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annotate man/emacs.texi @ 36737:71af0a08c2cc
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author | Francesco Potortì <pot@gnu.org> |
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date | Mon, 12 Mar 2001 12:41:32 +0000 |
parents | 617fb94d7265 |
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rev | line source |
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24093 | 1 \input texinfo |
2 | |
3 @setchapternewpage odd | |
4 @settitle GNU Emacs Manual | |
5 @setfilename ../info/emacs | |
6 @synindex pg cp | |
7 | |
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8 @c The edition number appears in several places in this file |
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9 @set EDITION Fourteenth |
36542 | 10 @set EMACSVER 21.0.100 |
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11 |
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12 @ifnottex |
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13 This is the @value{EDITION} edition of the @cite{GNU Emacs Manual}, |
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14 updated for Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}. |
24093 | 15 |
30009 | 16 @dircategory Emacs |
24093 | 17 @direntry |
18 * Emacs: (emacs). The extensible self-documenting text editor. | |
19 @end direntry | |
20 | |
21 Published by the Free Software Foundation | |
22 59 Temple Place, Suite 330 | |
23 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
24 | |
35197 | 25 Copyright (C) 1985, 1986,1987,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001 |
24093 | 26 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
27 | |
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28 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
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29 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or |
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30 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the |
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31 Invariant Sections being ``The GNU Manifesto'', ``Distribution'' and |
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32 ``GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE'', with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU |
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33 Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the |
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34 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation |
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35 License.'' |
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36 |
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37 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify |
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38 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free |
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39 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' |
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40 @end ifnottex |
24093 | 41 |
42 @c in general, keep the following line commented out, unless doing a | |
43 @c copy of this manual that will be published. the manual should go | |
44 @c onto the distribution in the full, 8.5 x 11" size. | |
45 | |
46 @smallbook | |
47 | |
48 @iftex | |
49 @kbdinputstyle code | |
50 | |
51 @shorttitlepage GNU Emacs Manual | |
52 @end iftex | |
53 @titlepage | |
54 @sp 6 | |
55 @center @titlefont{GNU Emacs Manual} | |
56 @sp 4 | |
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57 @center @value{EDITION} Edition, Updated for Emacs Version @value{EMACSVER}. |
24093 | 58 @sp 5 |
59 @center Richard Stallman | |
60 @page | |
61 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
35197 | 62 Copyright @copyright{} 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 |
24093 | 63 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
64 @sp 2 | |
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65 @value{EDITION} Edition @* |
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66 Updated for Emacs Version @value{EMACSVER}, @* |
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67 August 2000 |
24093 | 68 |
69 ISBN 1-882114-06-X | |
70 @sp 1 | |
71 Published by the Free Software Foundation @* | |
72 59 Temple Place, Suite 330 @* | |
73 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
74 @sp 1 | |
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75 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
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76 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or |
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77 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the |
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78 Invariant Sections being ``The GNU Manifesto'', ``Distribution'' and |
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79 ``GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE'', with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU |
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80 Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the |
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81 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation |
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82 License.'' |
24093 | 83 |
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84 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify |
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85 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free |
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86 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' |
24093 | 87 |
88 @sp 2 | |
89 Cover art by Etienne Suvasa. | |
90 | |
91 @end titlepage | |
92 @page | |
30870 | 93 @ifnottex |
24093 | 94 @node Top, Distrib, (dir), (dir) |
95 @top The Emacs Editor | |
96 | |
97 Emacs is the extensible, customizable, self-documenting real-time | |
98 display editor. This Info file describes how to edit with Emacs and | |
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99 some of how to customize it; it corresponds to GNU Emacs version |
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100 @value{EMACSVER}. |
24093 | 101 For information on extending Emacs, see @ref{,Emacs Lisp,, elisp, The |
102 Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
30870 | 103 @end ifnottex |
24093 | 104 |
105 @ignore | |
106 These subcategories have been deleted for simplicity | |
107 and to avoid conflicts. | |
108 Completion | |
109 Backup Files | |
110 Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters | |
111 Snapshots | |
112 Text Mode | |
113 Outline Mode | |
114 @TeX{} Mode | |
115 Formatted Text | |
116 Fortran Mode | |
117 Fortran Indentation | |
118 Shell Command History | |
119 | |
120 The ones for Dired and Rmail have had the items turned into :: items | |
121 to avoid conflicts. | |
122 Also Running Shell Commands from Emacs | |
123 and Sending Mail and Registers and Minibuffer. | |
124 @end ignore | |
125 | |
126 @menu | |
127 * Distrib:: How to get the latest Emacs distribution. | |
128 * Copying:: The GNU General Public License gives you permission | |
129 to redistribute GNU Emacs on certain terms; | |
130 it also explains that there is no warranty. | |
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131 * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation. |
24093 | 132 * Intro:: An introduction to Emacs concepts. |
133 * Glossary:: The glossary. | |
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134 * Antinews:: Information about Emacs version 20. |
34199 | 135 * Mac OS:: Using Emacs in the Mac. |
24093 | 136 * MS-DOS:: Using Emacs on MS-DOS (otherwise known as "MS-DOG"). |
137 * Manifesto:: What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix! | |
138 * Acknowledgments:: Major contributors to GNU Emacs. | |
139 | |
140 Indexes (nodes containing large menus) | |
141 * Key Index:: An item for each standard Emacs key sequence. | |
142 * Command Index:: An item for each command name. | |
143 * Variable Index:: An item for each documented variable. | |
144 * Concept Index:: An item for each concept. | |
145 | |
146 Important General Concepts | |
147 * Screen:: How to interpret what you see on the screen. | |
148 * User Input:: Kinds of input events (characters, buttons, | |
149 function keys). | |
150 * Keys:: Key sequences: what you type to request one | |
151 editing action. | |
152 * Commands:: Named functions run by key sequences to do editing. | |
153 * Text Characters:: Character set for text (the contents of buffers | |
154 and strings). | |
155 * Entering Emacs:: Starting Emacs from the shell. | |
156 * Exiting:: Stopping or killing Emacs. | |
157 * Command Arguments:: Hairy startup options. | |
158 | |
159 Fundamental Editing Commands | |
160 * Basic:: The most basic editing commands. | |
161 * Minibuffer:: Entering arguments that are prompted for. | |
162 * M-x:: Invoking commands by their names. | |
163 * Help:: Commands for asking Emacs about its commands. | |
164 | |
165 Important Text-Changing Commands | |
166 * Mark:: The mark: how to delimit a ``region'' of text. | |
167 * Killing:: Killing text. | |
168 * Yanking:: Recovering killed text. Moving text. | |
169 * Accumulating Text:: Other ways of copying text. | |
170 * Rectangles:: Operating on the text inside a rectangle on the screen. | |
171 * Registers:: Saving a text string or a location in the buffer. | |
172 * Display:: Controlling what text is displayed. | |
173 * Search:: Finding or replacing occurrences of a string. | |
