annotate man/search.texi @ 29548:71b284c55162

(define-minor-mode): If KEYMAP is a symbol, just use it. Use byte-compile-current-file and load-file-name to infer the proper :require to pass to defcustom. Wrap the hook var into `progn' so as not to autoload it. Add a :autoload-end cookie. Be more careful about the evaluation of KEYMAP. (easy-mmode-define-global-mode): Add a :autoload-end cookie. (define-derived-mode): Move define-abbrev-table outside of defvar.
author Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
date Sun, 11 Jun 2000 04:55:57 +0000
parents ec699636f83a
children 65af0f27a892
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1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual.
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 97, 2000
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3 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
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5 @node Search, Fixit, Display, Top
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6 @chapter Searching and Replacement
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7 @cindex searching
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8 @cindex finding strings within text
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9
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10 Like other editors, Emacs has commands for searching for occurrences of
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11 a string. The principal search command is unusual in that it is
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12 @dfn{incremental}; it begins to search before you have finished typing the
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13 search string. There are also nonincremental search commands more like
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14 those of other editors.
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15
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16 Besides the usual @code{replace-string} command that finds all
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17 occurrences of one string and replaces them with another, Emacs has a fancy
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18 replacement command called @code{query-replace} which asks interactively
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19 which occurrences to replace.
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20
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21 @menu
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22 * Incremental Search:: Search happens as you type the string.
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23 * Nonincremental Search:: Specify entire string and then search.
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24 * Word Search:: Search for sequence of words.
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25 * Regexp Search:: Search for match for a regexp.
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26 * Regexps:: Syntax of regular expressions.
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27 * Search Case:: To ignore case while searching, or not.
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28 * Replace:: Search, and replace some or all matches.
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29 * Other Repeating Search:: Operating on all matches for some regexp.
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30 @end menu
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31
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32 @node Incremental Search, Nonincremental Search, Search, Search
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33 @section Incremental Search
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34
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35 @cindex incremental search
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36 An incremental search begins searching as soon as you type the first
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37 character of the search string. As you type in the search string, Emacs
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38 shows you where the string (as you have typed it so far) would be
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39 found. When you have typed enough characters to identify the place you
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40 want, you can stop. Depending on what you plan to do next, you may or
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41 may not need to terminate the search explicitly with @key{RET}.
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42
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43 @c WideCommands
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44 @table @kbd
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45 @item C-s
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46 Incremental search forward (@code{isearch-forward}).
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47 @item C-r
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48 Incremental search backward (@code{isearch-backward}).
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49 @end table
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50
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51 @kindex C-s
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52 @findex isearch-forward
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53 @kbd{C-s} starts an incremental search. @kbd{C-s} reads characters from
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54 the keyboard and positions the cursor at the first occurrence of the
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55 characters that you have typed. If you type @kbd{C-s} and then @kbd{F},
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56 the cursor moves right after the first @samp{F}. Type an @kbd{O}, and see
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57 the cursor move to after the first @samp{FO}. After another @kbd{O}, the
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58 cursor is after the first @samp{FOO} after the place where you started the
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59 search. At each step, the buffer text that matches the search string is
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60 highlighted, if the terminal can do that; at each step, the current search
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61 string is updated in the echo area.
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62
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63 If you make a mistake in typing the search string, you can cancel
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64 characters with @key{DEL}. Each @key{DEL} cancels the last character of
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65 search string. This does not happen until Emacs is ready to read another
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66 input character; first it must either find, or fail to find, the character
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67 you want to erase. If you do not want to wait for this to happen, use
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68 @kbd{C-g} as described below.
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69
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70 When you are satisfied with the place you have reached, you can type
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71 @key{RET}, which stops searching, leaving the cursor where the search
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72 brought it. Also, any command not specially meaningful in searches
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73 stops the searching and is then executed. Thus, typing @kbd{C-a} would
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74 exit the search and then move to the beginning of the line. @key{RET}
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75 is necessary only if the next command you want to type is a printing
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76 character, @key{DEL}, @key{RET}, or another control character that is
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77 special within searches (@kbd{C-q}, @kbd{C-w}, @kbd{C-r}, @kbd{C-s},
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78 @kbd{C-y}, @kbd{M-y}, @kbd{M-r}, or @kbd{M-s}).
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79
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80 Sometimes you search for @samp{FOO} and find it, but not the one you
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81 expected to find. There was a second @samp{FOO} that you forgot about,
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82 before the one you were aiming for. In this event, type another @kbd{C-s}
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83 to move to the next occurrence of the search string. This can be done any
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84 number of times. If you overshoot, you can cancel some @kbd{C-s}
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85 characters with @key{DEL}.
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86
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87 After you exit a search, you can search for the same string again by
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88 typing just @kbd{C-s C-s}: the first @kbd{C-s} is the key that invokes
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89 incremental search, and the second @kbd{C-s} means ``search again.''
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90
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91 To reuse earlier search strings, use the @dfn{search ring}. The
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92 commands @kbd{M-p} and @kbd{M-n} move through the ring to pick a search
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93 string to reuse. These commands leave the selected search ring element
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94 in the minibuffer, where you can edit it. Type @kbd{C-s} or @kbd{C-r}
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95 to terminate editing the string and search for it.
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96
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97 If your string is not found at all, the echo area says @samp{Failing
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98 I-Search}. The cursor is after the place where Emacs found as much of your
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99 string as it could. Thus, if you search for @samp{FOOT}, and there is no
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100 @samp{FOOT}, you might see the cursor after the @samp{FOO} in @samp{FOOL}.
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101 At this point there are several things you can do. If your string was
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102 mistyped, you can rub some of it out and correct it. If you like the place
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103 you have found, you can type @key{RET} or some other Emacs command to
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104 ``accept what the search offered.'' Or you can type @kbd{C-g}, which
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105 removes from the search string the characters that could not be found (the
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106 @samp{T} in @samp{FOOT}), leaving those that were found (the @samp{FOO} in
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107 @samp{FOOT}). A second @kbd{C-g} at that point cancels the search
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108 entirely, returning point to where it was when the search started.
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109
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110 An upper-case letter in the search string makes the search
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111 case-sensitive. If you delete the upper-case character from the search
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112 string, it ceases to have this effect. @xref{Search Case}.
