annotate lispref/lists.texi @ 26564:6d4aa8156033

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1 @c -*-texinfo-*-
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2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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4 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions.
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5 @setfilename ../info/lists
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6 @node Lists, Sequences Arrays Vectors, Strings and Characters, Top
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7 @chapter Lists
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8 @cindex list
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9 @cindex element (of list)
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10
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11 A @dfn{list} represents a sequence of zero or more elements (which may
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12 be any Lisp objects). The important difference between lists and
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13 vectors is that two or more lists can share part of their structure; in
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14 addition, you can insert or delete elements in a list without copying
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15 the whole list.
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16
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17 @menu
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18 * Cons Cells:: How lists are made out of cons cells.
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19 * Lists as Boxes:: Graphical notation to explain lists.
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20 * List-related Predicates:: Is this object a list? Comparing two lists.
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21 * List Elements:: Extracting the pieces of a list.
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22 * Building Lists:: Creating list structure.
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23 * Modifying Lists:: Storing new pieces into an existing list.
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24 * Sets And Lists:: A list can represent a finite mathematical set.
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25 * Association Lists:: A list can represent a finite relation or mapping.
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26 @end menu
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27
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28 @node Cons Cells
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29 @section Lists and Cons Cells
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30 @cindex lists and cons cells
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31 @cindex @code{nil} and lists
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32
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33 Lists in Lisp are not a primitive data type; they are built up from
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34 @dfn{cons cells}. A cons cell is a data object that represents an
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35 ordered pair. It holds, or ``refers to,'' two Lisp objects, one labeled
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36 as the @sc{car}, and the other labeled as the @sc{cdr}. These names are
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37 traditional; see @ref{Cons Cell Type}. @sc{cdr} is pronounced
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38 ``could-er.''
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39
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40 A list is a series of cons cells chained together, one cons cell per
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41 element of the list. By convention, the @sc{car}s of the cons cells are
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42 the elements of the list, and the @sc{cdr}s are used to chain the list:
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43 the @sc{cdr} of each cons cell is the following cons cell. The @sc{cdr}
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44 of the last cons cell is @code{nil}. This asymmetry between the
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45 @sc{car} and the @sc{cdr} is entirely a matter of convention; at the
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46 level of cons cells, the @sc{car} and @sc{cdr} slots have the same
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47 characteristics.
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48
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49 @cindex list structure
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50 Because most cons cells are used as part of lists, the phrase
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51 @dfn{list structure} has come to mean any structure made out of cons
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52 cells.
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53
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54 The symbol @code{nil} is considered a list as well as a symbol; it is
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55 the list with no elements. For convenience, the symbol @code{nil} is
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56 considered to have @code{nil} as its @sc{cdr} (and also as its
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57 @sc{car}).
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58
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59 The @sc{cdr} of any nonempty list @var{l} is a list containing all the
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60 elements of @var{l} except the first.
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61
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62 @node Lists as Boxes
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63 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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64 @section Lists as Linked Pairs of Boxes
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65 @cindex box representation for lists
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66 @cindex lists represented as boxes
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67 @cindex cons cell as box
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68
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69 A cons cell can be illustrated as a pair of boxes. The first box
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70 represents the @sc{car} and the second box represents the @sc{cdr}.
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71 Here is an illustration of the two-element list, @code{(tulip lily)},
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72 made from two cons cells:
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73
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74 @example
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75 @group
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76 --------------- ---------------
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77 | car | cdr | | car | cdr |
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78 | tulip | o---------->| lily | nil |
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79 | | | | | |
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80 --------------- ---------------
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81 @end group
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82 @end example
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83
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84 Each pair of boxes represents a cons cell. Each box ``refers to'',
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85 ``points to'' or ``holds'' a Lisp object. (These terms are
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86 synonymous.) The first box, which describes the @sc{car} of the first
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87 cons cell, contains the symbol @code{tulip}. The arrow from the
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88 @sc{cdr} box of the first cons cell to the second cons cell indicates
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89 that the @sc{cdr} of the first cons cell is the second cons cell.
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90
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91 The same list can be illustrated in a different sort of box notation
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92 like this:
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93
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94 @example
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95 @group
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96 --- --- --- ---
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97 | | |--> | | |--> nil
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98 --- --- --- ---
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99 | |
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100 | |
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101 --> tulip --> lily
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102 @end group
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103 @end example
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104
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105 Here is a more complex illustration, showing the three-element list,
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106 @code{((pine needles) oak maple)}, the first element of which is a
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107 two-element list:
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108
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109 @example
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110 @group
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111 --- --- --- --- --- ---
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112 | | |--> | | |--> | | |--> nil
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113 --- --- --- --- --- ---
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114 | | |
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115 | | |
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116 | --> oak --> maple
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117 |
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118 | --- --- --- ---
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119 --> | | |--> | | |--> nil
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120 --- --- --- ---
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121 | |
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122 | |
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123 --> pine --> needles
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124 @end group
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125 @end example
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126
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127 The same list represented in the first box notation looks like this:
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128
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129 @example
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130 @group
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131 -------------- -------------- --------------
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132 | car | cdr | | car | cdr | | car | cdr |
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133 | o | o------->| oak | o------->| maple | nil |
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134 | | | | | | | | | |
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135 -- | --------- -------------- --------------
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136 |
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137 |
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138 | -------------- ----------------
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139 | | car | cdr | | car | cdr |
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140 ------>| pine | o------->| needles | nil |
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141 | | | | | |
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142 -------------- ----------------
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143 @end group
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144 @end example
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145
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146 @xref{Cons Cell Type}, for the read and print syntax of cons cells and
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147 lists, and for more ``box and arrow'' illustrations of lists.
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148
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149 @node List-related Predicates
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150 @section Predicates on Lists
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151
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152 The following predicates test whether a Lisp object is an atom, is a
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153 cons cell or is a list, or whether it is the distinguished object
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154 @code{nil}. (Many of these predicates can be defined in terms of the
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155 others, but they are used so often that it is worth having all of them.)
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156
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157 @defun consp object
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158 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a cons cell, @code{nil}
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159 otherwise. @code{nil} is not a cons cell, although it @emph{is} a list.
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160 @end defun
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161
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162 @defun atom object
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163 @cindex atoms
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164 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is an atom, @code{nil}
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165 otherwise. All objects except cons cells are atoms. The symbol
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166 @code{nil} is an atom and is also a list; it is the only Lisp object
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167 that is both.
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168
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169 @example
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170 (atom @var{object}) @equiv{} (not (consp @var{object}))
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171 @end example
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172 @end defun
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173
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174 @defun listp object
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175 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a cons cell or
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176 @code{nil}. Otherwise, it returns @code{nil}.
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177
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178 @example
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179 @group
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180 (listp '(1))
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181 @result{} t
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182 @end group
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183 @group
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184 (listp '())
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185 @result{} t
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186 @end group
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187 @end example
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188 @end defun
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189
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190 @defun nlistp object
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191 This function is the opposite of @code{listp}: it returns @code{t} if
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192 @var{object} is not a list. Otherwise, it returns @code{nil}.
