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annotate lispref/files.texi @ 62300:758f5cc54b97
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author | Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org> |
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date | Fri, 13 May 2005 23:09:41 +0000 |
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6555 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2004 |
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4 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6555 | 5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
6 @setfilename ../info/files | |
7 @node Files, Backups and Auto-Saving, Documentation, Top | |
8 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
9 @chapter Files | |
10 | |
11 In Emacs, you can find, create, view, save, and otherwise work with | |
12 files and file directories. This chapter describes most of the | |
13 file-related functions of Emacs Lisp, but a few others are described in | |
14 @ref{Buffers}, and those related to backups and auto-saving are | |
15 described in @ref{Backups and Auto-Saving}. | |
16 | |
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17 Many of the file functions take one or more arguments that are file |
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18 names. A file name is actually a string. Most of these functions |
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19 expand file name arguments by calling @code{expand-file-name}, so that |
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20 @file{~} is handled correctly, as are relative file names (including |
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21 @samp{../}). These functions don't recognize environment variable |
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22 substitutions such as @samp{$HOME}. @xref{File Name Expansion}. |
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23 |
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24 When file I/O functions signal Lisp errors, they usually use the |
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25 condition @code{file-error} (@pxref{Handling Errors}). The error |
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26 message is in most cases obtained from the operating system, according |
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27 to locale @code{system-message-locale}, and decoded using coding system |
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28 @code{locale-coding-system} (@pxref{Locales}). |
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29 |
6555 | 30 @menu |
31 * Visiting Files:: Reading files into Emacs buffers for editing. | |
32 * Saving Buffers:: Writing changed buffers back into files. | |
33 * Reading from Files:: Reading files into buffers without visiting. | |
34 * Writing to Files:: Writing new files from parts of buffers. | |
35 * File Locks:: Locking and unlocking files, to prevent | |
36 simultaneous editing by two people. | |
37 * Information about Files:: Testing existence, accessibility, size of files. | |
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38 * Changing Files:: Renaming files, changing protection, etc. |
6555 | 39 * File Names:: Decomposing and expanding file names. |
40 * Contents of Directories:: Getting a list of the files in a directory. | |
41 * Create/Delete Dirs:: Creating and Deleting Directories. | |
42 * Magic File Names:: Defining "magic" special handling | |
43 for certain file names. | |
12067 | 44 * Format Conversion:: Conversion to and from various file formats. |
6555 | 45 @end menu |
46 | |
47 @node Visiting Files | |
48 @section Visiting Files | |
49 @cindex finding files | |
50 @cindex visiting files | |
51 | |
52 Visiting a file means reading a file into a buffer. Once this is | |
53 done, we say that the buffer is @dfn{visiting} that file, and call the | |
54 file ``the visited file'' of the buffer. | |
55 | |
56 A file and a buffer are two different things. A file is information | |
57 recorded permanently in the computer (unless you delete it). A buffer, | |
58 on the other hand, is information inside of Emacs that will vanish at | |
59 the end of the editing session (or when you kill the buffer). Usually, | |
60 a buffer contains information that you have copied from a file; then we | |
61 say the buffer is visiting that file. The copy in the buffer is what | |
62 you modify with editing commands. Such changes to the buffer do not | |
63 change the file; therefore, to make the changes permanent, you must | |
64 @dfn{save} the buffer, which means copying the altered buffer contents | |
65 back into the file. | |
66 | |
67 In spite of the distinction between files and buffers, people often | |
68 refer to a file when they mean a buffer and vice-versa. Indeed, we say, | |
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69 ``I am editing a file,'' rather than, ``I am editing a buffer that I |
6555 | 70 will soon save as a file of the same name.'' Humans do not usually need |
71 to make the distinction explicit. When dealing with a computer program, | |
72 however, it is good to keep the distinction in mind. | |
73 | |
74 @menu | |
75 * Visiting Functions:: The usual interface functions for visiting. | |
76 * Subroutines of Visiting:: Lower-level subroutines that they use. | |
77 @end menu | |
78 | |
79 @node Visiting Functions | |
80 @subsection Functions for Visiting Files | |
81 | |
82 This section describes the functions normally used to visit files. | |
83 For historical reasons, these functions have names starting with | |
84 @samp{find-} rather than @samp{visit-}. @xref{Buffer File Name}, for | |
