to get the regular expression @samp{fo}, which matches only | |
510 the string @samp{fo}. Still trivial. To do something nontrivial, you | |
511 need to use one of the special characters. Here is a list of them. | |
512 | |
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513 @table @asis |
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514 @item @kbd{.}@: @r{(Period)} |
25829 | 515 is a special character that matches any single character except a newline. |
516 Using concatenation, we can make regular expressions like @samp{a.b}, which | |
517 matches any three-character string that begins with @samp{a} and ends with | |
518 @samp{b}.@refill | |
519 | |
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520 @item @kbd{*} |
25829 | 521 is not a construct by itself; it is a postfix operator that means to |
522 match the preceding regular expression repetitively as many times as | |
523 possible. Thus, @samp{o*} matches any number of @samp{o}s (including no | |
524 @samp{o}s). | |
525 | |
526 @samp{*} always applies to the @emph{smallest} possible preceding | |
527 expression. Thus, @samp{fo*} has a repeating @samp{o}, not a repeating | |
528 @samp{fo}. It matches @samp{f}, @samp{fo}, @samp{foo}, and so on. | |
529 | |
530 The matcher processes a @samp{*} construct by matching, immediately, | |
531 as many repetitions as can be found. Then it continues with the rest | |
532 of the pattern. If that fails, backtracking occurs, discarding some | |
533 of the matches of the @samp{*}-modified construct in case that makes | |
534 it possible to match the rest of the pattern. For example, in matching | |
535 @samp{ca*ar} against the string @samp{caaar}, the @samp{a*} first | |
536 tries to match all three @samp{a}s; but the rest of the pattern is | |
537 @samp{ar} and there is only @samp{r} left to match, so this try fails. | |
538 The next alternative is for @samp{a*} to match only two @samp{a}s. | |
539 With this choice, the rest of the regexp matches successfully.@refill | |
540 | |
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541 @item @kbd{+} |
25829 | 542 is a postfix operator, similar to @samp{*} except that it must match |
543 the preceding expression at least once. So, for example, @samp{ca+r} | |
544 matches the strings @samp{car} and @samp{caaaar} but not the string | |
545 @samp{cr}, whereas @samp{ca*r} matches all three strings. | |
546 | |
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547 @item @kbd{?} |
25829 | 548 is a postfix operator, similar to @samp{*} except that it can match the |
549 preceding expression either once or not at all. For example, | |
550 @samp{ca?r} matches @samp{car} or @samp{cr}; nothing else. | |
551 | |
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552 @item @kbd{*?}, @kbd{+?}, @kbd{??} |
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553 @cindex non-greedy regexp matching |
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554 are non-greedy variants of the operators above. The normal operators |
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555 @samp{*}, @samp{+}, @samp{?} are @dfn{greedy} in that they match as |
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556 much as they can, as long as the overall regexp can still match. With |
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557 a following @samp{?}, they are non-greedy: they will match as little |
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558 as possible. |
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559 |
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560 Thus, both @samp{ab*} and @samp{ab*?} can match the string @samp{a} |
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561 and the string @samp{abbbb}; but if you try to match them both against |
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562 the text @samp{abbb}, @samp{ab*} will match it all (the longest valid |
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563 match), while @samp{ab*?} will match just @samp{a} (the shortest |
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564 valid match). |
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565 |
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566 Non-greedy operators match the shortest possible string starting at a |
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567 given starting point; in a forward search, though, the earliest |
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568 possible starting point for match is always the one chosen. Thus, if |
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569 you search for @samp{a.*?$} against the text @samp{abbab} followed by |
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570 a newline, it matches the whole string. Since it @emph{can} match |
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571 starting at the first @samp{a}, it does. |
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572 |
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573 @item @kbd{\@{@var{n}\@}} |
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574 is a postfix operator that specifies repetition @var{n} times---that |
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575 is, the preceding regular expression must match exactly @var{n} times |
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576 in a row. For example, @samp{x\@{4\@}} matches the string @samp{xxxx} |
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577 and nothing else. |
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578 |
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579 @item @kbd{\@{@var{n},@var{m}\@}} |
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580 is a postfix operator that specifies repetition between @var{n} and |
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581 @var{m} times---that is, the preceding regular expression must match |
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582 at least @var{n} times, but no more than @var{m} times. If @var{m} is |
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583 omitted, then there is no upper limit, but the preceding regular |
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584 expression must match at least @var{n} times.@* @samp{\@{0,1\@}} is |
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585 equivalent to @samp{?}. @* @samp{\@{0,\@}} is equivalent to |
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586 @samp{*}. @* @samp{\@{1,\@}} is equivalent to @samp{+}. |
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587 |
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588 @item @kbd{[ @dots{} ]} |
25829 | 589 is a @dfn{character set}, which begins with @samp{[} and is terminated |
590 by @samp{]}. In the simplest case, the characters between the two | |
