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author | Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org> |
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date | Sat, 23 May 1998 20:00:18 +0000 |
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6558 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6558 | 4 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @setfilename ../info/keymaps | |
6 @node Keymaps, Modes, Command Loop, Top | |
7 @chapter Keymaps | |
8 @cindex keymap | |
9 | |
10 The bindings between input events and commands are recorded in data | |
11 structures called @dfn{keymaps}. Each binding in a keymap associates | |
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12 (or @dfn{binds}) an individual event type either to another keymap or to |
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13 a command. When an event type is bound to a keymap, that keymap is used |
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14 to look up the next input event; this continues until a command is |
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15 found. The whole process is called @dfn{key lookup}. |
6558 | 16 |
17 @menu | |
18 * Keymap Terminology:: Definitions of terms pertaining to keymaps. | |
19 * Format of Keymaps:: What a keymap looks like as a Lisp object. | |
20 * Creating Keymaps:: Functions to create and copy keymaps. | |
21 * Inheritance and Keymaps:: How one keymap can inherit the bindings | |
22 of another keymap. | |
23 * Prefix Keys:: Defining a key with a keymap as its definition. | |
24 * Active Keymaps:: Each buffer has a local keymap | |
25 to override the standard (global) bindings. | |
26 A minor mode can also override them. | |
27 * Key Lookup:: How extracting elements from keymaps works. | |
28 * Functions for Key Lookup:: How to request key lookup. | |
29 * Changing Key Bindings:: Redefining a key in a keymap. | |
30 * Key Binding Commands:: Interactive interfaces for redefining keys. | |
31 * Scanning Keymaps:: Looking through all keymaps, for printing help. | |
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32 * Menu Keymaps:: Defining a menu as a keymap. |
6558 | 33 @end menu |
34 | |
35 @node Keymap Terminology | |
36 @section Keymap Terminology | |
37 @cindex key | |
38 @cindex keystroke | |
39 @cindex key binding | |
40 @cindex binding of a key | |
41 @cindex complete key | |
42 @cindex undefined key | |
43 | |
44 A @dfn{keymap} is a table mapping event types to definitions (which | |
45 can be any Lisp objects, though only certain types are meaningful for | |
46 execution by the command loop). Given an event (or an event type) and a | |
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47 keymap, Emacs can get the event's definition. Events include |
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48 characters, function keys, and mouse actions (@pxref{Input Events}). |
6558 | 49 |
50 A sequence of input events that form a unit is called a | |
51 @dfn{key sequence}, or @dfn{key} for short. A sequence of one event | |
52 is always a key sequence, and so are some multi-event sequences. | |
53 | |
54 A keymap determines a binding or definition for any key sequence. If | |
55 the key sequence is a single event, its binding is the definition of the | |
56 event in the keymap. The binding of a key sequence of more than one | |
57 event is found by an iterative process: the binding of the first event | |
58 is found, and must be a keymap; then the second event's binding is found | |
59 in that keymap, and so on until all the events in the key sequence are | |
60 used up. | |
61 | |
62 If the binding of a key sequence is a keymap, we call the key sequence | |
63 a @dfn{prefix key}. Otherwise, we call it a @dfn{complete key} (because | |
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64 no more events can be added to it). If the binding is @code{nil}, |
6558 | 65 we call the key @dfn{undefined}. Examples of prefix keys are @kbd{C-c}, |
66 @kbd{C-x}, and @kbd{C-x 4}. Examples of defined complete keys are | |
67 @kbd{X}, @key{RET}, and @kbd{C-x 4 C-f}. Examples of undefined complete | |
68 keys are @kbd{C-x C-g}, and @kbd{C-c 3}. @xref{Prefix Keys}, for more | |
69 details. | |
70 | |
71 The rule for finding the binding of a key sequence assumes that the | |
72 intermediate bindings (found for the events before the last) are all | |
73 keymaps; if this is not so, the sequence of events does not form a | |
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74 unit---it is not really one key sequence. In other words, removing one |
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75 or more events from the end of any valid key sequence must always yield |
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76 a prefix key. For example, @kbd{C-f C-n} is not a key sequence; |
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77 @kbd{C-f} is not a prefix key, so a longer sequence starting with |
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78 @kbd{C-f} cannot be a key sequence. |
6558 | 79 |
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80 The set of possible multi-event key sequences depends on the bindings |
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81 for prefix keys; therefore, it can be different for different keymaps, |
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82 and can change when bindings are changed. However, a one-event sequence |
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83 is always a key sequence, because it does not depend on any prefix keys |
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84 for its well-formedness. |
6558 | 85 |
86 At any time, several primary keymaps are @dfn{active}---that is, in | |
87 use for finding key bindings. These are the @dfn{global map}, which is | |
88 shared by all buffers; the @dfn{local keymap}, which is usually | |
89 associated with a specific major mode; and zero or more @dfn{minor mode | |
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90 keymaps}, which belong to currently enabled minor modes. (Not all minor |
6558 | 91 modes have keymaps.) The local keymap bindings shadow (i.e., take |
92 precedence over) the corresponding global bindings. The minor mode | |
93 keymaps shadow both local and global keymaps. @xref{Active Keymaps}, | |
94 for details. | |
95 | |
96 @node Format of Keymaps | |
97 @section Format of Keymaps | |
98 @cindex format of keymaps | |
99 @cindex keymap format | |
100 @cindex full keymap | |
101 @cindex sparse keymap | |
102 | |
103 A keymap is a list whose @sc{car} is the symbol @code{keymap}. The | |
104 remaining elements of the list define the key bindings of the keymap. | |
105 Use the function @code{keymapp} (see below) to test whether an object is | |
106 a keymap. | |
107 | |
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108 Several kinds of elements may appear in a keymap, after the symbol |
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109 @code{keymap} that begins it: |
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110 |
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111 @table @code |
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112 @item (@var{type} .@: @var{binding}) |
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113 This specifies one binding, for events of type @var{type}. Each |
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114 ordinary binding applies to events of a particular @dfn{event type}, |
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115 which is always a character or a symbol. @xref{Classifying Events}. |
6558 | 116 |
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117 @item (t .@: @var{binding}) |
6558 | 118 @cindex default key binding |
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119 This specifies a @dfn{default key binding}; any event not bound by other |
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120 elements of the keymap is given @var{binding} as its binding. Default |
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121 bindings allow a keymap to bind all possible event types without having |
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122 to enumerate all of them. A keymap that has a default binding |
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123 completely masks any lower-precedence keymap. |
6558 | 124 |
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125 @item @var{vector} |
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126 If an element of a keymap is a vector, the vector counts as bindings for |
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127 all the @sc{ASCII} characters, codes 0 through 127; vector element |
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128 @var{n} is the binding for the character with code @var{n}. This is a |
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129 compact way to record lots of bindings. A keymap with such a vector is |
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130 called a @dfn{full keymap}. Other keymaps are called @dfn{sparse |
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131 keymaps}. |
6558 | 132 |
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133 When a keymap contains a vector, it always defines a binding for each |
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134 @sc{ASCII} character, even if the vector contains @code{nil} for that |
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135 character. Such a binding of @code{nil} overrides any default key |
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136 binding in the keymap, for @sc{ASCII} characters. However, default |
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137 bindings are still meaningful for events other than @sc{ASCII} |
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138 characters. A binding of @code{nil} does @emph{not} override |
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139 lower-precedence keymaps; thus, if the local map gives a binding of |
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140 @code{nil}, Emacs uses the binding from the global map. |
6558 | 141 |
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142 @item @var{string} |
6558 | 143 @cindex keymap prompt string |
144 @cindex overall prompt string | |
145 @cindex prompt string of keymap | |
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146 Aside from bindings, a keymap can also have a string as an element. |
6558 | 147 This is called the @dfn{overall prompt string} and makes it possible to |
148 use the keymap as a menu. @xref{Menu Keymaps}. | |
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149 @end table |
6558 | 150 |
151 @cindex meta characters lookup | |
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152 Keymaps do not directly record bindings for the meta characters. |
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153 Instead, meta characters are regarded for |
6558 | 154 purposes of key lookup as sequences of two characters, the first of |
155 which is @key{ESC} (or whatever is currently the value of | |
156 @code{meta-prefix-char}). Thus, the key @kbd{M-a} is really represented | |
157 as @kbd{@key{ESC} a}, and its global binding is found at the slot for | |
158 @kbd{a} in @code{esc-map} (@pxref{Prefix Keys}). | |
159 | |
160 Here as an example is the local keymap for Lisp mode, a sparse | |
161 keymap. It defines bindings for @key{DEL} and @key{TAB}, plus @kbd{C-c | |
162 C-l}, @kbd{M-C-q}, and @kbd{M-C-x}. | |
163 | |
164 @example | |
165 @group | |
166 lisp-mode-map | |
167 @result{} | |
168 @end group | |
169 @group | |
170 (keymap | |
171 ;; @key{TAB} | |
172 (9 . lisp-indent-line) | |
173 @end group | |
174 @group | |
175 ;; @key{DEL} | |
176 (127 . backward-delete-char-untabify) | |
177 @end group | |
178 @group | |
179 (3 keymap | |
180 ;; @kbd{C-c C-l} | |
181 (12 . run-lisp)) | |
182 @end group | |
183 @group | |
184 (27 keymap | |
185 ;; @r{@kbd{M-C-q}, treated as @kbd{@key{ESC} C-q}} | |
186 (17 . indent-sexp) | |
187 ;; @r{@kbd{M-C-x}, treated as @kbd{@key{ESC} C-x}} | |
188 (24 . lisp-send-defun))) | |
189 @end group | |
190 @end example | |
191 | |
192 @defun keymapp object | |
193 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a keymap, @code{nil} | |
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194 otherwise. More precisely, this function tests for a list whose |
6558 | 195 @sc{car} is @code{keymap}. |
196 | |
197 @example | |
198 @group | |
199 (keymapp '(keymap)) | |
200 @result{} t | |
201 @end group | |
202 @group | |
203 (keymapp (current-global-map)) | |
204 @result{} t | |
205 @end group | |
206 @end example | |
207 @end defun | |
208 | |
209 @node Creating Keymaps | |
210 @section Creating Keymaps | |
211 @cindex creating keymaps | |
212 | |
213 Here we describe the functions for creating keymaps. | |
214 | |
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215 @c ??? This should come after make-sparse-keymap |
6558 | 216 @defun make-keymap &optional prompt |
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217 This function creates and returns a new full keymap (i.e., one |
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218 containing a vector of length 128 for defining all the @sc{ASCII} |
6558 | 219 characters). The new keymap initially binds all @sc{ASCII} characters |
220 to @code{nil}, and does not bind any other kind of event. | |
221 | |
222 @example | |
223 @group | |
224 (make-keymap) | |
225 @result{} (keymap [nil nil nil @dots{} nil nil]) | |
226 @end group | |
227 @end example | |
228 | |
229 If you specify @var{prompt}, that becomes the overall prompt string for | |
230 the keymap. The prompt string is useful for menu keymaps (@pxref{Menu | |
231 Keymaps}). | |
232 @end defun | |
233 | |
234 @defun make-sparse-keymap &optional prompt | |
235 This function creates and returns a new sparse keymap with no entries. | |
236 The new keymap does not bind any events. The argument @var{prompt} | |
237 specifies a prompt string, as in @code{make-keymap}. | |
238 | |
239 @example | |
240 @group | |
241 (make-sparse-keymap) | |
242 @result{} (keymap) | |
243 @end group | |
244 @end example | |
245 @end defun | |
246 | |
247 @defun copy-keymap keymap | |
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248 This function returns a copy of @var{keymap}. Any keymaps that |
6558 | 249 appear directly as bindings in @var{keymap} are also copied recursively, |
250 and so on to any number of levels. However, recursive copying does not | |
251 take place when the definition of a character is a symbol whose function | |
252 definition is a keymap; the same symbol appears in the new copy. | |
253 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
254 | |
255 @example | |
256 @group | |
257 (setq map (copy-keymap (current-local-map))) | |
258 @result{} (keymap | |
259 @end group | |
260 @group | |
261 ;; @r{(This implements meta characters.)} | |
262 (27 keymap | |
263 (83 . center-paragraph) | |
264 (115 . center-line)) | |
265 (9 . tab-to-tab-stop)) | |
266 @end group | |
267 | |
268 @group | |
269 (eq map (current-local-map)) | |
270 @result{} nil | |
271 @end group | |
272 @group | |
273 (equal map (current-local-map)) | |
274 @result{} t | |
275 @end group | |
276 @end example | |
277 @end defun | |
278 | |
279 @node Inheritance and Keymaps | |
280 @section Inheritance and Keymaps | |
281 @cindex keymap inheritance | |
282 @cindex inheriting a keymap's bindings | |
283 | |
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284 A keymap can inherit the bindings of another keymap, which we call the |
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285 @dfn{parent keymap}. Such a keymap looks like this: |
6558 | 286 |
287 @example | |
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288 (keymap @var{bindings}@dots{} . @var{parent-keymap}) |
6558 | 289 @end example |
290 | |
291 @noindent | |
292 The effect is that this keymap inherits all the bindings of | |
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293 @var{parent-keymap}, whatever they may be at the time a key is looked up, |
6558 | 294 but can add to them or override them with @var{bindings}. |
295 | |
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296 If you change the bindings in @var{parent-keymap} using @code{define-key} |
6558 | 297 or other key-binding functions, these changes are visible in the |
298 inheriting keymap unless shadowed by @var{bindings}. The converse is | |
299 not true: if you use @code{define-key} to change the inheriting keymap, | |