174 * Fixit:: Commands especially useful for fixing typos. | |
175 | |
176 Major Structures of Emacs | |
177 * Files:: All about handling files. | |
178 * Buffers:: Multiple buffers; editing several files at once. | |
179 * Windows:: Viewing two pieces of text at once. | |
180 * Frames:: Running the same Emacs session in multiple X windows. | |
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181 * International:: Using non-ASCII character sets (the MULE features). |
24093 | 182 |
183 Advanced Features | |
184 * Major Modes:: Text mode vs. Lisp mode vs. C mode ... | |
185 * Indentation:: Editing the white space at the beginnings of lines. | |
186 * Text:: Commands and modes for editing English. | |
187 * Programs:: Commands and modes for editing programs. | |
188 * Building:: Compiling, running and debugging programs. | |
189 * Abbrevs:: How to define text abbreviations to reduce | |
190 the number of characters you must type. | |
191 * Picture:: Editing pictures made up of characters | |
192 using the quarter-plane screen model. | |
193 * Sending Mail:: Sending mail in Emacs. | |
194 * Rmail:: Reading mail in Emacs. | |
195 * Dired:: You can ``edit'' a directory to manage files in it. | |
196 * Calendar/Diary:: The calendar and diary facilities. | |
197 * Gnus:: How to read netnews with Emacs. | |
198 * Shell:: Executing shell commands from Emacs. | |
199 * Emacs Server:: Using Emacs as an editing server for @code{mail}, etc. | |
200 * Hardcopy:: Printing buffers or regions. | |
27212 | 201 * PostScript:: Printing buffers or regions as PostScript. |
202 * PostScript Variables:: | |
203 Customizing the PostScript printing commands. | |
24093 | 204 * Sorting:: Sorting lines, paragraphs or pages within Emacs. |
205 * Narrowing:: Restricting display and editing to a portion | |
206 of the buffer. | |
207 * Two-Column:: Splitting apart columns to edit them | |
208 in side-by-side windows. | |
209 * Editing Binary Files:: | |
210 Using Hexl mode to edit binary files. | |
211 * Saving Emacs Sessions:: | |
212 Saving Emacs state from one session to the next. | |
213 * Recursive Edit:: A command can allow you to do editing | |
214 "within the command". This is called a | |
36211 | 215 "recursive editing level". |
24093 | 216 * Emulation:: Emulating some other editors with Emacs. |
30870 | 217 * Hyperlinking:: Following links in buffers. |
24093 | 218 * Dissociated Press:: Dissociating text for fun. |
219 * Amusements:: Various games and hacks. | |
220 * Customization:: Modifying the behavior of Emacs. | |
221 | |
222 Recovery from Problems | |
223 * Quitting:: Quitting and aborting. | |
224 * Lossage:: What to do if Emacs is hung or malfunctioning. | |
225 * Bugs:: How and when to report a bug. | |
226 * Contributing:: How to contribute improvements to Emacs. | |
227 * Service:: How to get help for your own Emacs needs. | |
228 | |
229 Here are some other nodes which are really inferiors of the ones | |
230 already listed, mentioned here so you can get to them in one step: | |
231 | |
232 --- The Detailed Node Listing --- | |
233 | |
234 The Organization of the Screen | |
235 | |
236 * Point:: The place in the text where editing commands operate. | |
237 * Echo Area:: Short messages appear at the bottom of the screen. | |
238 * Mode Line:: Interpreting the mode line. | |
239 * Menu Bar:: How to use the menu bar. | |
240 | |
241 Basic Editing Commands | |
242 | |
243 * Inserting Text:: Inserting text by simply typing it. | |
244 * Moving Point:: How to move the cursor to the place where you want to | |
245 change something. | |
246 * Erasing:: Deleting and killing text. | |
247 * Undo:: Undoing recent changes in the text. | |
248 * Files: Basic Files. Visiting, creating, and saving files. | |
249 * Help: Basic Help. Asking what a character does. | |
250 * Blank Lines:: Commands to make or delete blank lines. | |
251 * Continuation Lines:: Lines too wide for the screen. | |
252 * Position Info:: What page, line, row, or column is point on? | |
253 * Arguments:: Numeric arguments for repeating a command. | |
254 | |
255 The Minibuffer | |
256 | |
257 * Minibuffer File:: Entering file names with the minibuffer. | |
258 * Minibuffer Edit:: How to edit in the minibuffer. | |
259 * Completion:: An abbreviation facility for minibuffer input. | |
260 * Minibuffer History:: Reusing recent minibuffer arguments. | |
261 * Repetition:: Re-executing commands that used the minibuffer. | |
262 | |
263 Help | |
264 | |
265 * Help Summary:: Brief list of all Help commands. | |
266 * Key Help:: Asking what a key does in Emacs. | |
267 * Name Help:: Asking about a command, variable or function name. | |
268 * Apropos:: Asking what pertains to a given topic. | |
269 * Library Keywords:: Finding Lisp libraries by keywords (topics). | |
270 * Language Help:: Help relating to international language support. | |
271 * Misc Help:: Other help commands. | |
272 | |
273 The Mark and the Region | |
274 | |
275 * Setting Mark:: Commands to set the mark. | |
276 * Transient Mark:: How to make Emacs highlight the region-- | |
277 when there is one. | |
278 * Using Region:: Summary of ways to operate on contents of the region. | |
279 * Marking Objects:: Commands to put region around textual units. | |
280 * Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions saved so you can go back there. | |
281 * Global Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions in various buffers. | |
282 | |
283 Deletion and Killing | |
284 | |
285 * Deletion:: Commands for deleting small amounts of text and | |
286 blank areas. | |
287 * Killing by Lines:: How to kill entire lines of text at one time. | |
288 * Other Kill Commands:: Commands to kill large regions of text and | |
289 syntactic units such as words and sentences. | |
290 | |
291 Yanking | |
292 | |
293 * Kill Ring:: Where killed text is stored. Basic yanking. | |
294 * Appending Kills:: Several kills in a row all yank together. | |
295 * Earlier Kills:: Yanking something killed some time ago. | |
296 | |
297 Registers | |
298 | |
299 * RegPos:: Saving positions in registers. | |
300 * RegText:: Saving text in registers. | |
301 * RegRect:: Saving rectangles in registers. | |
302 * RegConfig:: Saving window configurations in registers. | |
303 * RegFiles:: File names in registers. | |
304 * Bookmarks:: Bookmarks are like registers, but persistent. | |
305 | |
306 Controlling the Display | |
307 | |
308 * Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in a window. | |
309 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text left and right in a window. | |
310 * Follow Mode:: Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one. | |
311 * Selective Display:: Hiding lines with lots of indentation. | |
312 * Optional Mode Line:: Optional mode line display features. | |
313 * Text Display:: How text is normally displayed. | |
36211 | 314 * Display Custom:: Information on variables for customizing display. |
24093 | 315 |
316 Searching and Replacement | |
317 | |
318 * Incremental Search:: Search happens as you type the string. | |
319 * Nonincremental Search:: Specify entire string and then search. | |
320 * Word Search:: Search for sequence of words. | |
321 * Regexp Search:: Search for match for a regexp. | |
322 * Regexps:: Syntax of regular expressions. | |
323 * Search Case:: To ignore case while searching, or not. | |
324 * Replace:: Search, and replace some or all matches. | |
325 * Other Repeating Search:: Operating on all matches for some regexp. | |
326 | |
327 Replacement Commands | |
328 | |
329 * Unconditional Replace:: Replacing all matches for a string. | |
330 * Regexp Replace:: Replacing all matches for a regexp. | |
331 * Replacement and Case:: How replacements preserve case of letters. | |
332 * Query Replace:: How to use querying. | |
333 | |
334 Commands for Fixing Typos | |
335 | |
336 * Kill Errors:: Commands to kill a batch of recently entered text. | |
337 * Transpose:: Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists... | |
338 * Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered. | |
339 * Spelling:: Apply spelling checker to a word or a whole buffer. | |
340 | |
341 File Handling | |
342 | |
343 * File Names:: How to type and edit file-name arguments. | |
344 * Visiting:: Visiting a file prepares Emacs to edit the file. | |
345 * Saving:: Saving makes your changes permanent. | |
346 * Reverting:: Reverting cancels all the changes not saved. | |
347 * Auto Save:: Auto Save periodically protects against loss of data. | |
348 * File Aliases:: Handling multiple names for one file. | |
349 * Version Control:: Version control systems (RCS, CVS and SCCS). | |
350 * Directories:: Creating, deleting, and listing file directories. | |
351 * Comparing Files:: Finding where two files differ. | |
352 * Misc File Ops:: Other things you can do on files. | |
353 * Compressed Files:: Accessing compressed files. | |
354 * Remote Files:: Accessing files on other sites. | |
355 * Quoted File Names:: Quoting special characters in file names. | |
356 | |
357 Saving Files | |
358 | |
359 * Backup:: How Emacs saves the old version of your file. | |
360 * Interlocking:: How Emacs protects against simultaneous editing | |
361 of one file by two users. | |
362 | |
363 Version Control | |
364 | |
365 * Introduction to VC:: How version control works in general. | |
366 * VC Mode Line:: How the mode line shows version control status. | |
367 * Basic VC Editing:: How to edit a file under version control. | |
368 * Old Versions:: Examining and comparing old versions. | |
369 * Secondary VC Commands:: The commands used a little less frequently. | |
