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annotate doc/misc/url.texi @ 98036:70619fdc3dac
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author | Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org> |
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date | Sat, 06 Sep 2008 13:43:36 +0000 |
parents | 2f876106ada2 |
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2 @setfilename ../../info/url |
84321 | 3 @settitle URL Programmer's Manual |
4 | |
5 @iftex | |
6 @c @finalout | |
7 @end iftex | |
8 @c @setchapternewpage odd | |
9 @c @smallbook | |
10 | |
11 @tex | |
12 \overfullrule=0pt | |
13 %\global\baselineskip 30pt % for printing in double space | |
14 @end tex | |
15 @dircategory World Wide Web | |
16 @dircategory GNU Emacs Lisp | |
17 @direntry | |
18 * URL: (url). URL loading package. | |
19 @end direntry | |
20 | |
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21 @copying |
84321 | 22 This file documents the URL loading package. |
23 | |
24 Copyright @copyright{} 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2002, | |
87903 | 25 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
84321 | 26 |
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27 @quotation |
84321 | 28 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
29 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or | |
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30 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no |
95981 | 31 Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU Manual,'' |
32 and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license | |
33 is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''. | |
34 | |
35 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have the freedom to copy and | |
36 modify this GNU manual. Buying copies from the FSF supports it in | |
37 developing GNU and promoting software freedom.'' | |
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38 @end quotation |
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39 @end copying |
84321 | 40 |
41 @c | |
42 @titlepage | |
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43 @title URL Programmer's Manual |
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44 @subtitle First Edition, URL Version 2.0 |
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45 @author William M. Perry @email{wmperry@@gnu.org} |
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46 @author David Love @email{fx@@gnu.org} |
84321 | 47 @page |
48 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
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49 @insertcopying |
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50 @end titlepage |
84321 | 51 |
52 @page | |
53 @node Top | |
54 @top URL | |
55 | |
56 | |
57 @menu | |
58 * Getting Started:: Preparing your program to use URLs. | |
59 * Retrieving URLs:: How to use this package to retrieve a URL. | |
60 * Supported URL Types:: Descriptions of URL types currently supported. | |
61 * Defining New URLs:: How to define a URL loader for a new protocol. | |
62 * General Facilities:: URLs can be cached, accessed via a gateway | |
63 and tracked in a history list. | |
64 * Customization:: Variables you can alter. | |
65 * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation. | |
66 * Function Index:: | |
67 * Variable Index:: | |
68 * Concept Index:: | |
69 @end menu | |
70 | |
71 @node Getting Started | |
72 @chapter Getting Started | |
73 @cindex URLs, definition | |
74 @cindex URIs | |
75 | |
76 @dfn{Uniform Resource Locators} (URLs) are a specific form of | |
77 @dfn{Uniform Resource Identifiers} (URI) described in RFC 2396 which | |
78 updates RFC 1738 and RFC 1808. RFC 2016 defines uniform resource | |
79 agents. | |
80 | |
81 URIs have the form @var{scheme}:@var{scheme-specific-part}, where the | |
82 @var{scheme}s supported by this library are described below. | |
83 @xref{Supported URL Types}. | |
84 | |
85 FTP, NFS, HTTP, HTTPS, @code{rlogin}, @code{telnet}, tn3270, | |
86 IRC and gopher URLs all have the form | |
87 | |
88 @example | |
89 @var{scheme}://@r{[}@var{userinfo}@@@r{]}@var{hostname}@r{[}:@var{port}@r{]}@r{[}/@var{path}@r{]} | |
90 @end example | |
91 @noindent | |
92 where @samp{@r{[}} and @samp{@r{]}} delimit optional parts. | |
93 @var{userinfo} sometimes takes the form @var{username}:@var{password} | |
94 but you should beware of the security risks of sending cleartext | |
95 passwords. @var{hostname} may be a domain name or a dotted decimal | |
96 address. If the @samp{:@var{port}} is omitted then the library will | |
97 use the `well known' port for that service when accessing URLs. With | |
98 the possible exception of @code{telnet}, it is rare for ports to be | |
99 specified, and it is possible using a non-standard port may have | |
100 undesired consequences if a different service is listening on that | |
101 port (e.g., an HTTP URL specifying the SMTP port can cause mail to be | |
102 sent). @c , but @xref{Other Variables, url-bad-port-list}. | |
103 The meaning of the @var{path} component depends on the service. | |
104 | |
105 @menu | |
106 * Configuration:: | |
107 * Parsed URLs:: URLs are parsed into vector structures. | |
108 @end menu | |
109 | |
110 @node Configuration | |
111 @section Configuration | |
112 | |
113 @defvar url-configuration-directory | |
114 @cindex @file{~/.url} | |
115 @cindex configuration files | |
116 The directory in which URL configuration files, the cache etc., | |
117 reside. Default @file{~/.url}. | |
118 @end defvar | |
119 | |
120 @node Parsed URLs | |
121 @section Parsed URLs | |
122 @cindex parsed URLs | |
123 The library functions typically operate on @dfn{parsed} versions of | |
124 URLs. These are actually vectors of the form: | |
125 | |
126 @example | |
127 [@var{type} @var{user} @var{password} @var{host} @var{port} @var{file} @var{target} @var{attributes} @var{full}] | |
128 @end example | |
129 | |
130 @noindent where | |
131 @table @var | |
132 @item type | |
133 is the type of the URL scheme, e.g., @code{http} | |
134 @item user | |