85 functions and variables that access the visited file name of a buffer or | |
86 that find an existing buffer by its visited file name. | |
87 | |
12098 | 88 In a Lisp program, if you want to look at the contents of a file but |
89 not alter it, the fastest way is to use @code{insert-file-contents} in a | |
90 temporary buffer. Visiting the file is not necessary and takes longer. | |
91 @xref{Reading from Files}. | |
92 | |
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93 @deffn Command find-file filename &optional wildcards |
6555 | 94 This command selects a buffer visiting the file @var{filename}, |
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95 using an existing buffer if there is one, and otherwise creating a |
6555 | 96 new buffer and reading the file into it. It also returns that buffer. |
97 | |
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98 Aside from some technical details, the body of the @code{find-file} |
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99 function is basically equivalent to: |
6555 | 100 |
101 @example | |
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102 (switch-to-buffer (find-file-noselect filename nil nil wildcards)) |
6555 | 103 @end example |
104 | |
105 @noindent | |
106 (See @code{switch-to-buffer} in @ref{Displaying Buffers}.) | |
107 | |
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108 If @var{wildcards} is non-@code{nil}, which is always true in an |
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109 interactive call, then @code{find-file} expands wildcard characters in |
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110 @var{filename} and visits all the matching files. |
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111 |
6555 | 112 When @code{find-file} is called interactively, it prompts for |
113 @var{filename} in the minibuffer. | |
114 @end deffn | |
115 | |
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116 @defun find-file-noselect filename &optional nowarn rawfile wildcards |
6555 | 117 This function is the guts of all the file-visiting functions. It finds |
118 or creates a buffer visiting the file @var{filename}, and returns it. | |
119 It uses an existing buffer if there is one, and otherwise creates a new | |
120 buffer and reads the file into it. You may make the buffer current or | |
121 display it in a window if you wish, but this function does not do so. | |
122 | |
24952 | 123 If @var{wildcards} is non-@code{nil}, |
124 then @code{find-file-noselect} expands wildcard | |
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125 characters in @var{filename} and visits all the matching files. |
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126 |
6555 | 127 When @code{find-file-noselect} uses an existing buffer, it first |
128 verifies that the file has not changed since it was last visited or | |
129 saved in that buffer. If the file has changed, then this function asks | |
130 the user whether to reread the changed file. If the user says | |
131 @samp{yes}, any changes previously made in the buffer are lost. | |
132 | |
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133 This function displays warning or advisory messages in various peculiar |
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134 cases, unless the optional argument @var{nowarn} is non-@code{nil}. For |
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135 example, if it needs to create a buffer, and there is no file named |
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136 @var{filename}, it displays the message @samp{(New file)} in the echo |
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137 area, and leaves the buffer empty. |
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138 |
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139 The @code{find-file-noselect} function normally calls |
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140 @code{after-find-file} after reading the file (@pxref{Subroutines of |
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141 Visiting}). That function sets the buffer major mode, parses local |
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142 variables, warns the user if there exists an auto-save file more recent |
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143 than the file just visited, and finishes by running the functions in |
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144 @code{find-file-hook}. |
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145 |
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146 If the optional argument @var{rawfile} is non-@code{nil}, then |
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147 @code{after-find-file} is not called, and the |
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148 @code{find-file-not-found-functions} are not run in case of failure. What's |
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149 more, a non-@code{nil} @var{rawfile} value suppresses coding system |
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150 conversion (@pxref{Coding Systems}) and format conversion (@pxref{Format |
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151 Conversion}). |
6555 | 152 |
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153 The @code{find-file-noselect} function usually returns the buffer that |
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154 is visiting the file @var{filename}. But, if wildcards are actually |
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155 used and expanded, it returns a list of buffers that are visiting the |