370 * Branches:: Multiple lines of development. | |
371 * Snapshots:: Sets of file versions treated as a unit. | |
372 * Miscellaneous VC:: Various other commands and features of VC. | |
373 * Customizing VC:: Variables that change VC's behavior. | |
374 | |
375 Using Multiple Buffers | |
376 | |
377 * Select Buffer:: Creating a new buffer or reselecting an old one. | |
378 * List Buffers:: Getting a list of buffers that exist. | |
379 * Misc Buffer:: Renaming; changing read-onlyness; copying text. | |
380 * Kill Buffer:: Killing buffers you no longer need. | |
381 * Several Buffers:: How to go through the list of all buffers | |
382 and operate variously on several of them. | |
383 * Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares the text of another buffer. | |
384 | |
385 Multiple Windows | |
386 | |
387 * Basic Window:: Introduction to Emacs windows. | |
388 * Split Window:: New windows are made by splitting existing windows. | |
389 * Other Window:: Moving to another window or doing something to it. | |
390 * Pop Up Window:: Finding a file or buffer in another window. | |
391 * Force Same Window:: Forcing certain buffers to appear in the selected | |
392 window rather than in another window. | |
393 * Change Window:: Deleting windows and changing their sizes. | |
394 | |
395 Frames and X Windows | |
396 | |
397 * Mouse Commands:: Moving, cutting, and pasting, with the mouse. | |
398 * Secondary Selection:: Cutting without altering point and mark. | |
36211 | 399 * Clipboard:: Using the clipboard for selections. |
24093 | 400 * Mouse References:: Using the mouse to select an item from a list. |
401 * Menu Mouse Clicks:: Mouse clicks that bring up menus. | |
402 * Mode Line Mouse:: Mouse clicks on the mode line. | |
403 * Creating Frames:: Creating additional Emacs frames with various contents. | |
36211 | 404 * Frame Commands:: Iconifying, deleting, and switching frames. |
405 * Speedbar:: How to make and use a speedbar frame. | |
24093 | 406 * Multiple Displays:: How one Emacs job can talk to several displays. |
407 * Special Buffer Frames:: You can make certain buffers have their own frames. | |
408 * Frame Parameters:: Changing the colors and other modes of frames. | |
409 * Scroll Bars:: How to enable and disable scroll bars; how to use them. | |
36211 | 410 * Wheeled Mice:: Using mouse wheels for scrolling. |
24093 | 411 * Menu Bars:: Enabling and disabling the menu bar. |
36211 | 412 * Tool Bars:: Enabling and disabling the tool bar. |
413 * Dialog Boxes:: Controlling use of dialog boxes. | |
24093 | 414 * Faces:: How to change the display style using faces. |
415 * Font Lock:: Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces. | |
36211 | 416 * Highlight Changes:: Using colors to show where you changed the buffer. |
417 * Highlight Interactively:: Tell Emacs what text to highlight. | |
418 * Trailing Whitespace:: Showing possibly-spurious trailing whitespace. | |
419 * Tooltips:: Showing "tooltips", AKA "ballon help" for active text. | |
420 * Mouse Avoidance:: Moving the mouse pointer out of the way. | |
24093 | 421 * Non-Window Terminals:: Multiple frames on terminals that show only one. |
36211 | 422 * XTerm Mouse:: Using the mouse in an XTerm terminal emulator. |
24093 | 423 |
424 International Character Set Support | |
425 | |
426 * International Intro:: Basic concepts of multibyte characters. | |
427 * Enabling Multibyte:: Controlling whether to use multibyte characters. | |
428 * Language Environments:: Setting things up for the language you use. | |
429 * Input Methods:: Entering text characters not on your keyboard. | |
430 * Select Input Method:: Specifying your choice of input methods. | |
431 * Coding Systems:: Character set conversion when you read and | |
432 write files, and so on. | |
433 * Recognize Coding:: How Emacs figures out which conversion to use. | |
434 * Specify Coding:: Various ways to choose which conversion to use. | |
435 * Fontsets:: Fontsets are collections of fonts | |
436 that cover the whole spectrum of characters. | |
437 * Defining Fontsets:: Defining a new fontset. | |
27212 | 438 * Single-Byte Character Support:: |
24093 | 439 You can pick one European character set |
440 to use without multibyte characters. | |
441 | |
442 Major Modes | |
443 | |
444 * Choosing Modes:: How major modes are specified or chosen. | |
445 | |
446 Indentation | |
447 | |
448 * Indentation Commands:: Various commands and techniques for indentation. | |
449 * Tab Stops:: You can set arbitrary "tab stops" and then | |
450 indent to the next tab stop when you want to. | |
451 * Just Spaces:: You can request indentation using just spaces. | |
452 | |
453 Commands for Human Languages | |
454 | |
455 * Words:: Moving over and killing words. | |
456 * Sentences:: Moving over and killing sentences. | |
457 * Paragraphs:: Moving over paragraphs. | |
458 * Pages:: Moving over pages. | |
459 * Filling:: Filling or justifying text. | |
460 * Case:: Changing the case of text. | |
461 * Text Mode:: The major modes for editing text files. | |
462 * Outline Mode:: Editing outlines. | |
463 * TeX Mode:: Editing input to the formatter TeX. | |
464 * Nroff Mode:: Editing input to the formatter nroff. | |
465 * Formatted Text:: Editing formatted text directly in WYSIWYG fashion. | |
466 | |
467 Filling Text | |
468 | |
469 * Auto Fill:: Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically. | |
470 * Fill Commands:: Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines. | |
471 * Fill Prefix:: Filling paragraphs that are indented | |
472 or in a comment, etc. | |
473 * Adaptive Fill:: How Emacs can determine the fill prefix automatically. | |
474 | |
475 Editing Programs | |
476 | |
477 * Program Modes:: Major modes for editing programs. | |
478 * Lists:: Expressions with balanced parentheses. | |
479 * List Commands:: The commands for working with list and sexps. | |
480 * Defuns:: Each program is made up of separate functions. | |
481 There are editing commands to operate on them. | |
482 * Program Indent:: Adjusting indentation to show the nesting. | |
483 * Matching:: Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open. | |
484 * Comments:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments. | |
485 * Balanced Editing:: Inserting two matching parentheses at once, etc. | |
486 * Symbol Completion:: Completion on symbol names of your program or language. | |
487 * Documentation:: Getting documentation of functions you plan to call. | |
488 * Change Log:: Maintaining a change history for your program. | |
489 * Tags:: Go directly to any function in your program in one | |
490 command. Tags remembers which file it is in. | |
491 * Emerge:: A convenient way of merging two versions of a program. | |
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492 * C Modes:: Special commands of C, C++, Objective-C and Java modes. |
24093 | 493 * Fortran:: Fortran mode and its special features. |
494 * Asm Mode:: Asm mode and its special features. | |
495 | |
496 Indentation for Programs | |
497 | |
498 * Basic Indent:: Indenting a single line. | |
499 * Multi-line Indent:: Commands to reindent many lines at once. | |
500 * Lisp Indent:: Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented. | |
501 * C Indent:: Choosing an indentation style for C code. | |
502 | |
503 Tags Tables | |
504 | |
505 * Tag Syntax:: Tag syntax for various types of code and text files. | |
506 * Create Tags Table:: Creating a tags table with @code{etags}. | |
507 * Select Tags Table:: How to visit a tags table. | |
508 * Find Tag:: Commands to find the definition of a specific tag. | |
509 * Tags Search:: Using a tags table for searching and replacing. | |
510 * List Tags:: Listing and finding tags defined in a file. | |
511 | |
512 Merging Files with Emerge | |
513 | |
514 * Overview of Emerge:: How to start Emerge. Basic concepts. | |
515 * Submodes of Emerge:: Fast mode vs. Edit mode. | |
516 Skip Prefers mode and Auto Advance mode. | |
517 * State of Difference:: You do the merge by specifying state A or B | |
518 for each difference. | |
519 * Merge Commands:: Commands for selecting a difference, | |
520 changing states of differences, etc. | |
521 * Exiting Emerge:: What to do when you've finished the merge. | |
522 * Combining in Emerge:: How to keep both alternatives for a difference. | |
523 * Fine Points of Emerge:: Misc. | |
524 | |
525 Compiling and Testing Programs | |
526 | |
527 * Compilation:: Compiling programs in languages other | |
528 than Lisp (C, Pascal, etc.). | |
529 * Compilation Mode:: The mode for visiting compiler errors. | |
530 * Compilation Shell:: Customizing your shell properly | |
531 for use in the compilation buffer. | |
532 * Debuggers:: Running symbolic debuggers for non-Lisp programs. | |
533 * Executing Lisp:: Various modes for editing Lisp programs, | |
534 with different facilities for running | |
535 the Lisp programs. | |
536 * Lisp Libraries:: Creating Lisp programs to run in Emacs. | |
537 * Lisp Interaction:: Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer. | |
538 * Lisp Eval:: Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs. | |
539 * External Lisp:: Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp. | |
540 | |
541 Running Debuggers Under Emacs | |
542 | |
543 * Starting GUD:: How to start a debugger subprocess. | |
544 * Debugger Operation:: Connection between the debugger and source buffers. | |
545 * Commands of GUD:: Key bindings for common commands. | |
546 * GUD Customization:: Defining your own commands for GUD. | |
547 | |
548 Abbrevs | |
549 | |
550 * Abbrev Concepts:: Fundamentals of defined abbrevs. | |