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193
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194 @example
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195 (listp @var{object}) @equiv{} (not (nlistp @var{object}))
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196 @end example
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197 @end defun
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198
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199 @defun null object
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200 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is @code{nil}, and
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201 returns @code{nil} otherwise. This function is identical to @code{not},
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202 but as a matter of clarity we use @code{null} when @var{object} is
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203 considered a list and @code{not} when it is considered a truth value
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204 (see @code{not} in @ref{Combining Conditions}).
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205
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206 @example
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207 @group
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208 (null '(1))
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209 @result{} nil
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210 @end group
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211 @group
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212 (null '())
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213 @result{} t
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214 @end group
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215 @end example
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216 @end defun
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217
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218 @need 2000
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219
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220 @node List Elements
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221 @section Accessing Elements of Lists
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222 @cindex list elements
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223
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224 @defun car cons-cell
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225 This function returns the value referred to by the first slot of the
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226 cons cell @var{cons-cell}. Expressed another way, this function
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227 returns the @sc{car} of @var{cons-cell}.
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228
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229 As a special case, if @var{cons-cell} is @code{nil}, then @code{car}
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230 is defined to return @code{nil}; therefore, any list is a valid argument
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231 for @code{car}. An error is signaled if the argument is not a cons cell
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232 or @code{nil}.
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233
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234 @example
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235 @group
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236 (car '(a b c))
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237 @result{} a
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238 @end group
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239 @group
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240 (car '())
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241 @result{} nil
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242 @end group
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243 @end example
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244 @end defun
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245
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246 @defun cdr cons-cell
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247 This function returns the value referred to by the second slot of
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248 the cons cell @var{cons-cell}. Expressed another way, this function
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249 returns the @sc{cdr} of @var{cons-cell}.
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250
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251 As a special case, if @var{cons-cell} is @code{nil}, then @code{cdr}
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252 is defined to return @code{nil}; therefore, any list is a valid argument
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253 for @code{cdr}. An error is signaled if the argument is not a cons cell
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254 or @code{nil}.
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255
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256 @example
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257 @group
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258 (cdr '(a b c))
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259 @result{} (b c)
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260 @end group
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261 @group
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262 (cdr '())
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263 @result{} nil
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264 @end group
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265 @end example
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266 @end defun
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267
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268 @defun car-safe object
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269 This function lets you take the @sc{car} of a cons cell while avoiding
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270 errors for other data types. It returns the @sc{car} of @var{object} if
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271 @var{object} is a cons cell, @code{nil} otherwise. This is in contrast
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272 to @code{car}, which signals an error if @var{object} is not a list.
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273
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274 @example
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275 @group
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276 (car-safe @var{object})
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277 @equiv{}
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278 (let ((x @var{object}))
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279 (if (consp x)
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280 (car x)
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281 nil))
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282 @end group
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283 @end example
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284 @end defun
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285
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286 @defun cdr-safe object
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287 This function lets you take the @sc{cdr} of a cons cell while
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288 avoiding errors for other data types. It returns the @sc{cdr} of
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289 @var{object} if @var{object} is a cons cell, @code{nil} otherwise.
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290 This is in contrast to @code{cdr}, which signals an error if
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291 @var{object} is not a list.
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292
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293 @example
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294 @group
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295 (cdr-safe @var{object})
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296 @equiv{}
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297 (let ((x @var{object}))
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298 (if (consp x)
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299 (cdr x)
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300 nil))
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301 @end group
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302 @end example
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303 @end defun
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304
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305 @tindex pop
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306 @defmac pop listname
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307 This macro is a way of examining the @sc{car} of a list,
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308 and taking it off the list, all at once. It is new in Emacs 21.
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309
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310 It operates on the list which is stored in the symbol @var{listname}.
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311 It removes this element from the list by setting @var{listname}
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312 to the @sc{cdr} of its old value---but it also returns the @sc{car}
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313 of that list, which is the element being removed.
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314
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315 @example
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316 x
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317 @result{} (a b c)
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318 (pop x)
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319 @result{} a
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320 x
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321 @result{} (b c)
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322 @end example
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323 @end defmac
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324
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325 @defun nth n list
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326 This function returns the @var{n}th element of @var{list}. Elements
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327 are numbered starting with zero, so the @sc{car} of @var{list} is
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328 element number zero. If the length of @var{list} is @var{n} or less,
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329 the value is @code{nil}.
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330
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331 If @var{n} is negative, @code{nth} returns the first element of
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332 @var{list}.
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333
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334 @example
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335 @group
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336 (nth 2 '(1 2 3 4))
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337 @result{} 3
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338 @end group
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339 @group
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340 (nth 10 '(1 2 3 4))
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341 @result{} nil
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342 @end group
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343 @group
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344 (nth -3 '(1 2 3 4))
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345 @result{} 1
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346
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347 (nth n x) @equiv{} (car (nthcdr n x))
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348 @end group
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349 @end example
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350
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351 The function @code{elt} is similar, but applies to any kind of sequence.
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352 For historical reasons, it takes its arguments in the opposite order.
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353 @xref{Sequence Functions}.
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354 @end defun
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355
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356 @defun nthcdr n list
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357 This function returns the @var{n}th @sc{cdr} of @var{list}. In other
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358 words, it skips past the first @var{n} links of @var{list} and returns
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359 what follows.
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360
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361 If @var{n} is zero or negative, @code{nthcdr} returns all of
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362 @var{list}. If the length of @var{list} is @var{n} or less,
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363 @code{nthcdr} returns @code{nil}.
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364
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365 @example
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366 @group
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367 (nthcdr 1 '(1 2 3 4))
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368 @result{} (2 3 4)
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369 @end group
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370 @group
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371 (nthcdr 10 '(1 2 3 4))
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372 @result{} nil
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373 @end group
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374 @group
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375 (nthcdr -3 '(1 2 3 4))
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376 @result{} (1 2 3 4)
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377 @end group
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378 @end example
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379 @end defun
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380
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381 @defun safe-length list
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382 @tindex safe-length
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383 This function returns the length of @var{list}, with no risk
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384 of either an error or an infinite loop.
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385
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386 If @var{list} is not really a list, @code{safe-length} returns 0. If
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387 @var{list} is circular, it returns a finite value which is at least the
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388 number of distinct elements.
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389 @end defun
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390
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391 The most common way to compute the length of a list, when you are not
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392 worried that it may be circular, is with @code{length}. @xref{Sequence
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393 Functions}.
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394
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395 @defun caar cons-cell
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396 @tindex caar
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397 This is the same as @code{(car (car @var{cons-cell}))}.
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398 @end defun
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399
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400 @defun cadr cons-cell
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401 @tindex cadr
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402 This is the same as @code{(car (cdr @var{cons-cell}))}
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403 or @code{(nth 1 @var{cons-cell})}.
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404 @end defun
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405
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406 @defun cdar cons-cell
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407 @tindex cdar
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408 This is the same as @code{(cdr (car @var{cons-cell}))}.
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409 @end defun
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410
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411 @defun cddr cons-cell
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412 @tindex cddr
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413 This is the same as @code{(cdr (cdr @var{cons-cell}))}
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414 or @code{(nthcdr 2 @var{cons-cell})}.
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415 @end defun
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416
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417 @node Building Lists
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418 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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419 @section Building Cons Cells and Lists
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420 @cindex cons cells
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421 @cindex building lists
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422
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423 Many functions build lists, as lists reside at the very heart of Lisp.