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156 various files. |
6555 | 157 |
158 @example | |
159 @group | |
160 (find-file-noselect "/etc/fstab") | |
161 @result{} #<buffer fstab> | |
162 @end group | |
163 @end example | |
164 @end defun | |
165 | |
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166 @deffn Command find-file-other-window filename &optional wildcards |
6555 | 167 This command selects a buffer visiting the file @var{filename}, but |
168 does so in a window other than the selected window. It may use another | |
169 existing window or split a window; see @ref{Displaying Buffers}. | |
170 | |
171 When this command is called interactively, it prompts for | |
172 @var{filename}. | |
173 @end deffn | |
174 | |
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175 @deffn Command find-file-read-only filename &optional wildcards |
6555 | 176 This command selects a buffer visiting the file @var{filename}, like |
177 @code{find-file}, but it marks the buffer as read-only. @xref{Read Only | |
178 Buffers}, for related functions and variables. | |
179 | |
180 When this command is called interactively, it prompts for | |
181 @var{filename}. | |
182 @end deffn | |
183 | |
184 @deffn Command view-file filename | |
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185 This command visits @var{filename} using View mode, returning to the |
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186 previous buffer when you exit View mode. View mode is a minor mode that |
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187 provides commands to skim rapidly through the file, but does not let you |
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188 modify the text. Entering View mode runs the normal hook |
12098 | 189 @code{view-mode-hook}. @xref{Hooks}. |
6555 | 190 |
191 When @code{view-file} is called interactively, it prompts for | |
192 @var{filename}. | |
193 @end deffn | |
194 | |
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195 @tindex find-file-wildcards |
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196 @defopt find-file-wildcards |
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197 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, then the various @code{find-file} |
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198 commands check for wildcard characters and visit all the files that |
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199 match them (when invoked interactively or when their @var{wildcards} |
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200 argument is non-@code{nil}). If this option is @code{nil}, then |
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201 the @code{find-file} commands ignore their @var{wildcards} argument |
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202 and never treat wildcard characters specially. |
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203 @end defopt |
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204 |
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205 @defvar find-file-hook |
6555 | 206 The value of this variable is a list of functions to be called after a |
207 file is visited. The file's local-variables specification (if any) will | |
208 have been processed before the hooks are run. The buffer visiting the | |
209 file is current when the hook functions are run. | |
210 | |
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211 This variable is a normal hook. @xref{Hooks}. |
6555 | 212 @end defvar |
213 | |
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214 @defvar find-file-not-found-functions |
6555 | 215 The value of this variable is a list of functions to be called when |
216 @code{find-file} or @code{find-file-noselect} is passed a nonexistent | |
217 file name. @code{find-file-noselect} calls these functions as soon as | |
218 it detects a nonexistent file. It calls them in the order of the list, | |
219 until one of them returns non-@code{nil}. @code{buffer-file-name} is | |
220 already set up. | |
221 | |
222 This is not a normal hook because the values of the functions are | |
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223 used, and in many cases only some of the functions are called. |
6555 | 224 @end defvar |
225 | |
226 @node Subroutines of Visiting | |
227 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
228 @subsection Subroutines of Visiting | |
229 | |
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230 The @code{find-file-noselect} function uses two important subroutines |
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231 which are sometimes useful in user Lisp code: @code{create-file-buffer} |
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232 and @code{after-find-file}. This section explains how to use them. |
6555 | 233 |
234 @defun create-file-buffer filename | |
235 This function creates a suitably named buffer for visiting | |
236 @var{filename}, and returns it. It uses @var{filename} (sans directory) | |
237 as the name if that name is free; otherwise, it appends a string such as | |
238 @samp{<2>} to get an unused name. See also @ref{Creating Buffers}. | |
239 | |
240 @strong{Please note:} @code{create-file-buffer} does @emph{not} | |
241 associate the new buffer with a file and does not select the buffer. | |
12098 | 242 It also does not use the default major mode. |
6555 | 243 |
244 @example | |
245 @group | |
246 (create-file-buffer "foo") | |
247 @result{} #<buffer foo> | |
248 @end group | |
249 @group | |
250 (create-file-buffer "foo") | |
251 @result{} #<buffer foo<2>> | |
252 @end group | |
253 @group | |
254 (create-file-buffer "foo") | |