591 brackets are what this set can match. | |
592 | |
593 Thus, @samp{[ad]} matches either one @samp{a} or one @samp{d}, and | |
594 @samp{[ad]*} matches any string composed of just @samp{a}s and @samp{d}s | |
595 (including the empty string), from which it follows that @samp{c[ad]*r} | |
596 matches @samp{cr}, @samp{car}, @samp{cdr}, @samp{caddaar}, etc. | |
597 | |
598 You can also include character ranges in a character set, by writing the | |
599 starting and ending characters with a @samp{-} between them. Thus, | |
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600 @samp{[a-z]} matches any lower-case @acronym{ASCII} letter. Ranges may be |
25829 | 601 intermixed freely with individual characters, as in @samp{[a-z$%.]}, |
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602 which matches any lower-case @acronym{ASCII} letter or @samp{$}, @samp{%} or |
25829 | 603 period. |
604 | |
605 Note that the usual regexp special characters are not special inside a | |
606 character set. A completely different set of special characters exists | |
607 inside character sets: @samp{]}, @samp{-} and @samp{^}. | |
608 | |
609 To include a @samp{]} in a character set, you must make it the first | |
610 character. For example, @samp{[]a]} matches @samp{]} or @samp{a}. To | |
611 include a @samp{-}, write @samp{-} as the first or last character of the | |
612 set, or put it after a range. Thus, @samp{[]-]} matches both @samp{]} | |
613 and @samp{-}. | |
614 | |
615 To include @samp{^} in a set, put it anywhere but at the beginning of | |
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616 the set. (At the beginning, it complements the set---see below.) |
25829 | 617 |
618 When you use a range in case-insensitive search, you should write both | |
619 ends of the range in upper case, or both in lower case, or both should | |
620 be non-letters. The behavior of a mixed-case range such as @samp{A-z} | |
621 is somewhat ill-defined, and it may change in future Emacs versions. | |
622 | |
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623 @item @kbd{[^ @dots{} ]} |
25829 | 624 @samp{[^} begins a @dfn{complemented character set}, which matches any |
625 character except the ones specified. Thus, @samp{[^a-z0-9A-Z]} matches | |
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626 all characters @emph{except} @acronym{ASCII} letters and digits. |
25829 | 627 |
628 @samp{^} is not special in a character set unless it is the first | |
629 character. The character following the @samp{^} is treated as if it | |
630 were first (in other words, @samp{-} and @samp{]} are not special there). | |
631 | |
632 A complemented character set can match a newline, unless newline is | |
633 mentioned as one of the characters not to match. This is in contrast to | |
634 the handling of regexps in programs such as @code{grep}. | |
635 | |
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636 @item @kbd{^} |
25829 | 637 is a special character that matches the empty string, but only at the |
638 beginning of a line in the text being matched. Otherwise it fails to | |
639 match anything. Thus, @samp{^foo} matches a @samp{foo} that occurs at | |
640 the beginning of a line. | |
641 | |
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642 For historical compatibility reasons, @samp{^} can be used with this |
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643 meaning only at the beginning of the regular expression, or after |
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644 @samp{\(} or @samp{\|}. |
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645 |
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646 @item @kbd{$} |
25829 | 647 is similar to @samp{^} but matches only at the end of a line. Thus, |
648 @samp{x+$} matches a string of one @samp{x} or more at the end of a line. | |
649 | |
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650 For historical compatibility reasons, @samp{$} can be used with this |
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651 meaning only at the end of the regular expression, or before @samp{\)} |
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652 or @samp{\|}. |
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653 |
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654 @item @kbd{\} |
25829 | 655 has two functions: it quotes the special characters (including |
656 @samp{\}), and it introduces additional special constructs. | |
657 | |
658 Because @samp{\} quotes special characters, @samp{\$} is a regular | |
659 expression that matches only @samp{$}, and @samp{\[} is a regular | |
660 expression that matches only @samp{[}, and so on. | |
661 @end table | |
662 | |
663 Note: for historical compatibility, special characters are treated as | |
664 ordinary ones if they are in contexts where their special meanings make no | |
665 sense. For example, @samp{*foo} treats @samp{*} as ordinary since there is | |
666 no preceding expression on which the @samp{*} can act. It is poor practice | |
667 to depend on this behavior; it is better to quote the special character anyway, | |
668 regardless of where it appears.@refill | |
669 | |
670 For the most part, @samp{\} followed by any character matches only that | |
671 character. However, there are several exceptions: two-character | |
672 sequences starting with @samp{\} that have special meanings. The second | |
673 character in the sequence is always an ordinary character when used on | |
674 its own. Here is a table of @samp{\} constructs. | |
675 | |
676 @table @kbd | |
677 @item \| | |
678 specifies an alternative. Two regular expressions @var{a} and @var{b} | |
679 with @samp{\|} in between form an expression that matches some text if | |
680 either @var{a} matches it or @var{b} matches it. It works by trying to | |
681 match @var{a}, and if that fails, by trying to match @var{b}. | |
682 | |
683 Thus, @samp{foo\|bar} matches either @samp{foo} or @samp{bar} | |
684 but no other string.@refill | |
685 | |
686 @samp{\|} applies to the largest possible surrounding expressions. Only a | |
687 surrounding @samp{\( @dots{} \)} grouping can limit the grouping power of | |
688 @samp{\|}.@refill | |
689 | |
690 Full backtracking capability exists to handle multiple uses of @samp{\|}. | |
691 | |
692 @item \( @dots{} \) | |
693 is a grouping construct that serves three purposes: | |
694 | |
695 @enumerate | |
696 @item | |
697 To enclose a set of @samp{\|} alternatives for other operations. | |
698 Thus, @samp{\(foo\|bar\)x} matches either @samp{foox} or @samp{barx}. | |
699 | |
700 @item | |
701 To enclose a complicated expression for the postfix operators @samp{*}, | |
702 @samp{+} and @samp{?} to operate on. Thus, @samp{ba\(na\)*} matches | |
703 @samp{bananana}, etc., with any (zero or more) number of @samp{na} | |
704 strings.@refill | |