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424 @code{cons} is the fundamental list-building function; however, it is
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425 interesting to note that @code{list} is used more times in the source
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426 code for Emacs than @code{cons}.
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427
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428 @defun cons object1 object2
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429 This function is the fundamental function used to build new list
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430 structure. It creates a new cons cell, making @var{object1} the
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431 @sc{car}, and @var{object2} the @sc{cdr}. It then returns the new cons
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432 cell. The arguments @var{object1} and @var{object2} may be any Lisp
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433 objects, but most often @var{object2} is a list.
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434
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435 @example
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436 @group
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437 (cons 1 '(2))
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438 @result{} (1 2)
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439 @end group
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440 @group
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441 (cons 1 '())
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442 @result{} (1)
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443 @end group
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444 @group
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445 (cons 1 2)
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446 @result{} (1 . 2)
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447 @end group
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448 @end example
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449
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450 @cindex consing
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451 @code{cons} is often used to add a single element to the front of a
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452 list. This is called @dfn{consing the element onto the list}. For
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453 example:
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454
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455 @example
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456 (setq list (cons newelt list))
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457 @end example
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458
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459 Note that there is no conflict between the variable named @code{list}
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460 used in this example and the function named @code{list} described below;
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461 any symbol can serve both purposes.
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462 @end defun
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463
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464 @tindex push
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465 @defmac push newelt listname
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466 This macro provides an alternative way to write
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467 @code{(setq @var{listname} (cons @var{newelt} @var{listname}))}.
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468 It is new in Emacs 21.
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469 @end defmac
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470
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471 @defun list &rest objects
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472 This function creates a list with @var{objects} as its elements. The
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473 resulting list is always @code{nil}-terminated. If no @var{objects}
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474 are given, the empty list is returned.
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475
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476 @example
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477 @group
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478 (list 1 2 3 4 5)
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479 @result{} (1 2 3 4 5)
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480 @end group
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481 @group
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482 (list 1 2 '(3 4 5) 'foo)
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483 @result{} (1 2 (3 4 5) foo)
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484 @end group
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485 @group
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486 (list)
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487 @result{} nil
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488 @end group
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489 @end example
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490 @end defun
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491
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492 @defun make-list length object
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493 This function creates a list of length @var{length}, in which all the
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494 elements have the identical value @var{object}. Compare
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495 @code{make-list} with @code{make-string} (@pxref{Creating Strings}).
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496
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497 @example
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498 @group
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499 (make-list 3 'pigs)
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500 @result{} (pigs pigs pigs)
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501 @end group
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502 @group
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503 (make-list 0 'pigs)
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504 @result{} nil
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505 @end group
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506 @end example
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507 @end defun
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508
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509 @defun append &rest sequences
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510 @cindex copying lists
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511 This function returns a list containing all the elements of
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512 @var{sequences}. The @var{sequences} may be lists, vectors,
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513 bool-vectors, or strings, but the last one should usually be a list.
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514 All arguments except the last one are copied, so none of the arguments
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515 is altered. (See @code{nconc} in @ref{Rearrangement}, for a way to join
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516 lists with no copying.)
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517
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518 More generally, the final argument to @code{append} may be any Lisp
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519 object. The final argument is not copied or converted; it becomes the
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520 @sc{cdr} of the last cons cell in the new list. If the final argument
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521 is itself a list, then its elements become in effect elements of the
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522 result list. If the final element is not a list, the result is a
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523 ``dotted list'' since its final @sc{cdr} is not @code{nil} as required
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524 in a true list.
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525
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526 The @code{append} function also allows integers as arguments. It
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527 converts them to strings of digits, making up the decimal print
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528 representation of the integer, and then uses the strings instead of the
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529 original integers. @strong{Don't use this feature; we plan to eliminate
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530 it. If you already use this feature, change your programs now!} The
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531 proper way to convert an integer to a decimal number in this way is with
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532 @code{format} (@pxref{Formatting Strings}) or @code{number-to-string}
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533 (@pxref{String Conversion}).
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534 @end defun
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535
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536 Here is an example of using @code{append}:
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537
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538 @example
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539 @group
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540 (setq trees '(pine oak))
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541 @result{} (pine oak)
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542 (setq more-trees (append '(maple birch) trees))
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543 @result{} (maple birch pine oak)
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544 @end group
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545
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546 @group
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547 trees
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548 @result{} (pine oak)
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549 more-trees
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550 @result{} (maple birch pine oak)
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551 @end group
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552 @group
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553 (eq trees (cdr (cdr more-trees)))
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554 @result{} t
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555 @end group
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556 @end example
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557
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558 You can see how @code{append} works by looking at a box diagram. The
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559 variable @code{trees} is set to the list @code{(pine oak)} and then the
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560 variable @code{more-trees} is set to the list @code{(maple birch pine
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561 oak)}. However, the variable @code{trees} continues to refer to the
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562 original list:
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563
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564 @smallexample
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565 @group
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566 more-trees trees
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567 | |
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568 | --- --- --- --- -> --- --- --- ---
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569 --> | | |--> | | |--> | | |--> | | |--> nil
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570 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
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571 | | | |
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572 | | | |
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573 --> maple -->birch --> pine --> oak
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574 @end group
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575 @end smallexample
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576
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577 An empty sequence contributes nothing to the value returned by
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578 @code{append}. As a consequence of this, a final @code{nil} argument
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579 forces a copy of the previous argument:
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580
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581 @example
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582 @group
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583 trees
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584 @result{} (pine oak)
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585 @end group
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586 @group
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587 (setq wood (append trees nil))
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588 @result{} (pine oak)
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589 @end group
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590 @group
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591 wood
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592 @result{} (pine oak)
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593 @end group
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594 @group
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595 (eq wood trees)
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596 @result{} nil
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597 @end group
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598 @end example
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599
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600 @noindent
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601 This once was the usual way to copy a list, before the function
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602 @code{copy-sequence} was invented. @xref{Sequences Arrays Vectors}.
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603
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604 Here we show the use of vectors and strings as arguments to @code{append}:
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605
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606 @example
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607 @group
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608 (append [a b] "cd" nil)
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609 @result{} (a b 99 100)
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610 @end group
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611 @end example
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612
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613 With the help of @code{apply} (@pxref{Calling Functions}), we can append
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614 all the lists in a list of lists:
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615
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616 @example
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617 @group
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618 (apply 'append '((a b c) nil (x y z) nil))
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619 @result{} (a b c x y z)
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620 @end group
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621 @end example
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622
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623 If no @var{sequences} are given, @code{nil} is returned:
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624
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625 @example
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626 @group
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627 (append)
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628 @result{} nil
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629 @end group
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630 @end example
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631
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632 Here are some examples where the final argument is not a list:
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633
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634 @example
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635 (append '(x y) 'z)
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636 @result{} (x y . z)
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637 (append '(x y) [z])
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638 @result{} (x y . [z])
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639 @end example
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640
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641 @noindent
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642 The second example shows that when the final argument is a sequence but
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643 not a list, the sequence's elements do not become elements of the
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644 resulting list. Instead, the sequence becomes the final @sc{cdr}, like
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645 any other non-list final argument.
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646
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647 @defun reverse list
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648 This function creates a new list whose elements are the elements of
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649 @var{list}, but in reverse order. The original argument @var{list} is
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650 @emph{not} altered.