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300 that affects @var{bindings}, but has no effect on @var{parent-keymap}. |
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301 |
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302 The proper way to construct a keymap with a parent is to use |
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303 @code{set-keymap-parent}; if you have code that directly constructs a |
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304 keymap with a parent, please convert the program to use |
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305 @code{set-keymap-parent} instead. |
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306 |
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307 @defun keymap-parent keymap |
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308 This returns the parent keymap of @var{keymap}. If @var{keymap} |
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309 has no parent, @code{keymap-parent} returns @code{nil}. |
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310 @end defun |
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311 |
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312 @defun set-keymap-parent keymap parent |
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313 This sets the parent keymap of @var{keymap} to @var{parent}, and returns |
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314 @var{parent}. If @var{parent} is @code{nil}, this function gives |
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315 @var{keymap} no parent at all. |
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316 |
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317 If @var{keymap} has submaps (bindings for prefix keys), they too receive |
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318 new parent keymaps that reflect what @var{parent} specifies for those |
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319 prefix keys. |
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320 @end defun |
6558 | 321 |
322 Here is an example showing how to make a keymap that inherits | |
323 from @code{text-mode-map}: | |
324 | |
325 @example | |
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326 (let ((map (make-sparse-keymap))) |
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327 (set-keymap-parent map text-mode-map) |
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328 map) |
6558 | 329 @end example |
330 | |
331 @node Prefix Keys | |
332 @section Prefix Keys | |
333 @cindex prefix key | |
334 | |
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335 A @dfn{prefix key} is a key sequence whose binding is a keymap. The |
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336 keymap defines what to do with key sequences that extend the prefix key. |
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337 For example, @kbd{C-x} is a prefix key, and it uses a keymap that is |
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338 also stored in the variable @code{ctl-x-map}. This keymap defines |
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339 bindings for key sequences starting with @kbd{C-x}. |
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340 |
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341 Here is a list of the standard prefix keys of Emacs and their keymaps: |
6558 | 342 |
343 @itemize @bullet | |
344 @item | |
345 @vindex esc-map | |
346 @findex ESC-prefix | |
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347 @code{esc-map} is the global keymap for the @key{ESC} prefix key. Thus, |
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348 the global definitions of all meta characters are actually found here. |
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349 This map is also the function definition of @code{ESC-prefix}. |
6558 | 350 |
351 @item | |
352 @cindex @kbd{C-h} | |
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353 @code{help-map} is the global keymap for the @kbd{C-h} prefix key. |
6558 | 354 |
355 @item | |
356 @cindex @kbd{C-c} | |
357 @vindex mode-specific-map | |
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358 @code{mode-specific-map} is the global keymap for the prefix key |
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359 @kbd{C-c}. This map is actually global, not mode-specific, but its name |
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360 provides useful information about @kbd{C-c} in the output of @kbd{C-h b} |
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361 (@code{display-bindings}), since the main use of this prefix key is for |
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362 mode-specific bindings. |
6558 | 363 |
364 @item | |
365 @cindex @kbd{C-x} | |
366 @vindex ctl-x-map | |
367 @findex Control-X-prefix | |
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368 @code{ctl-x-map} is the global keymap used for the @kbd{C-x} prefix key. |
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369 This map is found via the function cell of the symbol |
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370 @code{Control-X-prefix}. |
6558 | 371 |
372 @item | |
373 @cindex @kbd{C-x 4} | |
374 @vindex ctl-x-4-map | |
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375 @code{ctl-x-4-map} is the global keymap used for the @kbd{C-x 4} prefix |
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376 key. |
6558 | 377 |
378 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
379 @item | |
380 @cindex @kbd{C-x 5} | |
381 @vindex ctl-x-5-map | |
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382 @code{ctl-x-5-map} is the global keymap used for the @kbd{C-x 5} prefix |
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383 key. |
6558 | 384 |
385 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
386 @item | |
387 @cindex @kbd{C-x n} | |
388 @cindex @kbd{C-x r} | |
389 @cindex @kbd{C-x a} | |
390 The prefix keys @kbd{C-x n}, @kbd{C-x r} and @kbd{C-x a} use keymaps | |
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391 that have no special names. |
6558 | 392 @end itemize |
393 | |
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394 The keymap binding of a prefix key is used for looking up the event |
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395 that follows the prefix key. (It may instead be a symbol whose function |
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396 definition is a keymap. The effect is the same, but the symbol serves |
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397 as a name for the prefix key.) Thus, the binding of @kbd{C-x} is the |
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398 symbol @code{Control-X-prefix}, whose function cell holds the keymap |
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399 for @kbd{C-x} commands. (The same keymap is also the value of |
6558 | 400 @code{ctl-x-map}.) |
401 | |
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402 Prefix key definitions can appear in any active keymap. The |
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403 definitions of @kbd{C-c}, @kbd{C-x}, @kbd{C-h} and @key{ESC} as prefix |
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404 keys appear in the global map, so these prefix keys are always |
6558 | 405 available. Major and minor modes can redefine a key as a prefix by |
406 putting a prefix key definition for it in the local map or the minor | |
407 mode's map. @xref{Active Keymaps}. | |
408 | |
409 If a key is defined as a prefix in more than one active map, then its | |
410 various definitions are in effect merged: the commands defined in the | |
411 minor mode keymaps come first, followed by those in the local map's | |
412 prefix definition, and then by those from the global map. | |
413 | |
414 In the following example, we make @kbd{C-p} a prefix key in the local | |
415 keymap, in such a way that @kbd{C-p} is identical to @kbd{C-x}. Then | |
416 the binding for @kbd{C-p C-f} is the function @code{find-file}, just | |
417 like @kbd{C-x C-f}. The key sequence @kbd{C-p 6} is not found in any | |
418 active keymap. | |
419 | |
420 @example | |
421 @group | |
422 (use-local-map (make-sparse-keymap)) | |
423 @result{} nil | |
424 @end group | |
425 @group | |
426 (local-set-key "\C-p" ctl-x-map) | |
427 @result{} nil | |
428 @end group | |
429 @group | |
430 (key-binding "\C-p\C-f") | |
431 @result{} find-file | |
432 @end group | |
433 | |
434 @group | |
435 (key-binding "\C-p6") | |
436 @result{} nil | |
437 @end group | |
438 @end example | |
439 | |
440 @defun define-prefix-command symbol | |
441 @cindex prefix command | |
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442 This function prepares @var{symbol} for use as a prefix key's binding: |
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443 it creates a full keymap and stores it as @var{symbol}'s function |
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444 definition. Subsequently binding a key sequence to @var{symbol} will |
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445 make that key sequence into a prefix key. |
6558 | 446 |
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447 This function also sets @var{symbol} as a variable, with the keymap as |
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448 its value. It returns @var{symbol}. |
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449 |
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450 @c In Emacs version 18, only the function definition of @var{symbol} was |
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451 @c set, not the value as a variable. |
6558 | 452 @end defun |
453 | |
454 @node Active Keymaps | |
455 @section Active Keymaps | |
456 @cindex active keymap | |
457 @cindex global keymap | |
458 @cindex local keymap | |
459 | |
460 Emacs normally contains many keymaps; at any given time, just a few of | |
461 them are @dfn{active} in that they participate in the interpretation | |
462 of user input. These are the global keymap, the current buffer's | |
463 local keymap, and the keymaps of any enabled minor modes. | |
464 | |
465 The @dfn{global keymap} holds the bindings of keys that are defined | |
466 regardless of the current buffer, such as @kbd{C-f}. The variable | |
467 @code{global-map} holds this keymap, which is always active. | |
468 | |
469 Each buffer may have another keymap, its @dfn{local keymap}, which may | |
470 contain new or overriding definitions for keys. The current buffer's | |
471 local keymap is always active except when @code{overriding-local-map} | |
472 overrides it. Text properties can specify an alternative local map for | |
473 certain parts of the buffer; see @ref{Special Properties}. | |
474 | |
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475 Each minor mode can have a keymap; if it does, the keymap is active |
6558 | 476 when the minor mode is enabled. |
477 | |
478 The variable @code{overriding-local-map}, if non-@code{nil}, specifies | |
479 another local keymap that overrides the buffer's local map and all the | |
480 minor mode keymaps. | |
481 | |
482 All the active keymaps are used together to determine what command to | |
483 execute when a key is entered. Emacs searches these maps one by one, in | |
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484 order of decreasing precedence, until it finds a binding in one of the |
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485 maps. The procedure for searching a single keymap is called @dfn{key |
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486 lookup}; see @ref{Key Lookup}. |
6558 | 487 |
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488 Normally, Emacs first searches for the key in the minor mode maps, in |
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489 the order specified by @code{minor-mode-map-alist}; if they do not |
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490 supply a binding for the key, Emacs searches the local map; if that too |
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491 has no binding, Emacs then searches the global map. However, if |
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492 @code{overriding-local-map} is non-@code{nil}, Emacs searches that map |
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493 first, before the global map. |
6558 | 494 |
495 @cindex major mode keymap | |
496 Since every buffer that uses the same major mode normally uses the | |
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497 same local keymap, you can think of the keymap as local to the mode. A |
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498 change to the local keymap of a buffer (using @code{local-set-key}, for |
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499 example) is seen also in the other buffers that share that keymap. |
6558 | 500 |
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501 The local keymaps that are used for Lisp mode and some other major |
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502 modes exist even if they have not yet been used. These local maps are |
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503 the values of variables such as @code{lisp-mode-map}. For most major |
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504 modes, which are less frequently used, the local keymap is constructed |
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505 only when the mode is used for the first time in a session. |
6558 | 506 |
507 The minibuffer has local keymaps, too; they contain various completion | |
508 and exit commands. @xref{Intro to Minibuffers}. | |
509 | |
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510 Emacs has other keymaps that are used in a different way---translating |
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511 events within @code{read-key-sequence}. @xref{Translating Input}. |
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512 |
6558 | 513 @xref{Standard Keymaps}, for a list of standard keymaps. |
514 | |
515 @defvar global-map | |
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516 This variable contains the default global keymap that maps Emacs |
6558 | 517 keyboard input to commands. The global keymap is normally this keymap. |
518 The default global keymap is a full keymap that binds | |
519 @code{self-insert-command} to all of the printing characters. | |
520 | |
521 It is normal practice to change the bindings in the global map, but you | |
522 should not assign this variable any value other than the keymap it starts | |
523 out with. | |
524 @end defvar | |
525 | |
526 @defun current-global-map | |
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527 This function returns the current global keymap. This is the |
6558 | 528 same as the value of @code{global-map} unless you change one or the |
529 other. | |
530 | |
531 @example | |
532 @group | |
533 (current-global-map) | |
534 @result{} (keymap [set-mark-command beginning-of-line @dots{} | |
535 delete-backward-char]) | |
536 @end group | |
537 @end example | |
538 @end defun | |
539 | |
540 @defun current-local-map | |
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541 This function returns the current buffer's local keymap, or @code{nil} |
6558 | 542 if it has none. In the following example, the keymap for the |
543 @samp{*scratch*} buffer (using Lisp Interaction mode) is a sparse keymap | |
544 in which the entry for @key{ESC}, @sc{ASCII} code 27, is another sparse | |
545 keymap. | |
546 | |
547 @example | |
548 @group | |
549 (current-local-map) | |
550 @result{} (keymap | |
551 (10 . eval-print-last-sexp) | |
552 (9 . lisp-indent-line) | |
553 (127 . backward-delete-char-untabify) | |
554 @end group | |
555 @group | |
556 (27 keymap | |
557 (24 . eval-defun) | |
558 (17 . indent-sexp))) | |
559 @end group | |
560 @end example | |
561 @end defun | |
562 | |
563 @defun current-minor-mode-maps | |
564 This function returns a list of the keymaps of currently enabled minor modes. | |
565 @end defun | |
566 | |
567 @defun use-global-map keymap | |
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568 This function makes @var{keymap} the new current global keymap. It |
6558 | 569 returns @code{nil}. |
570 | |
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571 It is very unusual to change the global keymap. |
6558 | 572 @end defun |
573 | |
574 @defun use-local-map keymap | |
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575 This function makes @var{keymap} the new local keymap of the current |
6558 | 576 buffer. If @var{keymap} is @code{nil}, then the buffer has no local |
577 keymap. @code{use-local-map} returns @code{nil}. Most major mode | |