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113
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114 If a search is failing and you ask to repeat it by typing another
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115 @kbd{C-s}, it starts again from the beginning of the buffer. Repeating
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116 a failing reverse search with @kbd{C-r} starts again from the end. This
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117 is called @dfn{wrapping around}. @samp{Wrapped} appears in the search
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118 prompt once this has happened. If you keep on going past the original
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119 starting point of the search, it changes to @samp{Overwrapped}, which
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120 means that you are revisiting matches that you have already seen.
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121
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122 @cindex quitting (in search)
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123 The @kbd{C-g} ``quit'' character does special things during searches;
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124 just what it does depends on the status of the search. If the search has
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125 found what you specified and is waiting for input, @kbd{C-g} cancels the
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126 entire search. The cursor moves back to where you started the search. If
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127 @kbd{C-g} is typed when there are characters in the search string that have
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128 not been found---because Emacs is still searching for them, or because it
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129 has failed to find them---then the search string characters which have not
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130 been found are discarded from the search string. With them gone, the
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131 search is now successful and waiting for more input, so a second @kbd{C-g}
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132 will cancel the entire search.
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133
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134 To search for a newline, type @kbd{C-j}. To search for another
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135 control character, such as control-S or carriage return, you must quote
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136 it by typing @kbd{C-q} first. This function of @kbd{C-q} is analogous
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137 to its use for insertion (@pxref{Inserting Text}): it causes the
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138 following character to be treated the way any ``ordinary'' character is
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139 treated in the same context. You can also specify a character by its
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140 octal code: enter @kbd{C-q} followed by a sequence of octal digits.
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141
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142 You can change to searching backwards with @kbd{C-r}. If a search fails
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143 because the place you started was too late in the file, you should do this.
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144 Repeated @kbd{C-r} keeps looking for more occurrences backwards. A
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145 @kbd{C-s} starts going forwards again. @kbd{C-r} in a search can be canceled
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146 with @key{DEL}.
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147
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148 @kindex C-r
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149 @findex isearch-backward
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150 If you know initially that you want to search backwards, you can use
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151 @kbd{C-r} instead of @kbd{C-s} to start the search, because @kbd{C-r} as
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152 a key runs a command (@code{isearch-backward}) to search backward. A
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153 backward search finds matches that are entirely before the starting
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154 point, just as a forward search finds matches that begin after it.
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155
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156 The characters @kbd{C-y} and @kbd{C-w} can be used in incremental
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157 search to grab text from the buffer into the search string. This makes
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158 it convenient to search for another occurrence of text at point.
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159 @kbd{C-w} copies the word after point as part of the search string,
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160 advancing point over that word. Another @kbd{C-s} to repeat the search
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161 will then search for a string including that word. @kbd{C-y} is similar
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162 to @kbd{C-w} but copies all the rest of the current line into the search
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163 string. Both @kbd{C-y} and @kbd{C-w} convert the text they copy to
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164 lower case if the search is currently not case-sensitive; this is so the
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165 search remains case-insensitive.
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166
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167 The character @kbd{M-y} copies text from the kill ring into the search
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168 string. It uses the same text that @kbd{C-y} as a command would yank.
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169 @kbd{mouse-2} in the echo area does the same.
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170 @xref{Yanking}.
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171
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172 When you exit the incremental search, it sets the mark to where point
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173 @emph{was}, before the search. That is convenient for moving back
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174 there. In Transient Mark mode, incremental search sets the mark without
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175 activating it, and does so only if the mark is not already active.
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176
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177 @cindex lazy search highlighting
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178 By default, Isearch uses @dfn{lazy highlighting}. All matches for
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179 the current search string in the buffer after the point where searching
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180 starts are highlighted. The extra highlighting makes it easier to
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181 anticipate where the cursor will end up each time you press @kbd{C-s} or
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182 @kbd{C-r} to repeat a pending search. Highlighting of these additional
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183 matches happens in a deferred fashion so as not to rob Isearch of its
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184 usual snappy response.
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185 @vindex isearch-lazy-highlight-cleanup
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186 By default the highlighting of matches is cleared when you end the
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187 search. Customize the variable @code{isearch-lazy-highlight-cleanup} to
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188 avoid cleaning up automatically. The command @kbd{M-x
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189 isearch-lazy-highlight-cleanup} can be used to clean up manually.
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190 @vindex isearch-lazy-highlight
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191 Customize the variable @code{isearch-lazy-highlight} to turn off this
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192 feature.
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193
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194 @vindex isearch-mode-map
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195 To customize the special characters that incremental search understands,
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196 alter their bindings in the keymap @code{isearch-mode-map}. For a list
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197 of bindings, look at the documentation of @code{isearch-mode} with
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198 @kbd{C-h f isearch-mode @key{RET}}.
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199
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200 @subsection Slow Terminal Incremental Search
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201
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202 Incremental search on a slow terminal uses a modified style of display
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203 that is designed to take less time. Instead of redisplaying the buffer at
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204 each place the search gets to, it creates a new single-line window and uses
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205 that to display the line that the search has found. The single-line window
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206 comes into play as soon as point gets outside of the text that is already
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207 on the screen.
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208
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209 When you terminate the search, the single-line window is removed.
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210 Then Emacs redisplays the window in which the search was done, to show
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211 its new position of point.
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212
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213 @ignore
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214 The three dots at the end of the search string, normally used to indicate
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215 that searching is going on, are not displayed in slow style display.
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216 @end ignore
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217
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218 @vindex search-slow-speed
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219 The slow terminal style of display is used when the terminal baud rate is
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220 less than or equal to the value of the variable @code{search-slow-speed},
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221 initially 1200.
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222
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223 @vindex search-slow-window-lines
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224 The number of lines to use in slow terminal search display is controlled
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225 by the variable @code{search-slow-window-lines}. Its normal value is 1.
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226
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227 @node Nonincremental Search, Word Search, Incremental Search, Search
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228 @section Nonincremental Search
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229 @cindex nonincremental search
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230
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231 Emacs also has conventional nonincremental search commands, which require
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232 you to type the entire search string before searching begins.
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233
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234 @table @kbd
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235 @item C-s @key{RET} @var{string} @key{RET}
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236 Search for @var{string}.
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237 @item C-r @key{RET} @var{string} @key{RET}
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238 Search backward for @var{string}.