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651
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652 @example
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653 @group
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654 (setq x '(1 2 3 4))
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655 @result{} (1 2 3 4)
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656 @end group
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657 @group
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658 (reverse x)
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659 @result{} (4 3 2 1)
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660 x
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661 @result{} (1 2 3 4)
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662 @end group
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663 @end example
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664 @end defun
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665
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666 @node Modifying Lists
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667 @section Modifying Existing List Structure
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668 @cindex destructive list operations
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669
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670 You can modify the @sc{car} and @sc{cdr} contents of a cons cell with the
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671 primitives @code{setcar} and @code{setcdr}. We call these ``destructive''
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672 operations because they change existing list structure.
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673
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674 @cindex CL note---@code{rplaca} vrs @code{setcar}
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675 @quotation
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diff changeset
676 @findex rplaca
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parents:
diff changeset
677 @findex rplacd
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parents:
diff changeset
678 @b{Common Lisp note:} Common Lisp uses functions @code{rplaca} and
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parents:
diff changeset
679 @code{rplacd} to alter list structure; they change structure the same
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parents:
diff changeset
680 way as @code{setcar} and @code{setcdr}, but the Common Lisp functions
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parents:
diff changeset
681 return the cons cell while @code{setcar} and @code{setcdr} return the
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parents:
diff changeset
682 new @sc{car} or @sc{cdr}.
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683 @end quotation
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parents:
diff changeset
684
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parents:
diff changeset
685 @menu
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parents:
diff changeset
686 * Setcar:: Replacing an element in a list.
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parents:
diff changeset
687 * Setcdr:: Replacing part of the list backbone.
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parents:
diff changeset
688 This can be used to remove or add elements.
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parents:
diff changeset
689 * Rearrangement:: Reordering the elements in a list; combining lists.
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parents:
diff changeset
690 @end menu
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parents:
diff changeset
691
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parents:
diff changeset
692 @node Setcar
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parents:
diff changeset
693 @subsection Altering List Elements with @code{setcar}
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parents:
diff changeset
694
7118
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
695 Changing the @sc{car} of a cons cell is done with @code{setcar}. When
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
696 used on a list, @code{setcar} replaces one element of a list with a
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
697 different element.
6558
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parents:
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698
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parents:
diff changeset
699 @defun setcar cons object
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parents:
diff changeset
700 This function stores @var{object} as the new @sc{car} of @var{cons},
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parents: 22138
diff changeset
701 replacing its previous @sc{car}. In other words, it changes the
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parents: 22961
diff changeset
702 @sc{car} slot of @var{cons} to refer to @var{object}. It returns the
22253
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parents: 22138
diff changeset
703 value @var{object}. For example:
6558
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parents:
diff changeset
704
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diff changeset
705 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
706 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
707 (setq x '(1 2))
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parents:
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708 @result{} (1 2)
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parents:
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709 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
710 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
711 (setcar x 4)
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parents:
diff changeset
712 @result{} 4
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parents:
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713 @end group
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parents:
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714 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
715 x
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parents:
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716 @result{} (4 2)
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717 @end group
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718 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
719 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
720
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parents:
diff changeset
721 When a cons cell is part of the shared structure of several lists,
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
722 storing a new @sc{car} into the cons changes one element of each of
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
723 these lists. Here is an example:
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parents:
diff changeset
724
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725 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
726 @group
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parents:
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727 ;; @r{Create two lists that are partly shared.}
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parents:
diff changeset
728 (setq x1 '(a b c))
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parents:
diff changeset
729 @result{} (a b c)
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parents:
diff changeset
730 (setq x2 (cons 'z (cdr x1)))
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
731 @result{} (z b c)
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parents:
diff changeset
732 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
733
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parents:
diff changeset
734 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
735 ;; @r{Replace the @sc{car} of a shared link.}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
736 (setcar (cdr x1) 'foo)
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parents:
diff changeset
737 @result{} foo
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
738 x1 ; @r{Both lists are changed.}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
739 @result{} (a foo c)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
740 x2
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
741 @result{} (z foo c)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
742 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
743
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parents:
diff changeset
744 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
745 ;; @r{Replace the @sc{car} of a link that is not shared.}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
746 (setcar x1 'baz)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
747 @result{} baz
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
748 x1 ; @r{Only one list is changed.}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
749 @result{} (baz foo c)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
750 x2
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
751 @result{} (z foo c)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
752 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
753 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
754
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
755 Here is a graphical depiction of the shared structure of the two lists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
756 in the variables @code{x1} and @code{x2}, showing why replacing @code{b}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
757 changes them both:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
758
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
759 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
760 @group
21682
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
761 --- --- --- --- --- ---
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
762 x1---> | | |----> | | |--> | | |--> nil
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
763 --- --- --- --- --- ---
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
764 | --> | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
765 | | | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
766 --> a | --> b --> c
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
767 |
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
768 --- --- |
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
769 x2--> | | |--
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
770 --- ---
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
771 |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
772 |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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diff changeset
773 --> z
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parents:
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774 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
775 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
776
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
777 Here is an alternative form of box diagram, showing the same relationship:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
778
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
779 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
780 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
781 x1:
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parents:
diff changeset
782 -------------- -------------- --------------
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parents:
diff changeset
783 | car | cdr | | car | cdr | | car | cdr |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
784 | a | o------->| b | o------->| c | nil |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
785 | | | -->| | | | | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
786 -------------- | -------------- --------------
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parents:
diff changeset
787 |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
788 x2: |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
789 -------------- |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
790 | car | cdr | |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
791 | z | o----
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
792 | | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
793 --------------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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794 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
795 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
796
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
797 @node Setcdr
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
798 @subsection Altering the CDR of a List
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
799
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
800 The lowest-level primitive for modifying a @sc{cdr} is @code{setcdr}:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
801
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
802 @defun setcdr cons object
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
803 This function stores @var{object} as the new @sc{cdr} of @var{cons},
22253
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parents: 22138
diff changeset
804 replacing its previous @sc{cdr}. In other words, it changes the
24951
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parents: 22961
diff changeset
805 @sc{cdr} slot of @var{cons} to refer to @var{object}. It returns the
22253
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parents: 22138
diff changeset
806 value @var{object}.