551 * Defining Abbrevs:: Defining an abbrev, so it will expand when typed. | |
552 * Expanding Abbrevs:: Controlling expansion: prefixes, canceling expansion. | |
553 * Editing Abbrevs:: Viewing or editing the entire list of defined abbrevs. | |
554 * Saving Abbrevs:: Saving the entire list of abbrevs for another session. | |
555 * Dynamic Abbrevs:: Abbreviations for words already in the buffer. | |
556 | |
557 Editing Pictures | |
558 | |
559 * Basic Picture:: Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode. | |
560 * Insert in Picture:: Controlling direction of cursor motion | |
561 after "self-inserting" characters. | |
562 * Tabs in Picture:: Various features for tab stops and indentation. | |
563 * Rectangles in Picture:: Clearing and superimposing rectangles. | |
564 | |
565 Sending Mail | |
566 | |
567 * Mail Format:: Format of the mail being composed. | |
568 * Mail Headers:: Details of permitted mail header fields. | |
569 * Mail Aliases:: Abbreviating and grouping mail addresses. | |
570 * Mail Mode:: Special commands for editing mail being composed. | |
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571 * Mail Amusements:: Distract the NSA's attention; add a fortune to a msg. |
24093 | 572 * Mail Methods:: Using alternative mail-composition methods. |
573 | |
574 Reading Mail with Rmail | |
575 | |
576 * Rmail Basics:: Basic concepts of Rmail, and simple use. | |
577 * Rmail Scrolling:: Scrolling through a message. | |
578 * Rmail Motion:: Moving to another message. | |
579 * Rmail Deletion:: Deleting and expunging messages. | |
580 * Rmail Inbox:: How mail gets into the Rmail file. | |
581 * Rmail Files:: Using multiple Rmail files. | |
582 * Rmail Output:: Copying message out to files. | |
583 * Rmail Labels:: Classifying messages by labeling them. | |
584 * Rmail Attributes:: Certain standard labels, called attributes. | |
585 * Rmail Reply:: Sending replies to messages you are viewing. | |
586 * Rmail Summary:: Summaries show brief info on many messages. | |
587 * Rmail Sorting:: Sorting messages in Rmail. | |
588 * Rmail Display:: How Rmail displays a message; customization. | |
589 * Rmail Editing:: Editing message text and headers in Rmail. | |
590 * Rmail Digest:: Extracting the messages from a digest message. | |
591 * Out of Rmail:: Converting an Rmail file to mailbox format. | |
592 * Rmail Rot13:: Reading messages encoded in the rot13 code. | |
593 * Movemail:: More details of fetching new mail. | |
594 | |
595 Dired, the Directory Editor | |
596 | |
597 * Dired Enter:: How to invoke Dired. | |
598 * Dired Commands:: Commands in the Dired buffer. | |
599 * Dired Deletion:: Deleting files with Dired. | |
600 * Flagging Many Files:: Flagging files based on their names. | |
601 * Dired Visiting:: Other file operations through Dired. | |
602 * Marks vs Flags:: Flagging for deletion vs marking. | |
603 * Operating on Files:: How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc. | |
604 either one file or several files. | |
605 * Shell Commands in Dired:: Running a shell command on the marked files. | |
606 * Transforming File Names:: Using patterns to rename multiple files. | |
607 * Comparison in Dired:: Running `diff' by way of Dired. | |
608 * Subdirectories in Dired:: Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer. | |
609 * Subdirectory Motion:: Moving across subdirectories, and up and down. | |
610 * Hiding Subdirectories:: Making subdirectories visible or invisible. | |
611 * Dired Updating:: Discarding lines for files of no interest. | |
612 * Dired and Find:: Using `find' to choose the files for Dired. | |
613 | |
614 The Calendar and the Diary | |
615 | |
616 * Calendar Motion:: Moving through the calendar; selecting a date. | |
617 * Scroll Calendar:: Bringing earlier or later months onto the screen. | |
618 * Counting Days:: How many days are there between two dates? | |
619 * General Calendar:: Exiting or recomputing the calendar. | |
620 * LaTeX Calendar:: Print a calendar using LaTeX. | |
621 * Holidays:: Displaying dates of holidays. | |
622 * Sunrise/Sunset:: Displaying local times of sunrise and sunset. | |
623 * Lunar Phases:: Displaying phases of the moon. | |
624 * Other Calendars:: Converting dates to other calendar systems. | |
625 * Diary:: Displaying events from your diary. | |
626 * Appointments:: Reminders when it's time to do something. | |
627 * Daylight Savings:: How to specify when daylight savings time is active. | |
628 | |
629 Movement in the Calendar | |
630 | |
631 * Calendar Unit Motion:: Moving by days, weeks, months, and years. | |
632 * Move to Beginning or End:: Moving to start/end of weeks, months, and years. | |
633 * Specified Dates:: Moving to the current date or another | |
634 specific date. | |
635 | |
636 Conversion To and From Other Calendars | |
637 | |
638 * Calendar Systems:: The calendars Emacs understands | |
639 (aside from Gregorian). | |
640 * To Other Calendar:: Converting the selected date to various calendars. | |
641 * From Other Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in another calendar. | |
642 * Mayan Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in a Mayan calendar. | |
643 | |
644 The Diary | |
645 | |
646 * Diary Commands:: Viewing diary entries and associated calendar dates. | |
647 * Format of Diary File:: Entering events in your diary. | |
648 * Date Formats:: Various ways you can specify dates. | |
649 * Adding to Diary:: Commands to create diary entries. | |
650 * Special Diary Entries:: Anniversaries, blocks of dates, cyclic entries, etc. | |
651 | |
652 @sc{Gnus} | |
653 | |
654 * Buffers of Gnus:: The group, summary, and article buffers. | |
655 * Gnus Startup:: What you should know about starting Gnus. | |
656 * Summary of Gnus:: A short description of the basic Gnus commands. | |
657 | |
658 Running Shell Commands from Emacs | |
659 | |
660 * Single Shell:: How to run one shell command and return. | |
661 * Interactive Shell:: Permanent shell taking input via Emacs. | |
662 * Shell Mode:: Special Emacs commands used with permanent shell. | |
663 * Shell History:: Repeating previous commands in a shell buffer. | |
664 * Shell Options:: Options for customizing Shell mode. | |
665 * Remote Host:: Connecting to another computer. | |
666 | |
667 Customization | |
668 | |
669 * Minor Modes:: Each minor mode is one feature you can turn on | |
670 independently of any others. | |
671 * Variables:: Many Emacs commands examine Emacs variables | |
672 to decide what to do; by setting variables, | |
673 you can control their functioning. | |
674 * Keyboard Macros:: A keyboard macro records a sequence of | |
675 keystrokes to be replayed with a single command. | |
676 * Key Bindings:: The keymaps say what command each key runs. | |
677 By changing them, you can "redefine keys". | |
678 * Keyboard Translations:: | |
679 If your keyboard passes an undesired code | |
680 for a key, you can tell Emacs to | |
681 substitute another code. | |
682 * Syntax:: The syntax table controls how words and | |
683 expressions are parsed. | |
684 * Init File:: How to write common customizations in the | |
685 @file{.emacs} file. | |
686 | |
687 Variables | |
688 | |
689 * Examining:: Examining or setting one variable's value. | |
690 * Easy Customization:: | |
691 Convenient and easy customization of variables. | |
692 * Hooks:: Hook variables let you specify programs for parts | |
693 of Emacs to run on particular occasions. | |
694 * Locals:: Per-buffer values of variables. | |
695 * File Variables:: How files can specify variable values. | |
696 | |
697 Keyboard Macros | |
698 | |
699 * Basic Kbd Macro:: Defining and running keyboard macros. | |
700 * Save Kbd Macro:: Giving keyboard macros names; saving them in files. | |
701 * Kbd Macro Query:: Making keyboard macros do different things each time. | |
702 | |
703 Customizing Key Bindings | |
704 | |
705 * Keymaps:: Generalities. The global keymap. | |
706 * Prefix Keymaps:: Keymaps for prefix keys. | |
707 * Local Keymaps:: Major and minor modes have their own keymaps. | |
708 * Minibuffer Maps:: The minibuffer uses its own local keymaps. | |
709 * Rebinding:: How to redefine one key's meaning conveniently. | |
710 * Init Rebinding:: Rebinding keys with your init file, @file{.emacs}. | |
711 * Function Keys:: Rebinding terminal function keys. | |
712 * Named ASCII Chars:: Distinguishing @key{TAB} from @kbd{C-i}, and so on. | |
713 * Mouse Buttons:: Rebinding mouse buttons in Emacs. | |
714 * Disabling:: Disabling a command means confirmation is required | |
715 before it can be executed. This is done to protect | |
716 beginners from surprises. | |
717 | |
718 The Init File, @file{~/.emacs} | |
719 | |
720 * Init Syntax:: Syntax of constants in Emacs Lisp. | |
721 * Init Examples:: How to do some things with an init file. | |
722 * Terminal Init:: Each terminal type can have an init file. | |
723 * Find Init:: How Emacs finds the init file. | |
724 | |
725 Dealing with Emacs Trouble | |
726 | |
727 * DEL Gets Help:: What to do if @key{DEL} doesn't delete. | |
728 * Stuck Recursive:: `[...]' in mode line around the parentheses. | |
729 * Screen Garbled:: Garbage on the screen. | |
730 * Text Garbled:: Garbage in the text. | |
731 * Unasked-for Search:: Spontaneous entry to incremental search. | |
732 * Memory Full:: How to cope when you run out of memory. | |
733 * Emergency Escape:: Emergency escape--- | |
734 What to do if Emacs stops responding. | |
735 * Total Frustration:: When you are at your wits' end. | |
736 | |
737 Reporting Bugs | |
738 | |
739 * Criteria: Bug Criteria. Have you really found a bug? | |
740 * Understanding Bug Reporting:: How to report a bug effectively. | |
