Mercurial > emacs
annotate lispref/keymaps.texi @ 81322:71d53e1b86d0
(desktop-save-mode-off): New function.
(desktop-base-lock-name, desktop-not-loaded-hook): New variables.
(desktop-full-lock-name, desktop-file-modtime, desktop-owner,
desktop-claim-lock, desktop-release-lock): New functions.
(desktop-kill): Tell `desktop-save' that this is the last save.
Release the lock afterwards.
(desktop-buffer-info): New function.
(desktop-save): Use it. Run `desktop-save-hook' where the doc says to.
Detect conflicts, and manage the lock.
(desktop-read): Detect conflicts. Manage the lock.
author | Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com> |
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date | Tue, 12 Jun 2007 09:10:05 +0000 |
parents | 1b827e0f56e3 |
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rev | line source |
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6558 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, |
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4 @c 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6558 | 5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
6 @setfilename ../info/keymaps | |
7 @node Keymaps, Modes, Command Loop, Top | |
8 @chapter Keymaps | |
9 @cindex keymap | |
10 | |
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11 The command bindings of input events are recorded in data structures |
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12 called @dfn{keymaps}. Each entry in a keymap associates (or |
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13 @dfn{binds}) an individual event type, either to another keymap or to |
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14 a command. When an event type is bound to a keymap, that keymap is |
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15 used to look up the next input event; this continues until a command |
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16 is found. The whole process is called @dfn{key lookup}. |
6558 | 17 |
18 @menu | |
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19 * Key Sequences:: Key sequences as Lisp objects. |
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20 * Keymap Basics:: Basic concepts of keymaps. |
6558 | 21 * Format of Keymaps:: What a keymap looks like as a Lisp object. |
22 * Creating Keymaps:: Functions to create and copy keymaps. | |
23 * Inheritance and Keymaps:: How one keymap can inherit the bindings | |
24 of another keymap. | |
25 * Prefix Keys:: Defining a key with a keymap as its definition. | |
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26 * Active Keymaps:: How Emacs searches the active keymaps |
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27 for a key binding. |
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28 * Searching Keymaps:: A pseudo-Lisp summary of searching active maps. |
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29 * Controlling Active Maps:: Each buffer has a local keymap |
6558 | 30 to override the standard (global) bindings. |
31 A minor mode can also override them. | |
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32 * Key Lookup:: Finding a key's binding in one keymap. |
6558 | 33 * Functions for Key Lookup:: How to request key lookup. |
34 * Changing Key Bindings:: Redefining a key in a keymap. | |
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35 * Remapping Commands:: A keymap can translate one command to another. |
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36 * Translation Keymaps:: Keymaps for translating sequences of events. |
6558 | 37 * Key Binding Commands:: Interactive interfaces for redefining keys. |
38 * Scanning Keymaps:: Looking through all keymaps, for printing help. | |
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39 * Menu Keymaps:: Defining a menu as a keymap. |
6558 | 40 @end menu |
41 | |
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42 @node Key Sequences |
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43 @section Key Sequences |
6558 | 44 @cindex key |
45 @cindex keystroke | |
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46 @cindex key sequence |
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47 |
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48 A @dfn{key sequence}, or @dfn{key} for short, is a sequence of one |
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49 or more input events that form a unit. Input events include |
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50 characters, function keys, and mouse actions (@pxref{Input Events}). |
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51 The Emacs Lisp representation for a key sequence is a string or |
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52 vector. Unless otherwise stated, any Emacs Lisp function that accepts |
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53 a key sequence as an argument can handle both representations. |
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54 |
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55 In the string representation, alphanumeric characters ordinarily |
76878 | 56 stand for themselves; for example, @code{"a"} represents @kbd{a} |
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57 and @code{"2"} represents @kbd{2}. Control character events are |
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58 prefixed by the substring @code{"\C-"}, and meta characters by |
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59 @code{"\M-"}; for example, @code{"\C-x"} represents the key @kbd{C-x}. |
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60 In addition, the @key{TAB}, @key{RET}, @key{ESC}, and @key{DEL} events |
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61 are represented by @code{"\t"}, @code{"\r"}, @code{"\e"}, and |
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62 @code{"\d"} respectively. The string representation of a complete key |
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63 sequence is the concatenation of the string representations of the |
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64 constituent events; thus, @code{"\C-xl"} represents the key sequence |
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65 @kbd{C-x l}. |
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66 |
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67 Key sequences containing function keys, mouse button events, or |
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68 non-ASCII characters such as @kbd{C-=} or @kbd{H-a} cannot be |
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69 represented as strings; they have to be represented as vectors. |
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70 |
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71 In the vector representation, each element of the vector represents |
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72 an input event, in its Lisp form. @xref{Input Events}. For example, |
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73 the vector @code{[?\C-x ?l]} represents the key sequence @kbd{C-x l}. |
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74 |
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75 For examples of key sequences written in string and vector |
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76 representations, @ref{Init Rebinding,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}. |
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77 |
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78 @defmac kbd keyseq-text |
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79 This macro converts the text @var{keyseq-text} (a string constant) |
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80 into a key sequence (a string or vector constant). The contents of |
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81 @var{keyseq-text} should describe the key sequence using almost the same |
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82 syntax used in this manual. More precisely, it uses the same syntax |
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83 that Edit Macro mode uses for editing keyboard macros (@pxref{Edit |
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84 Keyboard Macro,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}); you must surround |
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85 function key names with @samp{<@dots{}>}. |
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86 |
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87 @example |
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88 (kbd "C-x") @result{} "\C-x" |
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89 (kbd "C-x C-f") @result{} "\C-x\C-f" |
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90 (kbd "C-x 4 C-f") @result{} "\C-x4\C-f" |
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91 (kbd "X") @result{} "X" |
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92 (kbd "RET") @result{} "\^M" |
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93 (kbd "C-c SPC") @result{} "\C-c@ " |
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94 (kbd "<f1> SPC") @result{} [f1 32] |
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95 (kbd "C-M-<down>") @result{} [C-M-down] |
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96 @end example |
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97 |
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98 This macro is not meant for use with arguments that vary---only |
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99 with string constants. |
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100 @end defmac |
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101 |
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102 @node Keymap Basics |
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103 @section Keymap Basics |
6558 | 104 @cindex key binding |
105 @cindex binding of a key | |
106 @cindex complete key | |
107 @cindex undefined key | |
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108 |
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109 A keymap is a Lisp data structure that specifies @dfn{key bindings} |
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110 for various key sequences. |
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111 |
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112 A single keymap directly specifies definitions for individual |
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113 events. When a key sequence consists of a single event, its binding |
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114 in a keymap is the keymap's definition for that event. The binding of |
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115 a longer key sequence is found by an iterative process: first find the |
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116 definition of the first event (which must itself be a keymap); then |
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117 find the second event's definition in that keymap, and so on until all |
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118 the events in the key sequence have been processed. |
6558 | 119 |
120 If the binding of a key sequence is a keymap, we call the key sequence | |
121 a @dfn{prefix key}. Otherwise, we call it a @dfn{complete key} (because | |
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122 no more events can be added to it). If the binding is @code{nil}, |
6558 | 123 we call the key @dfn{undefined}. Examples of prefix keys are @kbd{C-c}, |
124 @kbd{C-x}, and @kbd{C-x 4}. Examples of defined complete keys are | |
125 @kbd{X}, @key{RET}, and @kbd{C-x 4 C-f}. Examples of undefined complete | |
126 keys are @kbd{C-x C-g}, and @kbd{C-c 3}. @xref{Prefix Keys}, for more | |
127 details. | |
128 | |
129 The rule for finding the binding of a key sequence assumes that the | |
130 intermediate bindings (found for the events before the last) are all | |
131 keymaps; if this is not so, the sequence of events does not form a | |
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132 unit---it is not really one key sequence. In other words, removing one |
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133 or more events from the end of any valid key sequence must always yield |
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134 a prefix key. For example, @kbd{C-f C-n} is not a key sequence; |
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135 @kbd{C-f} is not a prefix key, so a longer sequence starting with |
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136 @kbd{C-f} cannot be a key sequence. |
6558 | 137 |
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138 The set of possible multi-event key sequences depends on the bindings |
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139 for prefix keys; therefore, it can be different for different keymaps, |
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140 and can change when bindings are changed. However, a one-event sequence |
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141 is always a key sequence, because it does not depend on any prefix keys |
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142 for its well-formedness. |
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144 At any time, several primary keymaps are @dfn{active}---that is, in |
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145 use for finding key bindings. These are the @dfn{global map}, which is |
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146 shared by all buffers; the @dfn{local keymap}, which is usually |
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147 associated with a specific major mode; and zero or more @dfn{minor mode |
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148 keymaps}, which belong to currently enabled minor modes. (Not all minor |
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149 modes have keymaps.) The local keymap bindings shadow (i.e., take |
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150 precedence over) the corresponding global bindings. The minor mode |
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151 keymaps shadow both local and global keymaps. @xref{Active Keymaps}, |
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152 for details. |
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153 |
6558 | 154 @node Format of Keymaps |
155 @section Format of Keymaps | |
156 @cindex format of keymaps | |
157 @cindex keymap format | |
158 @cindex full keymap | |
159 @cindex sparse keymap | |
160 | |
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161 Each keymap is a list whose @sc{car} is the symbol @code{keymap}. The |
6558 | 162 remaining elements of the list define the key bindings of the keymap. |
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163 A symbol whose function definition is a keymap is also a keymap. Use |
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164 the function @code{keymapp} (see below) to test whether an object is a |
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165 keymap. |
6558 | 166 |
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167 Several kinds of elements may appear in a keymap, after the symbol |
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168 @code{keymap} that begins it: |
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169 |
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170 @table @code |
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171 @item (@var{type} .@: @var{binding}) |
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172 This specifies one binding, for events of type @var{type}. Each |
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173 ordinary binding applies to events of a particular @dfn{event type}, |
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174 which is always a character or a symbol. @xref{Classifying Events}. |
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175 In this kind of binding, @var{binding} is a command. |
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176 |
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177 @item (@var{type} @var{item-name} @r{[}@var{cache}@r{]} .@: @var{binding}) |
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178 This specifies a binding which is also a simple menu item that |
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179 displays as @var{item-name} in the menu. @var{cache}, if present, |
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180 caches certain information for display in the menu. @xref{Simple Menu |
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181 Items}. |
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182 |
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183 @item (@var{type} @var{item-name} @var{help-string} @r{[}@var{cache}@r{]} .@: @var{binding}) |
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184 This is a simple menu item with help string @var{help-string}. |
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185 |
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186 @item (@var{type} menu-item .@: @var{details}) |
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187 This specifies a binding which is also an extended menu item. This |
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188 allows use of other features. @xref{Extended Menu Items}. |
6558 | 189 |
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190 @item (t .@: @var{binding}) |
6558 | 191 @cindex default key binding |
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192 This specifies a @dfn{default key binding}; any event not bound by other |
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193 elements of the keymap is given @var{binding} as its binding. Default |
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194 bindings allow a keymap to bind all possible event types without having |
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195 to enumerate all of them. A keymap that has a default binding |
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196 completely masks any lower-precedence keymap, except for events |
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197 explicitly bound to @code{nil} (see below). |
6558 | 198 |
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199 @item @var{char-table} |
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200 If an element of a keymap is a char-table, it counts as holding |
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201 bindings for all character events with no modifier bits |
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202 (@pxref{modifier bits}): element @var{n} is the binding for the |
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203 character with code @var{n}. This is a compact way to record lots of |
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204 bindings. A keymap with such a char-table is called a @dfn{full |
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205 keymap}. Other keymaps are called @dfn{sparse keymaps}. |
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206 |
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207 @item @var{string} |
6558 | 208 @cindex keymap prompt string |
209 @cindex overall prompt string | |
210 @cindex prompt string of keymap | |
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211 Aside from elements that specify bindings for keys, a keymap can also |
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212 have a string as an element. This is called the @dfn{overall prompt |
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213 string} and makes it possible to use the keymap as a menu. |
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214 @xref{Defining Menus}. |
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215 @end table |
6558 | 216 |
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217 When the binding is @code{nil}, it doesn't constitute a definition |
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218 but it does take precedence over a default binding or a binding in the |
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219 parent keymap. On the other hand, a binding of @code{nil} does |
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220 @emph{not} override lower-precedence keymaps; thus, if the local map |
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221 gives a binding of @code{nil}, Emacs uses the binding from the |
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222 global map. |
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223 |
6558 | 224 @cindex meta characters lookup |
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225 Keymaps do not directly record bindings for the meta characters. |
34656 | 226 Instead, meta characters are regarded for purposes of key lookup as |
227 sequences of two characters, the first of which is @key{ESC} (or | |
228 whatever is currently the value of @code{meta-prefix-char}). Thus, the | |
229 key @kbd{M-a} is internally represented as @kbd{@key{ESC} a}, and its | |
230 global binding is found at the slot for @kbd{a} in @code{esc-map} | |
231 (@pxref{Prefix Keys}). | |
232 | |
233 This conversion applies only to characters, not to function keys or | |
234 other input events; thus, @kbd{M-@key{end}} has nothing to do with | |
235 @kbd{@key{ESC} @key{end}}. | |
6558 | 236 |
237 Here as an example is the local keymap for Lisp mode, a sparse | |
238 keymap. It defines bindings for @key{DEL} and @key{TAB}, plus @kbd{C-c | |
239 C-l}, @kbd{M-C-q}, and @kbd{M-C-x}. | |
240 | |
241 @example | |
242 @group | |
243 lisp-mode-map | |
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244 @result{} |
6558 | 245 @end group |
246 @group | |
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247 (keymap |
60266 | 248 (3 keymap |
249 ;; @kbd{C-c C-z} | |
250 (26 . run-lisp)) | |
6558 | 251 @end group |
252 @group | |
60266 | 253 (27 keymap |
254 ;; @r{@kbd{M-C-x}, treated as @kbd{@key{ESC} C-x}} | |
255 (24 . lisp-send-defun) | |
256 keymap | |
257 ;; @r{@kbd{M-C-q}, treated as @kbd{@key{ESC} C-q}} | |
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258 (17 . indent-sexp)) |
60266 | 259 @end group |
260 @group | |
261 ;; @r{This part is inherited from @code{lisp-mode-shared-map}.} | |
262 keymap | |
6558 | 263 ;; @key{DEL} |
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264 (127 . backward-delete-char-untabify) |
6558 | 265 @end group |
266 @group | |
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267 (27 keymap |
6558 | 268 ;; @r{@kbd{M-C-q}, treated as @kbd{@key{ESC} C-q}} |
60266 | 269 (17 . indent-sexp)) |
270 (9 . lisp-indent-line)) | |
6558 | 271 @end group |
272 @end example | |
273 | |
274 @defun keymapp object | |
275 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a keymap, @code{nil} | |
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276 otherwise. More precisely, this function tests for a list whose |
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277 @sc{car} is @code{keymap}, or for a symbol whose function definition |
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278 satisfies @code{keymapp}. |
6558 | 279 |
280 @example | |
281 @group | |
282 (keymapp '(keymap)) | |
283 @result{} t | |
284 @end group | |
285 @group | |
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286 (fset 'foo '(keymap)) |
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287 (keymapp 'foo) |
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288 @result{} t |
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289 @end group |
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290 @group |
6558 | 291 (keymapp (current-global-map)) |
292 @result{} t | |
293 @end group | |
294 @end example | |
295 @end defun | |
296 | |
297 @node Creating Keymaps | |
298 @section Creating Keymaps | |
299 @cindex creating keymaps | |
300 | |
301 Here we describe the functions for creating keymaps. | |
302 | |
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303 @defun make-sparse-keymap &optional prompt |
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304 This function creates and returns a new sparse keymap with no entries. |
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305 (A sparse keymap is the kind of keymap you usually want.) The new |
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306 keymap does not contain a char-table, unlike @code{make-keymap}, and |
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307 does not bind any events. |
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308 |
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309 @example |
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310 @group |
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311 (make-sparse-keymap) |
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312 @result{} (keymap) |
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313 @end group |
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314 @end example |
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315 |
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316 If you specify @var{prompt}, that becomes the overall prompt string |
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317 for the keymap. You should specify this only for menu keymaps |
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318 (@pxref{Defining Menus}). A keymap with an overall prompt string will |
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319 always present a mouse menu or a keyboard menu if it is active for |
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320 looking up the next input event. Don't specify an overall prompt string |
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321 for the main map of a major or minor mode, because that would cause |
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322 the command loop to present a keyboard menu every time. |
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323 @end defun |
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324 |
6558 | 325 @defun make-keymap &optional prompt |
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326 This function creates and returns a new full keymap. That keymap |
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327 contains a char-table (@pxref{Char-Tables}) with slots for all |
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328 characters without modifiers. The new keymap initially binds all |
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329 these characters to @code{nil}, and does not bind any other kind of |
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330 event. The argument @var{prompt} specifies a |
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331 prompt string, as in @code{make-sparse-keymap}. |
6558 | 332 |
333 @example | |
334 @group | |
335 (make-keymap) | |
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336 @result{} (keymap #^[t nil nil nil @dots{} nil nil keymap]) |
6558 | 337 @end group |
338 @end example | |
339 | |
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340 A full keymap is more efficient than a sparse keymap when it holds |
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341 lots of bindings; for just a few, the sparse keymap is better. |
6558 | 342 @end defun |
343 | |
344 @defun copy-keymap keymap | |
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345 This function returns a copy of @var{keymap}. Any keymaps that |
6558 | 346 appear directly as bindings in @var{keymap} are also copied recursively, |