6558
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diff changeset
807 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
808
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
809 Here is an example of replacing the @sc{cdr} of a list with a
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
810 different list. All but the first element of the list are removed in
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
811 favor of a different sequence of elements. The first element is
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
812 unchanged, because it resides in the @sc{car} of the list, and is not
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
813 reached via the @sc{cdr}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
814
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
815 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
816 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
817 (setq x '(1 2 3))
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parents:
diff changeset
818 @result{} (1 2 3)
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parents:
diff changeset
819 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
820 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
821 (setcdr x '(4))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
822 @result{} (4)
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parents:
diff changeset
823 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
824 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
825 x
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
826 @result{} (1 4)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
827 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
828 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
829
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
830 You can delete elements from the middle of a list by altering the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
831 @sc{cdr}s of the cons cells in the list. For example, here we delete
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
832 the second element, @code{b}, from the list @code{(a b c)}, by changing
22253
ed6b191416cf *** empty log message ***
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parents: 22138
diff changeset
833 the @sc{cdr} of the first cons cell:
6558
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parents:
diff changeset
834
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
835 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
836 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
837 (setq x1 '(a b c))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
838 @result{} (a b c)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
839 (setcdr x1 (cdr (cdr x1)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
840 @result{} (c)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
841 x1
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
842 @result{} (a c)
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parents:
diff changeset
843 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
844 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
845
12282
586e3ea81792 updates for version 19.29 made by melissa; also needed to check out files
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
846 @need 4000
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
847 Here is the result in box notation:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
848
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
849 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
850 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
851 --------------------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
852 | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
853 -------------- | -------------- | --------------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
854 | car | cdr | | | car | cdr | -->| car | cdr |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
855 | a | o----- | b | o-------->| c | nil |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
856 | | | | | | | | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
857 -------------- -------------- --------------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
858 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
859 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
860
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
861 @noindent
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
862 The second cons cell, which previously held the element @code{b}, still
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
863 exists and its @sc{car} is still @code{b}, but it no longer forms part
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
864 of this list.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
865
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
866 It is equally easy to insert a new element by changing @sc{cdr}s:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
867
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
868 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
869 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
870 (setq x1 '(a b c))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
871 @result{} (a b c)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
872 (setcdr x1 (cons 'd (cdr x1)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
873 @result{} (d b c)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
874 x1
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
875 @result{} (a d b c)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
876 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
877 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
878
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
879 Here is this result in box notation:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
880
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
881 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
882 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
883 -------------- ------------- -------------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
884 | car | cdr | | car | cdr | | car | cdr |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
885 | a | o | -->| b | o------->| c | nil |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
886 | | | | | | | | | | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
887 --------- | -- | ------------- -------------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
888 | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
889 ----- --------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
890 | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
891 | --------------- |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
892 | | car | cdr | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
893 -->| d | o------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
894 | | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
895 ---------------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
896 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
897 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
898
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
899 @node Rearrangement
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
900 @subsection Functions that Rearrange Lists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
901 @cindex rearrangement of lists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
902 @cindex modification of lists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
903
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
904 Here are some functions that rearrange lists ``destructively'' by
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
905 modifying the @sc{cdr}s of their component cons cells. We call these
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
906 functions ``destructive'' because they chew up the original lists passed
22271
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22253
diff changeset
907 to them as arguments, relinking their cons cells to form a new list that
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22253
diff changeset
908 is the returned value.
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
909
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
910 @ifinfo
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
911 See @code{delq}, in @ref{Sets And Lists}, for another function
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
912 that modifies cons cells.
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
913 @end ifinfo
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
914 @iftex
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
915 The function @code{delq} in the following section is another example
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
916 of destructive list manipulation.
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
917 @end iftex
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
918
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
919 @defun nconc &rest lists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
920 @cindex concatenating lists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
921 @cindex joining lists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
922 This function returns a list containing all the elements of @var{lists}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
923 Unlike @code{append} (@pxref{Building Lists}), the @var{lists} are
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
924 @emph{not} copied. Instead, the last @sc{cdr} of each of the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
925 @var{lists} is changed to refer to the following list. The last of the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
926 @var{lists} is not altered. For example:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
927
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
928 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
929 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
930 (setq x '(1 2 3))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
931 @result{} (1 2 3)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
932 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
933 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
934 (nconc x '(4 5))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
935 @result{} (1 2 3 4 5)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
936 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
937 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
938 x
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
939 @result{} (1 2 3 4 5)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
940 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
941 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
942
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
943 Since the last argument of @code{nconc} is not itself modified, it is
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
944 reasonable to use a constant list, such as @code{'(4 5)}, as in the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
945 above example. For the same reason, the last argument need not be a
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
946 list:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
947
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
948 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
949 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
950 (setq x '(1 2 3))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
951 @result{} (1 2 3)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
952 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
953 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
954 (nconc x 'z)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
955 @result{} (1 2 3 . z)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
956 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
957 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
958 x
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
959 @result{} (1 2 3 . z)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
960 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
961 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
962
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
963 However, the other arguments (all but the last) must be lists.
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
964
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
965 A common pitfall is to use a quoted constant list as a non-last
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
966 argument to @code{nconc}. If you do this, your program will change
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
967 each time you run it! Here is what happens:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
968
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
969 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
970 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
971 (defun add-foo (x) ; @r{We want this function to add}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
972 (nconc '(foo) x)) ; @r{@code{foo} to the front of its arg.}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
973 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
974
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
975 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
976 (symbol-function 'add-foo)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
977 @result{} (lambda (x) (nconc (quote (foo)) x))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
978 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
979
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
980 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
981 (setq xx (add-foo '(1 2))) ; @r{It seems to work.}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
982 @result{} (foo 1 2)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
983 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
984 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
985 (setq xy (add-foo '(3 4))) ; @r{What happened?}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
986 @result{} (foo 1 2 3 4)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
987 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
988 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
989 (eq xx xy)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
990 @result{} t
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
991 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
992
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
993 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
994 (symbol-function 'add-foo)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
995 @result{} (lambda (x) (nconc (quote (foo 1 2 3 4) x)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
996 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
997 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
998 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
999
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1000 @defun nreverse list
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1001 @cindex reversing a list
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1002 This function reverses the order of the elements of @var{list}.
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1003 Unlike @code{reverse}, @code{nreverse} alters its argument by reversing
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1004 the @sc{cdr}s in the cons cells forming the list. The cons cell that
22253
ed6b191416cf *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
1005 used to be the last one in @var{list} becomes the first cons cell of the
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1006 value.