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239 @end table
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240
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241 To do a nonincremental search, first type @kbd{C-s @key{RET}}. This
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242 enters the minibuffer to read the search string; terminate the string
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243 with @key{RET}, and then the search takes place. If the string is not
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244 found, the search command gets an error.
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245
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246 The way @kbd{C-s @key{RET}} works is that the @kbd{C-s} invokes
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247 incremental search, which is specially programmed to invoke nonincremental
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248 search if the argument you give it is empty. (Such an empty argument would
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249 otherwise be useless.) @kbd{C-r @key{RET}} also works this way.
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250
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251 However, nonincremental searches performed using @kbd{C-s @key{RET}} do
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252 not call @code{search-forward} right away. The first thing done is to see
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253 if the next character is @kbd{C-w}, which requests a word search.
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254 @ifinfo
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255 @xref{Word Search}.
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256 @end ifinfo
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257
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258 @findex search-forward
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259 @findex search-backward
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260 Forward and backward nonincremental searches are implemented by the
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261 commands @code{search-forward} and @code{search-backward}. These
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262 commands may be bound to keys in the usual manner. The feature that you
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263 can get to them via the incremental search commands exists for
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264 historical reasons, and to avoid the need to find suitable key sequences
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265 for them.
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266
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267 @node Word Search, Regexp Search, Nonincremental Search, Search
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268 @section Word Search
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269 @cindex word search
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270
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271 Word search searches for a sequence of words without regard to how the
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272 words are separated. More precisely, you type a string of many words,
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273 using single spaces to separate them, and the string can be found even if
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274 there are multiple spaces, newlines or other punctuation between the words.
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275
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276 Word search is useful for editing a printed document made with a text
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277 formatter. If you edit while looking at the printed, formatted version,
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278 you can't tell where the line breaks are in the source file. With word
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279 search, you can search without having to know them.
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280
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281 @table @kbd
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282 @item C-s @key{RET} C-w @var{words} @key{RET}
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283 Search for @var{words}, ignoring details of punctuation.
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284 @item C-r @key{RET} C-w @var{words} @key{RET}
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285 Search backward for @var{words}, ignoring details of punctuation.
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286 @end table
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287
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288 Word search is a special case of nonincremental search and is invoked
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289 with @kbd{C-s @key{RET} C-w}. This is followed by the search string,
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290 which must always be terminated with @key{RET}. Being nonincremental,
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291 this search does not start until the argument is terminated. It works
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292 by constructing a regular expression and searching for that; see
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293 @ref{Regexp Search}.
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294
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295 Use @kbd{C-r @key{RET} C-w} to do backward word search.
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296
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297 @findex word-search-forward
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298 @findex word-search-backward
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299 Forward and backward word searches are implemented by the commands
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300 @code{word-search-forward} and @code{word-search-backward}. These
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301 commands may be bound to keys in the usual manner. The feature that you
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302 can get to them via the incremental search commands exists for historical
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303 reasons, and to avoid the need to find suitable key sequences for them.
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304
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305 @node Regexp Search, Regexps, Word Search, Search
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306 @section Regular Expression Search
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307 @cindex regular expression
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308 @cindex regexp
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309
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310 A @dfn{regular expression} (@dfn{regexp}, for short) is a pattern that
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311 denotes a class of alternative strings to match, possibly infinitely
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312 many. In GNU Emacs, you can search for the next match for a regexp
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313 either incrementally or not.
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314
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315 @kindex C-M-s
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316 @findex isearch-forward-regexp
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317 @kindex C-M-r
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318 @findex isearch-backward-regexp
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319 Incremental search for a regexp is done by typing @kbd{C-M-s}
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320 (@code{isearch-forward-regexp}). This command reads a search string
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321 incrementally just like @kbd{C-s}, but it treats the search string as a
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322 regexp rather than looking for an exact match against the text in the
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323 buffer. Each time you add text to the search string, you make the
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324 regexp longer, and the new regexp is searched for. Invoking @kbd{C-s}
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325 with a prefix argument (its value does not matter) is another way to do
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326 a forward incremental regexp search. To search backward for a regexp,
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327 use @kbd{C-M-r} (@code{isearch-backward-regexp}), or @kbd{C-r} with a
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328 prefix argument.
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329
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330 All of the control characters that do special things within an
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331 ordinary incremental search have the same function in incremental regexp
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332 search. Typing @kbd{C-s} or @kbd{C-r} immediately after starting the
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333 search retrieves the last incremental search regexp used; that is to
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334 say, incremental regexp and non-regexp searches have independent
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335 defaults. They also have separate search rings that you can access with
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336 @kbd{M-p} and @kbd{M-n}.
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337
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338 If you type @key{SPC} in incremental regexp search, it matches any
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339 sequence of whitespace characters, including newlines. If you want
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340 to match just a space, type @kbd{C-q @key{SPC}}.
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341
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342 Note that adding characters to the regexp in an incremental regexp
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343 search can make the cursor move back and start again. For example, if
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344 you have searched for @samp{foo} and you add @samp{\|bar}, the cursor
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345 backs up in case the first @samp{bar} precedes the first @samp{foo}.
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346
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347 @findex re-search-forward
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348 @findex re-search-backward
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349 Nonincremental search for a regexp is done by the functions
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350 @code{re-search-forward} and @code{re-search-backward}. You can invoke
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351 these with @kbd{M-x}, or bind them to keys, or invoke them by way of
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352 incremental regexp search with @kbd{C-M-s @key{RET}} and @kbd{C-M-r
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353 @key{RET}}.
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354
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355 If you use the incremental regexp search commands with a prefix
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356 argument, they perform ordinary string search, like
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357 @code{isearch-forward} and @code{isearch-backward}. @xref{Incremental
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358 Search}.
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359
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360 @node Regexps, Search Case, Regexp Search, Search
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361 @section Syntax of Regular Expressions
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362 @cindex regexp syntax
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363
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364 Regular expressions have a syntax in which a few characters are
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365 special constructs and the rest are @dfn{ordinary}. An ordinary
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366 character is a simple regular expression which matches that same
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367 character and nothing else. The special characters are @samp{$},
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368 @samp{^}, @samp{.}, @samp{*}, @samp{+}, @samp{?}, @samp{[}, @samp{]} and
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369 @samp{\}. Any other character appearing in a regular expression is
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370 ordinary, unless a @samp{\} precedes it.