135 is the username associated with it, or @code{nil}; | |
136 @item password | |
137 is the user password associated with it, or @code{nil}; | |
138 @item host | |
139 is the host name associated with it, or @code{nil}; | |
140 @item port | |
141 is the port number associated with it, or @code{nil}; | |
142 @item file | |
143 is the `file' part of it, or @code{nil}. This doesn't necessarily | |
144 actually refer to a file; | |
145 @item target | |
146 is the target part, or @code{nil}; | |
147 @item attributes | |
148 is the attributes associated with it, or @code{nil}; | |
149 @item full | |
150 is @code{t} for a fully-specified URL, with a host part indicated by | |
151 @samp{//} after the scheme part. | |
152 @end table | |
153 | |
154 @findex url-type | |
155 @findex url-user | |
156 @findex url-password | |
157 @findex url-host | |
158 @findex url-port | |
159 @findex url-file | |
160 @findex url-target | |
161 @findex url-attributes | |
162 @findex url-full | |
163 @findex url-set-type | |
164 @findex url-set-user | |
165 @findex url-set-password | |
166 @findex url-set-host | |
167 @findex url-set-port | |
168 @findex url-set-file | |
169 @findex url-set-target | |
170 @findex url-set-attributes | |
171 @findex url-set-full | |
172 These attributes have accessors named @code{url-@var{part}}, where | |
173 @var{part} is the name of one of the elements above, e.g., | |
174 @code{url-host}. Similarly, there are setters of the form | |
175 @code{url-set-@var{part}}. | |
176 | |
177 There are functions for parsing and unparsing between the string and | |
178 vector forms. | |
179 | |
180 @defun url-generic-parse-url url | |
181 Return a parsed version of the string @var{url}. | |
182 @end defun | |
183 | |
184 @defun url-recreate-url url | |
185 @cindex unparsing URLs | |
186 Recreates a URL string from the parsed @var{url}. | |
187 @end defun | |
188 | |
189 @node Retrieving URLs | |
190 @chapter Retrieving URLs | |
191 | |
192 @defun url-retrieve-synchronously url | |
193 Retrieve @var{url} synchronously and return a buffer containing the | |
194 data. @var{url} is either a string or a parsed URL structure. Return | |
195 @code{nil} if there are no data associated with it (the case for dired, | |
196 info, or mailto URLs that need no further processing). | |
197 @end defun | |
198 | |
199 @defun url-retrieve url callback &optional cbargs | |
200 Retrieve @var{url} asynchronously and call @var{callback} with args | |
201 @var{cbargs} when finished. The callback is called when the object | |
202 has been completely retrieved, with the current buffer containing the | |
203 object and any MIME headers associated with it. @var{url} is either a | |
204 string or a parsed URL structure. Returns the buffer @var{url} will | |
205 load into, or @code{nil} if the process has already completed. | |
206 @end defun | |
207 | |
208 @node Supported URL Types | |
209 @chapter Supported URL Types | |
210 | |
211 @menu | |
212 * http/https:: Hypertext Transfer Protocol. | |
213 * file/ftp:: Local files and FTP archives. | |
214 * info:: Emacs `Info' pages. | |
215 * mailto:: Sending email. | |
216 * news/nntp/snews:: Usenet news. | |
217 * rlogin/telnet/tn3270:: Remote host connectivity. | |
218 * irc:: Internet Relay Chat. | |
219 * data:: Embedded data URLs. | |
220 * nfs:: Networked File System | |
221 @c * finger:: | |
222 @c * gopher:: | |
223 @c * netrek:: | |
224 @c * prospero:: | |
225 * cid:: Content-ID. | |
226 * about:: | |
227 * ldap:: Lightweight Directory Access Protocol | |
228 * imap:: IMAP mailboxes. | |
229 * man:: Unix man pages. | |
230 @end menu | |
231 | |
232 @node http/https | |
233 @section @code{http} and @code{https} | |
234 | |
235 The scheme @code{http} is Hypertext Transfer Protocol. The library | |
236 supports version 1.1, specified in RFC 2616. (This supersedes 1.0, | |
237 defined in RFC 1945) HTTP URLs have the following form, where most of | |
238 the parts are optional: | |
239 @example | |
240 http://@var{user}:@var{password}@@@var{host}:@var{port}/@var{path}?@var{searchpart}#@var{fragment} | |
241 @end example | |
242 @c The @code{:@var{port}} part is optional, and @var{port} defaults to | |
243 @c 80. The @code{/@var{path}} part, if present, is a slash-separated | |
244 @c series elements. The @code{?@var{searchpart}}, if present, is the | |
245 @c query for a search or the content of a form submission. The | |
246 @c @code{#fragment} part, if present, is a location in the document. | |
247 | |
248 The scheme @code{https} is a secure version of @code{http}, with | |
249 transmission via SSL. It is defined in RFC 2069. Its default port is | |
250 443. This scheme depends on SSL support in Emacs via the | |
251 @file{ssl.el} library and is actually implemented by forcing the | |
252 @code{ssl} gateway method to be used. @xref{Gateways in general}. | |
253 | |
254 @defopt url-honor-refresh-requests | |
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255 This controls honoring of HTTP @samp{Refresh} headers by which |
84321 | 256 servers can direct clients to reload documents from the same URL or a |
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257 or different one. @code{nil} means they will not be honored, |
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258 @code{t} (the default) means they will always be honored, and |
84321 | 259 otherwise the user will be asked on each request. |
260 @end defopt | |
261 | |
262 | |
263 @menu | |
264 * Cookies:: | |
265 * HTTP language/coding:: | |
266 * HTTP URL Options:: | |
267 * Dealing with HTTP documents:: | |
268 @end menu | |
269 | |
270 @node Cookies | |
271 @subsection Cookies | |
272 | |
273 @defopt url-cookie-file | |
274 The file in which cookies are stored, defaulting to @file{cookies} in | |
275 the directory specified by @code{url-configuration-directory}. | |
276 @end defopt | |
277 | |
278 @defopt url-cookie-confirmation | |
279 Specifies whether confirmation is require to accept cookies. | |
280 @end defopt | |
281 | |
282 @defopt url-cookie-multiple-line | |
283 Specifies whether to put all cookies for the server on one line in the | |