578 commands use this function. | |
579 @end defun | |
580 | |
581 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
582 @defvar minor-mode-map-alist | |
583 This variable is an alist describing keymaps that may or may not be | |
584 active according to the values of certain variables. Its elements look | |
585 like this: | |
586 | |
587 @example | |
588 (@var{variable} . @var{keymap}) | |
589 @end example | |
590 | |
591 The keymap @var{keymap} is active whenever @var{variable} has a | |
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592 non-@code{nil} value. Typically @var{variable} is the variable that |
6558 | 593 enables or disables a minor mode. @xref{Keymaps and Minor Modes}. |
594 | |
595 Note that elements of @code{minor-mode-map-alist} do not have the same | |
596 structure as elements of @code{minor-mode-alist}. The map must be the | |
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597 @sc{cdr} of the element; a list with the map as the @sc{cadr} will not |
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598 do. The @sc{cadr} can be either a keymap (a list) or a symbol |
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599 whose function definition is a keymap. |
6558 | 600 |
601 When more than one minor mode keymap is active, their order of priority | |
602 is the order of @code{minor-mode-map-alist}. But you should design | |
603 minor modes so that they don't interfere with each other. If you do | |
604 this properly, the order will not matter. | |
605 | |
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606 See @ref{Keymaps and Minor Modes}, for more information about minor |
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607 modes. See also @code{minor-mode-key-binding} (@pxref{Functions for Key |
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608 Lookup}). |
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609 @end defvar |
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610 |
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611 @defvar minor-mode-overriding-map-alist |
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612 @tindex minor-mode-overriding-map-alist |
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613 This variable allows major modes to override the key bindings for |
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614 particular minor modes. The elements of this alist look like the |
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615 elements of @code{minor-mode-map-alist}: @code{(@var{variable} |
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616 . @var{keymap})}. |
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617 |
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618 If a variable appears an element of |
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619 @code{minor-mode-overriding-map-alist}, the map specified by that |
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620 element totally replaces any map specified for the same variable in |
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621 @code{minor-mode-map-alist}. |
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622 |
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623 @code{minor-mode-overriding-map-alist} is automatically buffer-local in |
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624 all buffers. |
6558 | 625 @end defvar |
626 | |
627 @defvar overriding-local-map | |
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628 If non-@code{nil}, this variable holds a keymap to use instead of the |
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629 buffer's local keymap and instead of all the minor mode keymaps. This |
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630 keymap, if any, overrides all other maps that would have been active, |
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631 except for the current global map. |
6558 | 632 @end defvar |
633 | |
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634 @defvar overriding-terminal-local-map |
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635 If non-@code{nil}, this variable holds a keymap to use instead of |
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636 @code{overriding-local-map}, the buffer's local keymap and all the minor |
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637 mode keymaps. |
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638 |
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639 This variable is always local to the current terminal and cannot be |
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640 buffer-local. @xref{Multiple Displays}. It is used to implement |
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641 incremental search mode. |
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642 @end defvar |
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643 |
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644 @defvar overriding-local-map-menu-flag |
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645 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, the value of |
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646 @code{overriding-local-map} or @code{overriding-terminal-local-map} can |
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647 affect the display of the menu bar. The default value is @code{nil}, so |
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648 those map variables have no effect on the menu bar. |
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649 |
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650 Note that these two map variables do affect the execution of key |
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651 sequences entered using the menu bar, even if they do not affect the |
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652 menu bar display. So if a menu bar key sequence comes in, you should |
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653 clear the variables before looking up and executing that key sequence. |
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654 Modes that use the variables would typically do this anyway; normally |
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655 they respond to events that they do not handle by ``unreading'' them and |
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656 exiting. |
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657 @end defvar |
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658 |
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659 @defvar special-event-map |
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660 This variable holds a keymap for special events. If an event type has a |
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661 binding in this keymap, then it is special, and the binding for the |
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662 event is run directly by @code{read-event}. @xref{Special Events}. |
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663 @end defvar |
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664 |
6558 | 665 @node Key Lookup |
666 @section Key Lookup | |
667 @cindex key lookup | |
668 @cindex keymap entry | |
669 | |
670 @dfn{Key lookup} is the process of finding the binding of a key | |
671 sequence from a given keymap. Actual execution of the binding is not | |
672 part of key lookup. | |
673 | |
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674 Key lookup uses just the event type of each event in the key sequence; |
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675 the rest of the event is ignored. In fact, a key sequence used for key |
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676 lookup may designate mouse events with just their types (symbols) |
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677 instead of with entire mouse events (lists). @xref{Input Events}. Such |
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678 a ``key-sequence'' is insufficient for @code{command-execute} to run, |
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679 but it is sufficient for looking up or rebinding a key. |
6558 | 680 |
681 When the key sequence consists of multiple events, key lookup | |
682 processes the events sequentially: the binding of the first event is | |
683 found, and must be a keymap; then the second event's binding is found in | |
684 that keymap, and so on until all the events in the key sequence are used | |
685 up. (The binding thus found for the last event may or may not be a | |
686 keymap.) Thus, the process of key lookup is defined in terms of a | |
687 simpler process for looking up a single event in a keymap. How that is | |
688 done depends on the type of object associated with the event in that | |
689 keymap. | |
690 | |
691 Let's use the term @dfn{keymap entry} to describe the value found by | |
692 looking up an event type in a keymap. (This doesn't include the item | |
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693 string and other extra elements in menu key bindings, because |
6558 | 694 @code{lookup-key} and other key lookup functions don't include them in |
695 the returned value.) While any Lisp object may be stored in a keymap as | |
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696 a keymap entry, not all make sense for key lookup. Here is a table of |
6558 | 697 the meaningful kinds of keymap entries: |
698 | |
699 @table @asis | |
700 @item @code{nil} | |
701 @cindex @code{nil} in keymap | |
702 @code{nil} means that the events used so far in the lookup form an | |
703 undefined key. When a keymap fails to mention an event type at all, and | |
704 has no default binding, that is equivalent to a binding of @code{nil} | |
705 for that event type. | |
706 | |
707 @item @var{command} | |
708 @cindex command in keymap | |
709 The events used so far in the lookup form a complete key, | |
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710 and @var{command} is its binding. @xref{What Is a Function}. |
6558 | 711 |
12098 | 712 @item @var{array} |
6558 | 713 @cindex string in keymap |
12098 | 714 The array (either a string or a vector) is a keyboard macro. The events |
715 used so far in the lookup form a complete key, and the array is its | |
716 binding. See @ref{Keyboard Macros}, for more information. | |
6558 | 717 |
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718 @item @var{keymap} |
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719 @cindex keymap in keymap |
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720 The events used so far in the lookup form a prefix key. The next |
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721 event of the key sequence is looked up in @var{keymap}. |
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722 |
6558 | 723 @item @var{list} |
724 @cindex list in keymap | |
725 The meaning of a list depends on the types of the elements of the list. | |
726 | |
727 @itemize @bullet | |
728 @item | |
729 If the @sc{car} of @var{list} is the symbol @code{keymap}, then the list | |
730 is a keymap, and is treated as a keymap (see above). | |
731 | |
732 @item | |
733 @cindex @code{lambda} in keymap | |
734 If the @sc{car} of @var{list} is @code{lambda}, then the list is a | |
735 lambda expression. This is presumed to be a command, and is treated as | |
736 such (see above). | |
737 | |
738 @item | |
739 If the @sc{car} of @var{list} is a keymap and the @sc{cdr} is an event | |
740 type, then this is an @dfn{indirect entry}: | |
741 | |
742 @example | |
743 (@var{othermap} . @var{othertype}) | |
744 @end example | |
745 | |
746 When key lookup encounters an indirect entry, it looks up instead the | |
747 binding of @var{othertype} in @var{othermap} and uses that. | |
748 | |
749 This feature permits you to define one key as an alias for another key. | |
750 For example, an entry whose @sc{car} is the keymap called @code{esc-map} | |
12098 | 751 and whose @sc{cdr} is 32 (the code for @key{SPC}) means, ``Use the global |
6558 | 752 binding of @kbd{Meta-@key{SPC}}, whatever that may be.'' |
753 @end itemize | |
754 | |
755 @item @var{symbol} | |
756 @cindex symbol in keymap | |
757 The function definition of @var{symbol} is used in place of | |
758 @var{symbol}. If that too is a symbol, then this process is repeated, | |
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759 any number of times. Ultimately this should lead to an object that is |
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760 a keymap, a command, or a keyboard macro. A list is allowed if it is a |
6558 | 761 keymap or a command, but indirect entries are not understood when found |
762 via symbols. | |
763 | |
764 Note that keymaps and keyboard macros (strings and vectors) are not | |
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765 valid functions, so a symbol with a keymap, string, or vector as its |
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766 function definition is invalid as a function. It is, however, valid as |
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767 a key binding. If the definition is a keyboard macro, then the symbol |
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768 is also valid as an argument to @code{command-execute} |
6558 | 769 (@pxref{Interactive Call}). |
770 | |
771 @cindex @code{undefined} in keymap | |
772 The symbol @code{undefined} is worth special mention: it means to treat | |
773 the key as undefined. Strictly speaking, the key is defined, and its | |
774 binding is the command @code{undefined}; but that command does the same | |
775 thing that is done automatically for an undefined key: it rings the bell | |
776 (by calling @code{ding}) but does not signal an error. | |
777 | |
778 @cindex preventing prefix key | |
779 @code{undefined} is used in local keymaps to override a global key | |
780 binding and make the key ``undefined'' locally. A local binding of | |
781 @code{nil} would fail to do this because it would not override the | |
782 global binding. | |
783 | |
784 @item @var{anything else} | |
785 If any other type of object is found, the events used so far in the | |
786 lookup form a complete key, and the object is its binding, but the | |
787 binding is not executable as a command. | |
788 @end table | |
789 | |
790 In short, a keymap entry may be a keymap, a command, a keyboard macro, | |
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791 a symbol that leads to one of them, or an indirection or @code{nil}. |
6558 | 792 Here is an example of a sparse keymap with two characters bound to |
793 commands and one bound to another keymap. This map is the normal value | |
794 of @code{emacs-lisp-mode-map}. Note that 9 is the code for @key{TAB}, | |
795 127 for @key{DEL}, 27 for @key{ESC}, 17 for @kbd{C-q} and 24 for | |
796 @kbd{C-x}. | |
797 | |
798 @example | |
799 @group | |
800 (keymap (9 . lisp-indent-line) | |
801 (127 . backward-delete-char-untabify) | |
802 (27 keymap (17 . indent-sexp) (24 . eval-defun))) | |
803 @end group | |
804 @end example | |
805 | |
806 @node Functions for Key Lookup | |
807 @section Functions for Key Lookup | |
808 | |
809 Here are the functions and variables pertaining to key lookup. | |
810 | |
811 @defun lookup-key keymap key &optional accept-defaults | |
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812 This function returns the definition of @var{key} in @var{keymap}. All |
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813 the other functions described in this chapter that look up keys use |
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814 @code{lookup-key}. Here are examples: |
6558 | 815 |
816 @example | |
817 @group | |
818 (lookup-key (current-global-map) "\C-x\C-f") | |
819 @result{} find-file | |
820 @end group | |
821 @group | |
822 (lookup-key (current-global-map) "\C-x\C-f12345") | |
823 @result{} 2 | |
824 @end group | |
825 @end example | |
826 | |
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827 If the string or vector @var{key} is not a valid key sequence according |
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828 to the prefix keys specified in @var{keymap}, it must be ``too long'' |
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829 and have extra events at the end that do not fit into a single key |
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830 sequence. Then the value is a number, the number of events at the front |
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831 of @var{key} that compose a complete key. |
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832 |