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371
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372 For example, @samp{f} is not a special character, so it is ordinary, and
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373 therefore @samp{f} is a regular expression that matches the string
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374 @samp{f} and no other string. (It does @emph{not} match the string
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375 @samp{ff}.) Likewise, @samp{o} is a regular expression that matches
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376 only @samp{o}. (When case distinctions are being ignored, these regexps
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377 also match @samp{F} and @samp{O}, but we consider this a generalization
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378 of ``the same string,'' rather than an exception.)
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379
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380 Any two regular expressions @var{a} and @var{b} can be concatenated. The
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381 result is a regular expression which matches a string if @var{a} matches
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382 some amount of the beginning of that string and @var{b} matches the rest of
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383 the string.@refill
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384
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385 As a simple example, we can concatenate the regular expressions @samp{f}
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386 and @samp{o} to get the regular expression @samp{fo}, which matches only
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387 the string @samp{fo}. Still trivial. To do something nontrivial, you
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388 need to use one of the special characters. Here is a list of them.
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389
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390 @table @kbd
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391 @item .@: @r{(Period)}
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392 is a special character that matches any single character except a newline.
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393 Using concatenation, we can make regular expressions like @samp{a.b}, which
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394 matches any three-character string that begins with @samp{a} and ends with
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395 @samp{b}.@refill
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396
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397 @item *
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398 is not a construct by itself; it is a postfix operator that means to
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399 match the preceding regular expression repetitively as many times as
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400 possible. Thus, @samp{o*} matches any number of @samp{o}s (including no
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401 @samp{o}s).
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402
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403 @samp{*} always applies to the @emph{smallest} possible preceding
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404 expression. Thus, @samp{fo*} has a repeating @samp{o}, not a repeating
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405 @samp{fo}. It matches @samp{f}, @samp{fo}, @samp{foo}, and so on.
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406
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407 The matcher processes a @samp{*} construct by matching, immediately,
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408 as many repetitions as can be found. Then it continues with the rest
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409 of the pattern. If that fails, backtracking occurs, discarding some
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410 of the matches of the @samp{*}-modified construct in case that makes
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411 it possible to match the rest of the pattern. For example, in matching
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412 @samp{ca*ar} against the string @samp{caaar}, the @samp{a*} first
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413 tries to match all three @samp{a}s; but the rest of the pattern is
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414 @samp{ar} and there is only @samp{r} left to match, so this try fails.
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415 The next alternative is for @samp{a*} to match only two @samp{a}s.
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416 With this choice, the rest of the regexp matches successfully.@refill
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417
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418 @item +
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419 is a postfix operator, similar to @samp{*} except that it must match
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420 the preceding expression at least once. So, for example, @samp{ca+r}
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421 matches the strings @samp{car} and @samp{caaaar} but not the string
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422 @samp{cr}, whereas @samp{ca*r} matches all three strings.
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423
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424 @item ?
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425 is a postfix operator, similar to @samp{*} except that it can match the
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426 preceding expression either once or not at all. For example,
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427 @samp{ca?r} matches @samp{car} or @samp{cr}; nothing else.
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428
27094
6500fd0a7d8e *** empty log message ***
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diff changeset
429 @item *?, +?, ??
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430 @cindex non-greedy regexp matching
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diff changeset
431 are non-greedy variants of the operators above. The normal operators
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diff changeset
432 @samp{*}, @samp{+}, @samp{?} are @dfn{greedy} in that they match as much
a9508422287d Improve markup for the description of non-greedy operators.
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parents: 27094
diff changeset
433 as they can, while if you append a @samp{?} after them, it makes them
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diff changeset
434 non-greedy: they will match as little as possible.
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435
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436 @item \@{@var{n},@var{m}\@}
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diff changeset
437 is another postfix operator that specifies an interval of iteration:
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diff changeset
438 the preceding regular expression must match between @var{n} and
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diff changeset
439 @var{m} times. If @var{m} is omitted, then there is no upper bound
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440 and if @samp{,@var{m}} is omitted, then the regular expression must match
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diff changeset
441 exactly @var{n} times. @*
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diff changeset
442 @samp{\@{0,1\@}} is equivalent to @samp{?}. @*
5c14849aee4c documented \{n,m\} intervals
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 27217
diff changeset
443 @samp{\@{0,\@}} is equivalent to @samp{*}. @*
5c14849aee4c documented \{n,m\} intervals
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 27217
diff changeset
444 @samp{\@{1,\@}} is equivalent to @samp{+}. @*
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diff changeset
445 @samp{\@{@var{n}\@}} is equivalent to @samp{\@{@var{n},@var{n}\@}}.