284 HTTP request to satisfy broken servers like | |
285 @url{http://www.hotmail.com}. | |
286 @end defopt | |
287 | |
288 @defopt url-cookie-trusted-urls | |
289 A list of regular expressions matching URLs from which to accept | |
290 cookies always. | |
291 @end defopt | |
292 | |
293 @defopt url-cookie-untrusted-urls | |
294 A list of regular expressions matching URLs from which to reject | |
295 cookies always. | |
296 @end defopt | |
297 | |
298 @defopt url-cookie-save-interval | |
299 The number of seconds between automatic saves of cookies to disk. | |
300 Default is one hour. | |
301 @end defopt | |
302 | |
303 | |
304 @node HTTP language/coding | |
305 @subsection Language and Encoding Preferences | |
306 | |
307 HTTP allows clients to express preferences for the language and | |
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308 encoding of documents which servers may honor. For each of these |
84321 | 309 variables, the value is a string; it can specify a single choice, or |
310 it can be a comma-separated list. | |
311 | |
312 Normally this list ordered by descending preference. However, each | |
313 element can be followed by @samp{;q=@var{priority}} to specify its | |
314 preference level, a decimal number from 0 to 1; e.g., for | |
315 @code{url-mime-language-string}, @w{@code{"de, en-gb;q=0.8, | |
316 en;q=0.7"}}. An element that has no @samp{;q} specification has | |
317 preference level 1. | |
318 | |
319 @defopt url-mime-charset-string | |
320 @cindex character sets | |
321 @cindex coding systems | |
322 This variable specifies a preference for character sets when documents | |
323 can be served in more than one encoding. | |
324 | |
325 HTTP allows specifying a series of MIME charsets which indicate your | |
326 preferred character set encodings, e.g., Latin-9 or Big5, and these | |
327 can be weighted. The default series is generated automatically from | |
328 the associated MIME types of all defined coding systems, sorted by the | |
329 coding system priority specified in Emacs. @xref{Recognize Coding, , | |
330 Recognizing Coding Systems, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}. | |
331 @end defopt | |
332 | |
333 @defopt url-mime-language-string | |
334 @cindex language preferences | |
335 A string specifying the preferred language when servers can serve | |
336 files in several languages. Use RFC 1766 abbreviations, e.g., | |
337 @samp{en} for English, @samp{de} for German. | |
338 | |
339 The string can be @code{"*"} to get the first available language (as | |
340 opposed to the default). | |
341 @end defopt | |
342 | |
343 @node HTTP URL Options | |
344 @subsection HTTP URL Options | |
345 | |
346 HTTP supports an @samp{OPTIONS} method describing things supported by | |
347 the URL@. | |
348 | |
349 @defun url-http-options url | |
350 Returns a property list describing options available for URL. The | |
351 property list members are: | |
352 | |
353 @table @code | |
354 @item methods | |
355 A list of symbols specifying what HTTP methods the resource | |
356 supports. | |
357 | |
358 @item dav | |
359 @cindex DAV | |
360 A list of numbers specifying what DAV protocol/schema versions are | |
361 supported. | |
362 | |
363 @item dasl | |
364 @cindex DASL | |
365 A list of supported DASL search types supported (string form). | |
366 | |
367 @item ranges | |
368 A list of the units available for use in partial document fetches. | |
369 | |
370 @item p3p | |
371 @cindex P3P | |
372 The @dfn{Platform For Privacy Protection} description for the resource. | |
373 Currently this is just the raw header contents. | |
374 @end table | |
375 | |
376 @end defun | |
377 | |
378 @node Dealing with HTTP documents | |
379 @subsection Dealing with HTTP documents | |
380 | |
381 HTTP URLs are retrieved into a buffer containing the HTTP headers | |
382 followed by the body. Since the headers are quasi-MIME, they may be | |
383 processed using the MIME library. @xref{Top,, Emacs MIME, | |
384 emacs-mime, The Emacs MIME Manual}. The URL package provides a | |
385 function to do this in general: | |
386 | |
387 @defun url-decode-text-part handle &optional coding | |
388 This function decodes charset-encoded text in the current buffer. In | |
389 Emacs, the buffer is expected to be unibyte initially and is set to | |
390 multibyte after decoding. | |
391 HANDLE is the MIME handle of the original part. CODING is an explicit | |
392 coding to use, overriding what the MIME headers specify. | |
393 The coding system used for the decoding is returned. | |
394 | |
395 Note that this function doesn't deal with @samp{http-equiv} charset | |
396 specifications in HTML @samp{<meta>} elements. | |
397 @end defun | |
398 | |
399 @node file/ftp | |
400 @section file and ftp | |
401 @cindex files | |
402 @cindex FTP | |
403 @cindex File Transfer Protocol | |
404 @cindex compressed files | |
405 @cindex dired | |
406 | |
407 @example | |
408 ftp://@var{user}:@var{password}@@@var{host}:@var{port}/@var{file} | |
409 file://@var{user}:@var{password}@@@var{host}:@var{port}/@var{file} | |
410 @end example | |
411 | |
412 These schemes are defined in RFC 1808. | |
413 @samp{ftp:} and @samp{file:} are synonymous in this library. They | |
414 allow reading arbitrary files from hosts. Either @samp{ange-ftp} | |
415 (Emacs) or @samp{efs} (XEmacs) is used to retrieve them from remote | |
416 hosts. Local files are accessed directly. | |
417 | |
418 Compressed files are handled, but support is hard-coded so that | |
419 @code{jka-compr-compression-info-list} and so on have no affect. | |
420 Suffixes recognized are @samp{.z}, @samp{.gz}, @samp{.Z} and | |
421 @samp{.bz2}. | |
422 | |
423 @defopt url-directory-index-file | |
424 The filename to look for when indexing a directory, default | |
425 @samp{"index.html"}. If this file exists, and is readable, then it | |
426 will be viewed instead of using @code{dired} to view the directory. | |
427 @end defopt | |
428 | |
429 @node info | |
430 @section info | |
431 @cindex Info | |
432 @cindex Texinfo | |
433 @findex Info-goto-node | |
434 | |