705 | |
706 @item | |
707 To record a matched substring for future reference. | |
708 @end enumerate | |
709 | |
710 This last application is not a consequence of the idea of a | |
711 parenthetical grouping; it is a separate feature that is assigned as a | |
712 second meaning to the same @samp{\( @dots{} \)} construct. In practice | |
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713 there is usually no conflict between the two meanings; when there is |
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714 a conflict, you can use a ``shy'' group. |
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715 |
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716 @item \(?: @dots{} \) |
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717 @cindex shy group, in regexp |
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718 specifies a ``shy'' group that does not record the matched substring; |
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719 you can't refer back to it with @samp{\@var{d}}. This is useful |
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720 in mechanically combining regular expressions, so that you |
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721 can add groups for syntactic purposes without interfering with |
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722 the numbering of the groups that were written by the user. |
25829 | 723 |
724 @item \@var{d} | |
725 matches the same text that matched the @var{d}th occurrence of a | |
726 @samp{\( @dots{} \)} construct. | |
727 | |
728 After the end of a @samp{\( @dots{} \)} construct, the matcher remembers | |
729 the beginning and end of the text matched by that construct. Then, | |
730 later on in the regular expression, you can use @samp{\} followed by the | |
731 digit @var{d} to mean ``match the same text matched the @var{d}th time | |
732 by the @samp{\( @dots{} \)} construct.'' | |
733 | |
734 The strings matching the first nine @samp{\( @dots{} \)} constructs | |
735 appearing in a regular expression are assigned numbers 1 through 9 in | |
736 the order that the open-parentheses appear in the regular expression. | |
737 So you can use @samp{\1} through @samp{\9} to refer to the text matched | |
738 by the corresponding @samp{\( @dots{} \)} constructs. | |
739 | |
740 For example, @samp{\(.*\)\1} matches any newline-free string that is | |
741 composed of two identical halves. The @samp{\(.*\)} matches the first | |
742 half, which may be anything, but the @samp{\1} that follows must match | |
743 the same exact text. | |
744 | |
745 If a particular @samp{\( @dots{} \)} construct matches more than once | |
746 (which can easily happen if it is followed by @samp{*}), only the last | |
747 match is recorded. | |
748 | |
749 @item \` | |
40929 | 750 matches the empty string, but only at the beginning of the string or |
751 buffer (or its accessible portion) being matched against. | |
25829 | 752 |
753 @item \' | |
40929 | 754 matches the empty string, but only at the end of the string or buffer |
755 (or its accessible portion) being matched against. | |
25829 | 756 |
757 @item \= | |
758 matches the empty string, but only at point. | |
759 | |
760 @item \b | |
761 matches the empty string, but only at the beginning or | |
762 end of a word. Thus, @samp{\bfoo\b} matches any occurrence of | |
763 @samp{foo} as a separate word. @samp{\bballs?\b} matches | |
764 @samp{ball} or @samp{balls} as a separate word.@refill | |
765 | |
766 @samp{\b} matches at the beginning or end of the buffer | |
767 regardless of what text appears next to it. | |
768 | |
769 @item \B | |
770 matches the empty string, but @emph{not} at the beginning or | |
771 end of a word. | |
772 | |
773 @item \< | |
774 matches the empty string, but only at the beginning of a word. | |
775 @samp{\<} matches at the beginning of the buffer only if a | |
776 word-constituent character follows. | |
777 | |
778 @item \> | |
779 matches the empty string, but only at the end of a word. @samp{\>} | |
780 matches at the end of the buffer only if the contents end with a | |
781 word-constituent character. | |
782 | |
783 @item \w | |
784 matches any word-constituent character. The syntax table | |
785 determines which characters these are. @xref{Syntax}. | |
786 | |
787 @item \W | |
788 matches any character that is not a word-constituent. | |
789 | |
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790 @item \_< |
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791 matches the empty string, but only at the beginning of a symbol. |
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792 A symbol is a sequence of one or more symbol-constituent characters. |
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*** empty log message ***
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|
793 A symbol-constituent character is a character whose syntax is either |
58436 | 794 @samp{w} or @samp{_}. @samp{\_<} matches at the beginning of the |
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|
795 buffer only if a symbol-constituent character follows. |
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|
796 |
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|
797 @item \_> |
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|
798 matches the empty string, but only at the end of a symbol. @samp{\_>} |
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|
799 matches at the end of the buffer only if the contents end with a |
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|
800 symbol-constituent character. |
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|
801 |
25829 | 802 @item \s@var{c} |
803 matches any character whose syntax is @var{c}. Here @var{c} is a | |
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804 character that designates a particular syntax class: thus, @samp{w} |
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805 for word constituent, @samp{-} or @samp{ } for whitespace, @samp{.} |
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806 for ordinary punctuation, etc. @xref{Syntax}. |
25829 | 807 |
808 @item \S@var{c} | |
809 matches any character whose syntax is not @var{c}. | |
35904
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|
810 |
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|
811 @cindex categories of characters |
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(Incremental Search): Document C-\ and C-^.
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812 @cindex characters which belong to a specific language |
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|
813 @findex describe-categories |
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|
814 @item \c@var{c} |
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(Incremental Search): Document C-\ and C-^.