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833 @c Emacs 19 feature |
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834 If @var{accept-defaults} is non-@code{nil}, then @code{lookup-key} |
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835 considers default bindings as well as bindings for the specific events |
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836 in @var{key}. Otherwise, @code{lookup-key} reports only bindings for |
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837 the specific sequence @var{key}, ignoring default bindings except when |
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838 you explicitly ask about them. (To do this, supply @code{t} as an |
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839 element of @var{key}; see @ref{Format of Keymaps}.) |
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840 |
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841 If @var{key} contains a meta character, that character is implicitly |
6558 | 842 replaced by a two-character sequence: the value of |
843 @code{meta-prefix-char}, followed by the corresponding non-meta | |
844 character. Thus, the first example below is handled by conversion into | |
845 the second example. | |
846 | |
847 @example | |
848 @group | |
849 (lookup-key (current-global-map) "\M-f") | |
850 @result{} forward-word | |
851 @end group | |
852 @group | |
853 (lookup-key (current-global-map) "\ef") | |
854 @result{} forward-word | |
855 @end group | |
856 @end example | |
857 | |
858 Unlike @code{read-key-sequence}, this function does not modify the | |
859 specified events in ways that discard information (@pxref{Key Sequence | |
860 Input}). In particular, it does not convert letters to lower case and | |
861 it does not change drag events to clicks. | |
862 @end defun | |
863 | |
864 @deffn Command undefined | |
865 Used in keymaps to undefine keys. It calls @code{ding}, but does | |
866 not cause an error. | |
867 @end deffn | |
868 | |
869 @defun key-binding key &optional accept-defaults | |
870 This function returns the binding for @var{key} in the current | |
871 keymaps, trying all the active keymaps. The result is @code{nil} if | |
872 @var{key} is undefined in the keymaps. | |
873 | |
874 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
875 The argument @var{accept-defaults} controls checking for default | |
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876 bindings, as in @code{lookup-key} (above). |
6558 | 877 |
878 An error is signaled if @var{key} is not a string or a vector. | |
879 | |
880 @example | |
881 @group | |
882 (key-binding "\C-x\C-f") | |
883 @result{} find-file | |
884 @end group | |
885 @end example | |
886 @end defun | |
887 | |
888 @defun local-key-binding key &optional accept-defaults | |
889 This function returns the binding for @var{key} in the current | |
890 local keymap, or @code{nil} if it is undefined there. | |
891 | |
892 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
893 The argument @var{accept-defaults} controls checking for default bindings, | |
894 as in @code{lookup-key} (above). | |
895 @end defun | |
896 | |
897 @defun global-key-binding key &optional accept-defaults | |
898 This function returns the binding for command @var{key} in the | |
899 current global keymap, or @code{nil} if it is undefined there. | |
900 | |
901 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
902 The argument @var{accept-defaults} controls checking for default bindings, | |
903 as in @code{lookup-key} (above). | |
904 @end defun | |
905 | |
906 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
907 @defun minor-mode-key-binding key &optional accept-defaults | |
908 This function returns a list of all the active minor mode bindings of | |
909 @var{key}. More precisely, it returns an alist of pairs | |
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910 @code{(@var{modename} . @var{binding})}, where @var{modename} is the |
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911 variable that enables the minor mode, and @var{binding} is @var{key}'s |
6558 | 912 binding in that mode. If @var{key} has no minor-mode bindings, the |
913 value is @code{nil}. | |
914 | |
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915 If the first binding found is not a prefix definition (a keymap or a |
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916 symbol defined as a keymap), all subsequent bindings from other minor |
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917 modes are omitted, since they would be completely shadowed. Similarly, |
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918 the list omits non-prefix bindings that follow prefix bindings. |
6558 | 919 |
920 The argument @var{accept-defaults} controls checking for default | |
921 bindings, as in @code{lookup-key} (above). | |
922 @end defun | |
923 | |
924 @defvar meta-prefix-char | |
925 @cindex @key{ESC} | |
926 This variable is the meta-prefix character code. It is used when | |
927 translating a meta character to a two-character sequence so it can be | |
928 looked up in a keymap. For useful results, the value should be a prefix | |
929 event (@pxref{Prefix Keys}). The default value is 27, which is the | |
930 @sc{ASCII} code for @key{ESC}. | |
931 | |
932 As long as the value of @code{meta-prefix-char} remains 27, key | |
933 lookup translates @kbd{M-b} into @kbd{@key{ESC} b}, which is normally | |
934 defined as the @code{backward-word} command. However, if you set | |
935 @code{meta-prefix-char} to 24, the code for @kbd{C-x}, then Emacs will | |
936 translate @kbd{M-b} into @kbd{C-x b}, whose standard binding is the | |
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937 @code{switch-to-buffer} command. Here is an illustration: |
6558 | 938 |
939 @smallexample | |
940 @group | |
941 meta-prefix-char ; @r{The default value.} | |
942 @result{} 27 | |
943 @end group | |
944 @group | |
945 (key-binding "\M-b") | |
946 @result{} backward-word | |
947 @end group | |
948 @group | |
949 ?\C-x ; @r{The print representation} | |
950 @result{} 24 ; @r{of a character.} | |
951 @end group | |
952 @group | |
953 (setq meta-prefix-char 24) | |
954 @result{} 24 | |
955 @end group | |
956 @group | |
957 (key-binding "\M-b") | |
958 @result{} switch-to-buffer ; @r{Now, typing @kbd{M-b} is} | |
959 ; @r{like typing @kbd{C-x b}.} | |
960 | |
961 (setq meta-prefix-char 27) ; @r{Avoid confusion!} | |
962 @result{} 27 ; @r{Restore the default value!} | |
963 @end group | |
964 @end smallexample | |
965 @end defvar | |
966 | |
967 @node Changing Key Bindings | |
968 @section Changing Key Bindings | |
969 @cindex changing key bindings | |
970 @cindex rebinding | |
971 | |
972 The way to rebind a key is to change its entry in a keymap. If you | |
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973 change a binding in the global keymap, the change is effective in all |
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974 buffers (though it has no direct effect in buffers that shadow the |
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975 global binding with a local one). If you change the current buffer's |
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976 local map, that usually affects all buffers using the same major mode. |
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977 The @code{global-set-key} and @code{local-set-key} functions are |
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978 convenient interfaces for these operations (@pxref{Key Binding |
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979 Commands}). You can also use @code{define-key}, a more general |
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980 function; then you must specify explicitly the map to change. |
6558 | 981 |
982 @cindex meta character key constants | |
983 @cindex control character key constants | |
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984 In writing the key sequence to rebind, it is good to use the special |
6558 | 985 escape sequences for control and meta characters (@pxref{String Type}). |
986 The syntax @samp{\C-} means that the following character is a control | |
987 character and @samp{\M-} means that the following character is a meta | |
988 character. Thus, the string @code{"\M-x"} is read as containing a | |
989 single @kbd{M-x}, @code{"\C-f"} is read as containing a single | |
990 @kbd{C-f}, and @code{"\M-\C-x"} and @code{"\C-\M-x"} are both read as | |
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991 containing a single @kbd{C-M-x}. You can also use this escape syntax in |
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992 vectors, as well as others that aren't allowed in strings; one example |
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993 is @samp{[?\C-\H-x home]}. @xref{Character Type}. |
6558 | 994 |
12067 | 995 The key definition and lookup functions accept an alternate syntax for |
996 event types in a key sequence that is a vector: you can use a list | |
997 containing modifier names plus one base event (a character or function | |
998 key name). For example, @code{(control ?a)} is equivalent to | |
999 @code{?\C-a} and @code{(hyper control left)} is equivalent to | |
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1000 @code{C-H-left}. One advantage of such lists is that the precise |
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1001 numeric codes for the modifier bits don't appear in compiled files. |
12098 | 1002 |
6558 | 1003 For the functions below, an error is signaled if @var{keymap} is not a |
1004 keymap or if @var{key} is not a string or vector representing a key | |
1005 sequence. You can use event types (symbols) as shorthand for events | |
1006 that are lists. | |
1007 | |
1008 @defun define-key keymap key binding | |
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1009 This function sets the binding for @var{key} in @var{keymap}. (If |
6558 | 1010 @var{key} is more than one event long, the change is actually made |
1011 in another keymap reached from @var{keymap}.) The argument | |
1012 @var{binding} can be any Lisp object, but only certain types are | |
1013 meaningful. (For a list of meaningful types, see @ref{Key Lookup}.) | |
1014 The value returned by @code{define-key} is @var{binding}. | |
1015 | |
1016 @cindex invalid prefix key error | |
1017 @cindex key sequence error | |
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1018 Every prefix of @var{key} must be a prefix key (i.e., bound to a keymap) |
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1019 or undefined; otherwise an error is signaled. If some prefix of |
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1020 @var{key} is undefined, then @code{define-key} defines it as a prefix |
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1021 key so that the rest of @var{key} can be defined as specified. |
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1022 |
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1023 If there was previously no binding for @var{key} in @var{keymap}, the |
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1024 new binding is added at the beginning of @var{keymap}. The order of |
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1025 bindings in a keymap makes no difference in most cases, but it does |
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1026 matter for menu keymaps (@pxref{Menu Keymaps}). |
6558 | 1027 @end defun |
1028 | |
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1029 Here is an example that creates a sparse keymap and makes a number of |
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1030 bindings in it: |
6558 | 1031 |
1032 @smallexample | |
1033 @group | |
1034 (setq map (make-sparse-keymap)) | |
1035 @result{} (keymap) | |
1036 @end group | |
1037 @group | |
1038 (define-key map "\C-f" 'forward-char) | |
1039 @result{} forward-char | |
1040 @end group | |
1041 @group | |
1042 map | |
1043 @result{} (keymap (6 . forward-char)) | |
1044 @end group | |
1045 | |
1046 @group | |
1047 ;; @r{Build sparse submap for @kbd{C-x} and bind @kbd{f} in that.} | |
1048 (define-key map "\C-xf" 'forward-word) | |
1049 @result{} forward-word | |
1050 @end group | |
1051 @group | |
1052 map | |
1053 @result{} (keymap | |
1054 (24 keymap ; @kbd{C-x} | |
1055 (102 . forward-word)) ; @kbd{f} | |
1056 (6 . forward-char)) ; @kbd{C-f} | |
1057 @end group | |
1058 | |
1059 @group | |
1060 ;; @r{Bind @kbd{C-p} to the @code{ctl-x-map}.} | |
1061 (define-key map "\C-p" ctl-x-map) | |
1062 ;; @code{ctl-x-map} | |
1063 @result{} [nil @dots{} find-file @dots{} backward-kill-sentence] | |
1064 @end group | |
1065 | |
1066 @group | |
1067 ;; @r{Bind @kbd{C-f} to @code{foo} in the @code{ctl-x-map}.} | |
1068 (define-key map "\C-p\C-f" 'foo) | |
1069 @result{} 'foo | |
1070 @end group | |
1071 @group | |
1072 map | |
1073 @result{} (keymap ; @r{Note @code{foo} in @code{ctl-x-map}.} | |
1074 (16 keymap [nil @dots{} foo @dots{} backward-kill-sentence]) | |
1075 (24 keymap | |
1076 (102 . forward-word)) | |
1077 (6 . forward-char)) | |
1078 @end group | |
1079 @end smallexample | |
1080 | |
1081 @noindent | |
1082 Note that storing a new binding for @kbd{C-p C-f} actually works by | |
1083 changing an entry in @code{ctl-x-map}, and this has the effect of | |
1084 changing the bindings of both @kbd{C-p C-f} and @kbd{C-x C-f} in the | |
1085 default global map. | |
1086 | |
1087 @defun substitute-key-definition olddef newdef keymap &optional oldmap | |
1088 @cindex replace bindings | |
1089 This function replaces @var{olddef} with @var{newdef} for any keys in | |
1090 @var{keymap} that were bound to @var{olddef}. In other words, | |
1091 @var{olddef} is replaced with @var{newdef} wherever it appears. The | |
1092 function returns @code{nil}. | |
1093 | |
1094 For example, this redefines @kbd{C-x C-f}, if you do it in an Emacs with | |
1095 standard bindings: | |
1096 | |
1097 @smallexample | |
1098 @group | |
1099 (substitute-key-definition | |
1100 'find-file 'find-file-read-only (current-global-map)) | |
1101 @end group | |
1102 @end smallexample | |
1103 | |
1104 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1105 If @var{oldmap} is non-@code{nil}, then its bindings determine which | |
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1106 keys to rebind. The rebindings still happen in @var{keymap}, not in |
6558 | 1107 @var{oldmap}. Thus, you can change one map under the control of the |
1108 bindings in another. For example, | |
1109 | |
1110 @smallexample | |
1111 (substitute-key-definition | |
1112 'delete-backward-char 'my-funny-delete | |
1113 my-map global-map) | |
1114 @end smallexample | |
1115 | |
1116 @noindent | |
1117 puts the special deletion command in @code{my-map} for whichever keys | |
1118 are globally bound to the standard deletion command. | |
1119 | |
1120 @ignore | |
1121 @c Emacs 18 only | |
1122 Prefix keymaps that appear within @var{keymap} are not checked | |
1123 recursively for keys bound to @var{olddef}; they are not changed at all. | |
1124 Perhaps it would be better to check nested keymaps recursively. | |
1125 @end ignore | |
1126 | |
1127 Here is an example showing a keymap before and after substitution: | |
1128 | |
1129 @smallexample | |
1130 @group | |
1131 (setq map '(keymap | |
1132 (?1 . olddef-1) | |
1133 (?2 . olddef-2) | |
1134 (?3 . olddef-1))) | |
1135 @result{} (keymap (49 . olddef-1) (50 . olddef-2) (51 . olddef-1)) | |
1136 @end group | |
1137 | |
1138 @group | |
1139 (substitute-key-definition 'olddef-1 'newdef map) | |
1140 @result{} nil | |
1141 @end group | |
1142 @group | |
1143 map | |
1144 @result{} (keymap (49 . newdef) (50 . olddef-2) (51 . newdef)) | |
1145 @end group | |
1146 @end smallexample | |
1147 @end defun | |
1148 | |
1149 @defun suppress-keymap keymap &optional nodigits | |
1150 @cindex @code{self-insert-command} override | |
1151 This function changes the contents of the full keymap @var{keymap} by | |
1152 making all the printing characters undefined. More precisely, it binds | |
1153 them to the command @code{undefined}. This makes ordinary insertion of | |
1154 text impossible. @code{suppress-keymap} returns @code{nil}. | |
1155 | |
1156 If @var{nodigits} is @code{nil}, then @code{suppress-keymap} defines | |
1157 digits to run @code{digit-argument}, and @kbd{-} to run | |
1158 @code{negative-argument}. Otherwise it makes them undefined like the | |
1159 rest of the printing characters. | |
1160 | |
1161 @cindex yank suppression | |
1162 @cindex @code{quoted-insert} suppression | |
1163 The @code{suppress-keymap} function does not make it impossible to | |