435 @example | |
436 info:@var{file}#@var{node} | |
437 @end example | |
438 | |
439 Info URLs are not officially defined. They invoke | |
440 @code{Info-goto-node} with argument @samp{(@var{file})@var{node}}. | |
441 @samp{#@var{node}} is optional, defaulting to @samp{Top}. | |
442 | |
443 @node mailto | |
444 @section mailto | |
445 | |
446 @cindex mailto | |
447 @cindex email | |
448 A mailto URL will send an email message to the address in the | |
449 URL, for example @samp{mailto:foo@@bar.com} would compose a | |
450 message to @samp{foo@@bar.com}. | |
451 | |
452 @defopt url-mail-command | |
453 @vindex mail-user-agent | |
454 The function called whenever url needs to send mail. This should | |
455 normally be left to default from @var{mail-user-agent}. @xref{Mail | |
456 Methods, , Mail-Composition Methods, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}. | |
457 @end defopt | |
458 | |
459 An @samp{X-Url-From} header field containing the URL of the document | |
460 that contained the mailto URL is added if that URL is known. | |
461 | |
462 RFC 2368 extends the definition of mailto URLs in RFC 1738. | |
463 The form of a mailto URL is | |
464 @example | |
465 @samp{mailto:@var{mailbox}[?@var{header}=@var{contents}[&@var{header}=@var{contents}]]} | |
466 @end example | |
467 @noindent where an arbitrary number of @var{header}s can be added. If the | |
468 @var{header} is @samp{body}, then @var{contents} is put in the body | |
469 otherwise a @var{header} header field is created with @var{contents} | |
470 as its contents. Note that the URL library does not consider any | |
471 headers `dangerous' so you should check them before sending the | |
472 message. | |
473 | |
474 @c Fixme: update | |
475 Email messages are defined in @sc{rfc}822. | |
476 | |
477 @node news/nntp/snews | |
478 @section @code{news}, @code{nntp} and @code{snews} | |
479 @cindex news | |
480 @cindex network news | |
481 @cindex usenet | |
482 @cindex NNTP | |
483 @cindex snews | |
484 | |
485 @c draft-gilman-news-url-01 | |
486 The network news URL scheme take the following forms following RFC | |
487 1738 except that for compatibility with other clients, host and port | |
488 fields may be included in news URLs though they are properly only | |
489 allowed for nntp an snews. | |
490 | |
491 @table @samp | |
492 @item news:@var{newsgroup} | |
493 Retrieves a list of messages in @var{newsgroup}; | |
494 @item news:@var{message-id} | |
495 Retrieves the message with the given @var{message-id}; | |
496 @item news:* | |
497 Retrieves a list of all available newsgroups; | |
498 @item nntp://@var{host}:@var{port}/@var{newsgroup} | |
499 @itemx nntp://@var{host}:@var{port}/@var{message-id} | |
500 @itemx nntp://@var{host}:@var{port}/* | |
501 Similar to the @samp{news} versions. | |
502 @end table | |
503 | |
504 @samp{:@var{port}} is optional and defaults to :119. | |
505 | |
506 @samp{snews} is the same as @samp{nntp} except that the default port | |
507 is :563. | |
508 @cindex SSL | |
509 (It is tunneled through SSL.) | |
510 | |
511 An @samp{nntp} URL is the same as a news URL, except that the URL may | |
512 specify an article by its number. | |
513 | |
514 @defopt url-news-server | |
515 This variable can be used to override the default news server. | |
516 Usually this will be set by the Gnus package, which is used to fetch | |
517 news. | |
518 @cindex environment variable | |
519 @vindex NNTPSERVER | |
520 It may be set from the conventional environment variable | |
521 @code{NNTPSERVER}. | |
522 @end defopt | |
523 | |
524 @node rlogin/telnet/tn3270 | |
525 @section rlogin, telnet and tn3270 | |
526 @cindex rlogin | |
527 @cindex telnet | |
528 @cindex tn3270 | |
529 @cindex terminal emulation | |
530 @findex terminal-emulator | |
531 | |
532 These URL schemes from RFC 1738 for logon via a terminal emulator have | |
533 the form | |
534 @example | |
535 telnet://@var{user}:@var{password}@@@var{host}:@var{port} | |
536 @end example | |
537 but the @code{:@var{password}} component is ignored. | |
538 | |
539 To handle rlogin, telnet and tn3270 URLs, a @code{rlogin}, | |
540 @code{telnet} or @code{tn3270} (the program names and arguments are | |
541 hardcoded) session is run in a @code{terminal-emulator} buffer. | |
542 Well-known ports are used if the URL does not specify a port. | |
543 | |
544 @node irc | |
545 @section irc | |
546 @cindex IRC | |
547 @cindex Internet Relay Chat | |
548 @cindex ZEN IRC | |
549 @cindex ERC | |
550 @cindex rcirc | |
551 @c Fixme: reference (was http://www.w3.org/Addressing/draft-mirashi-url-irc-01.txt) | |
552 @dfn{Internet Relay Chat} (IRC) is handled by handing off the @sc{irc} | |
553 session to a function named in @code{url-irc-function}. | |
554 | |
555 @defopt url-irc-function | |
556 A function to actually open an IRC connection. | |
557 This function | |
558 must take five arguments, @var{host}, @var{port}, @var{channel}, | |
559 @var{user} and @var{password}. The @var{channel} argument specifies the | |
560 channel to join immediately, this can be @code{nil}. By default this is | |
561 @code{url-irc-rcirc}. | |
562 @end defopt | |
563 @defun url-irc-rcirc host port channel user password | |
564 Processes the arguments and lets @code{rcirc} handle the session. | |
565 @end defun | |
566 @defun url-irc-erc host port channel user password | |
567 Processes the arguments and lets @code{ERC} handle the session. | |
568 @end defun | |
569 @defun url-irc-zenirc host port channel user password | |
570 Processes the arguments and lets @code{zenirc} handle the session. | |
571 @end defun | |
572 | |
573 @node data | |
574 @section data | |
575 @cindex data URLs | |
576 | |
577 @example | |
578 data:@r{[}@var{media-type}@r{]}@r{[};@var{base64}@r{]},@var{data} | |
579 @end example | |
580 | |
581 Data URLs contain MIME data in the URL itself. They are defined in | |
582 RFC 2397. | |
583 | |
584 @var{media-type} is a MIME @samp{Content-Type} string, possibly | |
585 including parameters. It defaults to | |
586 @samp{text/plain;charset=US-ASCII}. The @samp{text/plain} can be | |