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|
815 matches any character that belongs to the category @var{c}. For |
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|
816 example, @samp{\cc} matches Chinese characters, @samp{\cg} matches |
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|
817 Greek characters, etc. For the description of the known categories, |
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|
818 type @kbd{M-x describe-categories @key{RET}}. |
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|
819 |
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|
820 @item \C@var{c} |
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|
821 matches any character that does @emph{not} belong to category |
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|
822 @var{c}. |
25829 | 823 @end table |
824 | |
825 The constructs that pertain to words and syntax are controlled by the | |
826 setting of the syntax table (@pxref{Syntax}). | |
827 | |
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(Regexps): The regexp described in the example is no longer stored in
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|
828 Here is a complicated regexp. It is a simplified version of the |
384212f1e3a5
(Regexps): The regexp described in the example is no longer stored in
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|
829 regexp that Emacs uses, by default, to recognize the end of a sentence |
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(Regexps): The regexp described in the example is no longer stored in
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|
830 together with any whitespace that follows. We show its Lisp syntax to |
384212f1e3a5
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diff
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|
831 distinguish the spaces from the tab characters. In Lisp syntax, the |
384212f1e3a5
(Regexps): The regexp described in the example is no longer stored in
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|
832 string constant begins and ends with a double-quote. @samp{\"} stands |
384212f1e3a5
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|
833 for a double-quote as part of the regexp, @samp{\\} for a backslash as |
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|
834 part of the regexp, @samp{\t} for a tab, and @samp{\n} for a newline. |
25829 | 835 |
836 @example | |
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|
837 "[.?!][]\"')]*\\($\\| $\\|\t\\| \\)[ \t\n]*" |
25829 | 838 @end example |
839 | |
840 @noindent | |
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841 This contains four parts in succession: a character set matching |
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842 period, @samp{?}, or @samp{!}; a character set matching |
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843 close-brackets, quotes, or parentheses, repeated zero or more times; a |
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844 set of alternatives within backslash-parentheses that matches either |
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|
845 end-of-line, a space at the end of a line, a tab, or two spaces; and a |
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846 character set matching whitespace characters, repeated any number of |
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|
847 times. |
25829 | 848 |
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849 To enter the same regexp in incremental search, you would type |
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|
850 @key{TAB} to enter a tab, and @kbd{C-j} to enter a newline. You would |
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851 also type single backslashes as themselves, instead of doubling them |
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|
852 for Lisp syntax. In commands that use ordinary minibuffer input to |
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|
853 read a regexp, you would quote the @kbd{C-j} by preceding it with a |
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|
854 @kbd{C-q} to prevent @kbd{C-j} from exiting the minibuffer. |
25829 | 855 |
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|
856 @ignore |
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|
857 @c I commented this out because it is missing vital information |
548a3aac5d5d
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|
858 @c and therefore useless. For instance, what do you do to *use* the |
548a3aac5d5d
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|
859 @c regular expression when it is finished? What jobs is this good for? |
548a3aac5d5d
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|
860 @c -- rms |
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|
861 |
31072 | 862 @findex re-builder |
863 @cindex authoring regular expressions | |
36177
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|
864 For convenient interactive development of regular expressions, you |
548a3aac5d5d
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|
865 can use the @kbd{M-x re-builder} command. It provides a convenient |
548a3aac5d5d
Comment out description of re-builder.
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diff
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|
866 interface for creating regular expressions, by giving immediate visual |
548a3aac5d5d
Comment out description of re-builder.
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|
867 feedback. The buffer from which @code{re-builder} was invoked becomes |
548a3aac5d5d
Comment out description of re-builder.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
868 the target for the regexp editor, which pops in a separate window. At |
548a3aac5d5d
Comment out description of re-builder.
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diff
changeset
|
869 all times, all the matches in the target buffer for the current |
548a3aac5d5d
Comment out description of re-builder.
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|
870 regular expression are highlighted. Each parenthesized sub-expression |
548a3aac5d5d
Comment out description of re-builder.
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diff
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|
871 of the regexp is shown in a distinct face, which makes it easier to |
548a3aac5d5d
Comment out description of re-builder.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
872 verify even very complex regexps. (On displays that don't support |
548a3aac5d5d
Comment out description of re-builder.
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|
873 colors, Emacs blinks the cursor around the matched text, as it does |
548a3aac5d5d
Comment out description of re-builder.
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|
874 for matching parens.) |
548a3aac5d5d
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|
875 @end ignore |
31072 | 876 |
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Delete explicit node pointers.