255 @result{} #<buffer foo<3>> | |
256 @end group | |
257 @end example | |
258 | |
259 This function is used by @code{find-file-noselect}. | |
260 It uses @code{generate-new-buffer} (@pxref{Creating Buffers}). | |
261 @end defun | |
262 | |
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263 @defun after-find-file &optional error warn noauto after-find-file-from-revert-buffer nomodes |
6555 | 264 This function sets the buffer major mode, and parses local variables |
265 (@pxref{Auto Major Mode}). It is called by @code{find-file-noselect} | |
266 and by the default revert function (@pxref{Reverting}). | |
267 | |
268 @cindex new file message | |
269 @cindex file open error | |
270 If reading the file got an error because the file does not exist, but | |
271 its directory does exist, the caller should pass a non-@code{nil} value | |
272 for @var{error}. In that case, @code{after-find-file} issues a warning: | |
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273 @samp{(New file)}. For more serious errors, the caller should usually not |
6555 | 274 call @code{after-find-file}. |
275 | |
276 If @var{warn} is non-@code{nil}, then this function issues a warning | |
277 if an auto-save file exists and is more recent than the visited file. | |
278 | |
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279 If @var{noauto} is non-@code{nil}, that says not to enable or disable |
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280 Auto-Save mode. The mode remains enabled if it was enabled before. |
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281 |
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282 If @var{after-find-file-from-revert-buffer} is non-@code{nil}, that |
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283 means this call was from @code{revert-buffer}. This has no direct |
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284 effect, but some mode functions and hook functions check the value |
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285 of this variable. |
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286 |
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287 If @var{nomodes} is non-@code{nil}, that means don't alter the buffer's |
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288 major mode, don't process local variables specifications in the file, |
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289 and don't run @code{find-file-hook}. This feature is used by |
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290 @code{revert-buffer} in some cases. |
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291 |
6555 | 292 The last thing @code{after-find-file} does is call all the functions |
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293 in the list @code{find-file-hook}. |
6555 | 294 @end defun |
295 | |
296 @node Saving Buffers | |
297 @section Saving Buffers | |
298 | |
299 When you edit a file in Emacs, you are actually working on a buffer | |
300 that is visiting that file---that is, the contents of the file are | |
301 copied into the buffer and the copy is what you edit. Changes to the | |
302 buffer do not change the file until you @dfn{save} the buffer, which | |
303 means copying the contents of the buffer into the file. | |
304 | |
305 @deffn Command save-buffer &optional backup-option | |
306 This function saves the contents of the current buffer in its visited | |
307 file if the buffer has been modified since it was last visited or saved. | |
308 Otherwise it does nothing. | |
309 | |
310 @code{save-buffer} is responsible for making backup files. Normally, | |
311 @var{backup-option} is @code{nil}, and @code{save-buffer} makes a backup | |
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312 file only if this is the first save since visiting the file. Other |
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313 values for @var{backup-option} request the making of backup files in |
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314 other circumstances: |
6555 | 315 |
316 @itemize @bullet | |
317 @item | |
318 With an argument of 4 or 64, reflecting 1 or 3 @kbd{C-u}'s, the | |
319 @code{save-buffer} function marks this version of the file to be | |
320 backed up when the buffer is next saved. | |
321 | |
322 @item | |
323 With an argument of 16 or 64, reflecting 2 or 3 @kbd{C-u}'s, the | |
324 @code{save-buffer} function unconditionally backs up the previous | |
325 version of the file before saving it. | |
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326 |
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327 @item |
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328 With an argument of 0, unconditionally do @emph{not} make any backup file. |
6555 | 329 @end itemize |
330 @end deffn | |
331 | |
56215 | 332 @deffn Command save-some-buffers &optional save-silently-p pred |
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333 @anchor{Definition of save-some-buffers} |
6555 | 334 This command saves some modified file-visiting buffers. Normally it |
335 asks the user about each buffer. But if @var{save-silently-p} is | |
336 non-@code{nil}, it saves all the file-visiting buffers without querying | |
337 the user. | |
338 | |
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339 The optional @var{pred} argument controls which buffers to ask about |
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340 (or to save silently if @var{save-silently-p} is non-@code{nil}). |
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341 If it is @code{nil}, that means to ask only about file-visiting buffers. |