1164 modify a buffer, as it does not suppress commands such as @code{yank} | |
1165 and @code{quoted-insert}. To prevent any modification of a buffer, make | |
1166 it read-only (@pxref{Read Only Buffers}). | |
1167 | |
1168 Since this function modifies @var{keymap}, you would normally use it | |
1169 on a newly created keymap. Operating on an existing keymap | |
1170 that is used for some other purpose is likely to cause trouble; for | |
1171 example, suppressing @code{global-map} would make it impossible to use | |
1172 most of Emacs. | |
1173 | |
1174 Most often, @code{suppress-keymap} is used to initialize local | |
1175 keymaps of modes such as Rmail and Dired where insertion of text is not | |
1176 desirable and the buffer is read-only. Here is an example taken from | |
1177 the file @file{emacs/lisp/dired.el}, showing how the local keymap for | |
1178 Dired mode is set up: | |
1179 | |
1180 @smallexample | |
1181 @group | |
1182 @dots{} | |
1183 (setq dired-mode-map (make-keymap)) | |
1184 (suppress-keymap dired-mode-map) | |
1185 (define-key dired-mode-map "r" 'dired-rename-file) | |
1186 (define-key dired-mode-map "\C-d" 'dired-flag-file-deleted) | |
1187 (define-key dired-mode-map "d" 'dired-flag-file-deleted) | |
1188 (define-key dired-mode-map "v" 'dired-view-file) | |
1189 (define-key dired-mode-map "e" 'dired-find-file) | |
1190 (define-key dired-mode-map "f" 'dired-find-file) | |
1191 @dots{} | |
1192 @end group | |
1193 @end smallexample | |
1194 @end defun | |
1195 | |
1196 @node Key Binding Commands | |
1197 @section Commands for Binding Keys | |
1198 | |
1199 This section describes some convenient interactive interfaces for | |
1200 changing key bindings. They work by calling @code{define-key}. | |
1201 | |
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1202 People often use @code{global-set-key} in their @file{.emacs} file for |
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1203 simple customization. For example, |
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1204 |
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1205 @smallexample |
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1206 (global-set-key "\C-x\C-\\" 'next-line) |
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1207 @end smallexample |
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1208 |
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1209 @noindent |
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1210 or |
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1211 |
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1212 @smallexample |
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1213 (global-set-key [?\C-x ?\C-\\] 'next-line) |
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1214 @end smallexample |
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1215 |
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1216 @noindent |
12098 | 1217 or |
1218 | |
1219 @smallexample | |
1220 (global-set-key [(control ?x) (control ?\\)] 'next-line) | |
1221 @end smallexample | |
1222 | |
1223 @noindent | |
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1224 redefines @kbd{C-x C-\} to move down a line. |
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1225 |
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1226 @smallexample |
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1227 (global-set-key [M-mouse-1] 'mouse-set-point) |
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1228 @end smallexample |
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1229 |
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1230 @noindent |
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1231 redefines the first (leftmost) mouse button, typed with the Meta key, to |
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1232 set point where you click. |
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1233 |
6558 | 1234 @deffn Command global-set-key key definition |
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1235 This function sets the binding of @var{key} in the current global map |
6558 | 1236 to @var{definition}. |
1237 | |
1238 @smallexample | |
1239 @group | |
1240 (global-set-key @var{key} @var{definition}) | |
1241 @equiv{} | |
1242 (define-key (current-global-map) @var{key} @var{definition}) | |
1243 @end group | |
1244 @end smallexample | |
1245 @end deffn | |
1246 | |
1247 @deffn Command global-unset-key key | |
1248 @cindex unbinding keys | |
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1249 This function removes the binding of @var{key} from the current |
6558 | 1250 global map. |
1251 | |
1252 One use of this function is in preparation for defining a longer key | |
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1253 that uses @var{key} as a prefix---which would not be allowed if |
6558 | 1254 @var{key} has a non-prefix binding. For example: |
1255 | |
1256 @smallexample | |
1257 @group | |
1258 (global-unset-key "\C-l") | |
1259 @result{} nil | |
1260 @end group | |
1261 @group | |
1262 (global-set-key "\C-l\C-l" 'redraw-display) | |
1263 @result{} nil | |
1264 @end group | |
1265 @end smallexample | |
1266 | |
1267 This function is implemented simply using @code{define-key}: | |
1268 | |
1269 @smallexample | |
1270 @group | |
1271 (global-unset-key @var{key}) | |
1272 @equiv{} | |
1273 (define-key (current-global-map) @var{key} nil) | |
1274 @end group | |
1275 @end smallexample | |
1276 @end deffn | |
1277 | |
1278 @deffn Command local-set-key key definition | |
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1279 This function sets the binding of @var{key} in the current local |
6558 | 1280 keymap to @var{definition}. |
1281 | |
1282 @smallexample | |
1283 @group | |
1284 (local-set-key @var{key} @var{definition}) | |
1285 @equiv{} | |
1286 (define-key (current-local-map) @var{key} @var{definition}) | |
1287 @end group | |
1288 @end smallexample | |
1289 @end deffn | |
1290 | |
1291 @deffn Command local-unset-key key | |
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1292 This function removes the binding of @var{key} from the current |
6558 | 1293 local map. |
1294 | |
1295 @smallexample | |
1296 @group | |
1297 (local-unset-key @var{key}) | |
1298 @equiv{} | |
1299 (define-key (current-local-map) @var{key} nil) | |
1300 @end group | |
1301 @end smallexample | |
1302 @end deffn | |
1303 | |
1304 @node Scanning Keymaps | |
1305 @section Scanning Keymaps | |
1306 | |
1307 This section describes functions used to scan all the current keymaps | |
1308 for the sake of printing help information. | |
1309 | |
1310 @defun accessible-keymaps keymap &optional prefix | |
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1311 This function returns a list of all the keymaps that can be reached (via |
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1312 zero or more prefix keys) from @var{keymap}. The value is an |
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1313 association list with elements of the form @code{(@var{key} .@: |
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1314 @var{map})}, where @var{key} is a prefix key whose definition in |
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1315 @var{keymap} is @var{map}. |
6558 | 1316 |
1317 The elements of the alist are ordered so that the @var{key} increases | |
1318 in length. The first element is always @code{("" .@: @var{keymap})}, | |
1319 because the specified keymap is accessible from itself with a prefix of | |
1320 no events. | |
1321 | |
1322 If @var{prefix} is given, it should be a prefix key sequence; then | |
1323 @code{accessible-keymaps} includes only the submaps whose prefixes start | |
1324 with @var{prefix}. These elements look just as they do in the value of | |
1325 @code{(accessible-keymaps)}; the only difference is that some elements | |
1326 are omitted. | |
1327 | |
1328 In the example below, the returned alist indicates that the key | |
1329 @key{ESC}, which is displayed as @samp{^[}, is a prefix key whose | |
1330 definition is the sparse keymap @code{(keymap (83 .@: center-paragraph) | |
1331 (115 .@: foo))}. | |
1332 | |
1333 @smallexample | |
1334 @group | |
1335 (accessible-keymaps (current-local-map)) | |
1336 @result{}(("" keymap | |
1337 (27 keymap ; @r{Note this keymap for @key{ESC} is repeated below.} | |
1338 (83 . center-paragraph) | |
1339 (115 . center-line)) | |
1340 (9 . tab-to-tab-stop)) | |
1341 @end group | |
1342 | |
1343 @group | |
1344 ("^[" keymap | |
1345 (83 . center-paragraph) | |
1346 (115 . foo))) | |
1347 @end group | |
1348 @end smallexample | |
1349 | |
1350 In the following example, @kbd{C-h} is a prefix key that uses a sparse | |
1351 keymap starting with @code{(keymap (118 . describe-variable)@dots{})}. | |
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1352 Another prefix, @kbd{C-x 4}, uses a keymap which is also the value of |
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1353 the variable @code{ctl-x-4-map}. The event @code{mode-line} is one of |
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1354 several dummy events used as prefixes for mouse actions in special parts |
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1355 of a window. |
6558 | 1356 |
1357 @smallexample | |
1358 @group | |
1359 (accessible-keymaps (current-global-map)) | |
1360 @result{} (("" keymap [set-mark-command beginning-of-line @dots{} | |
1361 delete-backward-char]) | |
1362 @end group | |
1363 @group | |
1364 ("^H" keymap (118 . describe-variable) @dots{} | |
1365 (8 . help-for-help)) | |
1366 @end group | |
1367 @group | |
1368 ("^X" keymap [x-flush-mouse-queue @dots{} | |
1369 backward-kill-sentence]) | |
1370 @end group | |
1371 @group | |
1372 ("^[" keymap [mark-sexp backward-sexp @dots{} | |
1373 backward-kill-word]) | |
1374 @end group | |
1375 ("^X4" keymap (15 . display-buffer) @dots{}) | |
1376 @group | |
1377 ([mode-line] keymap | |
1378 (S-mouse-2 . mouse-split-window-horizontally) @dots{})) | |
1379 @end group | |
1380 @end smallexample | |
1381 | |
1382 @noindent | |
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1383 These are not all the keymaps you would see in actuality. |
6558 | 1384 @end defun |
1385 | |
1386 @defun where-is-internal command &optional keymap firstonly noindirect | |
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1387 This function is a subroutine used by the @code{where-is} command |
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1388 (@pxref{Help, , Help, emacs,The GNU Emacs Manual}). It returns a list |
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1389 of key sequences (of any length) that are bound to @var{command} in a |
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1390 set of keymaps. |
6558 | 1391 |
1392 The argument @var{command} can be any object; it is compared with all | |
1393 keymap entries using @code{eq}. | |
1394 | |
1395 If @var{keymap} is @code{nil}, then the maps used are the current active | |
1396 keymaps, disregarding @code{overriding-local-map} (that is, pretending | |
1397 its value is @code{nil}). If @var{keymap} is non-@code{nil}, then the | |
1398 maps searched are @var{keymap} and the global keymap. | |
1399 | |
1400 Usually it's best to use @code{overriding-local-map} as the expression | |
1401 for @var{keymap}. Then @code{where-is-internal} searches precisely the | |
1402 keymaps that are active. To search only the global map, pass | |
1403 @code{(keymap)} (an empty keymap) as @var{keymap}. | |
1404 | |
1405 If @var{firstonly} is @code{non-ascii}, then the value is a single | |
1406 string representing the first key sequence found, rather than a list of | |
1407 all possible key sequences. If @var{firstonly} is @code{t}, then the | |
1408 value is the first key sequence, except that key sequences consisting | |
1409 entirely of @sc{ASCII} characters (or meta variants of @sc{ASCII} | |
1410 characters) are preferred to all other key sequences. | |
1411 | |
1412 If @var{noindirect} is non-@code{nil}, @code{where-is-internal} doesn't | |
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1413 follow indirect keymap bindings. This makes it possible to search for |
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1414 an indirect definition itself. |
6558 | 1415 |
1416 @smallexample | |
1417 @group | |
1418 (where-is-internal 'describe-function) | |
1419 @result{} ("\^hf" "\^hd") | |
1420 @end group | |
1421 @end smallexample | |
1422 @end defun | |
1423 | |
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1424 @deffn Command describe-bindings &optional prefix |
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1425 This function creates a listing of all current key bindings, and |
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1426 displays it in a buffer named @samp{*Help*}. The text is grouped by |
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1427 modes---minor modes first, then the major mode, then global bindings. |
6558 | 1428 |
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1429 If @var{prefix} is non-@code{nil}, it should be a prefix key; then the |
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1430 listing includes only keys that start with @var{prefix}. |
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1431 |
6558 | 1432 The listing describes meta characters as @key{ESC} followed by the |
1433 corresponding non-meta character. | |
1434 | |
1435 When several characters with consecutive @sc{ASCII} codes have the | |
1436 same definition, they are shown together, as | |
1437 @samp{@var{firstchar}..@var{lastchar}}. In this instance, you need to | |
1438 know the @sc{ASCII} codes to understand which characters this means. | |
1439 For example, in the default global map, the characters @samp{@key{SPC} | |
1440 ..@: ~} are described by a single line. @key{SPC} is @sc{ASCII} 32, | |
1441 @kbd{~} is @sc{ASCII} 126, and the characters between them include all | |
1442 the normal printing characters, (e.g., letters, digits, punctuation, | |
1443 etc.@:); all these characters are bound to @code{self-insert-command}. | |
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1444 @end deffn |
6558 | 1445 |
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1446 @node Menu Keymaps |
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1447 @section Menu Keymaps |
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1448 @cindex menu keymaps |
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1449 |
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1450 @c Emacs 19 feature |
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1451 A keymap can define a menu as well as bindings for keyboard keys and |
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1452 mouse button. Menus are usually actuated with the mouse, but they can |
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1453 work with the keyboard also. |
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1454 |
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1455 @menu |
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1456 * Defining Menus:: How to make a keymap that defines a menu. |
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1457 * Mouse Menus:: How users actuate the menu with the mouse. |
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1458 * Keyboard Menus:: How they actuate it with the keyboard. |
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1459 * Menu Example:: Making a simple menu. |
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1460 * Menu Bar:: How to customize the menu bar. |
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1461 * Modifying Menus:: How to add new items to a menu. |
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1462 @end menu |
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1463 |
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1464 @node Defining Menus |
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1465 @subsection Defining Menus |
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1466 @cindex defining menus |
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1467 @cindex menu prompt string |
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1468 @cindex prompt string (of menu) |
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1469 |
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1470 A keymap is suitable for menu use if it has an @dfn{overall prompt |
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1471 string}, which is a string that appears as an element of the keymap. |
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1472 (@xref{Format of Keymaps}.) The string should describe the purpose of |