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changeset
|
877 @node Search Case |
25829 | 878 @section Searching and Case |
879 | |
880 Incremental searches in Emacs normally ignore the case of the text | |
881 they are searching through, if you specify the text in lower case. | |
882 Thus, if you specify searching for @samp{foo}, then @samp{Foo} and | |
883 @samp{foo} are also considered a match. Regexps, and in particular | |
884 character sets, are included: @samp{[ab]} would match @samp{a} or | |
885 @samp{A} or @samp{b} or @samp{B}.@refill | |
886 | |
887 An upper-case letter anywhere in the incremental search string makes | |
888 the search case-sensitive. Thus, searching for @samp{Foo} does not find | |
889 @samp{foo} or @samp{FOO}. This applies to regular expression search as | |
890 well as to string search. The effect ceases if you delete the | |
891 upper-case letter from the search string. | |
892 | |
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893 Typing @kbd{M-c} within an incremental search toggles the case |
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894 sensitivity of that search. The effect does not extend beyond the |
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895 current incremental search to the next one, but it does override the |
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896 effect of including an upper-case letter in the current search. |
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897 |
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898 @vindex case-fold-search |
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899 @vindex default-case-fold-search |
25829 | 900 If you set the variable @code{case-fold-search} to @code{nil}, then |
901 all letters must match exactly, including case. This is a per-buffer | |
902 variable; altering the variable affects only the current buffer, but | |
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903 there is a default value in @code{default-case-fold-search} that you |
c218b809efea
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|
904 can also set. @xref{Locals}. This variable applies to nonincremental |
c218b809efea
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|
905 searches also, including those performed by the replace commands |
c218b809efea
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|
906 (@pxref{Replace}) and the minibuffer history matching commands |
c218b809efea
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|
907 (@pxref{Minibuffer History}). |
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|
908 |
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909 @node Replace |
25829 | 910 @section Replacement Commands |
911 @cindex replacement | |
912 @cindex search-and-replace commands | |
913 @cindex string substitution | |
914 @cindex global substitution | |
915 | |
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916 Global search-and-replace operations are not needed often in Emacs, |
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Rewrite the texts that explain basic incremental search,
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|
917 but they are available. In addition to the simple @kbd{M-x |
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(Incremental Search): Add C-M-w, C-M-y, M-%, C-M-%, M-e.
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|
918 replace-string} command which replaces all occurrences, |
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919 there is a @kbd{M-x query-replace} command which finds each occurrence |
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920 of the pattern and asks you whether to replace it. |
25829 | 921 |
922 The replace commands normally operate on the text from point to the | |
46193
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|
923 end of the buffer; however, in Transient Mark mode (@pxref{Transient |
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|
924 Mark}), when the mark is active, they operate on the region. The |
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|
925 replace commands all replace one string (or regexp) with one |
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|
926 replacement string. It is possible to perform several replacements in |
d76b60f898fc
(Replace): Add a cross-reference to Transient Mark mode.
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|
927 parallel using the command @code{expand-region-abbrevs} |
d76b60f898fc
(Replace): Add a cross-reference to Transient Mark mode.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
928 (@pxref{Expanding Abbrevs}). |
25829 | 929 |
930 @menu | |
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931 * Unconditional Replace:: Replacing all matches for a string. |
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932 * Regexp Replace:: Replacing all matches for a regexp. |
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933 * Replacement and Case:: How replacements preserve case of letters. |
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934 * Query Replace:: How to use querying. |
25829 | 935 @end menu |
936 | |
937 @node Unconditional Replace, Regexp Replace, Replace, Replace | |
938 @subsection Unconditional Replacement | |
939 @findex replace-string | |
940 | |
941 @table @kbd | |
942 @item M-x replace-string @key{RET} @var{string} @key{RET} @var{newstring} @key{RET} | |
943 Replace every occurrence of @var{string} with @var{newstring}. | |
944 @end table | |
945 | |
946 To replace every instance of @samp{foo} after point with @samp{bar}, | |
947 use the command @kbd{M-x replace-string} with the two arguments | |
948 @samp{foo} and @samp{bar}. Replacement happens only in the text after | |
949 point, so if you want to cover the whole buffer you must go to the | |
950 beginning first. All occurrences up to the end of the buffer are | |
951 replaced; to limit replacement to part of the buffer, narrow to that | |
952 part of the buffer before doing the replacement (@pxref{Narrowing}). | |
953 In Transient Mark mode, when the region is active, replacement is | |
954 limited to the region (@pxref{Transient Mark}). | |
955 | |
956 When @code{replace-string} exits, it leaves point at the last | |
957 occurrence replaced. It sets the mark to the prior position of point | |
958 (where the @code{replace-string} command was issued); use @kbd{C-u | |
959 C-@key{SPC}} to move back there. | |
960 | |
961 A numeric argument restricts replacement to matches that are surrounded | |
962 by word boundaries. The argument's value doesn't matter. | |
963 | |
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964 What if you want to exchange @samp{x} and @samp{y}: replace every @samp{x} with a @samp{y} and vice versa? You can do it this way: |
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965 |
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966 @example |
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967 M-x replace-string @key{RET} x @key{RET} @@TEMP@@ @key{RET} |
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968 M-< M-x replace-string @key{RET} y @key{RET} x @key{RET} |
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969 M-< M-x replace-string @key{RET} @@TEMP@@ @key{RET} y @key{RET} |
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970 @end example |
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971 |
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972 @noindent |
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973 This works provided the string @samp{@@TEMP@@} does not appear |
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974 in your text. |
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975 |
25829 | 976 @node Regexp Replace, Replacement and Case, Unconditional Replace, Replace |