741 * Checklist:: Steps to follow for a good bug report. | |
742 * Sending Patches:: How to send a patch for GNU Emacs. | |
743 | |
744 Command Line Options and Arguments | |
745 | |
746 * Action Arguments:: Arguments to visit files, load libraries, | |
747 and call functions. | |
748 * Initial Options:: Arguments that take effect while starting Emacs. | |
749 * Command Example:: Examples of using command line arguments. | |
750 * Resume Arguments:: Specifying arguments when you resume a running Emacs. | |
751 * Environment:: Environment variables that Emacs uses. | |
752 | |
753 * Display X:: Changing the default display and using remote login. | |
754 * Font X:: Choosing a font for text, under X. | |
755 * Colors X:: Choosing colors, under X. | |
756 * Window Size X:: Start-up window size, under X. | |
757 * Borders X:: Internal and external borders, under X. | |
758 * Title X:: Specifying the initial frame's title. | |
759 * Icons X:: Choosing what sort of icon to use, under X. | |
760 * Resources X:: Advanced use of classes and resources, under X. | |
761 * Lucid Resources:: X resources for Lucid menus. | |
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762 * LessTif Resources:: X resources for LessTif and Motif menus. |
24093 | 763 |
764 Environment Variables | |
765 | |
766 * General Variables:: Environment variables that all versions of Emacs use. | |
767 * Misc Variables:: Certain system specific variables. | |
768 | |
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769 MS-DOS and Windows 95/98/NT |
24093 | 770 |
771 * MS-DOS Input:: Keyboard and mouse usage on MS-DOS. | |
772 * MS-DOS Display:: Fonts, frames and display size on MS-DOS. | |
773 * MS-DOS File Names:: File-name conventions on MS-DOS. | |
774 * Text and Binary:: Text files on MS-DOS use CRLF to separate lines. | |
775 * MS-DOS Printing:: How to specify the printer on MS-DOS. | |
776 * MS-DOS Processes:: Running subprocesses on MS-DOS. | |
777 * Windows Processes:: Running subprocesses on Windows. | |
778 * Windows System Menu:: Controlling what the ALT key does. | |
779 @end menu | |
780 | |
781 @iftex | |
782 @unnumbered Preface | |
783 | |
784 This manual documents the use and simple customization of the Emacs | |
785 editor. The reader is not expected to be a programmer; simple | |
786 customizations do not require programming skill. But the user who is not | |
787 interested in customizing can ignore the scattered customization hints. | |
788 | |
789 This is primarily a reference manual, but can also be used as a | |
790 primer. For complete beginners, it is a good idea to start with the | |
791 on-line, learn-by-doing tutorial, before reading the manual. To run the | |
792 tutorial, start Emacs and type @kbd{C-h t}. This way you can learn | |
793 Emacs by using Emacs on a specially designed file which describes | |
794 commands, tells you when to try them, and then explains the results you | |
795 see. | |
796 | |
797 On first reading, just skim chapters 1 and 2, which describe the | |
798 notational conventions of the manual and the general appearance of the | |
799 Emacs display screen. Note which questions are answered in these | |
800 chapters, so you can refer back later. After reading chapter 4, you | |
801 should practice the commands there. The next few chapters describe | |
802 fundamental techniques and concepts that are used constantly. You need | |
803 to understand them thoroughly, experimenting with them if necessary. | |
804 | |
805 Chapters 14 through 19 describe intermediate-level features that are | |
806 useful for all kinds of editing. Chapter 20 and following chapters | |
807 describe features that you may or may not want to use; read those | |
808 chapters when you need them. | |
809 | |
810 Read the Trouble chapter if Emacs does not seem to be working | |
811 properly. It explains how to cope with some common problems | |
812 (@pxref{Lossage}), as well as when and how to report Emacs bugs | |
813 (@pxref{Bugs}). | |
814 | |
815 To find the documentation on a particular command, look in the index. | |
816 Keys (character commands) and command names have separate indexes. There | |
817 is also a glossary, with a cross reference for each term. | |
818 | |
819 This manual is available as a printed book and also as an Info file. | |
820 The Info file is for on-line perusal with the Info program, which will | |
821 be the principal way of viewing documentation on-line in the GNU system. | |
822 Both the Info file and the Info program itself are distributed along | |
823 with GNU Emacs. The Info file and the printed book contain | |
824 substantially the same text and are generated from the same source | |
825 files, which are also distributed along with GNU Emacs. | |
826 | |
827 GNU Emacs is a member of the Emacs editor family. There are many Emacs | |
828 editors, all sharing common principles of organization. For information on | |
829 the underlying philosophy of Emacs and the lessons learned from its | |
830 development, write for a copy of AI memo 519a, ``Emacs, the Extensible, | |
831 Customizable Self-Documenting Display Editor,'' to Publications Department, | |
832 Artificial Intelligence Lab, 545 Tech Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA@. At | |
833 last report they charge $2.25 per copy. Another useful publication is LCS | |
834 TM-165, ``A Cookbook for an Emacs,'' by Craig Finseth, available from | |
835 Publications Department, Laboratory for Computer Science, 545 Tech Square, | |
836 Cambridge, MA 02139, USA@. The price today is $3. | |
837 | |
838 This edition of the manual is intended for use with GNU Emacs installed | |
839 on GNU and Unix systems. GNU Emacs can also be used on VMS, MS-DOS | |
840 (also called MS-DOG), Windows NT, and Windows 95 systems. Those systems use | |
841 different file name syntax; in addition, VMS and MS-DOS do not support | |
842 all GNU Emacs features. We don't try to describe VMS usage in this | |
843 manual. @xref{MS-DOS}, for information about using Emacs on MS-DOS. | |
844 @end iftex | |
845 | |
846 @node Distrib, Copying, Top, Top | |
847 @unnumbered Distribution | |
848 | |
849 GNU Emacs is @dfn{free software}; this means that everyone is free to | |
850 use it and free to redistribute it on certain conditions. GNU Emacs is | |
851 not in the public domain; it is copyrighted and there are restrictions | |
852 on its distribution, but these restrictions are designed to permit | |
853 everything that a good cooperating citizen would want to do. What is | |
854 not allowed is to try to prevent others from further sharing any version | |
855 of GNU Emacs that they might get from you. The precise conditions are | |
856 found in the GNU General Public License that comes with Emacs and also | |
857 appears following this section. | |
858 | |
859 One way to get a copy of GNU Emacs is from someone else who has it. You | |
860 need not ask for our permission to do so, or tell any one else; just | |
861 copy it. If you have access to the Internet, you can get the latest | |
862 distribution version of GNU Emacs by anonymous FTP; see the file | |
863 @file{etc/FTP} in the Emacs distribution for more information. | |
864 | |
865 You may also receive GNU Emacs when you buy a computer. Computer | |
866 manufacturers are free to distribute copies on the same terms that apply to | |
867 everyone else. These terms require them to give you the full sources, | |
868 including whatever changes they may have made, and to permit you to | |
869 redistribute the GNU Emacs received from them under the usual terms of the | |
870 General Public License. In other words, the program must be free for you | |
871 when you get it, not just free for the manufacturer. | |
872 | |
873 You can also order copies of GNU Emacs from the Free Software Foundation | |
874 on CD-ROM@. This is a convenient and reliable way to get a copy; it is | |
875 also a good way to help fund our work. (The Foundation has always | |
876 received most of its funds in this way.) An order form is included in | |
877 the file @file{etc/ORDERS} in the Emacs distribution, and on our web | |
878 site in @url{http://www.gnu.org/order/order.html}. For further | |
879 information, write to | |
880 | |
881 @display | |
882 Free Software Foundation | |
883 59 Temple Place, Suite 330 | |
884 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
885 USA | |
886 @end display | |
887 | |
888 The income from distribution fees goes to support the foundation's | |
889 purpose: the development of new free software, and improvements to our | |
890 existing programs including GNU Emacs. | |
891 | |
892 If you find GNU Emacs useful, please @strong{send a donation} to the | |
893 Free Software Foundation to support our work. Donations to the Free | |
894 Software Foundation are tax deductible in the US. If you use GNU Emacs | |
895 at your workplace, please suggest that the company make a donation. If | |
896 company policy is unsympathetic to the idea of donating to charity, you | |
897 might instead suggest ordering a CD-ROM from the Foundation | |
898 occasionally, or subscribing to periodic updates. | |
899 | |
900 @iftex | |
901 Contributors to GNU Emacs include Per Abrahamsen, Jay K. Adams, Joe | |
902 Arceneaux, Boaz Ben-Zvi, Jim Blandy, Terrence Brannon, Frank Bresz, | |
903 Peter Breton, Kevin Broadey, Vincent Broman, David M. Brown, Bill | |
904 Carpenter, Hans Chalupsky, Bob Chassell, James Clark, Mike Clarkson, | |
905 Glynn Clements, Andrew Csillag, Doug Cutting, Michael DeCorte, Gary | |
906 Delp, Matthieu Devin, Eri Ding, Carsten Dominik, Scott Draves, Viktor | |