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1473 the menu. The easiest way to construct a keymap with a prompt string is |
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1474 to specify the string as an argument when you call @code{make-keymap} or |
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1475 @code{make-sparse-keymap} (@pxref{Creating Keymaps}). |
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1476 |
10522
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1477 The order of items in the menu is the same as the order of bindings in |
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1478 the keymap. Since @code{define-key} puts new bindings at the front, you |
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1479 should define the menu items starting at the bottom of the menu and |
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1480 moving to the top, if you care about the order. When you add an item to |
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1481 an existing menu, you can specify its position in the menu using |
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1482 @code{define-key-after} (@pxref{Modifying Menus}). |
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1483 |
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1484 @menu |
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1485 * Simple Menu Items:: A simple kind of menu key binding, |
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1486 limited in capabilities. |
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1487 * Alias Menu Items:: Using command aliases in menu items. |
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1488 * Extended Menu Items:: More powerful menu item definitions |
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1489 let you specify keywords to enable |
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1490 various features. |
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1491 @end menu |
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1492 |
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1493 @node Simple Menu Items |
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1494 @subsubsection Simple Menu Items |
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1495 |
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1496 The simpler and older way to define a menu keymap binding |
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1497 looks like this: |
7252
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1498 |
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1499 @example |
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1500 (@var{item-string} . @var{real-binding}) |
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1501 @end example |
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1502 |
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1503 @noindent |
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1504 The @sc{car}, @var{item-string}, is the string to be displayed in the |
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1505 menu. It should be short---preferably one to three words. It should |
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1506 describe the action of the command it corresponds to. |
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1507 |
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1508 You can also supply a second string, called the help string, as follows: |
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1509 |
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1510 @example |
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1511 (@var{item-string} @var{help-string} . @var{real-binding}) |
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1512 @end example |
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1513 |
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1514 Currently Emacs does not actually use @var{help-string}; it knows only |
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1515 how to ignore @var{help-string} in order to extract @var{real-binding}. |
12098 | 1516 In the future we may use @var{help-string} as extended documentation for |
1517 the menu item, available on request. | |
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1518 |
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1519 As far as @code{define-key} is concerned, @var{item-string} and |
15766
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1520 @var{help-string} are part of the event's binding. However, |
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1521 @code{lookup-key} returns just @var{real-binding}, and only |
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1522 @var{real-binding} is used for executing the key. |
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1523 |
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1524 If @var{real-binding} is @code{nil}, then @var{item-string} appears in |
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1525 the menu but cannot be selected. |
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1526 |
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1527 If @var{real-binding} is a symbol and has a non-@code{nil} |
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1528 @code{menu-enable} property, that property is an expression that |
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1529 controls whether the menu item is enabled. Every time the keymap is |
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1530 used to display a menu, Emacs evaluates the expression, and it enables |
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1531 the menu item only if the expression's value is non-@code{nil}. When a |
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1532 menu item is disabled, it is displayed in a ``fuzzy'' fashion, and |
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1533 cannot be selected. |
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1534 |
12098 | 1535 The menu bar does not recalculate which items are enabled every time you |
1536 look at a menu. This is because the X toolkit requires the whole tree | |
1537 of menus in advance. To force recalculation of the menu bar, call | |
1538 @code{force-mode-line-update} (@pxref{Mode Line Format}). | |
1539 | |
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1540 You've probably noticed that menu items show the equivalent keyboard key |
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1541 sequence (if any) to invoke the same command. To save time on |
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1542 recalculation, menu display caches this information in a sublist in the |
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1543 binding, like this: |
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1544 |
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1545 @c This line is not too long--rms. |
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1546 @example |
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1547 (@var{item-string} @r{[}@var{help-string}@r{]} (@var{key-binding-data}) . @var{real-binding}) |
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1548 @end example |
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1549 |
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1550 @noindent |
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1551 Don't put these sublists in the menu item yourself; menu display |
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1552 calculates them automatically. Don't mention keyboard equivalents in |
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1553 the item strings themselves, since that is redundant. |
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1554 |
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1555 @node Extended Menu Items |
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1556 @subsubsection Extended Menu Items |
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1557 @kindex menu-item |
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1558 |
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1559 An extended-format menu item is a more flexible and also cleaner |
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1560 alternative to the simple format. It consists of a list that starts |
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1561 with the symbol @code{menu-item}. To define a non-selectable string, |
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1562 the item looks like this: |
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1563 |
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1564 @example |
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1565 (menu-item @var{item-name}) |
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1566 @end example |
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1567 |
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1568 @noindent |
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1569 where a string consisting of two or more dashes specifies a separator line. |
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1570 |
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1571 To define a real menu item which can be selected, the extended format |
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1572 item looks like this: |
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1573 |
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1574 @example |
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1575 (menu-item @var{item-name} @var{real-binding} |
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1576 . @var{item-property-list}) |
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1577 @end example |
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1578 |
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1579 @noindent |
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1580 Here, @var{item-name} is an expression which evaluates to the menu item |
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1581 string. Thus, the string need not be a constant. The third element, |
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1582 @var{real-binding}, is the command to execute. The tail of the list, |
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1583 @var{item-property-list}, has the form of a property list which contains |
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1584 other information. Here is a table of the properties that are supported: |
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1585 |
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1586 @table @code |
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1587 @item :enable FORM |
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1588 The result of evaluating @var{form} determines whether the item is |
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1589 enabled (non-@code{nil} means yes). |
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1590 |
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1591 @item :visible FORM |
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1592 The result of evaluating @var{form} determines whether the item should |
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1593 actually appear in the menu (non-@code{nil} means yes). If the item |
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1594 does not appear, then the menu is displayed as if this item were |
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1595 not defined at all. |
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1596 |
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1597 @item :help @var{help} |
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1598 The value of this property, @var{help}, is the extra help string (not |
22138
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1599 currently used by Emacs). |
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1600 |
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1601 @item :button (@var{type} . @var{selected}) |
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1602 This property provides a way to define radio buttons and toggle buttons. |
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1603 The @sc{car}, @var{type}, says which: is should be @code{:toggle} or |
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1604 @code{:radio}. The @sc{cdr}, @var{selected}, should be a form; the |
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1605 result of evaluating it says whether this button is currently selected. |
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1606 |
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1607 A @dfn{toggle} is a menu item which is labeled as either ``on'' or ``off'' |
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1608 according to the value of @var{selected}. The command itself should |
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1609 toggle @var{selected}, setting it to @code{t} if it is @code{nil}, |
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1610 and to @code{nil} if it is @code{t}. Here is how the menu item |
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1611 to toggle the @code{debug-on-error} flag is defined: |
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1612 |
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1613 @example |
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1614 (menu-item "Debug on Error" toggle-debug-on-error |
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1615 :button (:toggle |
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1616 . (and (boundp 'debug-on-error) |
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1617 debug-on-error)) |
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1618 @end example |
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1619 |
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1620 @noindent |
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1621 This works because @code{toggle-debug-on-error} is defined as a command |
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1622 which toggles the variable @code{debug-on-error}. |
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1623 |
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1624 @dfn{Radio buttons} are a group of menu items, in which at any time one |
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1625 and only one is ``selected.'' There should be a variable whose value |
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1626 says which one is selected at any time. The @var{selected} form for |
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1627 each radio button in the group should check whether the variable has the |
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1628 right value for selecting that button. Clicking on the button should |
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1629 set the variable so that the button you clicked on becomes selected. |
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1630 |
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1631 @item :key-sequence @var{key-sequence} |
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1632 This property specifies which key sequence is likely to be bound to the |
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1633 same command invoked by this menu item. If you specify the right key |
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1634 sequence, that makes preparing the menu for display run much faster. |
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1635 |
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1636 If you specify the wrong key sequence, it has no effect; before Emacs |
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1637 displays @var{key-sequence} in the menu, it verifies that |
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1638 @var{key-sequence} is really equivalent to this menu item. |
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1639 |
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1640 @item :key-sequence nil |
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1641 This property indicates that there is normally no key binding which is |
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1642 equivalent to this menu item. Using this property saves time in |
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1643 preparing the menu for display, because Emacs does not need to search |