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1007
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1008 For example:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1009
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1010 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1011 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1012 (setq x '(1 2 3 4))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1013 @result{} (1 2 3 4)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1014 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1015 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1016 x
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1017 @result{} (1 2 3 4)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1018 (nreverse x)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1019 @result{} (4 3 2 1)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1020 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1021 @group
22253
ed6b191416cf *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
1022 ;; @r{The cons cell that was first is now last.}
6558
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1023 x
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1024 @result{} (1)
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1025 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1026 @end example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1027
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1028 To avoid confusion, we usually store the result of @code{nreverse}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1029 back in the same variable which held the original list:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1030
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1031 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1032 (setq x (nreverse x))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1033 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1034
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1035 Here is the @code{nreverse} of our favorite example, @code{(a b c)},
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1036 presented graphically:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1037
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1038 @smallexample
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parents:
diff changeset
1039 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1040 @r{Original list head:} @r{Reversed list:}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1041 ------------- ------------- ------------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1042 | car | cdr | | car | cdr | | car | cdr |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1043 | a | nil |<-- | b | o |<-- | c | o |
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parents:
diff changeset
1044 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1045 ------------- | --------- | - | -------- | -
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1046 | | | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1047 ------------- ------------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1048 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1049 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1050 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1051
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1052 @defun sort list predicate
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1053 @cindex stable sort
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1054 @cindex sorting lists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1055 This function sorts @var{list} stably, though destructively, and
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1056 returns the sorted list. It compares elements using @var{predicate}. A
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1057 stable sort is one in which elements with equal sort keys maintain their
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1058 relative order before and after the sort. Stability is important when
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1059 successive sorts are used to order elements according to different
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1060 criteria.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1061
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1062 The argument @var{predicate} must be a function that accepts two
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1063 arguments. It is called with two elements of @var{list}. To get an
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1064 increasing order sort, the @var{predicate} should return @code{t} if the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1065 first element is ``less than'' the second, or @code{nil} if not.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1066
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1067 The comparison function @var{predicate} must give reliable results for
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1068 any given pair of arguments, at least within a single call to
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 21682
diff changeset
1069 @code{sort}. It must be @dfn{antisymmetric}; that is, if @var{a} is
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1070 less than @var{b}, @var{b} must not be less than @var{a}. It must be
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1071 @dfn{transitive}---that is, if @var{a} is less than @var{b}, and @var{b}
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1072 is less than @var{c}, then @var{a} must be less than @var{c}. If you
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1073 use a comparison function which does not meet these requirements, the
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1074 result of @code{sort} is unpredictable.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1075
6558
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diff changeset
1076 The destructive aspect of @code{sort} is that it rearranges the cons
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1077 cells forming @var{list} by changing @sc{cdr}s. A nondestructive sort
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1078 function would create new cons cells to store the elements in their
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1079 sorted order. If you wish to make a sorted copy without destroying the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1080 original, copy it first with @code{copy-sequence} and then sort.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1081
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1082 Sorting does not change the @sc{car}s of the cons cells in @var{list};
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1083 the cons cell that originally contained the element @code{a} in
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1084 @var{list} still has @code{a} in its @sc{car} after sorting, but it now
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1085 appears in a different position in the list due to the change of
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1086 @sc{cdr}s. For example:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1087
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1088 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1089 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1090 (setq nums '(1 3 2 6 5 4 0))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1091 @result{} (1 3 2 6 5 4 0)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1092 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1093 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1094 (sort nums '<)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1095 @result{} (0 1 2 3 4 5 6)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1096 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1097 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1098 nums
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1099 @result{} (1 2 3 4 5 6)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1100 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1101 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1102
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1103 @noindent
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 13229
diff changeset
1104 @strong{Warning}: Note that the list in @code{nums} no longer contains
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 13229
diff changeset
1105 0; this is the same cons cell that it was before, but it is no longer
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 13229
diff changeset
1106 the first one in the list. Don't assume a variable that formerly held
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 13229
diff changeset
1107 the argument now holds the entire sorted list! Instead, save the result
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 13229
diff changeset
1108 of @code{sort} and use that. Most often we store the result back into
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 13229
diff changeset
1109 the variable that held the original list:
6558
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1110
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1111 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1112 (setq nums (sort nums '<))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1113 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1114
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1115 @xref{Sorting}, for more functions that perform sorting.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1116 See @code{documentation} in @ref{Accessing Documentation}, for a
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1117 useful example of @code{sort}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1118 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1119
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1120 @node Sets And Lists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1121 @section Using Lists as Sets
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1122 @cindex lists as sets
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1123 @cindex sets
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1124
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1125 A list can represent an unordered mathematical set---simply consider a
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1126 value an element of a set if it appears in the list, and ignore the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1127 order of the list. To form the union of two sets, use @code{append} (as
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1128 long as you don't mind having duplicate elements). Other useful
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1129 functions for sets include @code{memq} and @code{delq}, and their
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1130 @code{equal} versions, @code{member} and @code{delete}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1131
13229
909eb45b146d Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12282
diff changeset
1132 @cindex CL note---lack @code{union}, @code{intersection}
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1133 @quotation
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1134 @b{Common Lisp note:} Common Lisp has functions @code{union} (which
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1135 avoids duplicate elements) and @code{intersection} for set operations,
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1136 but GNU Emacs Lisp does not have them. You can write them in Lisp if
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1137 you wish.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1138 @end quotation
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1139
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1140 @defun memq object list
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1141 @cindex membership in a list
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1142 This function tests to see whether @var{object} is a member of
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1143 @var{list}. If it is, @code{memq} returns a list starting with the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1144 first occurrence of @var{object}. Otherwise, it returns @code{nil}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1145 The letter @samp{q} in @code{memq} says that it uses @code{eq} to
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1146 compare @var{object} against the elements of the list. For example:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1147
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1148 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1149 @group
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1150 (memq 'b '(a b c b a))
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1151 @result{} (b c b a)
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1152 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1153 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1154 (memq '(2) '((1) (2))) ; @r{@code{(2)} and @code{(2)} are not @code{eq}.}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1155 @result{} nil
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1156 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1157 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1158 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1159
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1160 @defun delq object list
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1161 @cindex deletion of elements
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1162 This function destructively removes all elements @code{eq} to
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1163 @var{object} from @var{list}. The letter @samp{q} in @code{delq} says
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1164 that it uses @code{eq} to compare @var{object} against the elements of
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1165 the list, like @code{memq}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1166 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1167
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1168 When @code{delq} deletes elements from the front of the list, it does so
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1169 simply by advancing down the list and returning a sublist that starts
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1170 after those elements:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1171
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1172 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1173 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1174 (delq 'a '(a b c)) @equiv{} (cdr '(a b c))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1175 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1176 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1177
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1178 When an element to be deleted appears in the middle of the list,
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1179 removing it involves changing the @sc{cdr}s (@pxref{Setcdr}).
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1180
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1181 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1182 @group
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1183 (setq sample-list '(a b c (4)))
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1184 @result{} (a b c (4))
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1185 @end group
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diff changeset
1186 @group
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diff changeset
1187 (delq 'a sample-list)
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diff changeset
1188 @result{} (b c (4))
6558
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1189 @end group
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diff changeset
1190 @group
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1191 sample-list
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1192 @result{} (a b c (4))
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1193 @end group
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1194 @group
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diff changeset
1195 (delq 'c sample-list)
11628
ff046980f017 Fix delq example.
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diff changeset
1196 @result{} (a b (4))
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1197 @end group
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1198 @group
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diff changeset
1199 sample-list
11628
ff046980f017 Fix delq example.
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parents: 11137
diff changeset
1200 @result{} (a b (4))
6558
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1201 @end group
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1202 @end example
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1203
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1204 Note that @code{(delq 'c sample-list)} modifies @code{sample-list} to
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parents: 12067
diff changeset
1205 splice out the third element, but @code{(delq 'a sample-list)} does not
6558
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parents:
diff changeset
1206 splice anything---it just returns a shorter list. Don't assume that a
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1207 variable which formerly held the argument @var{list} now has fewer
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parents:
diff changeset
1208 elements, or that it still holds the original list! Instead, save the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1209 result of @code{delq} and use that. Most often we store the result back
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parents:
diff changeset
1210 into the variable that held the original list:
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parents:
diff changeset
1211
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diff changeset
1212 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
1213 (setq flowers (delq 'rose flowers))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
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1214 @end example
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1215
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1216 In the following example, the @code{(4)} that @code{delq} attempts to match
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diff changeset
1217 and the @code{(4)} in the @code{sample-list} are not @code{eq}:
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1218
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1219 @example
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1220 @group
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1221 (delq '(4) sample-list)
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1222 @result{} (a c (4))
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1223 @end group
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1224 @end example
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1225
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1226 The following two functions are like @code{memq} and @code{delq} but use
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1227 @code{equal} rather than @code{eq} to compare elements. @xref{Equality
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
1228 Predicates}.
6558
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1229
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1230 @defun member object list
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1231 The function @code{member} tests to see whether @var{object} is a member
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parents:
diff changeset
1232 of @var{list}, comparing members with @var{object} using @code{equal}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1233 If @var{object} is a member, @code{member} returns a list starting with
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diff changeset
1234 its first occurrence in @var{list}. Otherwise, it returns @code{nil}.