347 and so on to any number of levels. However, recursive copying does not | |
348 take place when the definition of a character is a symbol whose function | |
349 definition is a keymap; the same symbol appears in the new copy. | |
350 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
351 | |
352 @example | |
353 @group | |
354 (setq map (copy-keymap (current-local-map))) | |
355 @result{} (keymap | |
356 @end group | |
357 @group | |
358 ;; @r{(This implements meta characters.)} | |
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359 (27 keymap |
6558 | 360 (83 . center-paragraph) |
361 (115 . center-line)) | |
362 (9 . tab-to-tab-stop)) | |
363 @end group | |
364 | |
365 @group | |
366 (eq map (current-local-map)) | |
367 @result{} nil | |
368 @end group | |
369 @group | |
370 (equal map (current-local-map)) | |
371 @result{} t | |
372 @end group | |
373 @end example | |
374 @end defun | |
375 | |
376 @node Inheritance and Keymaps | |
377 @section Inheritance and Keymaps | |
378 @cindex keymap inheritance | |
379 @cindex inheriting a keymap's bindings | |
380 | |
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381 A keymap can inherit the bindings of another keymap, which we call the |
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382 @dfn{parent keymap}. Such a keymap looks like this: |
6558 | 383 |
384 @example | |
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385 (keymap @var{elements}@dots{} . @var{parent-keymap}) |
6558 | 386 @end example |
387 | |
388 @noindent | |
389 The effect is that this keymap inherits all the bindings of | |
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390 @var{parent-keymap}, whatever they may be at the time a key is looked up, |
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391 but can add to them or override them with @var{elements}. |
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392 |
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393 If you change the bindings in @var{parent-keymap} using |
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394 @code{define-key} or other key-binding functions, these changed |
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395 bindings are visible in the inheriting keymap, unless shadowed by the |
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396 bindings made by @var{elements}. The converse is not true: if you use |
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397 @code{define-key} to change bindings in the inheriting keymap, these |
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398 changes are recorded in @var{elements}, but have no effect on |
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399 @var{parent-keymap}. |
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400 |
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401 The proper way to construct a keymap with a parent is to use |
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402 @code{set-keymap-parent}; if you have code that directly constructs a |
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403 keymap with a parent, please convert the program to use |
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404 @code{set-keymap-parent} instead. |
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405 |
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406 @defun keymap-parent keymap |
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407 This returns the parent keymap of @var{keymap}. If @var{keymap} |
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408 has no parent, @code{keymap-parent} returns @code{nil}. |
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409 @end defun |
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410 |
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411 @defun set-keymap-parent keymap parent |
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412 This sets the parent keymap of @var{keymap} to @var{parent}, and returns |
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413 @var{parent}. If @var{parent} is @code{nil}, this function gives |
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414 @var{keymap} no parent at all. |
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415 |
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416 If @var{keymap} has submaps (bindings for prefix keys), they too receive |
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417 new parent keymaps that reflect what @var{parent} specifies for those |
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418 prefix keys. |
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419 @end defun |
6558 | 420 |
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421 Here is an example showing how to make a keymap that inherits |
6558 | 422 from @code{text-mode-map}: |
423 | |
424 @example | |
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425 (let ((map (make-sparse-keymap))) |
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426 (set-keymap-parent map text-mode-map) |
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427 map) |
6558 | 428 @end example |
429 | |
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430 A non-sparse keymap can have a parent too, but this is not very |
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431 useful. A non-sparse keymap always specifies something as the binding |
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432 for every numeric character code without modifier bits, even if it is |
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433 @code{nil}, so these character's bindings are never inherited from |
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434 the parent keymap. |
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435 |
6558 | 436 @node Prefix Keys |
437 @section Prefix Keys | |
438 @cindex prefix key | |
439 | |
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440 A @dfn{prefix key} is a key sequence whose binding is a keymap. The |
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441 keymap defines what to do with key sequences that extend the prefix key. |
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442 For example, @kbd{C-x} is a prefix key, and it uses a keymap that is |
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443 also stored in the variable @code{ctl-x-map}. This keymap defines |
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444 bindings for key sequences starting with @kbd{C-x}. |
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445 |
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446 Some of the standard Emacs prefix keys use keymaps that are |
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447 also found in Lisp variables: |
6558 | 448 |
449 @itemize @bullet | |
450 @item | |
451 @vindex esc-map | |
452 @findex ESC-prefix | |
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453 @code{esc-map} is the global keymap for the @key{ESC} prefix key. Thus, |
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454 the global definitions of all meta characters are actually found here. |
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455 This map is also the function definition of @code{ESC-prefix}. |
6558 | 456 |
457 @item | |
458 @cindex @kbd{C-h} | |
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459 @code{help-map} is the global keymap for the @kbd{C-h} prefix key. |
6558 | 460 |
461 @item | |
462 @cindex @kbd{C-c} | |
463 @vindex mode-specific-map | |
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464 @code{mode-specific-map} is the global keymap for the prefix key |
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465 @kbd{C-c}. This map is actually global, not mode-specific, but its name |
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466 provides useful information about @kbd{C-c} in the output of @kbd{C-h b} |
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467 (@code{display-bindings}), since the main use of this prefix key is for |
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468 mode-specific bindings. |
6558 | 469 |
470 @item | |
471 @cindex @kbd{C-x} | |
472 @vindex ctl-x-map | |
473 @findex Control-X-prefix | |
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474 @code{ctl-x-map} is the global keymap used for the @kbd{C-x} prefix key. |
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475 This map is found via the function cell of the symbol |
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476 @code{Control-X-prefix}. |
6558 | 477 |
478 @item | |
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479 @cindex @kbd{C-x @key{RET}} |
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480 @vindex mule-keymap |
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481 @code{mule-keymap} is the global keymap used for the @kbd{C-x @key{RET}} |
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482 prefix key. |
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483 |
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484 @item |
6558 | 485 @cindex @kbd{C-x 4} |
486 @vindex ctl-x-4-map | |
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487 @code{ctl-x-4-map} is the global keymap used for the @kbd{C-x 4} prefix |
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488 key. |
6558 | 489 |
490 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
491 @item | |
492 @cindex @kbd{C-x 5} | |
493 @vindex ctl-x-5-map | |
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494 @code{ctl-x-5-map} is the global keymap used for the @kbd{C-x 5} prefix |
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495 key. |
6558 | 496 |
497 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
498 @item | |
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499 @cindex @kbd{C-x 6} |
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500 @vindex 2C-mode-map |
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501 @code{2C-mode-map} is the global keymap used for the @kbd{C-x 6} prefix |
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502 key. |
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503 |
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504 @item |
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505 @cindex @kbd{C-x v} |
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506 @vindex vc-prefix-map |
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507 @code{vc-prefix-map} is the global keymap used for the @kbd{C-x v} prefix |
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508 key. |
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509 |
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510 @item |
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511 @cindex @kbd{M-o} |
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512 @vindex facemenu-keymap |
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513 @code{facemenu-keymap} is the global keymap used for the @kbd{M-o} |
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514 prefix key. |
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515 |
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516 @c Emacs 19 feature |
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517 @item |
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518 The other Emacs prefix keys are @kbd{M-g}, @kbd{C-x @@}, @kbd{C-x a i}, |
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519 @kbd{C-x @key{ESC}} and @kbd{@key{ESC} @key{ESC}}. They use keymaps |
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520 that have no special names. |
6558 | 521 @end itemize |
522 | |
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523 The keymap binding of a prefix key is used for looking up the event |
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524 that follows the prefix key. (It may instead be a symbol whose function |
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525 definition is a keymap. The effect is the same, but the symbol serves |
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526 as a name for the prefix key.) Thus, the binding of @kbd{C-x} is the |
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527 symbol @code{Control-X-prefix}, whose function cell holds the keymap |
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528 for @kbd{C-x} commands. (The same keymap is also the value of |
6558 | 529 @code{ctl-x-map}.) |
530 | |
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531 Prefix key definitions can appear in any active keymap. The |
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532 definitions of @kbd{C-c}, @kbd{C-x}, @kbd{C-h} and @key{ESC} as prefix |
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533 keys appear in the global map, so these prefix keys are always |
6558 | 534 available. Major and minor modes can redefine a key as a prefix by |
535 putting a prefix key definition for it in the local map or the minor | |
536 mode's map. @xref{Active Keymaps}. | |
537 | |
538 If a key is defined as a prefix in more than one active map, then its | |
539 various definitions are in effect merged: the commands defined in the | |
540 minor mode keymaps come first, followed by those in the local map's | |
541 prefix definition, and then by those from the global map. | |
542 | |
543 In the following example, we make @kbd{C-p} a prefix key in the local | |
544 keymap, in such a way that @kbd{C-p} is identical to @kbd{C-x}. Then | |
545 the binding for @kbd{C-p C-f} is the function @code{find-file}, just | |
546 like @kbd{C-x C-f}. The key sequence @kbd{C-p 6} is not found in any | |
547 active keymap. | |
548 | |
549 @example | |
550 @group | |
551 (use-local-map (make-sparse-keymap)) | |
552 @result{} nil | |
553 @end group | |
554 @group | |
555 (local-set-key "\C-p" ctl-x-map) | |
556 @result{} nil | |
557 @end group | |
558 @group | |
559 (key-binding "\C-p\C-f") | |
560 @result{} find-file | |
561 @end group | |
562 | |
563 @group | |
564 (key-binding "\C-p6") | |
565 @result{} nil | |
566 @end group | |
567 @end example | |
568 | |
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569 @defun define-prefix-command symbol &optional mapvar prompt |
6558 | 570 @cindex prefix command |
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571 @anchor{Definition of define-prefix-command} |
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572 This function prepares @var{symbol} for use as a prefix key's binding: |
28496 | 573 it creates a sparse keymap and stores it as @var{symbol}'s function |
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574 definition. Subsequently binding a key sequence to @var{symbol} will |
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575 make that key sequence into a prefix key. The return value is @code{symbol}. |
6558 | 576 |
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577 This function also sets @var{symbol} as a variable, with the keymap as |
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578 its value. But if @var{mapvar} is non-@code{nil}, it sets @var{mapvar} |
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579 as a variable instead. |
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580 |
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581 If @var{prompt} is non-@code{nil}, that becomes the overall prompt |
31374 | 582 string for the keymap. The prompt string should be given for menu keymaps |
28873 | 583 (@pxref{Defining Menus}). |
6558 | 584 @end defun |
585 | |
586 @node Active Keymaps | |
587 @section Active Keymaps | |
588 @cindex active keymap | |
589 @cindex global keymap | |
590 @cindex local keymap | |
591 | |
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592 Emacs normally contains many keymaps; at any given time, just a few |
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593 of them are @dfn{active}, meaning that they participate in the |
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594 interpretation of user input. All the active keymaps are used |
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595 together to determine what command to execute when a key is entered. |
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596 |
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597 Normally the active keymaps are the @code{keymap} property keymap, |
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598 the keymaps of any enabled minor modes, the current buffer's local |
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599 keymap, and the global keymap, in that order. Emacs searches for each |
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600 input key sequence in all these keymaps. @xref{Searching Keymaps}, |
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601 for more details of this procedure. |
6558 | 602 |
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603 When the key sequence starts with a mouse event (optionally preceded |
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604 by a symbolic prefix), the active keymaps are determined based on the |
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605 position in that event. If the event happened on a string embedded |
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606 with a @code{display}, @code{before-string}, or @code{after-string} |
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607 property (@pxref{Special Properties}), the non-@code{nil} map |
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608 properties of the string override those of the buffer. |
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609 |
6558 | 610 The @dfn{global keymap} holds the bindings of keys that are defined |
611 regardless of the current buffer, such as @kbd{C-f}. The variable | |
612 @code{global-map} holds this keymap, which is always active. | |
613 | |
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614 Each buffer may have another keymap, its @dfn{local keymap}, which |
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615 may contain new or overriding definitions for keys. The current |
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616 buffer's local keymap is always active except when |
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617 @code{overriding-local-map} overrides it. The @code{local-map} text |
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618 or overlay property can specify an alternative local keymap for certain |
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619 parts of the buffer; see @ref{Special Properties}. |
6558 | 620 |
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621 Each minor mode can have a keymap; if it does, the keymap is active |
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622 when the minor mode is enabled. Modes for emulation can specify |
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623 additional active keymaps through the variable |
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624 @code{emulation-mode-map-alists}. |
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625 |
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626 The highest precedence normal keymap comes from the @code{keymap} |
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627 text or overlay property. If that is non-@code{nil}, it is the first |
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628 keymap to be processed, in normal circumstances. |
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629 |
68084 | 630 However, there are also special ways for programs to substitute |
60266 | 631 other keymaps for some of those. The variable |
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632 @code{overriding-local-map}, if non-@code{nil}, specifies a keymap |
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633 that replaces all the usual active keymaps except the global keymap. |
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634 Another way to do this is with @code{overriding-terminal-local-map}; |
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635 it operates on a per-terminal basis. These variables are documented |
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636 below. |
6558 | 637 |
638 @cindex major mode keymap | |
639 Since every buffer that uses the same major mode normally uses the | |
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640 same local keymap, you can think of the keymap as local to the mode. A |
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641 change to the local keymap of a buffer (using @code{local-set-key}, for |
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642 example) is seen also in the other buffers that share that keymap. |
6558 | 643 |
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644 The local keymaps that are used for Lisp mode and some other major |
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645 modes exist even if they have not yet been used. These local keymaps are |
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646 the values of variables such as @code{lisp-mode-map}. For most major |
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647 modes, which are less frequently used, the local keymap is constructed |
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648 only when the mode is used for the first time in a session. |
6558 | 649 |
650 The minibuffer has local keymaps, too; they contain various completion | |
651 and exit commands. @xref{Intro to Minibuffers}. | |
652 | |
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653 Emacs has other keymaps that are used in a different way---translating |
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654 events within @code{read-key-sequence}. @xref{Translation Keymaps}. |
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655 |
6558 | 656 @xref{Standard Keymaps}, for a list of standard keymaps. |
657 | |
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658 @defun current-active-maps &optional olp |
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659 This returns the list of active keymaps that would be used by the |
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660 command loop in the current circumstances to look up a key sequence. |
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661 Normally it ignores @code{overriding-local-map} and |
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662 @code{overriding-terminal-local-map}, but if @var{olp} is |
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663 non-@code{nil} then it pays attention to them. |
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664 @end defun |
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665 |
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666 @defun key-binding key &optional accept-defaults no-remap position |
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667 This function returns the binding for @var{key} according to the |
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668 current active keymaps. The result is @code{nil} if @var{key} is |
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669 undefined in the keymaps. |
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670 |
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671 The argument @var{accept-defaults} controls checking for default |
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672 bindings, as in @code{lookup-key} (@pxref{Functions for Key Lookup}). |
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673 |
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674 When commands are remapped (@pxref{Remapping Commands}), |
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675 @code{key-binding} normally processes command remappings so as to |
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676 returns the remapped command that will actually be executed. However, |
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677 if @var{no-remap} is non-@code{nil}, @code{key-binding} ignores |
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678 remappings and returns the binding directly specified for @var{key}. |
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679 |
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680 If @var{key} starts with a mouse event (perhaps following a prefix |
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681 event), the maps to be consulted are determined based on the event's |
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682 position. Otherwise, they are determined based on the value of point. |
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683 However, you can override either of them by specifying @var{position}. |
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684 If @var{position} is non-@code{nil}, it should be either a buffer |
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685 position or an event position like the value of @code{event-start}. |
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686 Then the maps consulted are determined based on @var{position}. |
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687 |
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688 An error is signaled if @var{key} is not a string or a vector. |
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689 |
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690 @example |
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691 @group |
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692 (key-binding "\C-x\C-f") |
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693 @result{} find-file |
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694 @end group |
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695 @end example |
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696 @end defun |
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|
697 |
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698 @node Searching Keymaps |
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699 @section Searching the Active Keymaps |
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700 @cindex searching active keymaps for keys |
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|
701 |
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|
702 After translation of event subsequences (@pxref{Translation |
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|
703 Keymaps}) Emacs looks for them in the active keymaps. Here is a |
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704 pseudo-Lisp description of the order and conditions for searching |
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|
705 them: |
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|
706 |
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|
707 @lisp |
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|
708 (or (if overriding-terminal-local-map |
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|
709 (@var{find-in} overriding-terminal-local-map) |
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|
710 (if overriding-local-map |
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|
711 (@var{find-in} overriding-local-map) |
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712 (or (@var{find-in} (get-char-property (point) 'keymap)) |
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|
713 (@var{find-in-any} emulation-mode-map-alists) |
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|
714 (@var{find-in-any} minor-mode-overriding-map-alist) |
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|
715 (@var{find-in-any} minor-mode-map-alist) |
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(Active Keymaps): Fix pseudo-Lisp syntax.