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1644 the keymaps for a keyboard equivalent for this menu item. |
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1645 |
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1646 However, if the user has rebound this item's definition to a key |
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1647 sequence, Emacs ignores the @code{:keys} property and finds the keyboard |
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1648 equivalent anyway. |
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1649 |
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1650 @item :keys @var{string} |
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1651 This property specifies that @var{string} is the string to display |
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1652 as the keyboard equivalent for this menu item. You can use |
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1653 the @samp{\\[...]} documentation construct in @var{string}. |
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1654 |
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1655 @item :filter @var{filter-fn} |
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1656 This property provides a way to compute the menu item dynamically. |
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1657 The property value @var{filter-fn} should be a function of one argument; |
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1658 when it is called, its argument will be @var{real-binding}. The |
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1659 function should return the binding to use instead. |
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1660 @end table |
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1661 |
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1662 @node Alias Menu Items |
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1663 @subsubsection Alias Menu Items |
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1664 |
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1665 Sometimes it is useful to make menu items that use the ``same'' |
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1666 command but with different enable conditions. The best way to do this |
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1667 in Emacs now is with extended menu items; before that feature existed, |
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1668 it could be done by defining alias commands and using them in menu |
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1669 items. Here's an example that makes two aliases for |
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1670 @code{toggle-read-only} and gives them different enable conditions: |
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1671 |
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1672 @example |
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1673 (defalias 'make-read-only 'toggle-read-only) |
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1674 (put 'make-read-only 'menu-enable '(not buffer-read-only)) |
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1675 (defalias 'make-writable 'toggle-read-only) |
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1676 (put 'make-writable 'menu-enable 'buffer-read-only) |
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1677 @end example |
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1678 |
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1679 When using aliases in menus, often it is useful to display the |
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1680 equivalent key bindings for the ``real'' command name, not the aliases |
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1681 (which typically don't have any key bindings except for the menu |
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1682 itself). To request this, give the alias symbol a non-@code{nil} |
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1683 @code{menu-alias} property. Thus, |
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1684 |
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1685 @example |
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1686 (put 'make-read-only 'menu-alias t) |
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1687 (put 'make-writable 'menu-alias t) |
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1688 @end example |
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1689 |
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1690 @noindent |
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1691 causes menu items for @code{make-read-only} and @code{make-writable} to |
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1692 show the keyboard bindings for @code{toggle-read-only}. |
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1693 |
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1694 @node Mouse Menus |
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1695 @subsection Menus and the Mouse |
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1696 |
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1697 The usual way to make a menu keymap produce a menu is to make it the |
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1698 definition of a prefix key. (A Lisp program can explicitly pop up a |
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1699 menu and receive the user's choice---see @ref{Pop-Up Menus}.) |
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1700 |
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1701 If the prefix key ends with a mouse event, Emacs handles the menu keymap |
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1702 by popping up a visible menu, so that the user can select a choice with |
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1703 the mouse. When the user clicks on a menu item, the event generated is |
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1704 whatever character or symbol has the binding that brought about that |
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1705 menu item. (A menu item may generate a series of events if the menu has |
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1706 multiple levels or comes from the menu bar.) |
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1707 |
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1708 It's often best to use a button-down event to trigger the menu. Then |
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1709 the user can select a menu item by releasing the button. |
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1710 |
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1711 A single keymap can appear as multiple menu panes, if you explicitly |
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1712 arrange for this. The way to do this is to make a keymap for each pane, |
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1713 then create a binding for each of those maps in the main keymap of the |
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1714 menu. Give each of these bindings an item string that starts with |
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1715 @samp{@@}. The rest of the item string becomes the name of the pane. |
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1716 See the file @file{lisp/mouse.el} for an example of this. Any ordinary |
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1717 bindings with @samp{@@}-less item strings are grouped into one pane, |
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1718 which appears along with the other panes explicitly created for the |
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1719 submaps. |
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1720 |
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1721 X toolkit menus don't have panes; instead, they can have submenus. |
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1722 Every nested keymap becomes a submenu, whether the item string starts |
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1723 with @samp{@@} or not. In a toolkit version of Emacs, the only thing |
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1724 special about @samp{@@} at the beginning of an item string is that the |
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1725 @samp{@@} doesn't appear in the menu item. |
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1726 |
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1727 You can also produce multiple panes or submenus from separate keymaps. |
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1728 The full definition of a prefix key always comes from merging the |
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1729 definitions supplied by the various active keymaps (minor mode, local, |
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1730 and global). When more than one of these keymaps is a menu, each of |
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1731 them makes a separate pane or panes (when Emacs does not use an |
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1732 X-toolkit) or a separate submenu (when using an X-toolkit). |
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1733 @xref{Active Keymaps}. |
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1734 |
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1735 @node Keyboard Menus |
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1736 @subsection Menus and the Keyboard |
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1737 |
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1738 When a prefix key ending with a keyboard event (a character or function |
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1739 key) has a definition that is a menu keymap, the user can use the |
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1740 keyboard to choose a menu item. |
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1741 |
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1742 Emacs displays the menu alternatives (the item strings of the bindings) |
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1743 in the echo area. If they don't all fit at once, the user can type |
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1744 @key{SPC} to see the next line of alternatives. Successive uses of |
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1745 @key{SPC} eventually get to the end of the menu and then cycle around to |
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1746 the beginning. (The variable @code{menu-prompt-more-char} specifies |
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1747 which character is used for this; @key{SPC} is the default.) |
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1748 |
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1749 When the user has found the desired alternative from the menu, he or she |
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1750 should type the corresponding character---the one whose binding is that |
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1751 alternative. |
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1752 |
12098 | 1753 @ignore |
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1754 In a menu intended for keyboard use, each menu item must clearly |
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1755 indicate what character to type. The best convention to use is to make |
12098 | 1756 the character the first letter of the item string---that is something |
1757 users will understand without being told. We plan to change this; by | |
1758 the time you read this manual, keyboard menus may explicitly name the | |
1759 key for each alternative. | |
1760 @end ignore | |
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1761 |
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1762 This way of using menus in an Emacs-like editor was inspired by the |
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1763 Hierarkey system. |
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1764 |
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1765 @defvar menu-prompt-more-char |
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1766 This variable specifies the character to use to ask to see |
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1767 the next line of a menu. Its initial value is 32, the code |
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1768 for @key{SPC}. |
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1769 @end defvar |
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1770 |
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1771 @node Menu Example |
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1772 @subsection Menu Example |
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1773 @cindex menu definition example |
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1774 |
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1775 Here is a complete example of defining a menu keymap. It is the |
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1776 definition of the @samp{Print} submenu in the @samp{Tools} menu in the |
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1777 menu bar, and it uses the simple menu item format (@pxref{Simple Menu |
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1778 Items}). First we create the keymap, and give it a name: |
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1779 |
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1780 @example |
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1781 (defvar menu-bar-print-menu (make-sparse-keymap "Print")) |
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1782 @end example |
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1783 |
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1784 @noindent |
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1785 Next we define the menu items: |
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1786 |
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1787 @example |
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1788 (define-key menu-bar-print-menu [ps-print-region] |
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1789 '("Postscript Print Region" . ps-print-region-with-faces)) |
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1790 (define-key menu-bar-print-menu [ps-print-buffer] |
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1791 '("Postscript Print Buffer" . ps-print-buffer-with-faces)) |
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1792 (define-key menu-bar-print-menu [separator-ps-print] |
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1793 '("--")) |
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1794 (define-key menu-bar-print-menu [print-region] |
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1795 '("Print Region" . print-region)) |
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1796 (define-key menu-bar-print-menu [print-buffer] |
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1797 '("Print Buffer" . print-buffer)) |
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1798 @end example |
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1799 |
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1800 @noindent |
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1801 Note the symbols which the bindings are ``made for''; these appear |
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1802 inside square brackets, in the key sequence being defined. In some |
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1803 cases, this symbol is the same as the command name; sometimes it is |
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1804 different. These symbols are treated as ``function keys'', but they are |
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1805 not real function keys on the keyboard. They do not affect the |
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1806 functioning of the menu itself, but they are ``echoed'' in the echo area |
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1807 when the user selects from the menu, and they appear in the output of |
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1808 @code{where-is} and @code{apropos}. |
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1809 |
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1810 The binding whose definition is @code{("--")} is a separator line. |
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1811 Like a real menu item, the separator has a key symbol, in this case |