907 Dukhovni, John Eaton, Rolf Ebert, Stephen Eglen, Torbj@"orn Einarsson, | |
908 Tsugumoto Enami, Hans Henrik Eriksen, Michael Ernst, Ata Etemadi, | |
909 Frederick Farnback, Fred Fish, Karl Fogel, Gary Foster, Noah Friedman, | |
910 Keith Gabryelski, Kevin Gallagher, Kevin Gallo, Howard Gayle, Stephen | |
911 Gildea, David Gillespie, Bob Glickstein, Boris Goldowsky, Michelangelo | |
24882 | 912 Grigni, Michael Gschwind, Henry Guillaume, Doug Gwyn, Ken'ichi Handa, |
24093 | 913 Chris Hanson, K. Shane Hartman, John Heidemann, Markus Heritsch, Karl |
914 Heuer, Manabu Higashida, Anders Holst, Kurt Hornik, Tom Houlder, Lars | |
915 Ingebrigtsen, Andrew Innes, Michael K. Johnson, Kyle Jones, Tomoji | |
916 Kagatani, Brewster Kahle, David Kaufman, Henry Kautz, Howard Kaye, | |
917 Michael Kifer, Richard King, Larry K. Kolodney, Robert Krawitz, | |
918 Sebastian Kremer, Geoff Kuenning, David K@aa gedal, Daniel LaLiberte, | |
919 Aaron Larson, James R. Larus, Frederic Lepied, Lars Lindberg, Eric | |
920 Ludlam, Neil M. Mager, Ken Manheimer, Bill Mann, Brian Marick, Simon | |
921 Marshall, Bengt Martensson, Charlie Martin, Thomas May, Roland McGrath, | |
922 David Megginson, Wayne Mesard, Richard Mlynarik, Keith Moore, Erik | |
923 Naggum, Thomas Neumann, Mike Newton, Jurgen Nickelsen, Jeff Norden, | |
924 Andrew Norman, Jeff Peck, Damon Anton Permezel, Tom Perrine, Jens | |
925 Petersen, Daniel Pfeiffer, Fred Pierresteguy, Christian Plaunt, | |
926 Francesco A. Potorti, Michael D. Prange, Ashwin Ram, Eric S. Raymond, | |
927 Paul Reilly, Edward M. Reingold, Rob Riepel, Roland B. Roberts, John | |
928 Robinson, Danny Roozendaal, William Rosenblatt, Guillermo J. Rozas, Ivar | |
929 Rummelhoff, Wolfgang Rupprecht, James B. Salem, Masahiko Sato, William | |
930 Schelter, Ralph Schleicher, Gregor Schmid, Michael Schmidt, Ronald | |
931 S. Schnell, Philippe Schnoebelen, Stephen Schoef, Randal Schwartz, | |
932 Manuel Serrano, Stanislav Shalunov, Mark Shapiro, Richard Sharman, Olin | |
933 Shivers, Espen Skoglund, Rick Sladkey, Lynn Slater, Chris Smith, David | |
934 Smith, Paul D. Smith, William Sommerfeld, Michael Staats, Sam Steingold, | |
935 Ake Stenhoff, Peter Stephenson, Jonathan Stigelman, Steve Strassman, | |
936 Jens T. Berger Thielemann, Spencer Thomas, Jim Thompson, Masanobu Umeda, | |
937 Neil W. Van Dyke, Ulrik Vieth, Geoffrey Voelker, Johan Vromans, Barry | |
938 Warsaw, Morten Welinder, Joseph Brian Wells, Rodney Whitby, Ed | |
939 Wilkinson, Mike Williams, Steven A. Wood, Dale R. Worley, Felix | |
940 S. T. Wu, Tom Wurgler, Eli Zaretskii, Jamie Zawinski, Ian T. Zimmermann, | |
941 Reto Zimmermann, and Neal Ziring. | |
942 @end iftex | |
943 | |
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944 @node Copying, GNU Free Documentation License, Distrib, Top |
24093 | 945 @unnumbered GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE |
946 @center Version 2, June 1991 | |
947 | |
948 @display | |
949 Copyright @copyright{} 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
950 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
951 | |
952 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies | |
953 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. | |
954 @end display | |
955 | |
956 @unnumberedsec Preamble | |
957 | |
958 The licenses for most software are designed to take away your | |
959 freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public | |
960 License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free | |
961 software---to make sure the software is free for all its users. This | |
962 General Public License applies to most of the Free Software | |
963 Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to | |
964 using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by | |
965 the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to | |
966 your programs, too. | |
967 | |
968 When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not | |
969 price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you | |
970 have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for | |
971 this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it | |
972 if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it | |
973 in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. | |
974 | |
975 To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid | |
976 anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. | |
977 These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you | |
978 distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. | |
979 | |
980 For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether | |
981 gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that | |
982 you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the | |
983 source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their | |
984 rights. | |
985 | |
986 We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and | |
987 (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, | |
988 distribute and/or modify the software. | |
989 | |
990 Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain | |
991 that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free | |
992 software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we | |
993 want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so | |
994 that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original | |
995 authors' reputations. | |
996 | |
997 Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software | |
998 patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free | |
999 program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the | |
1000 program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any | |
1001 patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all. | |
1002 | |
1003 The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and | |
1004 modification follow. | |
1005 | |
1006 @iftex | |
1007 @unnumberedsec TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION | |
1008 @end iftex | |
1009 @ifinfo | |
1010 @center TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION | |
1011 @end ifinfo | |
1012 | |
1013 @enumerate 0 | |
1014 @item | |
1015 This License applies to any program or other work which contains | |
1016 a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed | |
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1017 under the terms of this General Public License. The ``Program,'' below, |
24093 | 1018 refers to any such program or work, and a ``work based on the Program'' |
1019 means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: | |
1020 that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, | |
1021 either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another | |
1022 language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in | |
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1023 the term ``modification.'') Each licensee is addressed as ``you.'' |
24093 | 1024 |
1025 Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not | |
1026 covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of | |
1027 running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program | |
1028 is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the | |
1029 Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). | |
1030 Whether that is true depends on what the Program does. | |
1031 | |
1032 @item | |
1033 You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's | |
1034 source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you | |
1035 conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate | |
1036 copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the | |
1037 notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; | |
1038 and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License | |
1039 along with the Program. | |
1040 | |
1041 You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and | |
1042 you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee. | |
1043 | |
1044 @item | |
1045 You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion | |
1046 of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and | |
1047 distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 | |
1048 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: | |
1049 | |
1050 @enumerate a | |
1051 @item | |
1052 You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices | |
1053 stating that you changed the files and the date of any change. | |
1054 | |
1055 @item | |
1056 You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in | |
1057 whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any | |
1058 part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third | |
1059 parties under the terms of this License. | |
1060 | |
1061 @item | |
1062 If the modified program normally reads commands interactively | |
1063 when run, you must cause it, when started running for such | |
1064 interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an | |
1065 announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a | |
1066 notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide | |
1067 a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under | |
1068 these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this | |
1069 License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but | |
1070 does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on | |
1071 the Program is not required to print an announcement.) | |
1072 @end enumerate | |
1073 | |
1074 These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If | |
1075 identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, | |
1076 and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in | |