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|
716 (if (get-text-property (point) 'local-map) |
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|
717 (@var{find-in} (get-char-property (point) 'local-map)) |
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|
718 (@var{find-in} (current-local-map)))))) |
68576
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|
719 (@var{find-in} (current-global-map))) |
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|
720 @end lisp |
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|
721 |
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|
722 @noindent |
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|
723 The @var{find-in} and @var{find-in-any} are pseudo functions that |
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|
724 search in one keymap and in an alist of keymaps, respectively. |
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|
725 (Searching a single keymap for a binding is called @dfn{key lookup}; |
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|
726 see @ref{Key Lookup}.) If the key sequence starts with a mouse event, |
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|
727 or a symbolic prefix event followed by a mouse event, that event's |
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|
728 position is used instead of point and the current buffer. Mouse |
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|
729 events on an embedded string use non-@code{nil} text properties from |
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|
730 that string instead of the buffer. |
68576
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|
731 |
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|
732 @enumerate |
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|
733 @item |
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|
734 The function finally found may be remapped |
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|
735 (@pxref{Remapping Commands}). |
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|
736 |
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|
737 @item |
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|
738 Characters that are bound to @code{self-insert-command} are translated |
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|
739 according to @code{translation-table-for-input} before insertion. |
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|
740 |
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|
741 @item |
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|
742 @code{current-active-maps} returns a list of the |
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|
743 currently active keymaps at point. |
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|
744 |
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changeset
|
745 @item |
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|
746 When a match is found (@pxref{Key Lookup}), if the binding in the |
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|
747 keymap is a function, the search is over. However if the keymap entry |
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|
748 is a symbol with a value or a string, Emacs replaces the input key |
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|
749 sequences with the variable's value or the string, and restarts the |
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|
750 search of the active keymaps. |
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|
751 @end enumerate |
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|
752 |
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|
753 @node Controlling Active Maps |
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|
754 @section Controlling the Active Keymaps |
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|
755 |
6558 | 756 @defvar global-map |
7252
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|
757 This variable contains the default global keymap that maps Emacs |
68576
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|
758 keyboard input to commands. The global keymap is normally this |
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|
759 keymap. The default global keymap is a full keymap that binds |
6558 | 760 @code{self-insert-command} to all of the printing characters. |
761 | |
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|
762 It is normal practice to change the bindings in the global keymap, but you |
6558 | 763 should not assign this variable any value other than the keymap it starts |
764 out with. | |
765 @end defvar | |
766 | |
767 @defun current-global-map | |
7252
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768 This function returns the current global keymap. This is the |
6558 | 769 same as the value of @code{global-map} unless you change one or the |
770 other. | |
771 | |
772 @example | |
773 @group | |
774 (current-global-map) | |
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775 @result{} (keymap [set-mark-command beginning-of-line @dots{} |
6558 | 776 delete-backward-char]) |
777 @end group | |
778 @end example | |
779 @end defun | |
780 | |
781 @defun current-local-map | |
7252
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782 This function returns the current buffer's local keymap, or @code{nil} |
6558 | 783 if it has none. In the following example, the keymap for the |
784 @samp{*scratch*} buffer (using Lisp Interaction mode) is a sparse keymap | |
52978
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Replace @sc{foo} with @acronym{FOO}.
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|
785 in which the entry for @key{ESC}, @acronym{ASCII} code 27, is another sparse |
6558 | 786 keymap. |
787 | |
788 @example | |
789 @group | |
790 (current-local-map) | |
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791 @result{} (keymap |
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|
792 (10 . eval-print-last-sexp) |
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793 (9 . lisp-indent-line) |
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|
794 (127 . backward-delete-char-untabify) |
6558 | 795 @end group |
796 @group | |
49600
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changeset
|
797 (27 keymap |
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changeset
|
798 (24 . eval-defun) |
6558 | 799 (17 . indent-sexp))) |
800 @end group | |
801 @end example | |
802 @end defun | |
803 | |
804 @defun current-minor-mode-maps | |
805 This function returns a list of the keymaps of currently enabled minor modes. | |
806 @end defun | |
807 | |
808 @defun use-global-map keymap | |
7252
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809 This function makes @var{keymap} the new current global keymap. It |
6558 | 810 returns @code{nil}. |
811 | |
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812 It is very unusual to change the global keymap. |
6558 | 813 @end defun |
814 | |
815 @defun use-local-map keymap | |
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816 This function makes @var{keymap} the new local keymap of the current |
6558 | 817 buffer. If @var{keymap} is @code{nil}, then the buffer has no local |
818 keymap. @code{use-local-map} returns @code{nil}. Most major mode | |
819 commands use this function. | |
820 @end defun | |
821 | |
822 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
823 @defvar minor-mode-map-alist | |
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824 @anchor{Definition of minor-mode-map-alist} |
6558 | 825 This variable is an alist describing keymaps that may or may not be |
826 active according to the values of certain variables. Its elements look | |
827 like this: | |
828 | |
829 @example | |
830 (@var{variable} . @var{keymap}) | |
831 @end example | |
832 | |
833 The keymap @var{keymap} is active whenever @var{variable} has a | |
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834 non-@code{nil} value. Typically @var{variable} is the variable that |
6558 | 835 enables or disables a minor mode. @xref{Keymaps and Minor Modes}. |
836 | |
837 Note that elements of @code{minor-mode-map-alist} do not have the same | |
838 structure as elements of @code{minor-mode-alist}. The map must be the | |
25875 | 839 @sc{cdr} of the element; a list with the map as the second element will |
840 not do. The @sc{cdr} can be either a keymap (a list) or a symbol whose | |
841 function definition is a keymap. | |
6558 | 842 |
60266 | 843 When more than one minor mode keymap is active, the earlier one in |
844 @code{minor-mode-map-alist} takes priority. But you should design | |
6558 | 845 minor modes so that they don't interfere with each other. If you do |
846 this properly, the order will not matter. | |
847 | |
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848 See @ref{Keymaps and Minor Modes}, for more information about minor |
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849 modes. See also @code{minor-mode-key-binding} (@pxref{Functions for Key |
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850 Lookup}). |
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851 @end defvar |
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852 |
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853 @defvar minor-mode-overriding-map-alist |
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854 This variable allows major modes to override the key bindings for |
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855 particular minor modes. The elements of this alist look like the |
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856 elements of @code{minor-mode-map-alist}: @code{(@var{variable} |
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857 . @var{keymap})}. |
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858 |
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859 If a variable appears as an element of |
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860 @code{minor-mode-overriding-map-alist}, the map specified by that |
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861 element totally replaces any map specified for the same variable in |
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862 @code{minor-mode-map-alist}. |
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863 |
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864 @code{minor-mode-overriding-map-alist} is automatically buffer-local in |
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865 all buffers. |
6558 | 866 @end defvar |
867 | |
868 @defvar overriding-local-map | |
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869 If non-@code{nil}, this variable holds a keymap to use instead of the |
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870 buffer's local keymap, any text property or overlay keymaps, and any |
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871 minor mode keymaps. This keymap, if specified, overrides all other |
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872 maps that would have been active, except for the current global map. |
6558 | 873 @end defvar |
874 | |
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875 @defvar overriding-terminal-local-map |
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876 If non-@code{nil}, this variable holds a keymap to use instead of |
56641
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877 @code{overriding-local-map}, the buffer's local keymap, text property |
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878 or overlay keymaps, and all the minor mode keymaps. |
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879 |
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880 This variable is always local to the current terminal and cannot be |
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881 buffer-local. @xref{Multiple Displays}. It is used to implement |
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882 incremental search mode. |
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883 @end defvar |
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884 |
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885 @defvar overriding-local-map-menu-flag |
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886 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, the value of |
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887 @code{overriding-local-map} or @code{overriding-terminal-local-map} can |
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888 affect the display of the menu bar. The default value is @code{nil}, so |
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889 those map variables have no effect on the menu bar. |
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890 |
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891 Note that these two map variables do affect the execution of key |
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892 sequences entered using the menu bar, even if they do not affect the |
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893 menu bar display. So if a menu bar key sequence comes in, you should |
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894 clear the variables before looking up and executing that key sequence. |
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895 Modes that use the variables would typically do this anyway; normally |
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896 they respond to events that they do not handle by ``unreading'' them and |
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897 exiting. |
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898 @end defvar |
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899 |
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900 @defvar special-event-map |
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901 This variable holds a keymap for special events. If an event type has a |
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902 binding in this keymap, then it is special, and the binding for the |
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903 event is run directly by @code{read-event}. @xref{Special Events}. |
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904 @end defvar |
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905 |
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906 @defvar emulation-mode-map-alists |
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907 This variable holds a list of keymap alists to use for emulations |
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908 modes. It is intended for modes or packages using multiple minor-mode |
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909 keymaps. Each element is a keymap alist which has the same format and |
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910 meaning as @code{minor-mode-map-alist}, or a symbol with a variable |
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911 binding which is such an alist. The ``active'' keymaps in each alist |
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912 are used before @code{minor-mode-map-alist} and |
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913 @code{minor-mode-overriding-map-alist}. |
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914 @end defvar |
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915 |
6558 | 916 @node Key Lookup |
917 @section Key Lookup | |
918 @cindex key lookup | |
919 @cindex keymap entry | |
920 | |
921 @dfn{Key lookup} is the process of finding the binding of a key | |
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922 sequence from a given keymap. The execution or use of the binding is |
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923 not part of key lookup. |
6558 | 924 |
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925 Key lookup uses just the event type of each event in the key sequence; |
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926 the rest of the event is ignored. In fact, a key sequence used for key |
60266 | 927 lookup may designate a mouse event with just its types (a symbol) |
928 instead of the entire event (a list). @xref{Input Events}. Such | |
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929 a ``key sequence'' is insufficient for @code{command-execute} to run, |
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930 but it is sufficient for looking up or rebinding a key. |
6558 | 931 |
932 When the key sequence consists of multiple events, key lookup | |
933 processes the events sequentially: the binding of the first event is | |
934 found, and must be a keymap; then the second event's binding is found in | |
935 that keymap, and so on until all the events in the key sequence are used | |
936 up. (The binding thus found for the last event may or may not be a | |
937 keymap.) Thus, the process of key lookup is defined in terms of a | |
938 simpler process for looking up a single event in a keymap. How that is | |
939 done depends on the type of object associated with the event in that | |
940 keymap. | |
941 | |
942 Let's use the term @dfn{keymap entry} to describe the value found by | |
943 looking up an event type in a keymap. (This doesn't include the item | |
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944 string and other extra elements in a keymap element for a menu item, because |
6558 | 945 @code{lookup-key} and other key lookup functions don't include them in |
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946 the returned value.) While any Lisp object may be stored in a keymap |
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947 as a keymap entry, not all make sense for key lookup. Here is a table |
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948 of the meaningful types of keymap entries: |
6558 | 949 |
950 @table @asis | |
951 @item @code{nil} | |
952 @cindex @code{nil} in keymap | |
953 @code{nil} means that the events used so far in the lookup form an | |
954 undefined key. When a keymap fails to mention an event type at all, and | |
955 has no default binding, that is equivalent to a binding of @code{nil} | |
956 for that event type. | |
957 | |
958 @item @var{command} | |
959 @cindex command in keymap | |
960 The events used so far in the lookup form a complete key, | |
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961 and @var{command} is its binding. @xref{What Is a Function}. |
6558 | 962 |
12098 | 963 @item @var{array} |
6558 | 964 @cindex string in keymap |
12098 | 965 The array (either a string or a vector) is a keyboard macro. The events |
966 used so far in the lookup form a complete key, and the array is its | |
967 binding. See @ref{Keyboard Macros}, for more information. | |
6558 | 968 |
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969 @item @var{keymap} |
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970 @cindex keymap in keymap |
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971 The events used so far in the lookup form a prefix key. The next |
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972 event of the key sequence is looked up in @var{keymap}. |
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973 |
6558 | 974 @item @var{list} |
975 @cindex list in keymap | |
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976 The meaning of a list depends on what it contains: |
6558 | 977 |
978 @itemize @bullet | |
979 @item | |
980 If the @sc{car} of @var{list} is the symbol @code{keymap}, then the list | |
981 is a keymap, and is treated as a keymap (see above). | |
982 | |
983 @item | |
984 @cindex @code{lambda} in keymap | |
985 If the @sc{car} of @var{list} is @code{lambda}, then the list is a | |
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986 lambda expression. This is presumed to be a function, and is treated |
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987 as such (see above). In order to execute properly as a key binding, |
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988 this function must be a command---it must have an @code{interactive} |
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989 specification. @xref{Defining Commands}. |
6558 | 990 |
991 @item | |
992 If the @sc{car} of @var{list} is a keymap and the @sc{cdr} is an event | |
993 type, then this is an @dfn{indirect entry}: | |
994 | |
995 @example | |
996 (@var{othermap} . @var{othertype}) | |
997 @end example | |
998 | |
999 When key lookup encounters an indirect entry, it looks up instead the | |
1000 binding of @var{othertype} in @var{othermap} and uses that. | |
1001 | |
1002 This feature permits you to define one key as an alias for another key. | |
1003 For example, an entry whose @sc{car} is the keymap called @code{esc-map} | |
12098 | 1004 and whose @sc{cdr} is 32 (the code for @key{SPC}) means, ``Use the global |
6558 | 1005 binding of @kbd{Meta-@key{SPC}}, whatever that may be.'' |
1006 @end itemize | |
1007 | |
1008 @item @var{symbol} | |
1009 @cindex symbol in keymap | |
1010 The function definition of @var{symbol} is used in place of | |
1011 @var{symbol}. If that too is a symbol, then this process is repeated, | |
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1012 any number of times. Ultimately this should lead to an object that is |
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1013 a keymap, a command, or a keyboard macro. A list is allowed if it is a |
6558 | 1014 keymap or a command, but indirect entries are not understood when found |
1015 via symbols. | |
1016 | |
1017 Note that keymaps and keyboard macros (strings and vectors) are not | |
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1018 valid functions, so a symbol with a keymap, string, or vector as its |
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1019 function definition is invalid as a function. It is, however, valid as |
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1020 a key binding. If the definition is a keyboard macro, then the symbol |
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1021 is also valid as an argument to @code{command-execute} |
6558 | 1022 (@pxref{Interactive Call}). |
1023 | |
1024 @cindex @code{undefined} in keymap | |
1025 The symbol @code{undefined} is worth special mention: it means to treat | |
1026 the key as undefined. Strictly speaking, the key is defined, and its | |
1027 binding is the command @code{undefined}; but that command does the same | |
1028 thing that is done automatically for an undefined key: it rings the bell | |
1029 (by calling @code{ding}) but does not signal an error. | |
1030 | |
1031 @cindex preventing prefix key | |
1032 @code{undefined} is used in local keymaps to override a global key | |
1033 binding and make the key ``undefined'' locally. A local binding of | |
1034 @code{nil} would fail to do this because it would not override the | |