977 @subsection Regexp Replacement | |
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978 @findex replace-regexp |
25829 | 979 |
980 The @kbd{M-x replace-string} command replaces exact matches for a | |
981 single string. The similar command @kbd{M-x replace-regexp} replaces | |
982 any match for a specified pattern. | |
983 | |
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984 @table @kbd |
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985 @item M-x replace-regexp @key{RET} @var{regexp} @key{RET} @var{newstring} @key{RET} |
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986 Replace every match for @var{regexp} with @var{newstring}. |
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987 @end table |
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988 |
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989 In @code{replace-regexp}, the @var{newstring} need not be constant: |
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990 it can refer to all or part of what is matched by the @var{regexp}. |
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991 @samp{\&} in @var{newstring} stands for the entire match being |
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992 replaced. @samp{\@var{d}} in @var{newstring}, where @var{d} is a |
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993 digit, stands for whatever matched the @var{d}th parenthesized |
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994 grouping in @var{regexp}. @samp{\#} refers to the count of |
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995 replacements already made in this command, as a decimal number. In |
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996 the first replacement, @samp{\#} stands for @samp{0}; in the second, |
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997 for @samp{1}; and so on. For example, |
25829 | 998 |
999 @example | |
1000 M-x replace-regexp @key{RET} c[ad]+r @key{RET} \&-safe @key{RET} | |
1001 @end example | |
1002 | |
1003 @noindent | |
1004 replaces (for example) @samp{cadr} with @samp{cadr-safe} and @samp{cddr} | |
1005 with @samp{cddr-safe}. | |
1006 | |
1007 @example | |
1008 M-x replace-regexp @key{RET} \(c[ad]+r\)-safe @key{RET} \1 @key{RET} | |
1009 @end example | |
1010 | |
1011 @noindent | |
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1012 performs the inverse transformation. To include a @samp{\} in the |
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1013 text to replace with, you must enter @samp{\\}. |
25829 | 1014 |
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1015 You can also use Lisp expressions to calculate parts of the |
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1016 replacement string. To do this, write @samp{\,} followed by the |
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1017 expression in the replacement string. Each replacement calculates the |
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1018 value of the expression and converts it to text without quoting (if |
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1019 it's a string, this means using the string's contents), and uses it in |
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1020 the replacement string in place of the expression itself. If the |
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1021 expression is a symbol, one space in the replacement string after the |
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1022 symbol name goes with the symbol name, so the value replaces them |
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1023 both. |
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1024 |
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1025 Inside such an expression, you can use some special sequences. |
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1026 @samp{\&} and @samp{\@var{n}} refer here, as usual, to the entire |
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1027 match as a string, and to a submatch as a string. @var{n} may be |
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1028 multiple digits, and the value of @samp{\@var{n}} is @code{nil} if |
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1029 subexpression @var{n} did not match. You can also use @samp{\#&} and |
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1030 @samp{\#@var{n}} to refer to those matches as numbers (this is valid |
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1031 when the match or submatch has the form of a numeral). @samp{\#} here |
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1032 too stands for the number of already-completed replacements. |
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1033 |
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1034 Repeating our example to exchange @samp{x} and @samp{y}, we can thus |
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1035 do it also this way: |
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1036 |
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1037 @example |
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1038 M-x replace-regexp @key{RET} \(x\)\|y @key{RET} |
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1039 \,(if \1 "y" "x") @key{RET} |
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1040 @end example |
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1041 |
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1042 For computing replacement strings for @samp{\,}, the @code{format} |
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1043 function is often useful (@pxref{Formatting Strings,,, elisp, The Emacs |
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1044 Lisp Reference Manual}). For example, to add consecutively numbered |
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1045 strings like @samp{ABC00042} to columns 73 @w{to 80} (unless they are |
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1046 already occupied), you can use |
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1047 |
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1048 @example |
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1049 M-x replace-regexp @key{RET} ^.\@{0,72\@}$ @key{RET} |
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1050 \,(format "%-72sABC%05d" \& \#) @key{RET} |
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1051 @end example |
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1052 |
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1053 If you want to enter part of the replacement string by hand each |
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1054 time, use @samp{\?} in the replacement string. Each replacement will |
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1055 ask you to edit the replacement string in the minibuffer, putting |
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1056 point where the @samp{\?} was. For example, |
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1057 |
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1058 @example |
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1059 M-x replace-regexp @key{RET} \\footnote@{ @key{RET} |
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1060 \&\\label@{fn:\#\?@} @key{RET} |
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1061 @end example |
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1062 |
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1063 @noindent |
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1064 will add labels starting with @samp{\label@{fn:0@}} to occurrences of |
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1065 @samp{\footnote@{}, but letting you edit each replacement before |