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1812 @code{separator-ps-print}. If one menu has two separators, they must |
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1813 have two different key symbols. |
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1814 |
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1815 Here is code to define enable conditions for two of the commands in |
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1816 the menu: |
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1817 |
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1818 @example |
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1819 (put 'print-region 'menu-enable 'mark-active) |
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1820 (put 'ps-print-region-with-faces 'menu-enable 'mark-active) |
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1821 @end example |
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1822 |
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1823 Here is how we make this menu appear as an item in the parent menu: |
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1824 |
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1825 @example |
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1826 (define-key menu-bar-tools-menu [print] |
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1827 (cons "Print" menu-bar-print-menu)) |
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1828 @end example |
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1829 |
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1830 @noindent |
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1831 Note that this incorporates the submenu keymap, which is the value of |
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1832 the variable @code{menu-bar-print-menu}, rather than the symbol |
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1833 @code{menu-bar-print-menu} itself. Using that symbol in the parent menu |
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1834 item would be meaningless because @code{menu-bar-print-menu} is not a |
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1835 command. |
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1836 |
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1837 If you wanted to attach the same print menu to a mouse click, you |
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1838 can do it this way: |
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1839 |
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1840 @example |
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1841 (define-key global-map [C-S-down-mouse-1] |
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1842 menu-bar-print-menu) |
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1843 @end example |
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1844 |
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1845 We could equally well use an extended menu item (@pxref{Extended Menu |
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1846 Items}) for @code{print-region}, like this: |
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1847 |
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1848 @example |
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1849 (define-key menu-bar-print-menu [print-region] |
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1850 '(menu-item "Print Region" print-region |
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1851 :enable (mark-active))) |
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1852 @end example |
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1853 |
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1854 @noindent |
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1855 With the extended menu item, the enable condition is specified |
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1856 inside the menu item itself. If we wanted to make this |
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1857 item disappear from the menu entirely when the mark is inactive, |
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1858 we could do it this way: |
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1859 |
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1860 @example |
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1861 (define-key menu-bar-print-menu [print-region] |
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1862 '(menu-item "Print Region" print-region |
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1863 :visible (mark-active))) |
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1864 @end example |
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1865 |
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1866 @node Menu Bar |
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1867 @subsection The Menu Bar |
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1868 @cindex menu bar |
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1869 |
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1870 Most window systems allow each frame to have a @dfn{menu bar}---a |
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1871 permanently displayed menu stretching horizontally across the top of the |
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1872 frame. The items of the menu bar are the subcommands of the fake |
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1873 ``function key'' @code{menu-bar}, as defined by all the active keymaps. |
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1874 |
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1875 To add an item to the menu bar, invent a fake ``function key'' of your |
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1876 own (let's call it @var{key}), and make a binding for the key sequence |
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1877 @code{[menu-bar @var{key}]}. Most often, the binding is a menu keymap, |
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1878 so that pressing a button on the menu bar item leads to another menu. |
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1879 |
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1880 When more than one active keymap defines the same fake function key |
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1881 for the menu bar, the item appears just once. If the user clicks on |
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1882 that menu bar item, it brings up a single, combined menu containing |
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1883 all the subcommands of that item---the global subcommands, the local |
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1884 subcommands, and the minor mode subcommands. |
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1885 |
12067 | 1886 The variable @code{overriding-local-map} is normally ignored when |
1887 determining the menu bar contents. That is, the menu bar is computed | |
1888 from the keymaps that would be active if @code{overriding-local-map} | |
1889 were @code{nil}. @xref{Active Keymaps}. | |
1890 | |
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1891 In order for a frame to display a menu bar, its @code{menu-bar-lines} |
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1892 parameter must be greater than zero. Emacs uses just one line for the |
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1893 menu bar itself; if you specify more than one line, the other lines |
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1894 serve to separate the menu bar from the windows in the frame. We |
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1895 recommend 1 or 2 as the value of @code{menu-bar-lines}. @xref{Window Frame |
12098 | 1896 Parameters}. |
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1897 |
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1898 Here's an example of setting up a menu bar item: |
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1899 |
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1900 @example |
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1901 @group |
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1902 (modify-frame-parameters (selected-frame) |
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1903 '((menu-bar-lines . 2))) |
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1904 @end group |
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1905 |
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1906 @group |
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1907 ;; @r{Make a menu keymap (with a prompt string)} |
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1908 ;; @r{and make it the menu bar item's definition.} |
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1909 (define-key global-map [menu-bar words] |
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1910 (cons "Words" (make-sparse-keymap "Words"))) |
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1911 @end group |
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1912 |
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1913 @group |
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1914 ;; @r{Define specific subcommands in this menu.} |
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1915 (define-key global-map |
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1916 [menu-bar words forward] |
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1917 '("Forward word" . forward-word)) |
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1918 @end group |
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1919 @group |
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1920 (define-key global-map |
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1921 [menu-bar words backward] |
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1922 '("Backward word" . backward-word)) |
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1923 @end group |
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1924 @end example |
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1925 |
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1926 A local keymap can cancel a menu bar item made by the global keymap by |
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1927 rebinding the same fake function key with @code{undefined} as the |
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1928 binding. For example, this is how Dired suppresses the @samp{Edit} menu |
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1929 bar item: |
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1930 |
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1931 @example |
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1932 (define-key dired-mode-map [menu-bar edit] 'undefined) |
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1933 @end example |
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1934 |
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1935 @noindent |
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1936 @code{edit} is the fake function key used by the global map for the |
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1937 @samp{Edit} menu bar item. The main reason to suppress a global |
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1938 menu bar item is to regain space for mode-specific items. |
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1939 |
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1940 @defvar menu-bar-final-items |
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1941 Normally the menu bar shows global items followed by items defined by the |
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1942 local maps. |
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1943 |
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1944 This variable holds a list of fake function keys for items to display at |
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1945 the end of the menu bar rather than in normal sequence. The default |
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1946 value is @code{(help-menu)}; thus, the @samp{Help} menu item normally appears |
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1947 at the end of the menu bar, following local menu items. |
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1948 @end defvar |
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1949 |
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1950 @defvar menu-bar-update-hook |
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1951 This normal hook is run whenever the user clicks on the menu bar, before |
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1952 displaying a submenu. You can use it to update submenus whose contents |
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1953 should vary. |
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1954 @end defvar |
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1955 |
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1956 @node Modifying Menus |
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1957 @subsection Modifying Menus |
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1958 |
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1959 When you insert a new item in an existing menu, you probably want to |
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1960 put it in a particular place among the menu's existing items. If you |
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1961 use @code{define-key} to add the item, it normally goes at the front of |
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1962 the menu. To put it elsewhere in the menu, use @code{define-key-after}: |
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1963 |
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1964 @defun define-key-after map key binding after |
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1965 Define a binding in @var{map} for @var{key}, with value @var{binding}, |
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1966 just like @code{define-key}, but position the binding in @var{map} after |
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1967 the binding for the event @var{after}. The argument @var{key} should be |
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1968 of length one---a vector or string with just one element. But |
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1969 @var{after} should be a single event type---a symbol or a character, not |
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1970 a sequence. The new binding goes after the binding for @var{after}. If |
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1971 @var{after} is @code{t}, then the new binding goes last, at the end of |
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1972 the keymap. |
7681 | 1973 |
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1974 Here is an example: |
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1975 |
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1976 @example |
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1977 (define-key-after my-menu [drink] |
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1978 '("Drink" . drink-command) 'eat) |
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1979 @end example |
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1980 |
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1981 @noindent |
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1982 makes a binding for the fake function key @key{DRINK} and puts it |
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1983 right after the binding for @key{EAT}. |
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1984 |
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1985 Here is how to insert an item called @samp{Work} in the @samp{Signals} |
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1986 menu of Shell mode, after the item @code{break}: |
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1987 |
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1988 @example |
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1989 (define-key-after |
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1990 (lookup-key shell-mode-map [menu-bar signals]) |
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1991 [work] '("Work" . work-command) 'break) |
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1992 @end example |
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1993 @end defun |