1035 global binding. | |
1036 | |
1037 @item @var{anything else} | |
1038 If any other type of object is found, the events used so far in the | |
1039 lookup form a complete key, and the object is its binding, but the | |
1040 binding is not executable as a command. | |
1041 @end table | |
1042 | |
1043 In short, a keymap entry may be a keymap, a command, a keyboard macro, | |
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1044 a symbol that leads to one of them, or an indirection or @code{nil}. |
6558 | 1045 Here is an example of a sparse keymap with two characters bound to |
1046 commands and one bound to another keymap. This map is the normal value | |
1047 of @code{emacs-lisp-mode-map}. Note that 9 is the code for @key{TAB}, | |
1048 127 for @key{DEL}, 27 for @key{ESC}, 17 for @kbd{C-q} and 24 for | |
1049 @kbd{C-x}. | |
1050 | |
1051 @example | |
1052 @group | |
1053 (keymap (9 . lisp-indent-line) | |
1054 (127 . backward-delete-char-untabify) | |
1055 (27 keymap (17 . indent-sexp) (24 . eval-defun))) | |
1056 @end group | |
1057 @end example | |
1058 | |
1059 @node Functions for Key Lookup | |
1060 @section Functions for Key Lookup | |
1061 | |
1062 Here are the functions and variables pertaining to key lookup. | |
1063 | |
1064 @defun lookup-key keymap key &optional accept-defaults | |
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1065 This function returns the definition of @var{key} in @var{keymap}. All |
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1066 the other functions described in this chapter that look up keys use |
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1067 @code{lookup-key}. Here are examples: |
6558 | 1068 |
1069 @example | |
1070 @group | |
1071 (lookup-key (current-global-map) "\C-x\C-f") | |
1072 @result{} find-file | |
1073 @end group | |
1074 @group | |
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1075 (lookup-key (current-global-map) (kbd "C-x C-f")) |
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1076 @result{} find-file |
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1077 @end group |
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1078 @group |
6558 | 1079 (lookup-key (current-global-map) "\C-x\C-f12345") |
1080 @result{} 2 | |
1081 @end group | |
1082 @end example | |
1083 | |
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1084 If the string or vector @var{key} is not a valid key sequence according |
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1085 to the prefix keys specified in @var{keymap}, it must be ``too long'' |
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1086 and have extra events at the end that do not fit into a single key |
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1087 sequence. Then the value is a number, the number of events at the front |
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1088 of @var{key} that compose a complete key. |
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1089 |
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1090 @c Emacs 19 feature |
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1091 If @var{accept-defaults} is non-@code{nil}, then @code{lookup-key} |
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1092 considers default bindings as well as bindings for the specific events |
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1093 in @var{key}. Otherwise, @code{lookup-key} reports only bindings for |
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1094 the specific sequence @var{key}, ignoring default bindings except when |
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1095 you explicitly ask about them. (To do this, supply @code{t} as an |
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1096 element of @var{key}; see @ref{Format of Keymaps}.) |
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1097 |
34656 | 1098 If @var{key} contains a meta character (not a function key), that |
1099 character is implicitly replaced by a two-character sequence: the value | |
1100 of @code{meta-prefix-char}, followed by the corresponding non-meta | |
6558 | 1101 character. Thus, the first example below is handled by conversion into |
1102 the second example. | |
1103 | |
1104 @example | |
1105 @group | |
1106 (lookup-key (current-global-map) "\M-f") | |
1107 @result{} forward-word | |
1108 @end group | |
1109 @group | |
1110 (lookup-key (current-global-map) "\ef") | |
1111 @result{} forward-word | |
1112 @end group | |
1113 @end example | |
1114 | |
1115 Unlike @code{read-key-sequence}, this function does not modify the | |
1116 specified events in ways that discard information (@pxref{Key Sequence | |
1117 Input}). In particular, it does not convert letters to lower case and | |
1118 it does not change drag events to clicks. | |
1119 @end defun | |
1120 | |
1121 @deffn Command undefined | |
1122 Used in keymaps to undefine keys. It calls @code{ding}, but does | |
1123 not cause an error. | |
1124 @end deffn | |
1125 | |
1126 @defun local-key-binding key &optional accept-defaults | |
1127 This function returns the binding for @var{key} in the current | |
1128 local keymap, or @code{nil} if it is undefined there. | |
1129 | |
1130 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1131 The argument @var{accept-defaults} controls checking for default bindings, | |
1132 as in @code{lookup-key} (above). | |
1133 @end defun | |
1134 | |
1135 @defun global-key-binding key &optional accept-defaults | |
1136 This function returns the binding for command @var{key} in the | |
1137 current global keymap, or @code{nil} if it is undefined there. | |
1138 | |
1139 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1140 The argument @var{accept-defaults} controls checking for default bindings, | |
1141 as in @code{lookup-key} (above). | |
1142 @end defun | |
1143 | |
1144 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1145 @defun minor-mode-key-binding key &optional accept-defaults | |
1146 This function returns a list of all the active minor mode bindings of | |
1147 @var{key}. More precisely, it returns an alist of pairs | |
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1148 @code{(@var{modename} . @var{binding})}, where @var{modename} is the |
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1149 variable that enables the minor mode, and @var{binding} is @var{key}'s |
6558 | 1150 binding in that mode. If @var{key} has no minor-mode bindings, the |
1151 value is @code{nil}. | |
1152 | |
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1153 If the first binding found is not a prefix definition (a keymap or a |
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1154 symbol defined as a keymap), all subsequent bindings from other minor |
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1155 modes are omitted, since they would be completely shadowed. Similarly, |
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1156 the list omits non-prefix bindings that follow prefix bindings. |
6558 | 1157 |
1158 The argument @var{accept-defaults} controls checking for default | |
1159 bindings, as in @code{lookup-key} (above). | |
1160 @end defun | |
1161 | |
1162 @defvar meta-prefix-char | |
1163 @cindex @key{ESC} | |
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1164 This variable is the meta-prefix character code. It is used for |
6558 | 1165 translating a meta character to a two-character sequence so it can be |
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1166 looked up in a keymap. For useful results, the value should be a |
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1167 prefix event (@pxref{Prefix Keys}). The default value is 27, which is |
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1168 the @acronym{ASCII} code for @key{ESC}. |
6558 | 1169 |
34656 | 1170 As long as the value of @code{meta-prefix-char} remains 27, key lookup |
1171 translates @kbd{M-b} into @kbd{@key{ESC} b}, which is normally defined | |
1172 as the @code{backward-word} command. However, if you were to set | |
6558 | 1173 @code{meta-prefix-char} to 24, the code for @kbd{C-x}, then Emacs will |
1174 translate @kbd{M-b} into @kbd{C-x b}, whose standard binding is the | |
34656 | 1175 @code{switch-to-buffer} command. (Don't actually do this!) Here is an |
1176 illustration of what would happen: | |
6558 | 1177 |
1178 @smallexample | |
1179 @group | |
1180 meta-prefix-char ; @r{The default value.} | |
1181 @result{} 27 | |
1182 @end group | |
1183 @group | |
1184 (key-binding "\M-b") | |
1185 @result{} backward-word | |
1186 @end group | |
1187 @group | |
1188 ?\C-x ; @r{The print representation} | |
1189 @result{} 24 ; @r{of a character.} | |
1190 @end group | |
1191 @group | |
1192 (setq meta-prefix-char 24) | |
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1193 @result{} 24 |
6558 | 1194 @end group |
1195 @group | |
1196 (key-binding "\M-b") | |
1197 @result{} switch-to-buffer ; @r{Now, typing @kbd{M-b} is} | |
1198 ; @r{like typing @kbd{C-x b}.} | |
1199 | |
1200 (setq meta-prefix-char 27) ; @r{Avoid confusion!} | |
1201 @result{} 27 ; @r{Restore the default value!} | |
1202 @end group | |
1203 @end smallexample | |
34656 | 1204 |
1205 This translation of one event into two happens only for characters, not | |
1206 for other kinds of input events. Thus, @kbd{M-@key{F1}}, a function | |
1207 key, is not converted into @kbd{@key{ESC} @key{F1}}. | |
6558 | 1208 @end defvar |
1209 | |
1210 @node Changing Key Bindings | |
1211 @section Changing Key Bindings | |
1212 @cindex changing key bindings | |
1213 @cindex rebinding | |
1214 | |
1215 The way to rebind a key is to change its entry in a keymap. If you | |
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1216 change a binding in the global keymap, the change is effective in all |
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1217 buffers (though it has no direct effect in buffers that shadow the |
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1218 global binding with a local one). If you change the current buffer's |
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1219 local map, that usually affects all buffers using the same major mode. |
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1220 The @code{global-set-key} and @code{local-set-key} functions are |
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1221 convenient interfaces for these operations (@pxref{Key Binding |
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1222 Commands}). You can also use @code{define-key}, a more general |
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1223 function; then you must specify explicitly the map to change. |
6558 | 1224 |
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1225 When choosing the key sequences for Lisp programs to rebind, please |
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1226 follow the Emacs conventions for use of various keys (@pxref{Key |
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1227 Binding Conventions}). |
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1228 |
6558 | 1229 @cindex meta character key constants |
1230 @cindex control character key constants | |
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1231 In writing the key sequence to rebind, it is good to use the special |
6558 | 1232 escape sequences for control and meta characters (@pxref{String Type}). |
1233 The syntax @samp{\C-} means that the following character is a control | |
1234 character and @samp{\M-} means that the following character is a meta | |
1235 character. Thus, the string @code{"\M-x"} is read as containing a | |
1236 single @kbd{M-x}, @code{"\C-f"} is read as containing a single | |
1237 @kbd{C-f}, and @code{"\M-\C-x"} and @code{"\C-\M-x"} are both read as | |
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1238 containing a single @kbd{C-M-x}. You can also use this escape syntax in |
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1239 vectors, as well as others that aren't allowed in strings; one example |
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1240 is @samp{[?\C-\H-x home]}. @xref{Character Type}. |
6558 | 1241 |
12067 | 1242 The key definition and lookup functions accept an alternate syntax for |
1243 event types in a key sequence that is a vector: you can use a list | |
1244 containing modifier names plus one base event (a character or function | |
1245 key name). For example, @code{(control ?a)} is equivalent to | |
1246 @code{?\C-a} and @code{(hyper control left)} is equivalent to | |
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1247 @code{C-H-left}. One advantage of such lists is that the precise |
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1248 numeric codes for the modifier bits don't appear in compiled files. |
12098 | 1249 |
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1250 The functions below signal an error if @var{keymap} is not a keymap, |
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1251 or if @var{key} is not a string or vector representing a key sequence. |
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1252 You can use event types (symbols) as shorthand for events that are |
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1253 lists. The @code{kbd} macro (@pxref{Key Sequences}) is a convenient |
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1254 way to specify the key sequence. |
6558 | 1255 |
1256 @defun define-key keymap key binding | |
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1257 This function sets the binding for @var{key} in @var{keymap}. (If |
6558 | 1258 @var{key} is more than one event long, the change is actually made |
1259 in another keymap reached from @var{keymap}.) The argument | |
1260 @var{binding} can be any Lisp object, but only certain types are | |
1261 meaningful. (For a list of meaningful types, see @ref{Key Lookup}.) | |
1262 The value returned by @code{define-key} is @var{binding}. | |
1263 | |
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1264 If @var{key} is @code{[t]}, this sets the default binding in |
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1265 @var{keymap}. When an event has no binding of its own, the Emacs |
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1266 command loop uses the keymap's default binding, if there is one. |
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1267 |
6558 | 1268 @cindex invalid prefix key error |
1269 @cindex key sequence error | |
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1270 Every prefix of @var{key} must be a prefix key (i.e., bound to a keymap) |
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1271 or undefined; otherwise an error is signaled. If some prefix of |
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1272 @var{key} is undefined, then @code{define-key} defines it as a prefix |
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1273 key so that the rest of @var{key} can be defined as specified. |
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1274 |
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1275 If there was previously no binding for @var{key} in @var{keymap}, the |
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1276 new binding is added at the beginning of @var{keymap}. The order of |
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1277 bindings in a keymap makes no difference for keyboard input, but it |
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1278 does matter for menu keymaps (@pxref{Menu Keymaps}). |
6558 | 1279 @end defun |
1280 | |
76878 | 1281 This example creates a sparse keymap and makes a number of |
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1282 bindings in it: |
6558 | 1283 |
1284 @smallexample | |
1285 @group | |
1286 (setq map (make-sparse-keymap)) | |
1287 @result{} (keymap) | |
1288 @end group | |
1289 @group | |
1290 (define-key map "\C-f" 'forward-char) | |
1291 @result{} forward-char | |
1292 @end group | |
1293 @group | |
1294 map | |
1295 @result{} (keymap (6 . forward-char)) | |
1296 @end group | |
1297 | |
1298 @group | |
1299 ;; @r{Build sparse submap for @kbd{C-x} and bind @kbd{f} in that.} | |
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1300 (define-key map (kbd "C-x f") 'forward-word) |
6558 | 1301 @result{} forward-word |
1302 @end group | |
1303 @group | |
1304 map | |
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1305 @result{} (keymap |
6558 | 1306 (24 keymap ; @kbd{C-x} |
1307 (102 . forward-word)) ; @kbd{f} | |
1308 (6 . forward-char)) ; @kbd{C-f} | |
1309 @end group | |
1310 | |
1311 @group | |
1312 ;; @r{Bind @kbd{C-p} to the @code{ctl-x-map}.} | |
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1313 (define-key map (kbd "C-p") ctl-x-map) |
6558 | 1314 ;; @code{ctl-x-map} |
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1315 @result{} [nil @dots{} find-file @dots{} backward-kill-sentence] |
6558 | 1316 @end group |
1317 | |
1318 @group | |
1319 ;; @r{Bind @kbd{C-f} to @code{foo} in the @code{ctl-x-map}.} | |
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1320 (define-key map (kbd "C-p C-f") 'foo) |
6558 | 1321 @result{} 'foo |
1322 @end group | |
1323 @group | |
1324 map | |
1325 @result{} (keymap ; @r{Note @code{foo} in @code{ctl-x-map}.} | |
1326 (16 keymap [nil @dots{} foo @dots{} backward-kill-sentence]) | |
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1327 (24 keymap |
6558 | 1328 (102 . forward-word)) |
1329 (6 . forward-char)) | |
1330 @end group | |
1331 @end smallexample | |
1332 | |
1333 @noindent | |
1334 Note that storing a new binding for @kbd{C-p C-f} actually works by | |
1335 changing an entry in @code{ctl-x-map}, and this has the effect of | |
1336 changing the bindings of both @kbd{C-p C-f} and @kbd{C-x C-f} in the | |
1337 default global map. | |
1338 | |
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1339 The function @code{substitute-key-definition} scans a keymap for |
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1340 keys that have a certain binding and rebinds them with a different |
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1341 binding. Another feature which is cleaner and can often produce the |
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1342 same results to remap one command into another (@pxref{Remapping |
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1343 Commands}). |
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1344 |
6558 | 1345 @defun substitute-key-definition olddef newdef keymap &optional oldmap |
1346 @cindex replace bindings | |
1347 This function replaces @var{olddef} with @var{newdef} for any keys in | |
1348 @var{keymap} that were bound to @var{olddef}. In other words, | |
1349 @var{olddef} is replaced with @var{newdef} wherever it appears. The | |
1350 function returns @code{nil}. | |
1351 | |
1352 For example, this redefines @kbd{C-x C-f}, if you do it in an Emacs with | |
1353 standard bindings: | |
1354 | |
1355 @smallexample | |
1356 @group | |
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1357 (substitute-key-definition |
6558 | 1358 'find-file 'find-file-read-only (current-global-map)) |
1359 @end group | |
1360 @end smallexample | |
1361 | |
1362 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
28809 | 1363 If @var{oldmap} is non-@code{nil}, that changes the behavior of |
1364 @code{substitute-key-definition}: the bindings in @var{oldmap} determine | |
1365 which keys to rebind. The rebindings still happen in @var{keymap}, not | |
1366 in @var{oldmap}. Thus, you can change one map under the control of the | |
6558 | 1367 bindings in another. For example, |
1368 | |
1369 @smallexample | |
1370 (substitute-key-definition | |
1371 'delete-backward-char 'my-funny-delete | |
1372 my-map global-map) | |
1373 @end smallexample | |
1374 | |
1375 @noindent | |
1376 puts the special deletion command in @code{my-map} for whichever keys | |
1377 are globally bound to the standard deletion command. | |
1378 | |
1379 Here is an example showing a keymap before and after substitution: | |
1380 | |
1381 @smallexample | |
1382 @group | |
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1383 (setq map '(keymap |
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1384 (?1 . olddef-1) |
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1385 (?2 . olddef-2) |
6558 | 1386 (?3 . olddef-1))) |
1387 @result{} (keymap (49 . olddef-1) (50 . olddef-2) (51 . olddef-1)) | |
1388 @end group | |
1389 | |
1390 @group | |
1391 (substitute-key-definition 'olddef-1 'newdef map) | |
1392 @result{} nil | |
1393 @end group | |
1394 @group | |
1395 map | |
1396 @result{} (keymap (49 . newdef) (50 . olddef-2) (51 . newdef)) | |
1397 @end group | |
1398 @end smallexample | |
1399 @end defun | |
1400 | |
1401 @defun suppress-keymap keymap &optional nodigits | |
1402 @cindex @code{self-insert-command} override | |
1403 This function changes the contents of the full keymap @var{keymap} by | |
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1404 remapping @code{self-insert-command} to the command @code{undefined} |
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1405 (@pxref{Remapping Commands}). This has the effect of undefining all |
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1406 printing characters, thus making ordinary insertion of text impossible. |
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1407 @code{suppress-keymap} returns @code{nil}. |
6558 | 1408 |
1409 If @var{nodigits} is @code{nil}, then @code{suppress-keymap} defines | |
1410 digits to run @code{digit-argument}, and @kbd{-} to run | |
1411 @code{negative-argument}. Otherwise it makes them undefined like the | |
1412 rest of the printing characters. | |
1413 | |
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1414 @cindex yank suppression |
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1415 @cindex @code{quoted-insert} suppression |
6558 | 1416 The @code{suppress-keymap} function does not make it impossible to |
1417 modify a buffer, as it does not suppress commands such as @code{yank} | |
1418 and @code{quoted-insert}. To prevent any modification of a buffer, make | |
1419 it read-only (@pxref{Read Only Buffers}). | |
1420 | |
1421 Since this function modifies @var{keymap}, you would normally use it | |
1422 on a newly created keymap. Operating on an existing keymap | |
1423 that is used for some other purpose is likely to cause trouble; for | |
1424 example, suppressing @code{global-map} would make it impossible to use | |
1425 most of Emacs. | |
1426 | |
1427 Most often, @code{suppress-keymap} is used to initialize local | |
1428 keymaps of modes such as Rmail and Dired where insertion of text is not | |
1429 desirable and the buffer is read-only. Here is an example taken from | |
1430 the file @file{emacs/lisp/dired.el}, showing how the local keymap for | |