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diff changeset
1235
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diff changeset
1236 Compare this with @code{memq}:
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parents:
diff changeset
1237
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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diff changeset
1238 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
1239 @group
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diff changeset
1240 (member '(2) '((1) (2))) ; @r{@code{(2)} and @code{(2)} are @code{equal}.}
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diff changeset
1241 @result{} ((2))
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diff changeset
1242 @end group
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diff changeset
1243 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
1244 (memq '(2) '((1) (2))) ; @r{@code{(2)} and @code{(2)} are not @code{eq}.}
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1245 @result{} nil
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diff changeset
1246 @end group
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diff changeset
1247 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
1248 ;; @r{Two strings with the same contents are @code{equal}.}
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parents:
diff changeset
1249 (member "foo" '("foo" "bar"))
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diff changeset
1250 @result{} ("foo" "bar")
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diff changeset
1251 @end group
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diff changeset
1252 @end example
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diff changeset
1253 @end defun
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diff changeset
1254
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diff changeset
1255 @defun delete object list
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parents:
diff changeset
1256 This function destructively removes all elements @code{equal} to
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1257 @var{object} from @var{list}. It is to @code{delq} as @code{member} is
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1258 to @code{memq}: it uses @code{equal} to compare elements with
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1259 @var{object}, like @code{member}; when it finds an element that matches,
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1260 it removes the element just as @code{delq} would. For example:
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diff changeset
1261
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diff changeset
1262 @example
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diff changeset
1263 @group
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diff changeset
1264 (delete '(2) '((2) (1) (2)))
13229
909eb45b146d Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12282
diff changeset
1265 @result{} ((1))
6558
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1266 @end group
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diff changeset
1267 @end example
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diff changeset
1268 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
1269
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diff changeset
1270 @quotation
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parents:
diff changeset
1271 @b{Common Lisp note:} The functions @code{member} and @code{delete} in
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1272 GNU Emacs Lisp are derived from Maclisp, not Common Lisp. The Common
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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diff changeset
1273 Lisp versions do not use @code{equal} to compare elements.
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diff changeset
1274 @end quotation
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diff changeset
1275
12098
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diff changeset
1276 See also the function @code{add-to-list}, in @ref{Setting Variables},
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Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1277 for another way to add an element to a list stored in a variable.
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parents: 12067
diff changeset
1278
6558
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diff changeset
1279 @node Association Lists
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diff changeset
1280 @section Association Lists
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diff changeset
1281 @cindex association list
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diff changeset
1282 @cindex alist
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diff changeset
1283
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diff changeset
1284 An @dfn{association list}, or @dfn{alist} for short, records a mapping
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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diff changeset
1285 from keys to values. It is a list of cons cells called
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parents: 22138
diff changeset
1286 @dfn{associations}: the @sc{car} of each cons cell is the @dfn{key}, and the
6558
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1287 @sc{cdr} is the @dfn{associated value}.@footnote{This usage of ``key''
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1288 is not related to the term ``key sequence''; it means a value used to
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1289 look up an item in a table. In this case, the table is the alist, and
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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diff changeset
1290 the alist associations are the items.}
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parents:
diff changeset
1291
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diff changeset
1292 Here is an example of an alist. The key @code{pine} is associated with
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diff changeset
1293 the value @code{cones}; the key @code{oak} is associated with
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diff changeset
1294 @code{acorns}; and the key @code{maple} is associated with @code{seeds}.
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diff changeset
1295
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diff changeset
1296 @example
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diff changeset
1297 @group
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diff changeset
1298 '((pine . cones)
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parents:
diff changeset
1299 (oak . acorns)
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diff changeset
1300 (maple . seeds))
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diff changeset
1301 @end group
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diff changeset
1302 @end example
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diff changeset
1303
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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diff changeset
1304 The associated values in an alist may be any Lisp objects; so may the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1305 keys. For example, in the following alist, the symbol @code{a} is
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diff changeset
1306 associated with the number @code{1}, and the string @code{"b"} is
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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diff changeset
1307 associated with the @emph{list} @code{(2 3)}, which is the @sc{cdr} of
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diff changeset
1308 the alist element:
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diff changeset
1309
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diff changeset
1310 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
1311 ((a . 1) ("b" 2 3))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1312 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1313
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diff changeset
1314 Sometimes it is better to design an alist to store the associated
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1315 value in the @sc{car} of the @sc{cdr} of the element. Here is an
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diff changeset
1316 example:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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diff changeset
1317
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diff changeset
1318 @example
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diff changeset
1319 '((rose red) (lily white) (buttercup yellow))
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parents:
diff changeset
1320 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1321
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diff changeset
1322 @noindent
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diff changeset
1323 Here we regard @code{red} as the value associated with @code{rose}. One
21007
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parents: 13229
diff changeset
1324 advantage of this kind of alist is that you can store other related
6558
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diff changeset
1325 information---even a list of other items---in the @sc{cdr} of the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1326 @sc{cdr}. One disadvantage is that you cannot use @code{rassq} (see
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1327 below) to find the element containing a given value. When neither of
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1328 these considerations is important, the choice is a matter of taste, as
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1329 long as you are consistent about it for any given alist.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1330
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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diff changeset
1331 Note that the same alist shown above could be regarded as having the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1332 associated value in the @sc{cdr} of the element; the value associated
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1333 with @code{rose} would be the list @code{(red)}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1334
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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diff changeset
1335 Association lists are often used to record information that you might
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1336 otherwise keep on a stack, since new associations may be added easily to
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1337 the front of the list. When searching an association list for an
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1338 association with a given key, the first one found is returned, if there
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1339 is more than one.
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parents:
diff changeset
1340
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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diff changeset
1341 In Emacs Lisp, it is @emph{not} an error if an element of an
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1342 association list is not a cons cell. The alist search functions simply
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1343 ignore such elements. Many other versions of Lisp signal errors in such
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parents:
diff changeset
1344 cases.