587 omitted but the charset parameter supplied. If @samp{;base64} is | |
588 present, the @var{data} are base64-encoded. | |
589 | |
590 @node nfs | |
591 @section nfs | |
592 @cindex NFS | |
593 @cindex Network File System | |
594 @cindex automounter | |
595 | |
596 @example | |
597 nfs://@var{user}:@var{password}@@@var{host}:@var{port}/@var{file} | |
598 @end example | |
599 | |
600 The @samp{nfs:} scheme is defined in RFC 2224. It is similar to | |
601 @samp{ftp:} except that it points to a file on a remote host that is | |
602 handled by the automounter on the local host. | |
603 | |
604 @defvar url-nfs-automounter-directory-spec | |
605 @end defvar | |
606 A string saying how to invoke the NFS automounter. Certain @samp{%} | |
607 sequences are recognized: | |
608 | |
609 @table @samp | |
610 @item %h | |
611 The hostname of the NFS server; | |
612 @item %n | |
613 The port number of the NFS server; | |
614 @item %u | |
615 The username to use to authenticate; | |
616 @item %p | |
617 The password to use to authenticate; | |
618 @item %f | |
619 The filename on the remote server; | |
620 @item %% | |
621 A literal @samp{%}. | |
622 @end table | |
623 | |
624 Each can be used any number of times. | |
625 | |
626 @node cid | |
627 @section cid | |
628 @cindex Content-ID | |
629 | |
630 RFC 2111 | |
631 | |
632 @node about | |
633 @section about | |
634 | |
635 @node ldap | |
636 @section ldap | |
637 @cindex LDAP | |
638 @cindex Lightweight Directory Access Protocol | |
639 | |
640 The LDAP scheme is defined in RFC 2255. | |
641 | |
642 @node imap | |
643 @section imap | |
644 @cindex IMAP | |
645 | |
646 RFC 2192 | |
647 | |
648 @node man | |
649 @section man | |
650 @cindex @command{man} | |
651 @cindex Unix man pages | |
652 @findex man | |
653 | |
654 @example | |
655 @samp{man:@var{page-spec}} | |
656 @end example | |
657 | |
658 This is a non-standard scheme. @var{page-spec} is passed directly to | |
659 the Lisp @code{man} function. | |
660 | |
661 @node Defining New URLs | |
662 @chapter Defining New URLs | |
663 | |
664 @menu | |
665 * Naming conventions:: | |
666 * Required functions:: | |
667 * Optional functions:: | |
668 * Asynchronous fetching:: | |
669 * Supporting file-name-handlers:: | |
670 @end menu | |
671 | |
672 @node Naming conventions | |
673 @section Naming conventions | |
674 | |
675 @node Required functions | |
676 @section Required functions | |
677 | |
678 @node Optional functions | |
679 @section Optional functions | |
680 | |
681 @node Asynchronous fetching | |
682 @section Asynchronous fetching | |
683 | |
684 @node Supporting file-name-handlers | |
685 @section Supporting file-name-handlers | |
686 | |
687 @node General Facilities | |
688 @chapter General Facilities | |
689 | |
690 @menu | |
691 * Disk Caching:: | |
692 * Proxies:: | |
693 * Gateways in general:: | |
694 * History:: | |
695 @end menu | |
696 | |
697 @node Disk Caching | |
698 @section Disk Caching | |
699 @cindex Caching | |
700 @cindex Persistent Cache | |
701 @cindex Disk Cache | |
702 | |
703 The disk cache stores retrieved documents locally, whence they can be | |
704 retrieved more quickly. When requesting a URL that is in the cache, | |
705 the library checks to see if the page has changed since it was last | |
706 retrieved from the remote machine. If not, the local copy is used, | |
707 saving the transmission over the network. | |
708 @cindex Cleaning the cache | |
709 @cindex Clearing the cache | |
710 @cindex Cache cleaning | |
711 Currently the cache isn't cleared automatically. | |
712 @c Running the @code{clean-cache} shell script | |
713 @c fist is recommended, to allow for future cleaning of the cache. This | |
714 @c shell script will remove all files that have not been accessed since it | |
715 @c was last run. To keep the cache pared down, it is recommended that this | |
716 @c script be run from @i{at} or @i{cron} (see the manual pages for | |
717 @c crontab(5) or at(1) for more information) | |
718 | |
719 @defopt url-automatic-caching | |
720 Setting this variable non-@code{nil} causes documents to be cached | |
721 automatically. | |
722 @end defopt | |
723 | |
724 @defopt url-cache-directory | |
725 This variable specifies the | |
726 directory to store the cache files. It defaults to sub-directory | |
727 @file{cache} of @code{url-configuration-directory}. | |
728 @end defopt | |
729 | |
730 @c Fixme: function v. option, but neither used. | |
731 @c @findex url-cache-expired | |
732 @c @defopt url-cache-expired | |
733 @c This is a function to decide whether or not a cache entry has expired. | |
734 @c It takes two times as it parameters and returns non-@code{nil} if the | |
735 @c second time is ``too old'' when compared with the first time. | |
736 @c @end defopt | |
737 | |
738 @defopt url-cache-creation-function | |
739 The cache relies on a scheme for mapping URLs to files in the cache. | |
740 This variable names a function which sets the type of cache to use. | |
741 It takes a URL as argument and returns the absolute file name of the | |
742 corresponding cache file. The two supplied possibilities are | |
743 @code{url-cache-create-filename-using-md5} and | |
744 @code{url-cache-create-filename-human-readable}. | |
745 @end defopt | |
746 | |
747 @defun url-cache-create-filename-using-md5 url | |
748 Creates a cache file name from @var{url} using MD5 hashing. | |
749 This is creates entries with very few cache collisions and is fast. | |
750 @cindex MD5 | |
751 @smallexample | |
752 (url-cache-create-filename-using-md5 "http://www.example.com/foo/bar") | |
753 @result{} "/home/fx/.url/cache/fx/http/com/example/www/b8a35774ad20db71c7c3409a5410e74f" | |
754 @end smallexample | |
755 @end defun | |
756 | |
757 @defun url-cache-create-filename-human-readable url | |
758 Creates a cache file name from @var{url} more obviously connected to | |
759 @var{url} than for @code{url-cache-create-filename-using-md5}, but | |
760 more likely to conflict with other files. | |
761 @smallexample | |
762 (url-cache-create-filename-human-readable "http://www.example.com/foo/bar") | |