1077 themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those | |
1078 sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you | |
1079 distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based | |
1080 on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of | |
1081 this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the | |
1082 entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it. | |
1083 | |
1084 Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest | |
1085 your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to | |
1086 exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or | |
1087 collective works based on the Program. | |
1088 | |
1089 In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program | |
1090 with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of | |
1091 a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under | |
1092 the scope of this License. | |
1093 | |
1094 @item | |
1095 You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, | |
1096 under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of | |
1097 Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following: | |
1098 | |
1099 @enumerate a | |
1100 @item | |
1101 Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable | |
1102 source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections | |
1103 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or, | |
1104 | |
1105 @item | |
1106 Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three | |
1107 years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your | |
1108 cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete | |
1109 machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be | |
1110 distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium | |
1111 customarily used for software interchange; or, | |
1112 | |
1113 @item | |
1114 Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer | |
1115 to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is | |
1116 allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you | |
1117 received the program in object code or executable form with such | |
1118 an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.) | |
1119 @end enumerate | |
1120 | |
1121 The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for | |
1122 making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source | |
1123 code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any | |
1124 associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to | |
1125 control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a | |
1126 special exception, the source code distributed need not include | |
1127 anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary | |
1128 form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the | |
1129 operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component | |
1130 itself accompanies the executable. | |
1131 | |
1132 If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering | |
1133 access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent | |
1134 access to copy the source code from the same place counts as | |
1135 distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not | |
1136 compelled to copy the source along with the object code. | |
1137 | |
1138 @item | |
1139 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program | |
1140 except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt | |
1141 otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is | |
1142 void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. | |
1143 However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under | |
1144 this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such | |
1145 parties remain in full compliance. | |
1146 | |
1147 @item | |
1148 You are not required to accept this License, since you have not | |
1149 signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or | |
1150 distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are | |
1151 prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by | |
1152 modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the | |
1153 Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and | |
1154 all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying | |
1155 the Program or works based on it. | |
1156 | |
1157 @item | |
1158 Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the | |
1159 Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the | |
1160 original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to | |
1161 these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further | |
1162 restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. | |
1163 You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to | |
1164 this License. | |
1165 | |
1166 @item | |
1167 If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent | |
1168 infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), | |
1169 conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or | |
1170 otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not | |
1171 excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot | |
1172 distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this | |
1173 License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you | |
1174 may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent | |
1175 license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by | |
1176 all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then | |
1177 the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to | |
1178 refrain entirely from distribution of the Program. | |
1179 | |
1180 If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under | |
1181 any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to | |
1182 apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other | |
1183 circumstances. | |
1184 | |
1185 It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any | |
1186 patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any | |
1187 such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the | |
1188 integrity of the free software distribution system, which is | |
1189 implemented by public license practices. Many people have made | |
1190 generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed | |
1191 through that system in reliance on consistent application of that | |
1192 system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing | |
1193 to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot | |
1194 impose that choice. | |
1195 | |
1196 This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to | |
1197 be a consequence of the rest of this License. | |
1198 | |
1199 @item | |
1200 If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in | |
1201 certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the | |
1202 original copyright holder who places the Program under this License | |
1203 may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding | |
1204 those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among | |
1205 countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates | |
1206 the limitation as if written in the body of this License. | |
1207 | |
1208 @item | |
1209 The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions | |
1210 of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will | |
1211 be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to | |
1212 address new problems or concerns. | |
1213 | |
1214 Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program | |
1215 specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and ``any | |
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1216 later version,'' you have the option of following the terms and conditions |
24093 | 1217 either of that version or of any later version published by the Free |
1218 Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of | |
1219 this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software | |
1220 Foundation. | |
1221 | |
1222 @item | |
1223 If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free | |
1224 programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author | |
1225 to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free | |
1226 Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes | |
1227 make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals | |
1228 of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and | |
1229 of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. | |
1230 | |
1231 @iftex | |
1232 @heading NO WARRANTY | |
1233 @end iftex | |
1234 @ifinfo | |
1235 @center NO WARRANTY | |
1236 @end ifinfo | |
1237 | |
1238 @item | |
1239 BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY | |
1240 FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW@. EXCEPT WHEN | |
1241 OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES | |
1242 PROVIDE THE PROGRAM ``AS IS'' WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED | |
1243 OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF | |
1244 MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE@. THE ENTIRE RISK AS | |
1245 TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU@. SHOULD THE | |
1246 PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, | |
1247 REPAIR OR CORRECTION. | |
1248 | |
1249 @item | |
1250 IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING | |
1251 WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR | |
1252 REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, | |
1253 INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING | |
1254 OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED | |