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diff changeset
446
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
447 @item [ @dots{} ]
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diff changeset
448 is a @dfn{character set}, which begins with @samp{[} and is terminated
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
449 by @samp{]}. In the simplest case, the characters between the two
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
450 brackets are what this set can match.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
451
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
452 Thus, @samp{[ad]} matches either one @samp{a} or one @samp{d}, and
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
453 @samp{[ad]*} matches any string composed of just @samp{a}s and @samp{d}s
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
454 (including the empty string), from which it follows that @samp{c[ad]*r}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
455 matches @samp{cr}, @samp{car}, @samp{cdr}, @samp{caddaar}, etc.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
456
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
457 You can also include character ranges in a character set, by writing the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
458 starting and ending characters with a @samp{-} between them. Thus,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
459 @samp{[a-z]} matches any lower-case ASCII letter. Ranges may be
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
460 intermixed freely with individual characters, as in @samp{[a-z$%.]},
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
461 which matches any lower-case ASCII letter or @samp{$}, @samp{%} or
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
462 period.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
463
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
464 Note that the usual regexp special characters are not special inside a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
465 character set. A completely different set of special characters exists
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
466 inside character sets: @samp{]}, @samp{-} and @samp{^}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
467
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
468 To include a @samp{]} in a character set, you must make it the first
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
469 character. For example, @samp{[]a]} matches @samp{]} or @samp{a}. To
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
470 include a @samp{-}, write @samp{-} as the first or last character of the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
471 set, or put it after a range. Thus, @samp{[]-]} matches both @samp{]}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
472 and @samp{-}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
473
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
474 To include @samp{^} in a set, put it anywhere but at the beginning of
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
475 the set.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
476
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
477 When you use a range in case-insensitive search, you should write both
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
478 ends of the range in upper case, or both in lower case, or both should
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
479 be non-letters. The behavior of a mixed-case range such as @samp{A-z}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
480 is somewhat ill-defined, and it may change in future Emacs versions.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
481
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
482 @item [^ @dots{} ]
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
483 @samp{[^} begins a @dfn{complemented character set}, which matches any
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
484 character except the ones specified. Thus, @samp{[^a-z0-9A-Z]} matches
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
485 all characters @emph{except} letters and digits.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
486
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
487 @samp{^} is not special in a character set unless it is the first
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
488 character. The character following the @samp{^} is treated as if it
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
489 were first (in other words, @samp{-} and @samp{]} are not special there).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
490
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
491 A complemented character set can match a newline, unless newline is
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
492 mentioned as one of the characters not to match. This is in contrast to
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
493 the handling of regexps in programs such as @code{grep}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
494
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
495 @item ^
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
496 is a special character that matches the empty string, but only at the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
497 beginning of a line in the text being matched. Otherwise it fails to
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
498 match anything. Thus, @samp{^foo} matches a @samp{foo} that occurs at
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
499 the beginning of a line.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
500
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
501 @item $
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
502 is similar to @samp{^} but matches only at the end of a line. Thus,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
503 @samp{x+$} matches a string of one @samp{x} or more at the end of a line.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
504
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
505 @item \
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
506 has two functions: it quotes the special characters (including
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
507 @samp{\}), and it introduces additional special constructs.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
508
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
509 Because @samp{\} quotes special characters, @samp{\$} is a regular
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
510 expression that matches only @samp{$}, and @samp{\[} is a regular
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
511 expression that matches only @samp{[}, and so on.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
512 @end table
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
513
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
514 Note: for historical compatibility, special characters are treated as
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
515 ordinary ones if they are in contexts where their special meanings make no
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
516 sense. For example, @samp{*foo} treats @samp{*} as ordinary since there is
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
517 no preceding expression on which the @samp{*} can act. It is poor practice
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
518 to depend on this behavior; it is better to quote the special character anyway,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
519 regardless of where it appears.@refill
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
520
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
521 For the most part, @samp{\} followed by any character matches only that
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
522 character. However, there are several exceptions: two-character
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
523 sequences starting with @samp{\} that have special meanings. The second
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
524 character in the sequence is always an ordinary character when used on
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
525 its own. Here is a table of @samp{\} constructs.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
526
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
527 @table @kbd
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
528 @item \|
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
529 specifies an alternative. Two regular expressions @var{a} and @var{b}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
530 with @samp{\|} in between form an expression that matches some text if
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
531 either @var{a} matches it or @var{b} matches it. It works by trying to
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
532 match @var{a}, and if that fails, by trying to match @var{b}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
533
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
534 Thus, @samp{foo\|bar} matches either @samp{foo} or @samp{bar}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
535 but no other string.@refill
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
536
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
537 @samp{\|} applies to the largest possible surrounding expressions. Only a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
538 surrounding @samp{\( @dots{} \)} grouping can limit the grouping power of
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
539 @samp{\|}.@refill
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
540
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
541 Full backtracking capability exists to handle multiple uses of @samp{\|}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
542
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
543 @item \( @dots{} \)
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
544 is a grouping construct that serves three purposes:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
545
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
546 @enumerate
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
547 @item
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
548 To enclose a set of @samp{\|} alternatives for other operations.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
549 Thus, @samp{\(foo\|bar\)x} matches either @samp{foox} or @samp{barx}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
550
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
551 @item
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
552 To enclose a complicated expression for the postfix operators @samp{*},
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
553 @samp{+} and @samp{?} to operate on. Thus, @samp{ba\(na\)*} matches
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
554 @samp{bananana}, etc., with any (zero or more) number of @samp{na}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
555 strings.@refill
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
556
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
557 @item
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
558 To record a matched substring for future reference.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
559 @end enumerate
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
560
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
561 This last application is not a consequence of the idea of a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
562 parenthetical grouping; it is a separate feature that is assigned as a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
563 second meaning to the same @samp{\( @dots{} \)} construct. In practice
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diff changeset
564 there is almost no conflict between the two meanings.
f1b33463506d *** empty log message ***
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parents: 27694
diff changeset
565
f1b33463506d *** empty log message ***
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parents: 27694
diff changeset
566 @item \(?: @dots{} \)
f1b33463506d *** empty log message ***
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parents: 27694
diff changeset
567 is another grouping construct (often called ``shy'') that serves the same
f1b33463506d *** empty log message ***
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 27694
diff changeset
568 first two purposes, but not the third:
f1b33463506d *** empty log message ***
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 27694
diff changeset
569 it cannot be referred to later on by number. This is only useful
f1b33463506d *** empty log message ***
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parents: 27694
diff changeset
570 for mechanically constructed regular expressions where grouping
f1b33463506d *** empty log message ***
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parents: 27694
diff changeset
571 constructs need to be introduced implicitly and hence risk changing the
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parents: 27694
diff changeset
572 numbering of subsequent groups.
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
573
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
574 @item \@var{d}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
575 matches the same text that matched the @var{d}th occurrence of a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
576 @samp{\( @dots{} \)} construct.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
577
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
578 After the end of a @samp{\( @dots{} \)} construct, the matcher remembers
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
579 the beginning and end of the text matched by that construct. Then,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
580 later on in the regular expression, you can use @samp{\} followed by the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
581 digit @var{d} to mean ``match the same text matched the @var{d}th time
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
582 by the @samp{\( @dots{} \)} construct.''