1431 Dired mode is set up: | |
1432 | |
1433 @smallexample | |
1434 @group | |
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1435 (setq dired-mode-map (make-keymap)) |
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1436 (suppress-keymap dired-mode-map) |
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1437 (define-key dired-mode-map "r" 'dired-rename-file) |
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1438 (define-key dired-mode-map "\C-d" 'dired-flag-file-deleted) |
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1439 (define-key dired-mode-map "d" 'dired-flag-file-deleted) |
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1440 (define-key dired-mode-map "v" 'dired-view-file) |
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1441 (define-key dired-mode-map "e" 'dired-find-file) |
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1442 (define-key dired-mode-map "f" 'dired-find-file) |
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1443 @dots{} |
6558 | 1444 @end group |
1445 @end smallexample | |
1446 @end defun | |
1447 | |
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1448 @node Remapping Commands |
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1449 @section Remapping Commands |
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1450 @cindex remapping commands |
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1451 |
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1452 A special kind of key binding, using a special ``key sequence'' |
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1453 which includes a command name, has the effect of @dfn{remapping} that |
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1454 command into another. Here's how it works. You make a key binding |
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1455 for a key sequence that starts with the dummy event @code{remap}, |
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1456 followed by the command name you want to remap. Specify the remapped |
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1457 definition as the definition in this binding. The remapped definition |
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1458 is usually a command name, but it can be any valid definition for |
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1459 a key binding. |
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1460 |
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1461 Here's an example. Suppose that My mode uses special commands |
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1462 @code{my-kill-line} and @code{my-kill-word}, which should be invoked |
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1463 instead of @code{kill-line} and @code{kill-word}. It can establish |
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1464 this by making these two command-remapping bindings in its keymap: |
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1465 |
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1466 @smallexample |
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1467 (define-key my-mode-map [remap kill-line] 'my-kill-line) |
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1468 (define-key my-mode-map [remap kill-word] 'my-kill-word) |
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1469 @end smallexample |
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1470 |
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1471 Whenever @code{my-mode-map} is an active keymap, if the user types |
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1472 @kbd{C-k}, Emacs will find the standard global binding of |
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1473 @code{kill-line} (assuming nobody has changed it). But |
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1474 @code{my-mode-map} remaps @code{kill-line} to @code{my-kill-line}, |
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1475 so instead of running @code{kill-line}, Emacs runs |
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1476 @code{my-kill-line}. |
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1477 |
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1478 Remapping only works through a single level. In other words, |
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1479 |
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1480 @smallexample |
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1481 (define-key my-mode-map [remap kill-line] 'my-kill-line) |
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1482 (define-key my-mode-map [remap my-kill-line] 'my-other-kill-line) |
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1483 @end smallexample |
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1484 |
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1485 @noindent |
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1486 does not have the effect of remapping @code{kill-line} into |
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1487 @code{my-other-kill-line}. If an ordinary key binding specifies |
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(Format of Keymaps): Keymaps contain char tables, not vectors.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51921
diff
changeset
|
1488 @code{kill-line}, this keymap will remap it to @code{my-kill-line}; |
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(Format of Keymaps): Keymaps contain char tables, not vectors.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51921
diff
changeset
|
1489 if an ordinary binding specifies @code{my-kill-line}, this keymap will |
e8156132db3d
(Format of Keymaps): Keymaps contain char tables, not vectors.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51921
diff
changeset
|
1490 remap it to @code{my-other-kill-line}. |
e8156132db3d
(Format of Keymaps): Keymaps contain char tables, not vectors.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51921
diff
changeset
|
1491 |
76889
e73fed8ffa74
(Remapping Commands): Document new arg to command-remapping.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
76878
diff
changeset
|
1492 @defun command-remapping command &optional position keymaps |
72905
310304c34121
(Remapping Commands, Searching Keymaps)
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
72889
diff
changeset
|
1493 This function returns the remapping for @var{command} (a symbol), |
310304c34121
(Remapping Commands, Searching Keymaps)
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
72889
diff
changeset
|
1494 given the current active keymaps. If @var{command} is not remapped |
310304c34121
(Remapping Commands, Searching Keymaps)
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
72889
diff
changeset
|
1495 (which is the usual situation), or not a symbol, the function returns |
310304c34121
(Remapping Commands, Searching Keymaps)
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
72889
diff
changeset
|
1496 @code{nil}. @code{position} can optionally specify a buffer position |
310304c34121
(Remapping Commands, Searching Keymaps)
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
72889
diff
changeset
|
1497 or an event position to determine the keymaps to use, as in |
310304c34121
(Remapping Commands, Searching Keymaps)
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
72889
diff
changeset
|
1498 @code{key-binding}. |
76889
e73fed8ffa74
(Remapping Commands): Document new arg to command-remapping.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
76878
diff
changeset
|
1499 |
e73fed8ffa74
(Remapping Commands): Document new arg to command-remapping.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
76878
diff
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|
1500 If the optional argument @code{keymaps} is non-@code{nil}, it |
e73fed8ffa74
(Remapping Commands): Document new arg to command-remapping.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
76878
diff
changeset
|
1501 specifies a list of keymaps to search in. This argument is ignored if |
e73fed8ffa74
(Remapping Commands): Document new arg to command-remapping.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
76878
diff
changeset
|
1502 @code{position} is non-@code{nil}. |
52186
e8156132db3d
(Format of Keymaps): Keymaps contain char tables, not vectors.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51921
diff
changeset
|
1503 @end defun |
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(Format of Keymaps): Keymaps contain char tables, not vectors.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51921
diff
changeset
|
1504 |
72210
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1505 @node Translation Keymaps |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1506 @section Keymaps for Translating Sequences of Events |
76837 | 1507 @cindex keymaps for translating events |
72210
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1508 |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1509 This section describes keymaps that are used during reading a key |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1510 sequence, to translate certain event sequences into others. |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1511 @code{read-key-sequence} checks every subsequence of the key sequence |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1512 being read, as it is read, against @code{function-key-map} and then |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1513 against @code{key-translation-map}. |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1514 |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1515 @defvar function-key-map |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1516 This variable holds a keymap that describes the character sequences sent |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1517 by function keys on an ordinary character terminal. This keymap has the |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1518 same structure as other keymaps, but is used differently: it specifies |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1519 translations to make while reading key sequences, rather than bindings |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1520 for key sequences. |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1521 |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1522 If @code{function-key-map} ``binds'' a key sequence @var{k} to a vector |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1523 @var{v}, then when @var{k} appears as a subsequence @emph{anywhere} in a |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1524 key sequence, it is replaced with the events in @var{v}. |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1525 |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1526 For example, VT100 terminals send @kbd{@key{ESC} O P} when the |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1527 keypad @key{PF1} key is pressed. Therefore, we want Emacs to translate |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1528 that sequence of events into the single event @code{pf1}. We accomplish |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1529 this by ``binding'' @kbd{@key{ESC} O P} to @code{[pf1]} in |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1530 @code{function-key-map}, when using a VT100. |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1531 |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1532 Thus, typing @kbd{C-c @key{PF1}} sends the character sequence @kbd{C-c |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1533 @key{ESC} O P}; later the function @code{read-key-sequence} translates |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1534 this back into @kbd{C-c @key{PF1}}, which it returns as the vector |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1535 @code{[?\C-c pf1]}. |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1536 |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1537 Entries in @code{function-key-map} are ignored if they conflict with |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1538 bindings made in the minor mode, local, or global keymaps. The intent |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1539 is that the character sequences that function keys send should not have |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1540 command bindings in their own right---but if they do, the ordinary |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1541 bindings take priority. |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1542 |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1543 The value of @code{function-key-map} is usually set up automatically |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1544 according to the terminal's Terminfo or Termcap entry, but sometimes |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1545 those need help from terminal-specific Lisp files. Emacs comes with |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1546 terminal-specific files for many common terminals; their main purpose is |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1547 to make entries in @code{function-key-map} beyond those that can be |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1548 deduced from Termcap and Terminfo. @xref{Terminal-Specific}. |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1549 @end defvar |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1550 |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1551 @defvar key-translation-map |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1552 This variable is another keymap used just like @code{function-key-map} |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1553 to translate input events into other events. It differs from |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1554 @code{function-key-map} in two ways: |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1555 |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1556 @itemize @bullet |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1557 @item |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1558 @code{key-translation-map} goes to work after @code{function-key-map} is |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1559 finished; it receives the results of translation by |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1560 @code{function-key-map}. |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1561 |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1562 @item |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1563 Non-prefix bindings in @code{key-translation-map} override actual key |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1564 bindings. For example, if @kbd{C-x f} has a non-prefix binding in |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1565 @code{key-translation-map}, that translation takes effect even though |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1566 @kbd{C-x f} also has a key binding in the global map. |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1567 @end itemize |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1568 |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1569 Note however that actual key bindings can have an effect on |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1570 @code{key-translation-map}, even though they are overridden by it. |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1571 Indeed, actual key bindings override @code{function-key-map} and thus |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1572 may alter the key sequence that @code{key-translation-map} receives. |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1573 Clearly, it is better to avoid this type of situation. |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1574 |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1575 The intent of @code{key-translation-map} is for users to map one |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1576 character set to another, including ordinary characters normally bound |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1577 to @code{self-insert-command}. |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1578 @end defvar |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1579 |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1580 @cindex key translation function |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1581 You can use @code{function-key-map} or @code{key-translation-map} for |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1582 more than simple aliases, by using a function, instead of a key |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1583 sequence, as the ``translation'' of a key. Then this function is called |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1584 to compute the translation of that key. |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1585 |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1586 The key translation function receives one argument, which is the prompt |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1587 that was specified in @code{read-key-sequence}---or @code{nil} if the |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1588 key sequence is being read by the editor command loop. In most cases |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1589 you can ignore the prompt value. |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1590 |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1591 If the function reads input itself, it can have the effect of altering |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1592 the event that follows. For example, here's how to define @kbd{C-c h} |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1593 to turn the character that follows into a Hyper character: |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1594 |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1595 @example |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1596 @group |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1597 (defun hyperify (prompt) |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1598 (let ((e (read-event))) |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1599 (vector (if (numberp e) |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1600 (logior (lsh 1 24) e) |
019e1ea8c04c
(Translation Keymaps): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
1601 (if (memq 'hyper (event-modifiers e)) |
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1602 e |
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1603 (add-event-modifier "H-" e)))))) |
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1604 |
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1605 (defun add-event-modifier (string e) |
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1606 (let ((symbol (if (symbolp e) e (car e)))) |
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1607 (setq symbol (intern (concat string |
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1608 (symbol-name symbol)))) |
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1609 @end group |
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1610 @group |
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1611 (if (symbolp e) |
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1612 symbol |
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1613 (cons symbol (cdr e))))) |
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1614 |
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1615 (define-key function-key-map "\C-ch" 'hyperify) |
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1616 @end group |
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1617 @end example |
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1618 |
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1619 If you have enabled keyboard character set decoding using |
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1620 @code{set-keyboard-coding-system}, decoding is done after the |
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1621 translations listed above. @xref{Terminal I/O Encoding}. However, in |
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1622 future Emacs versions, character set decoding may be done at an |
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1623 earlier stage. |
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1624 |
6558 | 1625 @node Key Binding Commands |
1626 @section Commands for Binding Keys | |
1627 | |
1628 This section describes some convenient interactive interfaces for | |
1629 changing key bindings. They work by calling @code{define-key}. | |
1630 | |
25875 | 1631 People often use @code{global-set-key} in their init files |
1632 (@pxref{Init File}) for simple customization. For example, | |
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1633 |
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1634 @smallexample |
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1635 (global-set-key (kbd "C-x C-\\") 'next-line) |
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1636 @end smallexample |
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1637 |
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1638 @noindent |
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1639 or |
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1640 |
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1641 @smallexample |
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1642 (global-set-key [?\C-x ?\C-\\] 'next-line) |
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1643 @end smallexample |
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1644 |
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1645 @noindent |
12098 | 1646 or |
1647 | |
1648 @smallexample | |
1649 (global-set-key [(control ?x) (control ?\\)] 'next-line) | |
1650 @end smallexample | |
1651 | |
1652 @noindent | |
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1653 redefines @kbd{C-x C-\} to move down a line. |
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1654 |
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1655 @smallexample |
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1656 (global-set-key [M-mouse-1] 'mouse-set-point) |
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1657 @end smallexample |
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1658 |
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1659 @noindent |
60266 | 1660 redefines the first (leftmost) mouse button, entered with the Meta key, to |
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1661 set point where you click. |
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1662 |
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Replace @sc{foo} with @acronym{FOO}.