763 @result{} "/home/fx/.url/cache/fx/http/com/example/www/foo/bar" | |
764 @end smallexample | |
765 @end defun | |
766 | |
767 @c Fixme: never actually used currently? | |
768 @c @defopt url-standalone-mode | |
769 @c @cindex Relying on cache | |
770 @c @cindex Cache only mode | |
771 @c @cindex Standalone mode | |
772 @c If this variable is non-@code{nil}, the library relies solely on the | |
773 @c cache for fetching documents and avoids checking if they have changed | |
774 @c on remote servers. | |
775 @c @end defopt | |
776 | |
777 @c With a large cache of documents on the local disk, it can be very handy | |
778 @c when traveling, or any other time the network connection is not active | |
779 @c (a laptop with a dial-on-demand PPP connection, etc). Emacs/W3 can rely | |
780 @c solely on its cache, and avoid checking to see if the page has changed | |
781 @c on the remote server. In the case of a dial-on-demand PPP connection, | |
782 @c this will keep the phone line free as long as possible, only bringing up | |
783 @c the PPP connection when asking for a page that is not located in the | |
784 @c cache. This is very useful for demonstrations as well. | |
785 | |
786 @node Proxies | |
787 @section Proxies and Gatewaying | |
788 | |
789 @c fixme: check/document url-ns stuff | |
790 @cindex proxy servers | |
791 @cindex proxies | |
792 @cindex environment variables | |
793 @vindex HTTP_PROXY | |
794 Proxy servers are commonly used to provide gateways through firewalls | |
795 or as caches serving some more-or-less local network. Each protocol | |
796 (HTTP, FTP, etc.)@: can have a different gateway server. Proxying is | |
797 conventionally configured commonly amongst different programs through | |
798 environment variables of the form @code{@var{protocol}_proxy}, where | |
799 @var{protocol} is one of the supported network protocols (@code{http}, | |
800 @code{ftp} etc.). The library recognizes such variables in either | |
801 upper or lower case. Their values are of one of the forms: | |
802 @itemize @bullet | |
803 @item @code{@var{host}:@var{port}} | |
804 @item A full URL; | |
805 @item Simply a host name. | |
806 @end itemize | |
807 | |
808 @vindex NO_PROXY | |
809 The @code{NO_PROXY} environment variable specifies URLs that should be | |
810 excluded from proxying (on servers that should be contacted directly). | |
811 This should be a comma-separated list of hostnames, domain names, or a | |
812 mixture of both. Asterisks can be used as wildcards, but other | |
813 clients may not support that. Domain names may be indicated by a | |
814 leading dot. For example: | |
815 @example | |
816 NO_PROXY="*.aventail.com,home.com,.seanet.com" | |
817 @end example | |
818 @noindent says to contact all machines in the @samp{aventail.com} and | |
819 @samp{seanet.com} domains directly, as well as the machine named | |
820 @samp{home.com}. If @code{NO_PROXY} isn't defined, @code{no_PROXY} | |
821 and @code{no_proxy} are also tried, in that order. | |
822 | |
823 Proxies may also be specified directly in Lisp. | |
824 | |
825 @defopt url-proxy-services | |
826 This variable is an alist of URL schemes and proxy servers that | |
827 gateway them. The items are of the form @w{@code{(@var{scheme} | |
828 . @var{host}:@var{portnumber})}}, says that the URL @var{scheme} is | |
829 gatewayed through @var{portnumber} on the specified @var{host}. An | |
830 exception is the pseudo scheme @code{"no_proxy"}, which is paired with | |
831 a regexp matching host names not to be proxied. This variable is | |
832 initialized from the environment as above. | |
833 | |
834 @example | |
835 (setq url-proxy-services | |
836 '(("http" . "proxy.aventail.com:80") | |
837 ("no_proxy" . "^.*\\(aventail\\|seanet\\)\\.com"))) | |
838 @end example | |
839 @end defopt | |
840 | |
841 @node Gateways in general | |
842 @section Gateways in General | |
843 @cindex gateways | |
844 @cindex firewalls | |
845 | |
846 The library provides a general gateway layer through which all | |
847 networking passes. It can both control access to the network and | |
848 provide access through gateways in firewalls. This may make direct | |
849 connections in some cases and pass through some sort of gateway in | |
850 others.@footnote{Proxies (which only operate over HTTP) are | |
851 implemented using this.} The library's basic function responsible for | |
852 making connections is @code{url-open-stream}. | |
853 | |
854 @defun url-open-stream name buffer host service | |
855 @cindex opening a stream | |
856 @cindex stream, opening | |
857 Open a stream to @var{host}, possibly via a gateway. The other | |
858 arguments are as for @code{open-network-stream}. This will not make a | |
859 connection if @code{url-gateway-unplugged} is non-@code{nil}. | |
860 @end defun | |
861 | |
862 @defvar url-gateway-local-host-regexp | |
863 This is a regular expression that matches local hosts that do not | |
864 require the use of a gateway. If @code{nil}, all connections are made | |
865 through the gateway. | |
866 @end defvar | |
867 | |
868 @defvar url-gateway-method | |
869 This variable controls which gateway method is used. It may be useful | |
870 to bind it temporarily in some applications. It has values taken from | |
871 a list of symbols. Possible values are: | |
872 | |
873 @table @code | |
874 @item telnet | |
875 @cindex @command{telnet} | |
876 Use this method if you must first telnet and log into a gateway host, | |
877 and then run telnet from that host to connect to outside machines. | |
878 | |
879 @item rlogin | |
880 @cindex @command{rlogin} | |
881 This method is identical to @code{telnet}, but uses @command{rlogin} | |
882 to log into the remote machine without having to send the username and | |
883 password over the wire every time. | |
884 | |
885 @item socks | |
886 @cindex @sc{socks} | |
887 Use if the firewall has a @sc{socks} gateway running on it. The | |
888 @sc{socks} v5 protocol is defined in RFC 1928. | |
889 | |
890 @c @item ssl | |
891 @c This probably shouldn't be documented | |
892 @c Fixme: why not? -- fx | |
893 | |
894 @item native | |