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
583
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
584 The strings matching the first nine @samp{\( @dots{} \)} constructs
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
585 appearing in a regular expression are assigned numbers 1 through 9 in
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
586 the order that the open-parentheses appear in the regular expression.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
587 So you can use @samp{\1} through @samp{\9} to refer to the text matched
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
588 by the corresponding @samp{\( @dots{} \)} constructs.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
589
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
590 For example, @samp{\(.*\)\1} matches any newline-free string that is
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
591 composed of two identical halves. The @samp{\(.*\)} matches the first
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
592 half, which may be anything, but the @samp{\1} that follows must match
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
593 the same exact text.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
594
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
595 If a particular @samp{\( @dots{} \)} construct matches more than once
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
596 (which can easily happen if it is followed by @samp{*}), only the last
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
597 match is recorded.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
598
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
599 @item \`
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
600 matches the empty string, but only at the beginning
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
601 of the buffer or string being matched against.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
602
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
603 @item \'
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
604 matches the empty string, but only at the end of
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
605 the buffer or string being matched against.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
606
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
607 @item \=
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
608 matches the empty string, but only at point.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
609
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
610 @item \b
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
611 matches the empty string, but only at the beginning or
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
612 end of a word. Thus, @samp{\bfoo\b} matches any occurrence of
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
613 @samp{foo} as a separate word. @samp{\bballs?\b} matches
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
614 @samp{ball} or @samp{balls} as a separate word.@refill
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
615
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
616 @samp{\b} matches at the beginning or end of the buffer
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
617 regardless of what text appears next to it.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
618
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
619 @item \B
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
620 matches the empty string, but @emph{not} at the beginning or
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
621 end of a word.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
622
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
623 @item \<
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
624 matches the empty string, but only at the beginning of a word.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
625 @samp{\<} matches at the beginning of the buffer only if a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
626 word-constituent character follows.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
627
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
628 @item \>
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
629 matches the empty string, but only at the end of a word. @samp{\>}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
630 matches at the end of the buffer only if the contents end with a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
631 word-constituent character.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
632
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
633 @item \w
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
634 matches any word-constituent character. The syntax table
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
635 determines which characters these are. @xref{Syntax}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
636
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
637 @item \W
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
638 matches any character that is not a word-constituent.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
639
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
640 @item \s@var{c}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
641 matches any character whose syntax is @var{c}. Here @var{c} is a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
642 character that represents a syntax code: thus, @samp{w} for word
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
643 constituent, @samp{-} for whitespace, @samp{(} for open parenthesis,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
644 etc. Represent a character of whitespace (which can be a newline) by
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
645 either @samp{-} or a space character.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
646
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
647 @item \S@var{c}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
648 matches any character whose syntax is not @var{c}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
649 @end table
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
650
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
651 The constructs that pertain to words and syntax are controlled by the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
652 setting of the syntax table (@pxref{Syntax}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
653
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
654 Here is a complicated regexp, used by Emacs to recognize the end of a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
655 sentence together with any whitespace that follows. It is given in Lisp
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
656 syntax to enable you to distinguish the spaces from the tab characters. In
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
657 Lisp syntax, the string constant begins and ends with a double-quote.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
658 @samp{\"} stands for a double-quote as part of the regexp, @samp{\\} for a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
659 backslash as part of the regexp, @samp{\t} for a tab and @samp{\n} for a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
660 newline.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
661
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
662 @example
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
663 "[.?!][]\"')]*\\($\\|\t\\| \\)[ \t\n]*"
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
664 @end example
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
665
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
666 @noindent
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
667 This contains four parts in succession: a character set matching period,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
668 @samp{?}, or @samp{!}; a character set matching close-brackets, quotes,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
669 or parentheses, repeated any number of times; an alternative in
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
670 backslash-parentheses that matches end-of-line, a tab, or two spaces;
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
671 and a character set matching whitespace characters, repeated any number
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
672 of times.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
673
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
674 To enter the same regexp interactively, you would type @key{TAB} to
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
675 enter a tab, and @kbd{C-j} to enter a newline. You would also type
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
676 single backslashes as themselves, instead of doubling them for Lisp syntax.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
677
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
678 @node Search Case, Replace, Regexps, Search
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
679 @section Searching and Case
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
680
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
681 @vindex case-fold-search
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
682 Incremental searches in Emacs normally ignore the case of the text
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
683 they are searching through, if you specify the text in lower case.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
684 Thus, if you specify searching for @samp{foo}, then @samp{Foo} and
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
685 @samp{foo} are also considered a match. Regexps, and in particular
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
686 character sets, are included: @samp{[ab]} would match @samp{a} or
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
687 @samp{A} or @samp{b} or @samp{B}.@refill
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
688
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
689 An upper-case letter anywhere in the incremental search string makes
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
690 the search case-sensitive. Thus, searching for @samp{Foo} does not find
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
691 @samp{foo} or @samp{FOO}. This applies to regular expression search as
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
692 well as to string search. The effect ceases if you delete the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
693 upper-case letter from the search string.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
694
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
695 If you set the variable @code{case-fold-search} to @code{nil}, then
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
696 all letters must match exactly, including case. This is a per-buffer
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
697 variable; altering the variable affects only the current buffer, but
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
698 there is a default value which you can change as well. @xref{Locals}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
699 This variable applies to nonincremental searches also, including those
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
700 performed by the replace commands (@pxref{Replace}) and the minibuffer
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
701 history matching commands (@pxref{Minibuffer History}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
702
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
703 @node Replace, Other Repeating Search, Search Case, Search
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
704 @section Replacement Commands
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
705 @cindex replacement
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
706 @cindex search-and-replace commands
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
707 @cindex string substitution
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
708 @cindex global substitution
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
709
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
710 Global search-and-replace operations are not needed as often in Emacs
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
711 as they are in other editors@footnote{In some editors,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
712 search-and-replace operations are the only convenient way to make a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
713 single change in the text.}, but they are available. In addition to the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
714 simple @kbd{M-x replace-string} command which is like that found in most
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
715 editors, there is a @kbd{M-x query-replace} command which asks you, for
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
716 each occurrence of the pattern, whether to replace it.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
717
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
718 The replace commands normally operate on the text from point to the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
719 end of the buffer; however, in Transient Mark mode, when the mark is
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
720 active, they operate on the region. The replace commands all replace
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
721 one string (or regexp) with one replacement string. It is possible to
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
722 perform several replacements in parallel using the command
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
723 @code{expand-region-abbrevs} (@pxref{Expanding Abbrevs}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
724
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
725 @menu
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
726 * Unconditional Replace:: Replacing all matches for a string.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
727 * Regexp Replace:: Replacing all matches for a regexp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
728 * Replacement and Case:: How replacements preserve case of letters.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
729 * Query Replace:: How to use querying.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
730 @end menu
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
731
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
732 @node Unconditional Replace, Regexp Replace, Replace, Replace
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
733 @subsection Unconditional Replacement
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
734 @findex replace-string
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
735 @findex replace-regexp
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
736
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
737 @table @kbd
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
738 @item M-x replace-string @key{RET} @var{string} @key{RET} @var{newstring} @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