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1663 @cindex non-@acronym{ASCII} text in keybindings |
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1664 Be careful when using non-@acronym{ASCII} text characters in Lisp |
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1665 specifications of keys to bind. If these are read as multibyte text, as |
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1666 they usually will be in a Lisp file (@pxref{Loading Non-ASCII}), you |
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1667 must type the keys as multibyte too. For instance, if you use this: |
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1668 |
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1669 @smallexample |
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1670 (global-set-key "@"o" 'my-function) ; bind o-umlaut |
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1671 @end smallexample |
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1672 |
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1673 @noindent |
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1674 or |
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1675 |
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1676 @smallexample |
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1677 (global-set-key ?@"o 'my-function) ; bind o-umlaut |
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1678 @end smallexample |
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1679 |
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1680 @noindent |
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1681 and your language environment is multibyte Latin-1, these commands |
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1682 actually bind the multibyte character with code 2294, not the unibyte |
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1683 Latin-1 character with code 246 (@kbd{M-v}). In order to use this |
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1684 binding, you need to enter the multibyte Latin-1 character as keyboard |
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1685 input. One way to do this is by using an appropriate input method |
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1686 (@pxref{Input Methods, , Input Methods, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}). |
25751
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1687 |
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1688 If you want to use a unibyte character in the key binding, you can |
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1689 construct the key sequence string using @code{multibyte-char-to-unibyte} |
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1690 or @code{string-make-unibyte} (@pxref{Converting Representations}). |
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1691 |
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1692 @deffn Command global-set-key key binding |
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1693 This function sets the binding of @var{key} in the current global map |
63949
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1694 to @var{binding}. |
6558 | 1695 |
1696 @smallexample | |
1697 @group | |
63949
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1698 (global-set-key @var{key} @var{binding}) |
6558 | 1699 @equiv{} |
63949
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1700 (define-key (current-global-map) @var{key} @var{binding}) |
6558 | 1701 @end group |
1702 @end smallexample | |
1703 @end deffn | |
1704 | |
1705 @deffn Command global-unset-key key | |
1706 @cindex unbinding keys | |
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1707 This function removes the binding of @var{key} from the current |
6558 | 1708 global map. |
1709 | |
1710 One use of this function is in preparation for defining a longer key | |
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1711 that uses @var{key} as a prefix---which would not be allowed if |
6558 | 1712 @var{key} has a non-prefix binding. For example: |
1713 | |
1714 @smallexample | |
1715 @group | |
1716 (global-unset-key "\C-l") | |
1717 @result{} nil | |
1718 @end group | |
1719 @group | |
1720 (global-set-key "\C-l\C-l" 'redraw-display) | |
1721 @result{} nil | |
1722 @end group | |
1723 @end smallexample | |
1724 | |
1725 This function is implemented simply using @code{define-key}: | |
1726 | |
1727 @smallexample | |
1728 @group | |
1729 (global-unset-key @var{key}) | |
1730 @equiv{} | |
1731 (define-key (current-global-map) @var{key} nil) | |
1732 @end group | |
1733 @end smallexample | |
1734 @end deffn | |
1735 | |
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1736 @deffn Command local-set-key key binding |
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1737 This function sets the binding of @var{key} in the current local |
63949
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1738 keymap to @var{binding}. |
6558 | 1739 |
1740 @smallexample | |
1741 @group | |
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1742 (local-set-key @var{key} @var{binding}) |
6558 | 1743 @equiv{} |
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1744 (define-key (current-local-map) @var{key} @var{binding}) |
6558 | 1745 @end group |
1746 @end smallexample | |
1747 @end deffn | |
1748 | |
1749 @deffn Command local-unset-key key | |
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1750 This function removes the binding of @var{key} from the current |
6558 | 1751 local map. |
1752 | |
1753 @smallexample | |
1754 @group | |
1755 (local-unset-key @var{key}) | |
1756 @equiv{} | |
1757 (define-key (current-local-map) @var{key} nil) | |
1758 @end group | |
1759 @end smallexample | |
1760 @end deffn | |
1761 | |
1762 @node Scanning Keymaps | |
1763 @section Scanning Keymaps | |
1764 | |
1765 This section describes functions used to scan all the current keymaps | |
1766 for the sake of printing help information. | |
1767 | |
1768 @defun accessible-keymaps keymap &optional prefix | |
21007
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1769 This function returns a list of all the keymaps that can be reached (via |
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1770 zero or more prefix keys) from @var{keymap}. The value is an |
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1771 association list with elements of the form @code{(@var{key} .@: |
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1772 @var{map})}, where @var{key} is a prefix key whose definition in |
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1773 @var{keymap} is @var{map}. |
6558 | 1774 |
1775 The elements of the alist are ordered so that the @var{key} increases | |
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1776 in length. The first element is always @code{([] .@: @var{keymap})}, |
6558 | 1777 because the specified keymap is accessible from itself with a prefix of |
1778 no events. | |
1779 | |
1780 If @var{prefix} is given, it should be a prefix key sequence; then | |
1781 @code{accessible-keymaps} includes only the submaps whose prefixes start | |
1782 with @var{prefix}. These elements look just as they do in the value of | |
1783 @code{(accessible-keymaps)}; the only difference is that some elements | |
1784 are omitted. | |
1785 | |
1786 In the example below, the returned alist indicates that the key | |
1787 @key{ESC}, which is displayed as @samp{^[}, is a prefix key whose | |
1788 definition is the sparse keymap @code{(keymap (83 .@: center-paragraph) | |
1789 (115 .@: foo))}. | |
1790 | |
1791 @smallexample | |
1792 @group | |
1793 (accessible-keymaps (current-local-map)) | |
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1794 @result{}(([] keymap |
6558 | 1795 (27 keymap ; @r{Note this keymap for @key{ESC} is repeated below.} |
1796 (83 . center-paragraph) | |
1797 (115 . center-line)) | |
1798 (9 . tab-to-tab-stop)) | |
1799 @end group | |
1800 | |
1801 @group | |
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1802 ("^[" keymap |
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1803 (83 . center-paragraph) |
6558 | 1804 (115 . foo))) |
1805 @end group | |
1806 @end smallexample | |
1807 | |
1808 In the following example, @kbd{C-h} is a prefix key that uses a sparse | |
1809 keymap starting with @code{(keymap (118 . describe-variable)@dots{})}. | |
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1810 Another prefix, @kbd{C-x 4}, uses a keymap which is also the value of |
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1811 the variable @code{ctl-x-4-map}. The event @code{mode-line} is one of |
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1812 several dummy events used as prefixes for mouse actions in special parts |
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1813 of a window. |
6558 | 1814 |
1815 @smallexample | |
1816 @group | |
1817 (accessible-keymaps (current-global-map)) | |
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1818 @result{} (([] keymap [set-mark-command beginning-of-line @dots{} |
6558 | 1819 delete-backward-char]) |
1820 @end group | |
1821 @group | |
1822 ("^H" keymap (118 . describe-variable) @dots{} | |
1823 (8 . help-for-help)) | |
1824 @end group | |
1825 @group | |
1826 ("^X" keymap [x-flush-mouse-queue @dots{} | |
1827 backward-kill-sentence]) | |
1828 @end group | |
1829 @group | |
1830 ("^[" keymap [mark-sexp backward-sexp @dots{} | |
1831 backward-kill-word]) | |
1832 @end group | |
1833 ("^X4" keymap (15 . display-buffer) @dots{}) | |
1834 @group | |
1835 ([mode-line] keymap | |
1836 (S-mouse-2 . mouse-split-window-horizontally) @dots{})) | |
1837 @end group | |
1838 @end smallexample | |
1839 | |
1840 @noindent | |
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1841 These are not all the keymaps you would see in actuality. |
6558 | 1842 @end defun |
1843 | |
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1844 @defun map-keymap function keymap |
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1845 The function @code{map-keymap} calls @var{function} once |
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1846 for each binding in @var{keymap}. It passes two arguments, |
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1847 the event type and the value of the binding. If @var{keymap} |
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1848 has a parent, the parent's bindings are included as well. |
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1849 This works recursively: if the parent has itself a parent, then the |
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1850 grandparent's bindings are also included and so on. |
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1851 |
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1852 This function is the cleanest way to examine all the bindings |
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1853 in a keymap. |
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1854 @end defun |
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1855 |
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1856 @defun where-is-internal command &optional keymap firstonly noindirect no-remap |
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1857 This function is a subroutine used by the @code{where-is} command |
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1858 (@pxref{Help, , Help, emacs,The GNU Emacs Manual}). It returns a list |
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1859 of all key sequences (of any length) that are bound to @var{command} in a |
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1860 set of keymaps. |
6558 | 1861 |
1862 The argument @var{command} can be any object; it is compared with all | |
1863 keymap entries using @code{eq}. | |
1864 | |
1865 If @var{keymap} is @code{nil}, then the maps used are the current active | |
1866 keymaps, disregarding @code{overriding-local-map} (that is, pretending | |
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1867 its value is @code{nil}). If @var{keymap} is a keymap, then the |
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1868 maps searched are @var{keymap} and the global keymap. If @var{keymap} |
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1869 is a list of keymaps, only those keymaps are searched. |
6558 | 1870 |
1871 Usually it's best to use @code{overriding-local-map} as the expression | |
1872 for @var{keymap}. Then @code{where-is-internal} searches precisely the | |
1873 keymaps that are active. To search only the global map, pass | |
1874 @code{(keymap)} (an empty keymap) as @var{keymap}. | |
1875 | |
1876 If @var{firstonly} is @code{non-ascii}, then the value is a single | |
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1877 vector representing the first key sequence found, rather than a list of |
6558 | 1878 all possible key sequences. If @var{firstonly} is @code{t}, then the |
1879 value is the first key sequence, except that key sequences consisting | |
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1880 entirely of @acronym{ASCII} characters (or meta variants of @acronym{ASCII} |
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1881 characters) are preferred to all other key sequences and that the |
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1882 return value can never be a menu binding. |
6558 | 1883 |
1884 If @var{noindirect} is non-@code{nil}, @code{where-is-internal} doesn't | |
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1885 follow indirect keymap bindings. This makes it possible to search for |
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1886 an indirect definition itself. |
6558 | 1887 |
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1888 When command remapping is in effect (@pxref{Remapping Commands}), |
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1889 @code{where-is-internal} figures out when a command will be run due to |
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1890 remapping and reports keys accordingly. It also returns @code{nil} if |
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1891 @var{command} won't really be run because it has been remapped to some |
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1892 other command. However, if @var{no-remap} is non-@code{nil}. |
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1893 @code{where-is-internal} ignores remappings. |
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1894 |
6558 | 1895 @smallexample |
1896 @group | |
1897 (where-is-internal 'describe-function) | |
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1898 @result{} ([8 102] [f1 102] [help 102] |
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1899 [menu-bar help-menu describe describe-function]) |
6558 | 1900 @end group |
1901 @end smallexample | |
1902 @end defun | |
1903 | |
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1904 @deffn Command describe-bindings &optional prefix buffer-or-name |
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1905 This function creates a listing of all current key bindings, and |
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1906 displays it in a buffer named @samp{*Help*}. The text is grouped by |
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1907 modes---minor modes first, then the major mode, then global bindings. |
6558 | 1908 |
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1909 If @var{prefix} is non-@code{nil}, it should be a prefix key; then the |
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1910 listing includes only keys that start with @var{prefix}. |
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1911 |
6558 | 1912 The listing describes meta characters as @key{ESC} followed by the |
1913 corresponding non-meta character. | |
1914 | |
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1915 When several characters with consecutive @acronym{ASCII} codes have the |
6558 | 1916 same definition, they are shown together, as |
1917 @samp{@var{firstchar}..@var{lastchar}}. In this instance, you need to | |
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1918 know the @acronym{ASCII} codes to understand which characters this means. |
6558 | 1919 For example, in the default global map, the characters @samp{@key{SPC} |
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1920 ..@: ~} are described by a single line. @key{SPC} is @acronym{ASCII} 32, |
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1921 @kbd{~} is @acronym{ASCII} 126, and the characters between them include all |
6558 | 1922 the normal printing characters, (e.g., letters, digits, punctuation, |
1923 etc.@:); all these characters are bound to @code{self-insert-command}. | |
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1924 |
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1925 If @var{buffer-or-name} is non-@code{nil}, it should be a buffer or a |
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1926 buffer name. Then @code{describe-bindings} lists that buffer's bindings, |
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1927 instead of the current buffer's. |
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1928 @end deffn |
6558 | 1929 |
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1930 @node Menu Keymaps |
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1931 @section Menu Keymaps |
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1932 @cindex menu keymaps |
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1933 |
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1934 A keymap can operate as a menu as well as defining bindings for |
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1935 keyboard keys and mouse buttons. Menus are usually actuated with the |
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1936 mouse, but they can function with the keyboard also. If a menu keymap |
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1937 is active for the next input event, that activates the keyboard menu |
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1938 feature. |
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1939 |
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1940 @menu |
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1941 * Defining Menus:: How to make a keymap that defines a menu. |
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1942 * Mouse Menus:: How users actuate the menu with the mouse. |
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1943 * Keyboard Menus:: How users actuate the menu with the keyboard. |
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1944 * Menu Example:: Making a simple menu. |
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1945 * Menu Bar:: How to customize the menu bar. |
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1946 * Tool Bar:: A tool bar is a row of images. |
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1947 * Modifying Menus:: How to add new items to a menu. |
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1948 @end menu |
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1949 |
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1950 @node Defining Menus |
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1951 @subsection Defining Menus |
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1952 @cindex defining menus |
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1953 @cindex menu prompt string |
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1954 @cindex prompt string (of menu) |
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1955 |
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1956 A keymap acts as a menu if it has an @dfn{overall prompt string}, |
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1957 which is a string that appears as an element of the keymap. |
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1958 (@xref{Format of Keymaps}.) The string should describe the purpose of |
28873 | 1959 the menu's commands. Emacs displays the overall prompt string as the |
31374 | 1960 menu title in some cases, depending on the toolkit (if any) used for |
1961 displaying menus.@footnote{It is required for menus which do not use a | |
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1962 toolkit, e.g.@: under MS-DOS.} Keyboard menus also display the |
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1963 overall prompt string. |
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1964 |
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1965 The easiest way to construct a keymap with a prompt string is to |
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1966 specify the string as an argument when you call @code{make-keymap}, |
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1967 @code{make-sparse-keymap} (@pxref{Creating Keymaps}), or |
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1968 @code{define-prefix-command} (@pxref{Definition of |
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1969 define-prefix-command}). If you do not want the keymap to operate as |
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1970 a menu, don't specify a prompt string for it. |
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1971 |
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1972 @defun keymap-prompt keymap |
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1973 This function returns the overall prompt string of @var{keymap}, |
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1974 or @code{nil} if it has none. |
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1975 @end defun |
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1976 |
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1977 The menu's items are the bindings in the keymap. Each binding |
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1978 associates an event type to a definition, but the event types have no |
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1979 significance for the menu appearance. (Usually we use pseudo-events, |
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1980 symbols that the keyboard cannot generate, as the event types for menu |
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1981 item bindings.) The menu is generated entirely from the bindings that |
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1982 correspond in the keymap to these events. |
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1983 |
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1984 The order of items in the menu is the same as the order of bindings in |
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1985 the keymap. Since @code{define-key} puts new bindings at the front, you |
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1986 should define the menu items starting at the bottom of the menu and |
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1987 moving to the top, if you care about the order. When you add an item to |
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1988 an existing menu, you can specify its position in the menu using |
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1989 @code{define-key-after} (@pxref{Modifying Menus}). |
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1990 |
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1991 @menu |
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1992 * Simple Menu Items:: A simple kind of menu key binding, |
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1993 limited in capabilities. |
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1994 * Extended Menu Items:: More powerful menu item definitions |
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1995 let you specify keywords to enable |
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1996 various features. |
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1997 * Menu Separators:: Drawing a horizontal line through a menu. |
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1998 * Alias Menu Items:: Using command aliases in menu items. |
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1999 @end menu |
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2000 |
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2001 @node Simple Menu Items |
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2002 @subsubsection Simple Menu Items |
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2003 |
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2004 The simpler (and original) way to define a menu item is to bind some |
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2005 event type (it doesn't matter what event type) to a binding like this: |
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2006 |
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2007 @example |
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2008 (@var{item-string} . @var{real-binding}) |
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2009 @end example |
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2010 |
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2011 @noindent |
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2012 The @sc{car}, @var{item-string}, is the string to be displayed in the |
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2013 menu. It should be short---preferably one to three words. It should |
52782 | 2014 describe the action of the command it corresponds to. Note that it is |
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2015 not generally possible to display non-@acronym{ASCII} text in menus. It will |
52782 | 2016 work for keyboard menus and will work to a large extent when Emacs is |
60266 | 2017 built with the Gtk+ toolkit.@footnote{In this case, the text is first |
52782 | 2018 encoded using the @code{utf-8} coding system and then rendered by the |
2019 toolkit as it sees fit.} | |
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2020 |
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2021 You can also supply a second string, called the help string, as follows: |
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2022 |
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2023 @example |
31374 | 2024 (@var{item-string} @var{help} . @var{real-binding}) |
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2025 @end example |
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2026 |
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2027 @noindent |
31374 | 2028 @var{help} specifies a ``help-echo'' string to display while the mouse |
2029 is on that item in the same way as @code{help-echo} text properties | |
2030 (@pxref{Help display}). | |
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2031 |
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2032 As far as @code{define-key} is concerned, @var{item-string} and |
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2033 @var{help-string} are part of the event's binding. However, |
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2034 @code{lookup-key} returns just @var{real-binding}, and only |
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2035 @var{real-binding} is used for executing the key. |
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2036 |
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2037 If @var{real-binding} is @code{nil}, then @var{item-string} appears in |
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2038 the menu but cannot be selected. |
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2039 |
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2040 If @var{real-binding} is a symbol and has a non-@code{nil} |
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2041 @code{menu-enable} property, that property is an expression that |
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2042 controls whether the menu item is enabled. Every time the keymap is |
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2043 used to display a menu, Emacs evaluates the expression, and it enables |
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2044 the menu item only if the expression's value is non-@code{nil}. When a |
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2045 menu item is disabled, it is displayed in a ``fuzzy'' fashion, and |
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2046 cannot be selected. |
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2047 |
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2048 The menu bar does not recalculate which items are enabled every time you |
12098 | 2049 look at a menu. This is because the X toolkit requires the whole tree |
2050 of menus in advance. To force recalculation of the menu bar, call | |
2051 @code{force-mode-line-update} (@pxref{Mode Line Format}). | |
2052 | |
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2053 You've probably noticed that menu items show the equivalent keyboard key |
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2054 sequence (if any) to invoke the same command. To save time on |
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2055 recalculation, menu display caches this information in a sublist in the |
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2056 binding, like this: |
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2057 |
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2058 @c This line is not too long--rms. |
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2059 @example |
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2060 (@var{item-string} @r{[}@var{help}@r{]} (@var{key-binding-data}) . @var{real-binding}) |
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2061 @end example |
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2062 |
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2063 @noindent |
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2064 Don't put these sublists in the menu item yourself; menu display |
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2065 calculates them automatically. Don't mention keyboard equivalents in |
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2066 the item strings themselves, since that is redundant. |
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2067 |
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2068 @node Extended Menu Items |
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2069 @subsubsection Extended Menu Items |
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2070 @kindex menu-item |
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2071 |
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2072 An extended-format menu item is a more flexible and also cleaner |
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2073 alternative to the simple format. You define an event type with a |
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2074 binding that's a list starting with the symbol @code{menu-item}. |
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2075 For a non-selectable string, the binding looks like this: |
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2076 |
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2077 @example |