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342 If it is @code{t}, that means also offer to save certain other non-file |
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343 buffers---those that have a non-@code{nil} buffer-local value of |
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344 @code{buffer-offer-save}. (A user who says @samp{yes} to saving a |
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345 non-file buffer is asked to specify the file name to use.) The |
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346 @code{save-buffers-kill-emacs} function passes the value @code{t} for |
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347 @var{pred}. |
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348 |
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349 If @var{pred} is neither @code{t} nor @code{nil}, then it should be |
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350 a function of no arguments. It will be called in each buffer to decide |
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351 whether to offer to save that buffer. If it returns a non-@code{nil} |
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352 value in a certain buffer, that means do offer to save that buffer. |
6555 | 353 @end deffn |
354 | |
56215 | 355 @deffn Command write-file filename &optional confirm |
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356 @anchor{Definition of write-file} |
6555 | 357 This function writes the current buffer into file @var{filename}, makes |
358 the buffer visit that file, and marks it not modified. Then it renames | |
359 the buffer based on @var{filename}, appending a string like @samp{<2>} | |
360 if necessary to make a unique buffer name. It does most of this work by | |
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361 calling @code{set-visited-file-name} (@pxref{Buffer File Name}) and |
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362 @code{save-buffer}. |
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363 |
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364 If @var{confirm} is non-@code{nil}, that means to ask for confirmation |
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365 before overwriting an existing file. Interactively, confirmation is |
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366 required, unless the user supplies a prefix argument. |
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367 |
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368 If @var{filename} is an existing directory, or a symbolic link to one, |
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369 @code{write-file} uses the name of the visited file, in directory |
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370 @var{filename}. If the buffer is not visiting a file, it uses the |
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371 buffer name instead. |
6555 | 372 @end deffn |
373 | |
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374 Saving a buffer runs several hooks. It also performs format |
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375 conversion (@pxref{Format Conversion}), and may save text properties in |
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376 ``annotations'' (@pxref{Saving Properties}). |
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377 |
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378 @defvar write-file-functions |
6555 | 379 The value of this variable is a list of functions to be called before |
380 writing out a buffer to its visited file. If one of them returns | |
381 non-@code{nil}, the file is considered already written and the rest of | |
382 the functions are not called, nor is the usual code for writing the file | |
383 executed. | |
384 | |
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385 If a function in @code{write-file-functions} returns non-@code{nil}, it |
6555 | 386 is responsible for making a backup file (if that is appropriate). |
387 To do so, execute the following code: | |
388 | |
389 @example | |
390 (or buffer-backed-up (backup-buffer)) | |
391 @end example | |
392 | |
393 You might wish to save the file modes value returned by | |
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394 @code{backup-buffer} and use that (if non-@code{nil}) to set the mode |
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395 bits of the file that you write. This is what @code{save-buffer} |
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396 normally does. @xref{Making Backups,, Making Backup Files}. |
6555 | 397 |
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398 The hook functions in @code{write-file-functions} are also responsible for |
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399 encoding the data (if desired): they must choose a suitable coding |
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400 system (@pxref{Lisp and Coding Systems}), perform the encoding |
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401 (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}), and set @code{last-coding-system-used} to |
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402 the coding system that was used (@pxref{Encoding and I/O}). |
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403 |
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404 If you set this hook locally in a buffer, it is assumed to be |
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405 associated with the file or the way the contents of the buffer were |
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406 obtained. Thus the variable is marked as a permanent local, so that |