895 This method uses Emacs's builtin networking directly. This is the | |
896 default. It can be used only if there is no firewall blocking access. | |
897 @end table | |
898 @end defvar | |
899 | |
900 The following variables control the gateway methods. | |
901 | |
902 @defopt url-gateway-telnet-host | |
903 The gateway host to telnet to. Once logged in there, you then telnet | |
904 out to the hosts you want to connect to. | |
905 @end defopt | |
906 @defopt url-gateway-telnet-parameters | |
907 This should be a list of parameters to pass to the @command{telnet} program. | |
908 @end defopt | |
909 @defopt url-gateway-telnet-password-prompt | |
910 This is a regular expression that matches the password prompt when | |
911 logging in. | |
912 @end defopt | |
913 @defopt url-gateway-telnet-login-prompt | |
914 This is a regular expression that matches the username prompt when | |
915 logging in. | |
916 @end defopt | |
917 @defopt url-gateway-telnet-user-name | |
918 The username to log in with. | |
919 @end defopt | |
920 @defopt url-gateway-telnet-password | |
921 The password to send when logging in. | |
922 @end defopt | |
923 @defopt url-gateway-prompt-pattern | |
924 This is a regular expression that matches the shell prompt. | |
925 @end defopt | |
926 | |
927 @defopt url-gateway-rlogin-host | |
928 Host to @samp{rlogin} to before telnetting out. | |
929 @end defopt | |
930 @defopt url-gateway-rlogin-parameters | |
931 Parameters to pass to @samp{rsh}. | |
932 @end defopt | |
933 @defopt url-gateway-rlogin-user-name | |
934 User name to use when logging in to the gateway. | |
935 @end defopt | |
936 @defopt url-gateway-prompt-pattern | |
937 This is a regular expression that matches the shell prompt. | |
938 @end defopt | |
939 | |
940 @defopt socks-server | |
941 This specifies the default server, it takes the form | |
942 @w{@code{("Default server" @var{server} @var{port} @var{version})}} | |
943 where @var{version} can be either 4 or 5. | |
944 @end defopt | |
945 @defvar socks-password | |
946 If this is @code{nil} then you will be asked for the password, | |
947 otherwise it will be used as the password for authenticating you to | |
948 the @sc{socks} server. | |
949 @end defvar | |
950 @defvar socks-username | |
951 This is the username to use when authenticating yourself to the | |
952 @sc{socks} server. By default this is your login name. | |
953 @end defvar | |
954 @defvar socks-timeout | |
955 This controls how long, in seconds, to wait for responses from the | |
956 @sc{socks} server; it is 5 by default. | |
957 @end defvar | |
958 @c fixme: these have been effectively commented-out in the code | |
959 @c @defopt socks-server-aliases | |
960 @c This a list of server aliases. It is a list of aliases of the form | |
961 @c @var{(alias hostname port version)}. | |
962 @c @end defopt | |
963 @c @defopt socks-network-aliases | |
964 @c This a list of network aliases. Each entry in the list takes the form | |
965 @c @var{(alias (network))} where @var{alias} is a string that names the | |
966 @c @var{network}. The networks can contain a pair (not a dotted pair) of | |
967 @c @sc{ip} addresses which specify a range of @sc{ip} addresses, an @sc{ip} | |
968 @c address and a netmask, a domain name or a unique hostname or @sc{ip} | |
969 @c address. | |
970 @c @end defopt | |
971 @c @defopt socks-redirection-rules | |
972 @c This a list of redirection rules. Each rule take the form | |
973 @c @var{(Destination network Connection type)} where @var{Destination | |
974 @c network} is a network alias from @code{socks-network-aliases} and | |
975 @c @var{Connection type} can be @code{nil} in which case a direct | |
976 @c connection is used, or it can be an alias from | |
977 @c @code{socks-server-aliases} in which case that server is used as a | |
978 @c proxy. | |
979 @c @end defopt | |
980 @defopt socks-nslookup-program | |
981 @cindex @command{nslookup} | |
982 This the @samp{nslookup} program. It is @code{"nslookup"} by default. | |
983 @end defopt | |
984 | |
985 @menu | |
986 * Suppressing network connections:: | |
987 @end menu | |
988 @c * Broken hostname resolution:: | |
989 | |
990 @node Suppressing network connections | |
991 @subsection Suppressing Network Connections | |
992 | |
993 @cindex network connections, suppressing | |
994 @cindex suppressing network connections | |
995 @cindex bugs, HTML | |
996 @cindex HTML `bugs' | |
997 In some circumstances it is desirable to suppress making network | |
998 connections. A typical case is when rendering HTML in a mail user | |
999 agent, when external URLs should not be activated, particularly to | |
1000 avoid `bugs' which `call home' by fetch single-pixel images and the | |
1001 like. To arrange this, bind the following variable for the duration | |
1002 of such processing. | |
1003 | |
1004 @defvar url-gateway-unplugged | |
1005 If this variable is non-@code{nil} new network connections are never | |
1006 opened by the URL library. | |
1007 @end defvar | |
1008 | |
1009 @c @node Broken hostname resolution | |
1010 @c @subsection Broken Hostname Resolution | |
1011 | |
1012 @c @cindex hostname resolver | |
1013 @c @cindex resolver, hostname | |
1014 @c Some C libraries do not include the hostname resolver routines in | |
1015 @c their static libraries. If Emacs was linked statically, and was not | |
1016 @c linked with the resolver libraries, it will not be able to get to any | |
1017 @c machines off the local network. This is characterized by being able | |
1018 @c to reach someplace with a raw ip number, but not its hostname | |
1019 @c (@url{http://129.79.254.191/} works, but | |
1020 @c @url{http://www.cs.indiana.edu/} doesn't). This used to happen on | |
1021 @c SunOS4 and Ultrix, but is now probably now rare. If Emacs can't be | |
1022 @c rebuilt linked against the resolver library, it can use the external | |
1023 @c @command{nslookup} program instead. | |
1024 | |
1025 @c @defopt url-gateway-broken-resolution | |
1026 @c @cindex @code{nslookup} program | |
1027 @c @cindex program, @code{nslookup} | |