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2078 (menu-item @var{item-name}) |
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2079 @end example |
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2080 |
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2081 @noindent |
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2082 A string starting with two or more dashes specifies a separator line; |
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2083 see @ref{Menu Separators}. |
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2084 |
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2085 To define a real menu item which can be selected, the extended format |
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2086 binding looks like this: |
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2087 |
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2088 @example |
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2089 (menu-item @var{item-name} @var{real-binding} |
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2090 . @var{item-property-list}) |
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2091 @end example |
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2092 |
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2093 @noindent |
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2094 Here, @var{item-name} is an expression which evaluates to the menu item |
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2095 string. Thus, the string need not be a constant. The third element, |
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2096 @var{real-binding}, is the command to execute. The tail of the list, |
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2097 @var{item-property-list}, has the form of a property list which contains |
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2098 other information. |
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2099 |
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2100 When an equivalent keyboard key binding is cached, the extended menu |
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2101 item binding looks like this: |
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2102 |
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2103 @example |
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2104 (menu-item @var{item-name} @var{real-binding} (@var{key-binding-data}) |
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2105 . @var{item-property-list}) |
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2106 @end example |
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2107 |
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2108 Here is a table of the properties that are supported: |
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2109 |
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2110 @table @code |
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2111 @item :enable @var{form} |
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2112 The result of evaluating @var{form} determines whether the item is |
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2113 enabled (non-@code{nil} means yes). If the item is not enabled, |
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2114 you can't really click on it. |
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2115 |
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2116 @item :visible @var{form} |
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2117 The result of evaluating @var{form} determines whether the item should |
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2118 actually appear in the menu (non-@code{nil} means yes). If the item |
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2119 does not appear, then the menu is displayed as if this item were |
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2120 not defined at all. |
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2121 |
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2122 @item :help @var{help} |
31374 | 2123 The value of this property, @var{help}, specifies a ``help-echo'' string |
2124 to display while the mouse is on that item. This is displayed in the | |
2125 same way as @code{help-echo} text properties (@pxref{Help display}). | |
2126 Note that this must be a constant string, unlike the @code{help-echo} | |
2127 property for text and overlays. | |
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2128 |
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2129 @item :button (@var{type} . @var{selected}) |
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2130 This property provides a way to define radio buttons and toggle buttons. |
25875 | 2131 The @sc{car}, @var{type}, says which: it should be @code{:toggle} or |
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2132 @code{:radio}. The @sc{cdr}, @var{selected}, should be a form; the |
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2133 result of evaluating it says whether this button is currently selected. |
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2134 |
22138
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2135 A @dfn{toggle} is a menu item which is labeled as either ``on'' or ``off'' |
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2136 according to the value of @var{selected}. The command itself should |
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2137 toggle @var{selected}, setting it to @code{t} if it is @code{nil}, |
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2138 and to @code{nil} if it is @code{t}. Here is how the menu item |
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2139 to toggle the @code{debug-on-error} flag is defined: |
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2140 |
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2141 @example |
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2142 (menu-item "Debug on Error" toggle-debug-on-error |
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2143 :button (:toggle |
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2144 . (and (boundp 'debug-on-error) |
24952 | 2145 debug-on-error))) |
22138
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2146 @end example |
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2147 |
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2148 @noindent |
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2149 This works because @code{toggle-debug-on-error} is defined as a command |
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2150 which toggles the variable @code{debug-on-error}. |
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2151 |
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2152 @dfn{Radio buttons} are a group of menu items, in which at any time one |
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2153 and only one is ``selected.'' There should be a variable whose value |
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2154 says which one is selected at any time. The @var{selected} form for |
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2155 each radio button in the group should check whether the variable has the |
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2156 right value for selecting that button. Clicking on the button should |
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2157 set the variable so that the button you clicked on becomes selected. |
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2158 |
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2159 @item :key-sequence @var{key-sequence} |
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2160 This property specifies which key sequence is likely to be bound to the |
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2161 same command invoked by this menu item. If you specify the right key |
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2162 sequence, that makes preparing the menu for display run much faster. |
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2163 |
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2164 If you specify the wrong key sequence, it has no effect; before Emacs |
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2165 displays @var{key-sequence} in the menu, it verifies that |
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2166 @var{key-sequence} is really equivalent to this menu item. |
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2167 |
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2168 @item :key-sequence nil |
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2169 This property indicates that there is normally no key binding which is |
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2170 equivalent to this menu item. Using this property saves time in |
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2171 preparing the menu for display, because Emacs does not need to search |
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2172 the keymaps for a keyboard equivalent for this menu item. |
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2173 |
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2174 However, if the user has rebound this item's definition to a key |
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2175 sequence, Emacs ignores the @code{:keys} property and finds the keyboard |
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2176 equivalent anyway. |
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2177 |
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2178 @item :keys @var{string} |
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2179 This property specifies that @var{string} is the string to display |
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2180 as the keyboard equivalent for this menu item. You can use |
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2181 the @samp{\\[...]} documentation construct in @var{string}. |
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2182 |
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2183 @item :filter @var{filter-fn} |
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2184 This property provides a way to compute the menu item dynamically. |
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2185 The property value @var{filter-fn} should be a function of one argument; |
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2186 when it is called, its argument will be @var{real-binding}. The |
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2187 function should return the binding to use instead. |
62215
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2188 |
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2189 Emacs can call this function at any time that it does redisplay or |
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2190 operates on menu data structures, so you should write it so it can |
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2191 safely be called at any time. |
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2192 @end table |
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2193 |
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2194 @node Menu Separators |
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2195 @subsubsection Menu Separators |
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2196 @cindex menu separators |
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2197 |
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2198 A menu separator is a kind of menu item that doesn't display any |
54916 | 2199 text---instead, it divides the menu into subparts with a horizontal line. |
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2200 A separator looks like this in the menu keymap: |
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2201 |
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2202 @example |
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2203 (menu-item @var{separator-type}) |
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2204 @end example |
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2205 |
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2206 @noindent |
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2207 where @var{separator-type} is a string starting with two or more dashes. |
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2208 |
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2209 In the simplest case, @var{separator-type} consists of only dashes. |
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2210 That specifies the default kind of separator. (For compatibility, |
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2211 @code{""} and @code{-} also count as separators.) |
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2212 |
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2213 Certain other values of @var{separator-type} specify a different |
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2214 style of separator. Here is a table of them: |
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2215 |
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2216 @table @code |
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2217 @item "--no-line" |
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2218 @itemx "--space" |
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2219 An extra vertical space, with no actual line. |
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2220 |
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2221 @item "--single-line" |
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2222 A single line in the menu's foreground color. |
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2223 |
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2224 @item "--double-line" |
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2225 A double line in the menu's foreground color. |
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2226 |
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2227 @item "--single-dashed-line" |
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2228 A single dashed line in the menu's foreground color. |
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2229 |
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2230 @item "--double-dashed-line" |
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2231 A double dashed line in the menu's foreground color. |
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2232 |
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2233 @item "--shadow-etched-in" |
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2234 A single line with a 3D sunken appearance. This is the default, |
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2235 used separators consisting of dashes only. |
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2236 |
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2237 @item "--shadow-etched-out" |
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2238 A single line with a 3D raised appearance. |
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2239 |
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2240 @item "--shadow-etched-in-dash" |
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2241 A single dashed line with a 3D sunken appearance. |
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2242 |
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2243 @item "--shadow-etched-out-dash" |
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2244 A single dashed line with a 3D raised appearance. |
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2245 |
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2246 @item "--shadow-double-etched-in" |
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2247 Two lines with a 3D sunken appearance. |
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2248 |
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2249 @item "--shadow-double-etched-out" |
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2250 Two lines with a 3D raised appearance. |
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2251 |
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2252 @item "--shadow-double-etched-in-dash" |
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2253 Two dashed lines with a 3D sunken appearance. |
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2254 |
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2255 @item "--shadow-double-etched-out-dash" |
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2256 Two dashed lines with a 3D raised appearance. |
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2257 @end table |
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2258 |
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2259 You can also give these names in another style, adding a colon after |
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2260 the double-dash and replacing each single dash with capitalization of |
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2261 the following word. Thus, @code{"--:singleLine"}, is equivalent to |
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2262 @code{"--single-line"}. |
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2263 |
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2264 Some systems and display toolkits don't really handle all of these |
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2265 separator types. If you use a type that isn't supported, the menu |
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2266 displays a similar kind of separator that is supported. |
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2267 |
22138
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2268 @node Alias Menu Items |
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2269 @subsubsection Alias Menu Items |
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2270 |
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2271 Sometimes it is useful to make menu items that use the ``same'' |
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2272 command but with different enable conditions. The best way to do this |
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2273 in Emacs now is with extended menu items; before that feature existed, |
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2274 it could be done by defining alias commands and using them in menu |
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2275 items. Here's an example that makes two aliases for |
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2276 @code{toggle-read-only} and gives them different enable conditions: |
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2277 |
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2278 @example |
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2279 (defalias 'make-read-only 'toggle-read-only) |
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2280 (put 'make-read-only 'menu-enable '(not buffer-read-only)) |
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2281 (defalias 'make-writable 'toggle-read-only) |
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2282 (put 'make-writable 'menu-enable 'buffer-read-only) |
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2283 @end example |
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2284 |
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2285 When using aliases in menus, often it is useful to display the |
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2286 equivalent key bindings for the ``real'' command name, not the aliases |
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2287 (which typically don't have any key bindings except for the menu |
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2288 itself). To request this, give the alias symbol a non-@code{nil} |
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2289 @code{menu-alias} property. Thus, |
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2290 |
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2291 @example |
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2292 (put 'make-read-only 'menu-alias t) |
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2293 (put 'make-writable 'menu-alias t) |
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2294 @end example |
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2295 |
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2296 @noindent |
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2297 causes menu items for @code{make-read-only} and @code{make-writable} to |
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2298 show the keyboard bindings for @code{toggle-read-only}. |
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2299 |
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2300 @node Mouse Menus |
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2301 @subsection Menus and the Mouse |
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2302 |
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2303 The usual way to make a menu keymap produce a menu is to make it the |
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2304 definition of a prefix key. (A Lisp program can explicitly pop up a |
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2305 menu and receive the user's choice---see @ref{Pop-Up Menus}.) |
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2306 |
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2307 If the prefix key ends with a mouse event, Emacs handles the menu keymap |
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2308 by popping up a visible menu, so that the user can select a choice with |
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2309 the mouse. When the user clicks on a menu item, the event generated is |
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2310 whatever character or symbol has the binding that brought about that |
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2311 menu item. (A menu item may generate a series of events if the menu has |
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2312 multiple levels or comes from the menu bar.) |
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2313 |
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2314 It's often best to use a button-down event to trigger the menu. Then |
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2315 the user can select a menu item by releasing the button. |
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2316 |
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2317 A single keymap can appear as multiple menu panes, if you explicitly |
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2318 arrange for this. The way to do this is to make a keymap for each pane, |
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2319 then create a binding for each of those maps in the main keymap of the |
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2320 menu. Give each of these bindings an item string that starts with |
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2321 @samp{@@}. The rest of the item string becomes the name of the pane. |
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2322 See the file @file{lisp/mouse.el} for an example of this. Any ordinary |
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2323 bindings with @samp{@@}-less item strings are grouped into one pane, |
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2324 which appears along with the other panes explicitly created for the |
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2325 submaps. |
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2326 |
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2327 X toolkit menus don't have panes; instead, they can have submenus. |
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2328 Every nested keymap becomes a submenu, whether the item string starts |
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2329 with @samp{@@} or not. In a toolkit version of Emacs, the only thing |
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2330 special about @samp{@@} at the beginning of an item string is that the |
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2331 @samp{@@} doesn't appear in the menu item. |
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2332 |
60266 | 2333 Multiple keymaps that define the same menu prefix key produce |
2334 separate panes or separate submenus. | |
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2335 |
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2336 @node Keyboard Menus |
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2337 @subsection Menus and the Keyboard |
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2338 |
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2339 When a prefix key ending with a keyboard event (a character or |
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2340 function key) has a definition that is a menu keymap, the keymap |
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2341 operates as a keyboard menu; the user specifies the next event by |
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2342 choosing a menu item with the keyboard. |
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2343 |
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2344 Emacs displays the keyboard menu with the map's overall prompt |
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2345 string, followed by the alternatives (the item strings of the map's |
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2346 bindings), in the echo area. If the bindings don't all fit at once, |
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2347 the user can type @key{SPC} to see the next line of alternatives. |
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2348 Successive uses of @key{SPC} eventually get to the end of the menu and |
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2349 then cycle around to the beginning. (The variable |
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2350 @code{menu-prompt-more-char} specifies which character is used for |
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2351 this; @key{SPC} is the default.) |
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2352 |
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2353 When the user has found the desired alternative from the menu, he or |
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2354 she should type the corresponding character---the one whose binding is |
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2355 that alternative. |
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2356 |
12098 | 2357 @ignore |
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2358 In a menu intended for keyboard use, each menu item must clearly |
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2359 indicate what character to type. The best convention to use is to make |
12098 | 2360 the character the first letter of the item string---that is something |
2361 users will understand without being told. We plan to change this; by | |
2362 the time you read this manual, keyboard menus may explicitly name the | |
2363 key for each alternative. | |
2364 @end ignore | |
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2365 |
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2366 This way of using menus in an Emacs-like editor was inspired by the |
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2367 Hierarkey system. |
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2368 |
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2369 @defvar menu-prompt-more-char |
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2370 This variable specifies the character to use to ask to see |
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2371 the next line of a menu. Its initial value is 32, the code |
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2372 for @key{SPC}. |
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2373 @end defvar |
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2374 |
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2375 @node Menu Example |
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2376 @subsection Menu Example |
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2377 @cindex menu definition example |
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2378 |
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2379 Here is a complete example of defining a menu keymap. It is the |
60266 | 2380 definition of the @samp{Replace} submenu in the @samp{Edit} menu in |
2381 the menu bar, and it uses the extended menu item format | |
2382 (@pxref{Extended Menu Items}). First we create the keymap, and give | |
2383 it a name: | |
2384 | |
2385 @smallexample | |
2386 (defvar menu-bar-replace-menu (make-sparse-keymap "Replace")) | |
2387 @end smallexample | |
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2388 |
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2389 @noindent |
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2390 Next we define the menu items: |
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2391 |
60266 | 2392 @smallexample |
2393 (define-key menu-bar-replace-menu [tags-repl-continue] | |
2394 '(menu-item "Continue Replace" tags-loop-continue | |
2395 :help "Continue last tags replace operation")) | |
2396 (define-key menu-bar-replace-menu [tags-repl] | |
2397 '(menu-item "Replace in tagged files" tags-query-replace | |
2398 :help "Interactively replace a regexp in all tagged files")) | |
2399 (define-key menu-bar-replace-menu [separator-replace-tags] | |
2400 '(menu-item "--")) | |
2401 ;; @r{@dots{}} | |
2402 @end smallexample | |
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2403 |
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2404 @noindent |
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2405 Note the symbols which the bindings are ``made for''; these appear |
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2406 inside square brackets, in the key sequence being defined. In some |
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2407 cases, this symbol is the same as the command name; sometimes it is |
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2408 different. These symbols are treated as ``function keys,'' but they are |
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2409 not real function keys on the keyboard. They do not affect the |
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2410 functioning of the menu itself, but they are ``echoed'' in the echo area |
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2411 when the user selects from the menu, and they appear in the output of |
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2412 @code{where-is} and @code{apropos}. |
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2413 |
56641
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2414 The menu in this example is intended for use with the mouse. If a |
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2415 menu is intended for use with the keyboard, that is, if it is bound to |