739 Replace every occurrence of @var{string} with @var{newstring}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
740 @item M-x replace-regexp @key{RET} @var{regexp} @key{RET} @var{newstring} @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
741 Replace every match for @var{regexp} with @var{newstring}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
742 @end table
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
743
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
744 To replace every instance of @samp{foo} after point with @samp{bar},
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
745 use the command @kbd{M-x replace-string} with the two arguments
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
746 @samp{foo} and @samp{bar}. Replacement happens only in the text after
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
747 point, so if you want to cover the whole buffer you must go to the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
748 beginning first. All occurrences up to the end of the buffer are
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
749 replaced; to limit replacement to part of the buffer, narrow to that
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
750 part of the buffer before doing the replacement (@pxref{Narrowing}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
751 In Transient Mark mode, when the region is active, replacement is
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
752 limited to the region (@pxref{Transient Mark}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
753
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
754 When @code{replace-string} exits, it leaves point at the last
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
755 occurrence replaced. It sets the mark to the prior position of point
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
756 (where the @code{replace-string} command was issued); use @kbd{C-u
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
757 C-@key{SPC}} to move back there.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
758
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
759 A numeric argument restricts replacement to matches that are surrounded
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
760 by word boundaries. The argument's value doesn't matter.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
761
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
762 @node Regexp Replace, Replacement and Case, Unconditional Replace, Replace
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
763 @subsection Regexp Replacement
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
764
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
765 The @kbd{M-x replace-string} command replaces exact matches for a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
766 single string. The similar command @kbd{M-x replace-regexp} replaces
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
767 any match for a specified pattern.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
768
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
769 In @code{replace-regexp}, the @var{newstring} need not be constant: it
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
770 can refer to all or part of what is matched by the @var{regexp}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
771 @samp{\&} in @var{newstring} stands for the entire match being replaced.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
772 @samp{\@var{d}} in @var{newstring}, where @var{d} is a digit, stands for
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
773 whatever matched the @var{d}th parenthesized grouping in @var{regexp}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
774 To include a @samp{\} in the text to replace with, you must enter
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
775 @samp{\\}. For example,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
776
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
777 @example
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
778 M-x replace-regexp @key{RET} c[ad]+r @key{RET} \&-safe @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
779 @end example
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
780
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
781 @noindent
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
782 replaces (for example) @samp{cadr} with @samp{cadr-safe} and @samp{cddr}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
783 with @samp{cddr-safe}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
784
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
785 @example
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
786 M-x replace-regexp @key{RET} \(c[ad]+r\)-safe @key{RET} \1 @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
787 @end example
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
788
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
789 @noindent
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
790 performs the inverse transformation.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
791
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
792 @node Replacement and Case, Query Replace, Regexp Replace, Replace
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
793 @subsection Replace Commands and Case
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
794
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
795 If the first argument of a replace command is all lower case, the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
796 commands ignores case while searching for occurrences to
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
797 replace---provided @code{case-fold-search} is non-@code{nil}. If
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
798 @code{case-fold-search} is set to @code{nil}, case is always significant
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
799 in all searches.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
800
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
801 @vindex case-replace
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
802 In addition, when the @var{newstring} argument is all or partly lower
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
803 case, replacement commands try to preserve the case pattern of each
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
804 occurrence. Thus, the command
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
805
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
806 @example
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
807 M-x replace-string @key{RET} foo @key{RET} bar @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
808 @end example
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
809
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
810 @noindent
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
811 replaces a lower case @samp{foo} with a lower case @samp{bar}, an
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
812 all-caps @samp{FOO} with @samp{BAR}, and a capitalized @samp{Foo} with
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
813 @samp{Bar}. (These three alternatives---lower case, all caps, and
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
814 capitalized, are the only ones that @code{replace-string} can
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
815 distinguish.)
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
816
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
817 If upper-case letters are used in the replacement string, they remain
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
818 upper case every time that text is inserted. If upper-case letters are
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
819 used in the first argument, the second argument is always substituted
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
820 exactly as given, with no case conversion. Likewise, if either
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
821 @code{case-replace} or @code{case-fold-search} is set to @code{nil},
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
822 replacement is done without case conversion.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
823
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
824 @node Query Replace,, Replacement and Case, Replace
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
825 @subsection Query Replace
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
826 @cindex query replace
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
827
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
828 @table @kbd
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
829 @item M-% @var{string} @key{RET} @var{newstring} @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
830 @itemx M-x query-replace @key{RET} @var{string} @key{RET} @var{newstring} @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
831 Replace some occurrences of @var{string} with @var{newstring}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
832 @item C-M-% @var{regexp} @key{RET} @var{newstring} @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
833 @itemx M-x query-replace-regexp @key{RET} @var{regexp} @key{RET} @var{newstring} @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
834 Replace some matches for @var{regexp} with @var{newstring}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
835 @end table
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
836
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
837 @kindex M-%
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
838 @findex query-replace
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
839 If you want to change only some of the occurrences of @samp{foo} to
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
840 @samp{bar}, not all of them, then you cannot use an ordinary
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
841 @code{replace-string}. Instead, use @kbd{M-%} (@code{query-replace}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
842 This command finds occurrences of @samp{foo} one by one, displays each
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
843 occurrence and asks you whether to replace it. A numeric argument to
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
844 @code{query-replace} tells it to consider only occurrences that are
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
845 bounded by word-delimiter characters. This preserves case, just like
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
846 @code{replace-string}, provided @code{case-replace} is non-@code{nil},
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
847 as it normally is.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
848
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
849 @kindex C-M-%
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
850 @findex query-replace-regexp
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
851 Aside from querying, @code{query-replace} works just like
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
852 @code{replace-string}, and @code{query-replace-regexp} works just like
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
853 @code{replace-regexp}. This command is run by @kbd{C-M-%}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
854
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
855 The things you can type when you are shown an occurrence of @var{string}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
856 or a match for @var{regexp} are:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
857
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
858 @ignore @c Not worth it.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
859 @kindex SPC @r{(query-replace)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
860 @kindex DEL @r{(query-replace)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
861 @kindex , @r{(query-replace)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
862 @kindex RET @r{(query-replace)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
863 @kindex . @r{(query-replace)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
864 @kindex ! @r{(query-replace)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
865 @kindex ^ @r{(query-replace)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
866 @kindex C-r @r{(query-replace)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
867 @kindex C-w @r{(query-replace)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
868 @kindex C-l @r{(query-replace)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
869 @end ignore
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
870
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
871 @c WideCommands
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
872 @table @kbd
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
873 @item @key{SPC}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
874 to replace the occurrence with @var{newstring}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
875
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
876 @item @key{DEL}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
877 to skip to the next occurrence without replacing this one.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
878
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
879 @item , @r{(Comma)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
880 to replace this occurrence and display the result. You are then asked
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
881 for another input character to say what to do next. Since the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
882 replacement has already been made, @key{DEL} and @key{SPC} are
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
883 equivalent in this situation; both move to the next occurrence.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
884
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
885 You can type @kbd{C-r} at this point (see below) to alter the replaced
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
886 text. You can also type @kbd{C-x u} to undo the replacement; this exits
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
887 the @code{query-replace}, so if you want to do further replacement you
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
888 must use @kbd{C-x @key{ESC} @key{ESC} @key{RET}} to restart
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
889 (@pxref{Repetition}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
890
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
891 @item @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
892 to exit without doing any more replacements.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
893
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
894 @item .@: @r{(Period)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
895 to replace this occurrence and then exit without searching for more
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
896 occurrences.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
897
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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898 @item !