1028 @c If non-@code{nil}, this variable says to use the program specified by | |
1029 @c @code{url-gateway-nslookup-program} program to do hostname resolution. | |
1030 @c @end defopt | |
1031 | |
1032 @c @defopt url-gateway-nslookup-program | |
1033 @c The name of the program to do hostname lookup if Emacs can't do it | |
1034 @c directly. This program should expect a single argument on the command | |
1035 @c line---the hostname to resolve---and should produce output similar to | |
1036 @c the standard Unix @command{nslookup} program: | |
1037 @c @example | |
1038 @c Name: www.cs.indiana.edu | |
1039 @c Address: 129.79.254.191 | |
1040 @c @end example | |
1041 @c @end defopt | |
1042 | |
1043 @node History | |
1044 @section History | |
1045 | |
1046 @findex url-do-setup | |
1047 The library can maintain a global history list tracking URLs accessed. | |
1048 URL completion can be done from it. The history mechanism is set up | |
1049 automatically via @code{url-do-setup} when it is configured to be on. | |
1050 Note that the size of the history list is currently not limited. | |
1051 | |
1052 @vindex url-history-hash-table | |
1053 The history `list' is actually a hash table, | |
1054 @code{url-history-hash-table}. It contains access times keyed by URL | |
1055 strings. The times are in the format returned by @code{current-time}. | |
1056 | |
1057 @defun url-history-update-url url time | |
1058 This function updates the history table with an entry for @var{url} | |
1059 accessed at the given @var{time}. | |
1060 @end defun | |
1061 | |
1062 @defopt url-history-track | |
1063 If non-@code{nil}, the library will keep track of all the URLs | |
1064 accessed. If it is @code{t}, the list is saved to disk at the end of | |
1065 each Emacs session. The default is @code{nil}. | |
1066 @end defopt | |
1067 | |
1068 @defopt url-history-file | |
1069 The file storing the history list between sessions. It defaults to | |
1070 @file{history} in @code{url-configuration-directory}. | |
1071 @end defopt | |
1072 | |
1073 @defopt url-history-save-interval | |
1074 @findex url-history-setup-save-timer | |
1075 The number of seconds between automatic saves of the history list. | |
1076 Default is one hour. Note that if you change this variable directly, | |
1077 rather than using Custom, after @code{url-do-setup} has been run, you | |
1078 need to run the function @code{url-history-setup-save-timer}. | |
1079 @end defopt | |
1080 | |
1081 @defun url-history-parse-history &optional fname | |
1082 Parses the history file @var{fname} (default @code{url-history-file}) | |
1083 and sets up the history list. | |
1084 @end defun | |
1085 | |
1086 @defun url-history-save-history &optional fname | |
1087 Saves the current history to file @var{fname} (default | |
1088 @code{url-history-file}). | |
1089 @end defun | |
1090 | |
1091 @defun url-completion-function string predicate function | |
1092 You can use this function to do completion of URLs from the history. | |
1093 @end defun | |
1094 | |
1095 @node Customization | |
1096 @chapter Customization | |
1097 | |
1098 @section Environment Variables | |
1099 | |
1100 @cindex environment variables | |
1101 The following environment variables affect the library's operation at | |
1102 startup. | |
1103 | |
1104 @table @code | |
1105 @item TMPDIR | |
1106 @vindex TMPDIR | |
1107 @vindex url-temporary-directory | |
1108 If this is defined, @var{url-temporary-directory} is initialized from | |
1109 it. | |
1110 @end table | |
1111 | |
1112 @section General User Options | |
1113 | |
1114 The following user options, settable with Customize, affect the | |
1115 general operation of the package. | |
1116 | |
1117 @defopt url-debug | |
1118 @cindex debugging | |
1119 Specifies the types of debug messages the library which are logged to | |
1120 the @code{*URL-DEBUG*} buffer. | |
1121 @code{t} means log all messages. | |
1122 A number means log all messages and show them with @code{message}. | |
1123 If may also be a list of the types of messages to be logged. | |
1124 @end defopt | |
1125 @defopt url-personal-mail-address | |
1126 @end defopt | |
1127 @defopt url-privacy-level | |
1128 @end defopt | |
1129 @defopt url-uncompressor-alist | |
1130 @end defopt | |
1131 @defopt url-passwd-entry-func | |
1132 @end defopt | |
1133 @defopt url-standalone-mode | |
1134 @end defopt | |
1135 @defopt url-bad-port-list | |
1136 @end defopt | |
1137 @defopt url-max-password-attempts | |
1138 @end defopt | |
1139 @defopt url-temporary-directory | |
1140 @end defopt | |
1141 @defopt url-show-status | |
1142 @end defopt | |
1143 @defopt url-confirmation-func | |
1144 The function to use for asking yes or no functions. This is normally | |
1145 either @code{y-or-n-p} or @code{yes-or-no-p}, but could be another | |
1146 function taking a single argument (the prompt) and returning @code{t} | |
1147 only if an affirmative answer is given. | |
1148 @end defopt | |
1149 @defopt url-gateway-method | |
1150 @c fixme: describe gatewaying | |
1151 A symbol specifying the type of gateway support to use for connections | |
1152 from the local machine. The supported methods are: | |
1153 | |
1154 @table @code | |
1155 @item telnet | |
1156 Run telnet in a subprocess to connect; | |
1157 @item rlogin | |
1158 Rlogin to another machine to connect; | |
1159 @item socks | |
1160 Connect through a socks server; | |
1161 @item ssl | |
1162 Connect with SSL; | |
1163 @item native | |
1164 Connect directly. | |
1165 @end table | |
1166 @end defopt | |
1167 | |
1168 @node GNU Free Documentation License | |
1169 @appendix GNU Free Documentation License | |
1170 @include doclicense.texi | |
1171 | |
1172 @node Function Index | |
1173 @unnumbered Command and Function Index | |
1174 @printindex fn | |
1175 | |
1176 @node Variable Index | |
1177 @unnumbered Variable Index | |
1178 @printindex vr | |
1179 | |
1180 @node Concept Index | |
1181 @unnumbered Concept Index | |
1182 @printindex cp | |
1183 | |
1184 @setchapternewpage odd | |
1185 @contents | |
1186 @bye | |
1187 | |
1188 @ignore | |
1189 arch-tag: c96be356-7e2d-4196-bcda-b13246c5c3f0 | |
1190 @end ignore |