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407 changing the major mode does not alter a buffer-local value. On the |
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408 other hand, calling @code{set-visited-file-name} will reset it. |
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409 If this is not what you want, you might like to use |
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410 @code{write-contents-functions} instead. |
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411 |
6555 | 412 Even though this is not a normal hook, you can use @code{add-hook} and |
413 @code{remove-hook} to manipulate the list. @xref{Hooks}. | |
414 @end defvar | |
415 | |
416 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
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417 @defvar write-contents-functions |
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418 This works just like @code{write-file-functions}, but it is intended |
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419 for hooks that pertain to the buffer's contents, not to the particular |
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420 visited file or its location. Such hooks are usually set up by major |
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421 modes, as buffer-local bindings for this variable. This variable |
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422 automatically becomes buffer-local whenever it is set; switching to a |
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423 new major mode always resets this variable, but calling |
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424 @code{set-visited-file-name} does not. |
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425 |
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426 If any of the functions in this hook returns non-@code{nil}, the file |
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427 is considered already written and the rest are not called and neither |
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428 are the functions in @code{write-file-functions}. |
6555 | 429 @end defvar |
430 | |
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431 @defopt before-save-hook |
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432 This normal hook runs before a buffer is saved in its visited file, |
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433 regardless of whether that is done normally or by one of the hooks |
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434 described above. For instance, the @file{copyright.el} program uses |
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435 this hook to make sure the file you are saving has the current year in |
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436 its copyright notice. |
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437 @end defopt |
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438 |
6555 | 439 @c Emacs 19 feature |
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440 @defopt after-save-hook |
6555 | 441 This normal hook runs after a buffer has been saved in its visited file. |
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442 One use of this hook is in Fast Lock mode; it uses this hook to save the |
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443 highlighting information in a cache file. |
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444 @end defopt |
6555 | 445 |
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446 @defopt file-precious-flag |
6555 | 447 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, then @code{save-buffer} protects |
448 against I/O errors while saving by writing the new file to a temporary | |
449 name instead of the name it is supposed to have, and then renaming it to | |
450 the intended name after it is clear there are no errors. This procedure | |
451 prevents problems such as a lack of disk space from resulting in an | |
452 invalid file. | |
453 | |
12226 | 454 As a side effect, backups are necessarily made by copying. @xref{Rename |
455 or Copy}. Yet, at the same time, saving a precious file always breaks | |
456 all hard links between the file you save and other file names. | |
6555 | 457 |
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458 Some modes give this variable a non-@code{nil} buffer-local value |
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459 in particular buffers. |
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460 @end defopt |
6555 | 461 |
462 @defopt require-final-newline | |
463 This variable determines whether files may be written out that do | |
464 @emph{not} end with a newline. If the value of the variable is | |
465 @code{t}, then @code{save-buffer} silently adds a newline at the end of | |
466 the file whenever the buffer being saved does not already end in one. | |
467 If the value of the variable is non-@code{nil}, but not @code{t}, then | |
468 @code{save-buffer} asks the user whether to add a newline each time the | |
469 case arises. | |
470 | |
471 If the value of the variable is @code{nil}, then @code{save-buffer} | |
472 doesn't add newlines at all. @code{nil} is the default value, but a few | |
473 major modes set it to @code{t} in particular buffers. | |
474 @end defopt | |
475 | |
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476 See also the function @code{set-visited-file-name} (@pxref{Buffer File |
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477 Name}). |
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478 |
6555 | 479 @node Reading from Files |