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parents:
diff changeset
1345
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1346 Note that property lists are similar to association lists in several
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1347 respects. A property list behaves like an association list in which
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1348 each key can occur only once. @xref{Property Lists}, for a comparison
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1349 of property lists and association lists.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1350
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1351 @defun assoc key alist
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1352 This function returns the first association for @var{key} in
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1353 @var{alist}. It compares @var{key} against the alist elements using
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1354 @code{equal} (@pxref{Equality Predicates}). It returns @code{nil} if no
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1355 association in @var{alist} has a @sc{car} @code{equal} to @var{key}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1356 For example:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1357
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1358 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1359 (setq trees '((pine . cones) (oak . acorns) (maple . seeds)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1360 @result{} ((pine . cones) (oak . acorns) (maple . seeds))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1361 (assoc 'oak trees)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1362 @result{} (oak . acorns)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1363 (cdr (assoc 'oak trees))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1364 @result{} acorns
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1365 (assoc 'birch trees)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1366 @result{} nil
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1367 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1368
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1369 Here is another example, in which the keys and values are not symbols:
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1370
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1371 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1372 (setq needles-per-cluster
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1373 '((2 "Austrian Pine" "Red Pine")
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1374 (3 "Pitch Pine")
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1375 (5 "White Pine")))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1376
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1377 (cdr (assoc 3 needles-per-cluster))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1378 @result{} ("Pitch Pine")
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1379 (cdr (assoc 2 needles-per-cluster))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1380 @result{} ("Austrian Pine" "Red Pine")
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1381 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1382 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1383
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1384 The functions @code{assoc-ignore-representation} and
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1385 @code{assoc-ignore-case} are much like @code{assoc} except using
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1386 @code{compare-strings} to do the comparison. @xref{Text Comparison}.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1387
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1388 @defun rassoc value alist
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1389 This function returns the first association with value @var{value} in
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1390 @var{alist}. It returns @code{nil} if no association in @var{alist} has
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1391 a @sc{cdr} @code{equal} to @var{value}.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1392
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1393 @code{rassoc} is like @code{assoc} except that it compares the @sc{cdr} of
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1394 each @var{alist} association instead of the @sc{car}. You can think of
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1395 this as ``reverse @code{assoc}'', finding the key for a given value.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1396 @end defun
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1397
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1398 @defun assq key alist
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1399 This function is like @code{assoc} in that it returns the first
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1400 association for @var{key} in @var{alist}, but it makes the comparison
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1401 using @code{eq} instead of @code{equal}. @code{assq} returns @code{nil}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1402 if no association in @var{alist} has a @sc{car} @code{eq} to @var{key}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1403 This function is used more often than @code{assoc}, since @code{eq} is
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1404 faster than @code{equal} and most alists use symbols as keys.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1405 @xref{Equality Predicates}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1406
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1407 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1408 (setq trees '((pine . cones) (oak . acorns) (maple . seeds)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1409 @result{} ((pine . cones) (oak . acorns) (maple . seeds))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1410 (assq 'pine trees)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1411 @result{} (pine . cones)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1412 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1413
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1414 On the other hand, @code{assq} is not usually useful in alists where the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1415 keys may not be symbols:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1416
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1417 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1418 (setq leaves
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1419 '(("simple leaves" . oak)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1420 ("compound leaves" . horsechestnut)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1421
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1422 (assq "simple leaves" leaves)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1423 @result{} nil
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1424 (assoc "simple leaves" leaves)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1425 @result{} ("simple leaves" . oak)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1426 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1427 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1428
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1429 @defun rassq value alist
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1430 This function returns the first association with value @var{value} in
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1431 @var{alist}. It returns @code{nil} if no association in @var{alist} has
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1432 a @sc{cdr} @code{eq} to @var{value}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1433
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1434 @code{rassq} is like @code{assq} except that it compares the @sc{cdr} of
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1435 each @var{alist} association instead of the @sc{car}. You can think of
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1436 this as ``reverse @code{assq}'', finding the key for a given value.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1437
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1438 For example:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1439
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1440 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1441 (setq trees '((pine . cones) (oak . acorns) (maple . seeds)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1442
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1443 (rassq 'acorns trees)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1444 @result{} (oak . acorns)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1445 (rassq 'spores trees)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1446 @result{} nil
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1447 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1448
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1449 Note that @code{rassq} cannot search for a value stored in the @sc{car}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1450 of the @sc{cdr} of an element:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1451
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1452 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1453 (setq colors '((rose red) (lily white) (buttercup yellow)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1454
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1455 (rassq 'white colors)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1456 @result{} nil
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1457 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1458
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1459 In this case, the @sc{cdr} of the association @code{(lily white)} is not
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1460 the symbol @code{white}, but rather the list @code{(white)}. This
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1461 becomes clearer if the association is written in dotted pair notation:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1462
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1463 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1464 (lily white) @equiv{} (lily . (white))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1465 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1466 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1467
22961
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1468 @tindex assoc-default
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1469 @defun assoc-default key alist test default
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1470 This function searches @var{alist} for a match for @var{key}. For each
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1471 element of @var{alist}, it compares the element (if it is an atom) or
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1472 the element's @sc{car} (if it is a cons) against @var{key}, by calling
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1473 @var{test} with two arguments: the element or its @sc{car}, and
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1474 @var{key}. The arguments are passed in that order so that you can get
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1475 useful results using @code{string-match} with an alist that contains
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1476 regular expressions (@pxref{Regexp Search}). If @var{test} is omitted
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1477 or @code{nil}, @code{equal} is used for comparison.
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1478
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1479 If an alist element matches @var{key} by this criterion,
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1480 then @code{assoc-default} returns a value based on this element.
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1481 If the element is a cons, then the value is the element's @sc{cdr}.
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1482 Otherwise, the return value is @var{default}.
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1483
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1484 If no alist element matches @var{key}, @code{assoc-default} returns
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1485 @code{nil}.
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1486 @end defun
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1487
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1488 @defun copy-alist alist
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1489 @cindex copying alists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1490 This function returns a two-level deep copy of @var{alist}: it creates a
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1491 new copy of each association, so that you can alter the associations of
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1492 the new alist without changing the old one.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1493
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1494 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1495 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1496 (setq needles-per-cluster
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1497 '((2 . ("Austrian Pine" "Red Pine"))
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1498 (3 . ("Pitch Pine"))
7734
2d4db32cccd5 entered into RCS
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7337
diff changeset
1499 @end group
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1500 (5 . ("White Pine"))))
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1501 @result{}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1502 ((2 "Austrian Pine" "Red Pine")
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1503 (3 "Pitch Pine")
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1504 (5 "White Pine"))
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1505
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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1506 (setq copy (copy-alist needles-per-cluster))
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1507 @result{}
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1508 ((2 "Austrian Pine" "Red Pine")
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1509 (3 "Pitch Pine")
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1510 (5 "White Pine"))
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1511
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1512 (eq needles-per-cluster copy)
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1513 @result{} nil
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1514 (equal needles-per-cluster copy)
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1515 @result{} t
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1516 (eq (car needles-per-cluster) (car copy))
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1517 @result{} nil
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1518 (cdr (car (cdr needles-per-cluster)))
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1519 @result{} ("Pitch Pine")
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1520 @group
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1521 (eq (cdr (car (cdr needles-per-cluster)))
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1522 (cdr (car (cdr copy))))
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1523 @result{} t
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1524 @end group
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1525 @end smallexample
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1526
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1527 This example shows how @code{copy-alist} makes it possible to change
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1528 the associations of one copy without affecting the other:
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1529
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1530 @smallexample
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1531 @group
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1532 (setcdr (assq 3 copy) '("Martian Vacuum Pine"))
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1533 (cdr (assq 3 needles-per-cluster))
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1534 @result{} ("Pitch Pine")
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1535 @end group
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1536 @end smallexample
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1537 @end defun
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1538
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1539 @defun assoc-delete-all key alist
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1540 @tindex assoc-delete-all
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1541 This function deletes from @var{alist} all the elements whose @sc{car}
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1542 is @var{key}. It returns the modified alist.
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1543
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1544 @example
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1545 (assoc-delete-all 'foo
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1546 '((foo 1) (bar 2) (foo 3) (lose 4)))
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1547 @result{} ((bar 2) (lose 4))
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1548 @end example
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1549 @end defun