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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899 to replace all remaining occurrences without asking again.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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900
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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901 @item ^
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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902 to go back to the position of the previous occurrence (or what used to
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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903 be an occurrence), in case you changed it by mistake. This works by
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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904 popping the mark ring. Only one @kbd{^} in a row is meaningful, because
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
905 only one previous replacement position is kept during @code{query-replace}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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906
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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907 @item C-r
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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908 to enter a recursive editing level, in case the occurrence needs to be
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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909 edited rather than just replaced with @var{newstring}. When you are
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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910 done, exit the recursive editing level with @kbd{C-M-c} to proceed to
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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911 the next occurrence. @xref{Recursive Edit}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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912
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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913 @item C-w
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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914 to delete the occurrence, and then enter a recursive editing level as in
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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915 @kbd{C-r}. Use the recursive edit to insert text to replace the deleted
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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916 occurrence of @var{string}. When done, exit the recursive editing level
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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917 with @kbd{C-M-c} to proceed to the next occurrence.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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918
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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919 @item C-l
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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920 to redisplay the screen. Then you must type another character to
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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921 specify what to do with this occurrence.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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922
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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923 @item C-h
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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924 to display a message summarizing these options. Then you must type
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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925 another character to specify what to do with this occurrence.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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926 @end table
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parents:
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927
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
928 Some other characters are aliases for the ones listed above: @kbd{y},
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
929 @kbd{n} and @kbd{q} are equivalent to @key{SPC}, @key{DEL} and
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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930 @key{RET}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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931
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
932 Aside from this, any other character exits the @code{query-replace},
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
933 and is then reread as part of a key sequence. Thus, if you type
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
934 @kbd{C-k}, it exits the @code{query-replace} and then kills to end of
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
935 line.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
936
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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937 To restart a @code{query-replace} once it is exited, use @kbd{C-x
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
938 @key{ESC} @key{ESC}}, which repeats the @code{query-replace} because it
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
939 used the minibuffer to read its arguments. @xref{Repetition, C-x ESC
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
940 ESC}.
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parents:
diff changeset
941
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
942 See also @ref{Transforming File Names}, for Dired commands to rename,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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943 copy, or link files by replacing regexp matches in file names.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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944
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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945 @node Other Repeating Search,, Replace, Search
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
946 @section Other Search-and-Loop Commands
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
947
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
948 Here are some other commands that find matches for a regular
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
949 expression. They all operate from point to the end of the buffer, and
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
950 all ignore case in matching, if the pattern contains no upper-case
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
951 letters and @code{case-fold-search} is non-@code{nil}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
952
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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953 @findex list-matching-lines
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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954 @findex occur
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
955 @findex count-matches
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
956 @findex delete-non-matching-lines
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
957 @findex delete-matching-lines
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
958 @findex flush-lines
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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959 @findex keep-lines
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parents:
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960
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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961 @table @kbd
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parents:
diff changeset
962 @item M-x occur @key{RET} @var{regexp} @key{RET}
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parents:
diff changeset
963 Display a list showing each line in the buffer that contains a match for
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parents:
diff changeset
964 @var{regexp}. A numeric argument specifies the number of context lines
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
965 to print before and after each matching line; the default is none.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
966 To limit the search to part of the buffer, narrow to that part
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parents:
diff changeset
967 (@pxref{Narrowing}).
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parents:
diff changeset
968
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
969 @kindex RET @r{(Occur mode)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
970 The buffer @samp{*Occur*} containing the output serves as a menu for
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
971 finding the occurrences in their original context. Click @kbd{Mouse-2}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
972 on an occurrence listed in @samp{*Occur*}, or position point there and
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
973 type @key{RET}; this switches to the buffer that was searched and
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
974 moves point to the original of the chosen occurrence.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
975
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
976 @item M-x list-matching-lines
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parents:
diff changeset
977 Synonym for @kbd{M-x occur}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
978
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
979 @item M-x count-matches @key{RET} @var{regexp} @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
980 Print the number of matches for @var{regexp} after point.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
981
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
982 @item M-x flush-lines @key{RET} @var{regexp} @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
983 Delete each line that follows point and contains a match for
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
984 @var{regexp}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
985
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
986 @item M-x keep-lines @key{RET} @var{regexp} @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
987 Delete each line that follows point and @emph{does not} contain a match
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parents:
diff changeset
988 for @var{regexp}.
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parents:
diff changeset
989 @end table
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parents:
diff changeset
990
28447
ec699636f83a (Other Repeating Search): Mention tags-based search.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 28134
diff changeset
991 Searching and replacing can be performed under the control of tags
ec699636f83a (Other Repeating Search): Mention tags-based search.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 28134
diff changeset
992 files (@pxref{Tags Search}) and Dired (@pxref{Operating on Files}).
ec699636f83a (Other Repeating Search): Mention tags-based search.
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parents: 28134
diff changeset
993
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
994 In addition, you can use @code{grep} from Emacs to search a collection
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
995 of files for matches for a regular expression, then visit the matches
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
996 either sequentially or in arbitrary order. @xref{Grep Searching}.