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1066 performing it. To number the labels starting at 1, use @samp{\,(1+ |
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1067 \#)} instead of @samp{\#}. |
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1068 |
25829 | 1069 @node Replacement and Case, Query Replace, Regexp Replace, Replace |
1070 @subsection Replace Commands and Case | |
1071 | |
1072 If the first argument of a replace command is all lower case, the | |
38016 | 1073 command ignores case while searching for occurrences to |
25829 | 1074 replace---provided @code{case-fold-search} is non-@code{nil}. If |
1075 @code{case-fold-search} is set to @code{nil}, case is always significant | |
1076 in all searches. | |
1077 | |
1078 @vindex case-replace | |
1079 In addition, when the @var{newstring} argument is all or partly lower | |
1080 case, replacement commands try to preserve the case pattern of each | |
1081 occurrence. Thus, the command | |
1082 | |
1083 @example | |
1084 M-x replace-string @key{RET} foo @key{RET} bar @key{RET} | |
1085 @end example | |
1086 | |
1087 @noindent | |
1088 replaces a lower case @samp{foo} with a lower case @samp{bar}, an | |
1089 all-caps @samp{FOO} with @samp{BAR}, and a capitalized @samp{Foo} with | |
1090 @samp{Bar}. (These three alternatives---lower case, all caps, and | |
1091 capitalized, are the only ones that @code{replace-string} can | |
1092 distinguish.) | |
1093 | |
1094 If upper-case letters are used in the replacement string, they remain | |
1095 upper case every time that text is inserted. If upper-case letters are | |
1096 used in the first argument, the second argument is always substituted | |
1097 exactly as given, with no case conversion. Likewise, if either | |
1098 @code{case-replace} or @code{case-fold-search} is set to @code{nil}, | |
1099 replacement is done without case conversion. | |
1100 | |
1101 @node Query Replace,, Replacement and Case, Replace | |
1102 @subsection Query Replace | |
1103 @cindex query replace | |
1104 | |
1105 @table @kbd | |
1106 @item M-% @var{string} @key{RET} @var{newstring} @key{RET} | |
1107 @itemx M-x query-replace @key{RET} @var{string} @key{RET} @var{newstring} @key{RET} | |
1108 Replace some occurrences of @var{string} with @var{newstring}. | |
1109 @item C-M-% @var{regexp} @key{RET} @var{newstring} @key{RET} | |
1110 @itemx M-x query-replace-regexp @key{RET} @var{regexp} @key{RET} @var{newstring} @key{RET} | |
1111 Replace some matches for @var{regexp} with @var{newstring}. | |
1112 @end table | |
1113 | |
1114 @kindex M-% | |
1115 @findex query-replace | |
1116 If you want to change only some of the occurrences of @samp{foo} to | |
1117 @samp{bar}, not all of them, then you cannot use an ordinary | |
1118 @code{replace-string}. Instead, use @kbd{M-%} (@code{query-replace}). | |
1119 This command finds occurrences of @samp{foo} one by one, displays each | |
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1120 occurrence and asks you whether to replace it. Aside from querying, |
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1121 @code{query-replace} works just like @code{replace-string}. It |
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1122 preserves case, like @code{replace-string}, provided |
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1123 @code{case-replace} is non-@code{nil}, as it normally is. A numeric |
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1124 argument means consider only occurrences that are bounded by |
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1125 word-delimiter characters. |
25829 | 1126 |
1127 @kindex C-M-% | |
1128 @findex query-replace-regexp | |
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1129 @kbd{C-M-%} performs regexp search and replace (@code{query-replace-regexp}). |
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1130 It works like @code{replace-regexp} except that it queries |
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1131 like @code{query-replace}. |
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1132 |
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1133 @cindex faces for highlighting query replace |
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1134 These commands highlight the current match using the face |
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1135 @code{query-replace}. They highlight other matches using |
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1136 @code{lazy-highlight} just like incremental search (@pxref{Incremental |
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1137 Search}). |
25829 | 1138 |
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1139 The characters you can type when you are shown a match for the string |
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1140 or regexp are: |
25829 | 1141 |
1142 @ignore @c Not worth it. | |
1143 @kindex SPC @r{(query-replace)} | |
1144 @kindex DEL @r{(query-replace)} | |
1145 @kindex , @r{(query-replace)} | |
1146 @kindex RET @r{(query-replace)} | |
1147 @kindex . @r{(query-replace)} | |
1148 @kindex ! @r{(query-replace)} | |
1149 @kindex ^ @r{(query-replace)} | |
1150 @kindex C-r @r{(query-replace)} | |
1151 @kindex C-w @r{(query-replace)} | |
1152 @kindex C-l @r{(query-replace)} | |
1153 @end ignore | |
1154 | |
1155 @c WideCommands | |
1156 @table @kbd | |
1157 @item @key{SPC} | |
1158 to replace the occurrence with @var{newstring}. | |
1159 | |
1160 @item @key{DEL} | |
1161 to skip to the next occurrence without replacing this one. | |
1162 | |
1163 @item , @r{(Comma)} | |
1164 to replace this occurrence and display the result. You are then asked | |
1165 for another input character to say what to do next. Since the | |
1166 replacement has already been made, @key{DEL} and @key{SPC} are | |
1167 equivalent in this situation; both move to the next occurrence. | |
1168 | |
1169 You can type @kbd{C-r} at this point (see below) to alter the replaced | |
1170 text. You can also type @kbd{C-x u} to undo the replacement; this exits | |
1171 the @code{query-replace}, so if you want to do further replacement you | |
1172 must use @kbd{C-x @key{ESC} @key{ESC} @key{RET}} to restart | |
1173 (@pxref{Repetition}). | |
1174 | |
1175 @item @key{RET} | |
1176 to exit without doing any more replacements. | |
1177 | |
1178 @item .@: @r{(Period)} | |
1179 to replace this occurrence and then exit without searching for more | |
1180 occurrences. | |
1181 | |
1182 @item ! | |
1183 to replace all remaining occurrences without asking again. | |
1184 | |
1185 @item ^ | |
1186 to go back to the position of the previous occurrence (or what used to | |
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1187 be an occurrence), in case you changed it by mistake or want to |
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1188 reexamine it. |
25829 | 1189 |
1190 @item C-r | |
1191 to enter a recursive editing level, in case the occurrence needs to be | |
1192 edited rather than just replaced with @var{newstring}. When you are | |
1193 done, exit the recursive editing level with @kbd{C-M-c} to proceed to | |
1194 the next occurrence. @xref{Recursive Edit}. | |
1195 | |
1196 @item C-w | |
1197 to delete the occurrence, and then enter a recursive editing level as in | |
1198 @kbd{C-r}. Use the recursive edit to insert text to replace the deleted | |
1199 occurrence of @var{string}. When done, exit the recursive editing level | |
1200 with @kbd{C-M-c} to proceed to the next occurrence. | |
1201 | |
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1202 @item e |
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1203 to edit the replacement string in the minibuffer. When you exit the |
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1204 minibuffer by typing @key{RET}, the minibuffer contents replace the |