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2416 a key sequence ending with a keyboard event, then the menu items |
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2417 should be bound to characters or ``real'' function keys, that can be |
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2418 typed with the keyboard. |
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2419 |
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2420 The binding whose definition is @code{("--")} is a separator line. |
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2421 Like a real menu item, the separator has a key symbol, in this case |
60266 | 2422 @code{separator-replace-tags}. If one menu has two separators, they |
2423 must have two different key symbols. | |
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2424 |
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2425 Here is how we make this menu appear as an item in the parent menu: |
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2426 |
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2427 @example |
60266 | 2428 (define-key menu-bar-edit-menu [replace] |
2429 (list 'menu-item "Replace" menu-bar-replace-menu)) | |
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2430 @end example |
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2431 |
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2432 @noindent |
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2433 Note that this incorporates the submenu keymap, which is the value of |
60266 | 2434 the variable @code{menu-bar-replace-menu}, rather than the symbol |
2435 @code{menu-bar-replace-menu} itself. Using that symbol in the parent | |
2436 menu item would be meaningless because @code{menu-bar-replace-menu} is | |
2437 not a command. | |
2438 | |
2439 If you wanted to attach the same replace menu to a mouse click, you | |
21682
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2440 can do it this way: |
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2441 |
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2442 @example |
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2443 (define-key global-map [C-S-down-mouse-1] |
60266 | 2444 menu-bar-replace-menu) |
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2445 @end example |
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2446 |
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2447 @node Menu Bar |
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2448 @subsection The Menu Bar |
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2449 @cindex menu bar |
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2450 |
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2451 Most window systems allow each frame to have a @dfn{menu bar}---a |
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2452 permanently displayed menu stretching horizontally across the top of the |
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2453 frame. The items of the menu bar are the subcommands of the fake |
60266 | 2454 ``function key'' @code{menu-bar}, as defined in the active keymaps. |
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2455 |
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2456 To add an item to the menu bar, invent a fake ``function key'' of your |
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2457 own (let's call it @var{key}), and make a binding for the key sequence |
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2458 @code{[menu-bar @var{key}]}. Most often, the binding is a menu keymap, |
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2459 so that pressing a button on the menu bar item leads to another menu. |
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2460 |
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2461 When more than one active keymap defines the same fake function key |
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2462 for the menu bar, the item appears just once. If the user clicks on |
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2463 that menu bar item, it brings up a single, combined menu containing |
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2464 all the subcommands of that item---the global subcommands, the local |
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2465 subcommands, and the minor mode subcommands. |
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2466 |
12067 | 2467 The variable @code{overriding-local-map} is normally ignored when |
2468 determining the menu bar contents. That is, the menu bar is computed | |
2469 from the keymaps that would be active if @code{overriding-local-map} | |
2470 were @code{nil}. @xref{Active Keymaps}. | |
2471 | |
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2472 In order for a frame to display a menu bar, its @code{menu-bar-lines} |
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2473 parameter must be greater than zero. Emacs uses just one line for the |
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2474 menu bar itself; if you specify more than one line, the other lines |
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2475 serve to separate the menu bar from the windows in the frame. We |
64876 | 2476 recommend 1 or 2 as the value of @code{menu-bar-lines}. @xref{Layout |
12098 | 2477 Parameters}. |
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2478 |
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2479 Here's an example of setting up a menu bar item: |
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2480 |
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2481 @example |
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2482 @group |
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2483 (modify-frame-parameters (selected-frame) |
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2484 '((menu-bar-lines . 2))) |
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2485 @end group |
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2486 |
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2487 @group |
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2488 ;; @r{Make a menu keymap (with a prompt string)} |
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2489 ;; @r{and make it the menu bar item's definition.} |
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2490 (define-key global-map [menu-bar words] |
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2491 (cons "Words" (make-sparse-keymap "Words"))) |
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2492 @end group |
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2493 |
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2494 @group |
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2495 ;; @r{Define specific subcommands in this menu.} |
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2496 (define-key global-map |
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2497 [menu-bar words forward] |
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2498 '("Forward word" . forward-word)) |
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2499 @end group |
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2500 @group |
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2501 (define-key global-map |
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2502 [menu-bar words backward] |
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2503 '("Backward word" . backward-word)) |
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2504 @end group |
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2505 @end example |
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2506 |
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2507 A local keymap can cancel a menu bar item made by the global keymap by |
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2508 rebinding the same fake function key with @code{undefined} as the |
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2509 binding. For example, this is how Dired suppresses the @samp{Edit} menu |
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2510 bar item: |
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2511 |
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2512 @example |
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2513 (define-key dired-mode-map [menu-bar edit] 'undefined) |
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2514 @end example |
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2515 |
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2516 @noindent |
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2517 @code{edit} is the fake function key used by the global map for the |
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2518 @samp{Edit} menu bar item. The main reason to suppress a global |
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2519 menu bar item is to regain space for mode-specific items. |
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2520 |
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2521 @defvar menu-bar-final-items |
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2522 Normally the menu bar shows global items followed by items defined by the |
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2523 local maps. |
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2524 |
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2525 This variable holds a list of fake function keys for items to display at |
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2526 the end of the menu bar rather than in normal sequence. The default |
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2527 value is @code{(help-menu)}; thus, the @samp{Help} menu item normally appears |
7252
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2528 at the end of the menu bar, following local menu items. |
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2529 @end defvar |
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2530 |
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2531 @defvar menu-bar-update-hook |
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2532 This normal hook is run by redisplay to update the menu bar contents, |
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2533 before redisplaying the menu bar. You can use it to update submenus |
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2534 whose contents should vary. Since this hook is run frequently, we |
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2535 advise you to ensure that the functions it calls do not take much time |
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2536 in the usual case. |
14199
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2537 @end defvar |
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2538 |
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2539 @node Tool Bar |
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2540 @subsection Tool bars |
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2541 @cindex tool bar |
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2542 |
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2543 A @dfn{tool bar} is a row of icons at the top of a frame, that execute |
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2544 commands when you click on them---in effect, a kind of graphical menu |
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2545 bar. |
25751
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2546 |
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2547 The frame parameter @code{tool-bar-lines} (X resource @samp{toolBar}) |
27332
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2548 controls how many lines' worth of height to reserve for the tool bar. A |
25751
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2549 zero value suppresses the tool bar. If the value is nonzero, and |
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2550 @code{auto-resize-tool-bars} is non-@code{nil}, the tool bar expands and |
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2551 contracts automatically as needed to hold the specified contents. |
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2552 |
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2553 If the value of @code{auto-resize-tool-bars} is @code{grow-only}, |
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2554 the tool bar expands automatically, but does not contract automatically. |
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2555 To contract the tool bar, the user has to redraw the frame by entering |
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2556 @kbd{C-l}. |
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2557 |
25751
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2558 The tool bar contents are controlled by a menu keymap attached to a |
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2559 fake ``function key'' called @code{tool-bar} (much like the way the menu |
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2560 bar is controlled). So you define a tool bar item using |
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2561 @code{define-key}, like this: |
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2562 |
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2563 @example |
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2564 (define-key global-map [tool-bar @var{key}] @var{item}) |
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2565 @end example |
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2566 |
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2567 @noindent |
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2568 where @var{key} is a fake ``function key'' to distinguish this item from |
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2569 other items, and @var{item} is a menu item key binding (@pxref{Extended |
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2570 Menu Items}), which says how to display this item and how it behaves. |
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2571 |
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2572 The usual menu keymap item properties, @code{:visible}, |
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2573 @code{:enable}, @code{:button}, and @code{:filter}, are useful in |
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2574 tool bar bindings and have their normal meanings. The @var{real-binding} |
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2575 in the item must be a command, not a keymap; in other words, it does not |
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2576 work to define a tool bar icon as a prefix key. |
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2577 |
31374 | 2578 The @code{:help} property specifies a ``help-echo'' string to display |
2579 while the mouse is on that item. This is displayed in the same way as | |
2580 @code{help-echo} text properties (@pxref{Help display}). | |
25751
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2581 |
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2582 In addition, you should use the @code{:image} property; |
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2583 this is how you specify the image to display in the tool bar: |
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2584 |
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2585 @table @code |
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2586 @item :image @var{image} |
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2587 @var{images} is either a single image specification or a vector of four |
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2588 image specifications. If you use a vector of four, |
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2589 one of them is used, depending on circumstances: |
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2590 |
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2591 @table @asis |
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2592 @item item 0 |
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2593 Used when the item is enabled and selected. |
25751
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2594 @item item 1 |
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2595 Used when the item is enabled and deselected. |
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2596 @item item 2 |
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2597 Used when the item is disabled and selected. |
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2598 @item item 3 |
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2599 Used when the item is disabled and deselected. |
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2600 @end table |
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2601 @end table |
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2602 |
28952 | 2603 If @var{image} is a single image specification, Emacs draws the tool bar |
2604 button in disabled state by applying an edge-detection algorithm to the | |
2605 image. | |
2606 | |
33489 | 2607 The default tool bar is defined so that items specific to editing do not |
2608 appear for major modes whose command symbol has a @code{mode-class} | |
2609 property of @code{special} (@pxref{Major Mode Conventions}). Major | |
2610 modes may add items to the global bar by binding @code{[tool-bar | |
2611 @var{foo}]} in their local map. It makes sense for some major modes to | |
2612 replace the default tool bar items completely, since not many can be | |
2613 accommodated conveniently, and the default bindings make this easy by | |
2614 using an indirection through @code{tool-bar-map}. | |
2615 | |
2616 @defvar tool-bar-map | |
2617 By default, the global map binds @code{[tool-bar]} as follows: | |
2618 @example | |
2619 (global-set-key [tool-bar] | |
2620 '(menu-item "tool bar" ignore | |
2621 :filter (lambda (ignore) tool-bar-map))) | |
2622 @end example | |
2623 @noindent | |
2624 Thus the tool bar map is derived dynamically from the value of variable | |
2625 @code{tool-bar-map} and you should normally adjust the default (global) | |
2626 tool bar by changing that map. Major modes may replace the global bar | |
2627 completely by making @code{tool-bar-map} buffer-local and set to a | |
2628 keymap containing only the desired items. Info mode provides an | |
2629 example. | |
2630 @end defvar | |
2631 | |
2632 There are two convenience functions for defining tool bar items, as | |
2633 follows. | |
2634 | |
2635 @defun tool-bar-add-item icon def key &rest props | |
2636 This function adds an item to the tool bar by modifying | |
2637 @code{tool-bar-map}. The image to use is defined by @var{icon}, which | |
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2638 is the base name of an XPM, XBM or PBM image file to be located by |
33489 | 2639 @code{find-image}. Given a value @samp{"exit"}, say, @file{exit.xpm}, |
2640 @file{exit.pbm} and @file{exit.xbm} would be searched for in that order | |
2641 on a color display. On a monochrome display, the search order is | |
2642 @samp{.pbm}, @samp{.xbm} and @samp{.xpm}. The binding to use is the | |
2643 command @var{def}, and @var{key} is the fake function key symbol in the | |
2644 prefix keymap. The remaining arguments @var{props} are additional | |
2645 property list elements to add to the menu item specification. | |
2646 | |
54864 | 2647 To define items in some local map, bind @code{tool-bar-map} with |
33489 | 2648 @code{let} around calls of this function: |
2649 @example | |
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Trailing whitespace deleted.
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2650 (defvar foo-tool-bar-map |
33489 | 2651 (let ((tool-bar-map (make-sparse-keymap))) |
2652 (tool-bar-add-item @dots{}) | |
2653 @dots{} | |
2654 tool-bar-map)) | |
2655 @end example | |
2656 @end defun | |
2657 | |
2658 @defun tool-bar-add-item-from-menu command icon &optional map &rest props | |
52186
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2659 This function is a convenience for defining tool bar items which are |
33489 | 2660 consistent with existing menu bar bindings. The binding of |
2661 @var{command} is looked up in the menu bar in @var{map} (default | |
2662 @code{global-map}) and modified to add an image specification for | |
52186
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2663 @var{icon}, which is found in the same way as by |
33489 | 2664 @code{tool-bar-add-item}. The resulting binding is then placed in |
52186
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2665 @code{tool-bar-map}, so use this function only for global tool bar |
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2666 items. |
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2667 |
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2668 @var{map} must contain an appropriate keymap bound to |
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2669 @code{[menu-bar]}. The remaining arguments @var{props} are additional |
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2670 property list elements to add to the menu item specification. |
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2671 @end defun |
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2672 |
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2673 @defun tool-bar-local-item-from-menu command icon in-map &optional from-map &rest props |
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2674 This function is used for making non-global tool bar items. Use it |
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2675 like @code{tool-bar-add-item-from-menu} except that @var{in-map} |
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2676 specifies the local map to make the definition in. The argument |
56641
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2677 @var{from-map} is like the @var{map} argument of |
52186
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2678 @code{tool-bar-add-item-from-menu}. |
33489 | 2679 @end defun |
2680 | |
25751
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2681 @defvar auto-resize-tool-bar |
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2682 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, the tool bar automatically resizes to |
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2683 show all defined tool bar items---but not larger than a quarter of the |
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2684 frame's height. |
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2685 |
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2686 If the value is @code{grow-only}, the tool bar expands automatically, |
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2687 but does not contract automatically. To contract the tool bar, the |
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2688 user has to redraw the frame by entering @kbd{C-l}. |
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2689 @end defvar |
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2690 |
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2691 @defvar auto-raise-tool-bar-buttons |
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2692 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, tool bar items display |
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2693 in raised form when the mouse moves over them. |
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2694 @end defvar |
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2695 |
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2696 @defvar tool-bar-button-margin |
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2697 This variable specifies an extra margin to add around tool bar items. |
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2698 The value is an integer, a number of pixels. The default is 4. |
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2699 @end defvar |
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2700 |
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2701 @defvar tool-bar-button-relief |
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2702 This variable specifies the shadow width for tool bar items. |
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2703 The value is an integer, a number of pixels. The default is 1. |
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2704 @end defvar |
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2705 |
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2706 @defvar tool-bar-border |
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2707 This variable specifies the height of the border drawn below the tool |
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2708 bar area. An integer value specifies height as a number of pixels. |
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2709 If the value is one of @code{internal-border-width} (the default) or |
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2710 @code{border-width}, the tool bar border height corresponds to the |
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2711 corresponding frame parameter. |
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2712 @end defvar |
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2713 |
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2714 You can define a special meaning for clicking on a tool bar item with |
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2715 the shift, control, meta, etc., modifiers. You do this by setting up |
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2716 additional items that relate to the original item through the fake |
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2717 function keys. Specifically, the additional items should use the |
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2718 modified versions of the same fake function key used to name the |
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2719 original item. |
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2720 |
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2721 Thus, if the original item was defined this way, |
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2722 |
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2723 @example |
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2724 (define-key global-map [tool-bar shell] |
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2725 '(menu-item "Shell" shell |
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2726 :image (image :type xpm :file "shell.xpm"))) |
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2727 @end example |
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2728 |
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2729 @noindent |
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2730 then here is how you can define clicking on the same tool bar image with |
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2731 the shift modifier: |
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2732 |
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2733 @example |
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2734 (define-key global-map [tool-bar S-shell] 'some-command) |
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2735 @end example |
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2736 |
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2737 @xref{Function Keys}, for more information about how to add modifiers to |
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2738 function keys. |
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2739 |
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2740 @node Modifying Menus |
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2741 @subsection Modifying Menus |
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2742 |
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2743 When you insert a new item in an existing menu, you probably want to |
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2744 put it in a particular place among the menu's existing items. If you |
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2745 use @code{define-key} to add the item, it normally goes at the front of |
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2746 the menu. To put it elsewhere in the menu, use @code{define-key-after}: |
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2747 |
27822 | 2748 @defun define-key-after map key binding &optional after |
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2749 Define a binding in @var{map} for @var{key}, with value @var{binding}, |
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2750 just like @code{define-key}, but position the binding in @var{map} after |
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2751 the binding for the event @var{after}. The argument @var{key} should be |
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2752 of length one---a vector or string with just one element. But |
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2753 @var{after} should be a single event type---a symbol or a character, not |
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2754 a sequence. The new binding goes after the binding for @var{after}. If |
27970 | 2755 @var{after} is @code{t} or is omitted, then the new binding goes last, at |
2756 the end of the keymap. However, new bindings are added before any | |
2757 inherited keymap. | |
7681 | 2758 |
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2759 Here is an example: |
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2760 |
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2761 @example |
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2762 (define-key-after my-menu [drink] |
27970 | 2763 '("Drink" . drink-command) 'eat) |
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2764 @end example |
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2765 |
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2766 @noindent |
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2767 makes a binding for the fake function key @key{DRINK} and puts it |
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2768 right after the binding for @key{EAT}. |
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2769 |
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2770 Here is how to insert an item called @samp{Work} in the @samp{Signals} |
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2771 menu of Shell mode, after the item @code{break}: |
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2772 |
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2773 @example |
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2774 (define-key-after |
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2775 (lookup-key shell-mode-map [menu-bar signals]) |
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2776 [work] '("Work" . work-command) 'break) |
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2777 @end example |
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2778 @end defun |
52401 | 2779 |
2780 @ignore | |
2781 arch-tag: cfb87287-9364-4e46-9e93-6c2f7f6ae794 | |
2782 @end ignore |