1255 TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY | |
1256 YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER | |
1257 PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE | |
1258 POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. | |
1259 @end enumerate | |
1260 | |
1261 @iftex | |
1262 @heading END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS | |
1263 @end iftex | |
1264 @ifinfo | |
1265 @center END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS | |
1266 @end ifinfo | |
1267 | |
1268 @page | |
1269 @unnumberedsec How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs | |
1270 | |
1271 If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest | |
1272 possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it | |
1273 free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. | |
1274 | |
1275 To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest | |
1276 to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively | |
1277 convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least | |
1278 the ``copyright'' line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. | |
1279 | |
1280 @smallexample | |
1281 @var{one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does.} | |
1282 Copyright (C) 19@var{yy} @var{name of author} | |
1283 | |
1284 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or | |
1285 modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License | |
1286 as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 | |
1287 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. | |
1288 | |
1289 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, | |
1290 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of | |
1291 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE@. See the | |
1292 GNU General Public License for more details. | |
1293 | |
1294 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along | |
1295 with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., | |
1296 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. | |
1297 @end smallexample | |
1298 | |
1299 Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. | |
1300 | |
1301 If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this | |
1302 when it starts in an interactive mode: | |
1303 | |
1304 @smallexample | |
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1305 Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 20@var{yy} @var{name of author} |
24093 | 1306 Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details |
1307 type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome | |
1308 to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' | |
1309 for details. | |
1310 @end smallexample | |
1311 | |
1312 The hypothetical commands @samp{show w} and @samp{show c} should show | |
1313 the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the | |
1314 commands you use may be called something other than @samp{show w} and | |
1315 @samp{show c}; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items---whatever | |
1316 suits your program. | |
1317 | |
1318 You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your | |
1319 school, if any, to sign a ``copyright disclaimer'' for the program, if | |
1320 necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: | |
1321 | |
1322 @smallexample | |
1323 @group | |
1324 Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright | |
1325 interest in the program `Gnomovision' | |
1326 (which makes passes at compilers) written | |
1327 by James Hacker. | |
1328 | |
1329 @var{signature of Ty Coon}, 1 April 1989 | |
1330 Ty Coon, President of Vice | |
1331 @end group | |
1332 @end smallexample | |
1333 | |
1334 This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into | |
1335 proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may | |
1336 consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the | |
1337 library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General | |
1338 Public License instead of this License. | |
1339 | |
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1340 @include doclicense.texi |
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1341 |
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1342 @node Intro, Glossary, GNU Free Documentation License, Top |
24093 | 1343 @unnumbered Introduction |
1344 | |
1345 You are reading about GNU Emacs, the GNU incarnation of the advanced, | |
1346 self-documenting, customizable, extensible real-time display editor Emacs. | |
1347 (The `G' in `GNU' is not silent.) | |
1348 | |
1349 We say that Emacs is a @dfn{display} editor because normally the text | |
1350 being edited is visible on the screen and is updated automatically as you | |
1351 type your commands. @xref{Screen,Display}. | |
1352 | |
1353 We call it a @dfn{real-time} editor because the display is updated very | |
1354 frequently, usually after each character or pair of characters you | |
1355 type. This minimizes the amount of information you must keep in your | |
1356 head as you edit. @xref{Basic,Real-time,Basic Editing}. | |
1357 | |
1358 We call Emacs advanced because it provides facilities that go beyond | |
1359 simple insertion and deletion: controlling subprocesses; automatic | |
1360 indentation of programs; viewing two or more files at once; editing | |
1361 formatted text; and dealing in terms of characters, words, lines, | |
1362 sentences, paragraphs, and pages, as well as expressions and comments in | |
1363 several different programming languages. | |
1364 | |
1365 @dfn{Self-documenting} means that at any time you can type a special | |
1366 character, @kbd{Control-h}, to find out what your options are. You can | |
1367 also use it to find out what any command does, or to find all the commands | |
1368 that pertain to a topic. @xref{Help}. | |
1369 | |
1370 @dfn{Customizable} means that you can change the definitions of Emacs | |
1371 commands in little ways. For example, if you use a programming language in | |
1372 which comments start with @samp{<**} and end with @samp{**>}, you can tell | |
1373 the Emacs comment manipulation commands to use those strings | |
1374 (@pxref{Comments}). Another sort of customization is rearrangement of the | |
1375 command set. For example, if you prefer the four basic cursor motion | |
1376 commands (up, down, left and right) on keys in a diamond pattern on the | |
1377 keyboard, you can rebind the keys that way. @xref{Customization}. | |
1378 | |
1379 @dfn{Extensible} means that you can go beyond simple customization and | |
1380 write entirely new commands, programs in the Lisp language to be run by | |
1381 Emacs's own Lisp interpreter. Emacs is an ``on-line extensible'' | |
1382 system, which means that it is divided into many functions that call | |
1383 each other, any of which can be redefined in the middle of an editing | |
1384 session. Almost any part of Emacs can be replaced without making a | |
1385 separate copy of all of Emacs. Most of the editing commands of Emacs | |
1386 are written in Lisp already; the few exceptions could have been written | |
1387 in Lisp but are written in C for efficiency. Although only a programmer | |
1388 can write an extension, anybody can use it afterward. If you want to | |
1389 learn Emacs Lisp programming, we recommend the @cite{Introduction to | |
1390 Emacs Lisp} by Robert J. Chassell, also published by the Free Software | |
1391 Foundation. | |
1392 | |
1393 When run under the X Window System, Emacs provides its own menus and | |
1394 convenient bindings to mouse buttons. But Emacs can provide many of the | |
1395 benefits of a window system on a text-only terminal. For instance, you | |
1396 can look at or edit several files at once, move text between files, and | |
1397 edit files while running shell commands. | |
1398 | |
1399 @include screen.texi | |
1400 @include commands.texi | |
1401 @include entering.texi | |
1402 @include basic.texi | |
1403 @include mini.texi | |
1404 @include m-x.texi | |
1405 @include help.texi | |
1406 @include mark.texi | |
1407 @include killing.texi | |
1408 @include regs.texi | |
1409 @include display.texi | |
1410 @include search.texi | |
1411 @include fixit.texi | |
1412 @include files.texi | |
1413 @include buffers.texi | |
1414 @include windows.texi | |
1415 @include frames.texi | |
1416 @include mule.texi | |
1417 @include major.texi | |
1418 @include indent.texi | |
1419 @include text.texi | |
1420 @include programs.texi | |
1421 @include building.texi | |
1422 @include abbrevs.texi | |
1423 @include picture.texi | |
1424 @include sending.texi | |
1425 @include rmail.texi | |
1426 @include dired.texi | |
1427 @include calendar.texi | |
1428 @include misc.texi | |
1429 @include custom.texi | |
1430 @include trouble.texi | |
1431 @include cmdargs.texi | |
1432 | |
1433 @include anti.texi | |
34199 | 1434 @include macos.texi |
24093 | 1435 @include msdog.texi |
1436 @include gnu.texi | |
1437 @include glossary.texi | |
1438 @ifinfo | |
1439 @include ack.texi | |
1440 @end ifinfo | |
1441 | |
1442 @node Key Index, Command Index, Glossary, Top | |
1443 @unnumbered Key (Character) Index | |
1444 @printindex ky | |
1445 | |
1446 @node Command Index, Variable Index, Key Index, Top | |
1447 @unnumbered Command and Function Index | |
1448 @printindex fn | |
1449 | |
1450 @node Variable Index, Concept Index, Command Index, Top | |
1451 @unnumbered Variable Index | |
1452 @printindex vr | |
1453 | |
1454 @node Concept Index, Acknowledgments, Variable Index, Top | |
1455 @unnumbered Concept Index | |
1456 @printindex cp | |
1457 | |
1458 @summarycontents | |
1459 @contents | |
1460 @bye | |
1461 |