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1205 current occurrence of the pattern. They also become the new |
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1206 replacement string for any further occurrences. |
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1207 |
25829 | 1208 @item C-l |
1209 to redisplay the screen. Then you must type another character to | |
1210 specify what to do with this occurrence. | |
1211 | |
1212 @item C-h | |
1213 to display a message summarizing these options. Then you must type | |
1214 another character to specify what to do with this occurrence. | |
1215 @end table | |
1216 | |
1217 Some other characters are aliases for the ones listed above: @kbd{y}, | |
1218 @kbd{n} and @kbd{q} are equivalent to @key{SPC}, @key{DEL} and | |
1219 @key{RET}. | |
1220 | |
1221 Aside from this, any other character exits the @code{query-replace}, | |
1222 and is then reread as part of a key sequence. Thus, if you type | |
1223 @kbd{C-k}, it exits the @code{query-replace} and then kills to end of | |
1224 line. | |
1225 | |
1226 To restart a @code{query-replace} once it is exited, use @kbd{C-x | |
1227 @key{ESC} @key{ESC}}, which repeats the @code{query-replace} because it | |
1228 used the minibuffer to read its arguments. @xref{Repetition, C-x ESC | |
1229 ESC}. | |
1230 | |
1231 See also @ref{Transforming File Names}, for Dired commands to rename, | |
1232 copy, or link files by replacing regexp matches in file names. | |
1233 | |
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1234 @node Other Repeating Search |
25829 | 1235 @section Other Search-and-Loop Commands |
1236 | |
1237 Here are some other commands that find matches for a regular | |
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1238 expression. They all ignore case in matching, if the pattern contains |
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1239 no upper-case letters and @code{case-fold-search} is non-@code{nil}. |
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1240 Aside from @code{occur} and its variants, all operate on the text from |
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1241 point to the end of the buffer, or on the active region in Transient |
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1242 Mark mode. |
25829 | 1243 |
1244 @findex list-matching-lines | |
1245 @findex occur | |
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1246 @findex multi-occur |
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1247 @findex multi-occur-by-filename-regexp |
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1248 @findex how-many |
25829 | 1249 @findex delete-non-matching-lines |
1250 @findex delete-matching-lines | |
1251 @findex flush-lines | |
1252 @findex keep-lines | |
1253 | |
1254 @table @kbd | |
1255 @item M-x occur @key{RET} @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
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1256 Display a list showing each line in the buffer that contains a match |
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1257 for @var{regexp}. To limit the search to part of the buffer, narrow |
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1258 to that part (@pxref{Narrowing}). A numeric argument @var{n} |
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1259 specifies that @var{n} lines of context are to be displayed before and |
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1260 after each matching line. |
25829 | 1261 |
1262 @kindex RET @r{(Occur mode)} | |
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1263 @kindex o @r{(Occur mode)} |
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1264 @kindex C-o @r{(Occur mode)} |
25829 | 1265 The buffer @samp{*Occur*} containing the output serves as a menu for |
46213
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1266 finding the occurrences in their original context. Click |
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1267 @kbd{Mouse-2} on an occurrence listed in @samp{*Occur*}, or position |
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1268 point there and type @key{RET}; this switches to the buffer that was |
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1269 searched and moves point to the original of the chosen occurrence. |
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1270 @kbd{o} and @kbd{C-o} display the match in another window; @kbd{C-o} |
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1271 does not select it. |
25829 | 1272 |
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1273 Occur mode supports the @code{next-error} functionality described in |
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|
1274 in @ref{Compilation Mode}. |
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1275 |
25829 | 1276 @item M-x list-matching-lines |
1277 Synonym for @kbd{M-x occur}. | |
1278 | |
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1279 @item M-x multi-occur @key{RET} @var{buffers} @key{RET} @var{regexp} @key{RET} |
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1280 This function is just like @code{occur}, except it is able to search |
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1281 through multiple buffers. |
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1282 |
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1283 @item M-x multi-occur-by-filename-regexp @key{RET} @var{bufregexp} @key{RET} @var{regexp} @key{RET} |
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1284 This function is similar to @code{multi-occur}, except the buffers to |
44823
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1285 search are specified by a regexp on their filename. |
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1286 |
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1287 @item M-x how-many @key{RET} @var{regexp} @key{RET} |
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1288 Print the number of matches for @var{regexp} that exist in the buffer |
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1289 after point. In Transient Mark mode, if the region is active, the |
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1290 command operates on the region instead. |
25829 | 1291 |
1292 @item M-x flush-lines @key{RET} @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
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1293 Delete each line that contains a match for @var{regexp}, operating on |
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1294 the text after point. In Transient Mark mode, if the region is |
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1295 active, the command operates on the region instead. |
25829 | 1296 |
1297 @item M-x keep-lines @key{RET} @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
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1298 Delete each line that @emph{does not} contain a match for |
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1299 @var{regexp}, operating on the text after point. In Transient Mark |
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1300 mode, if the region is active, the command operates on the region |
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1301 instead. |
25829 | 1302 @end table |
1303 | |
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1304 You can also search multiple files under control of a tags table |
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1305 (@pxref{Tags Search}) or through Dired @kbd{A} command |
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1306 (@pxref{Operating on Files}), or ask the @code{grep} program to do it |
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1307 (@pxref{Grep Searching}). |
52401 | 1308 |
1309 @ignore | |
1310 arch-tag: fd9d8e77-66af-491c-b212-d80999613e3e | |
1311 @end ignore |