480 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
481 @section Reading from Files | |
482 | |
483 You can copy a file from the disk and insert it into a buffer | |
484 using the @code{insert-file-contents} function. Don't use the user-level | |
485 command @code{insert-file} in a Lisp program, as that sets the mark. | |
486 | |
487 @defun insert-file-contents filename &optional visit beg end replace | |
488 This function inserts the contents of file @var{filename} into the | |
12226 | 489 current buffer after point. It returns a list of the absolute file name |
6555 | 490 and the length of the data inserted. An error is signaled if |
491 @var{filename} is not the name of a file that can be read. | |
492 | |
12098 | 493 The function @code{insert-file-contents} checks the file contents |
494 against the defined file formats, and converts the file contents if | |
495 appropriate. @xref{Format Conversion}. It also calls the functions in | |
496 the list @code{after-insert-file-functions}; see @ref{Saving | |
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497 Properties}. Normally, one of the functions in the |
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498 @code{after-insert-file-functions} list determines the coding system |
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499 (@pxref{Coding Systems}) used for decoding the file's contents. |
6555 | 500 |
501 If @var{visit} is non-@code{nil}, this function additionally marks the | |
502 buffer as unmodified and sets up various fields in the buffer so that it | |
503 is visiting the file @var{filename}: these include the buffer's visited | |
504 file name and its last save file modtime. This feature is used by | |
505 @code{find-file-noselect} and you probably should not use it yourself. | |
506 | |
507 If @var{beg} and @var{end} are non-@code{nil}, they should be integers | |
508 specifying the portion of the file to insert. In this case, @var{visit} | |
509 must be @code{nil}. For example, | |
510 | |
511 @example | |
512 (insert-file-contents filename nil 0 500) | |
513 @end example | |
514 | |
515 @noindent | |
516 inserts the first 500 characters of a file. | |
517 | |
518 If the argument @var{replace} is non-@code{nil}, it means to replace the | |
519 contents of the buffer (actually, just the accessible portion) with the | |
520 contents of the file. This is better than simply deleting the buffer | |
521 contents and inserting the whole file, because (1) it preserves some | |
522 marker positions and (2) it puts less data in the undo list. | |
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523 |
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524 It is possible to read a special file (such as a FIFO or an I/O device) |
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525 with @code{insert-file-contents}, as long as @var{replace} and |
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526 @var{visit} are @code{nil}. |
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527 @end defun |
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528 |
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529 @defun insert-file-contents-literally filename &optional visit beg end replace |
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530 This function works like @code{insert-file-contents} except that it does |
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531 not do format decoding (@pxref{Format Conversion}), does not do |
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532 character code conversion (@pxref{Coding Systems}), does not run |
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533 @code{find-file-hook}, does not perform automatic uncompression, and so |
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534 on. |
6555 | 535 @end defun |
536 | |
537 If you want to pass a file name to another process so that another | |
538 program can read the file, use the function @code{file-local-copy}; see | |
539 @ref{Magic File Names}. | |
540 | |
541 @node Writing to Files | |
542 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
543 @section Writing to Files | |
544 | |
545 You can write the contents of a buffer, or part of a buffer, directly | |
546 to a file on disk using the @code{append-to-file} and | |
547 @code{write-region} functions. Don't use these functions to write to | |
548 files that are being visited; that could cause confusion in the | |
549 mechanisms for visiting. | |
550 | |
551 @deffn Command append-to-file start end filename | |
552 This function appends the contents of the region delimited by | |
553 @var{start} and @var{end} in the current buffer to the end of file | |
554 @var{filename}. If that file does not exist, it is created. This | |
555 function returns @code{nil}. | |
556 | |
557 An error is signaled if @var{filename} specifies a nonwritable file, | |
558 or a nonexistent file in a directory where files cannot be created. | |
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559 |
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560 When called from Lisp, this function is completely equivalent to: |
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561 |
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562 @example |
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563 (write-region start end filename t) |
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564 @end example |
6555 | 565 @end deffn |
566 | |
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567 @deffn Command write-region start end filename &optional append visit lockname mustbenew |
6555 | 568 This function writes the region delimited by @var{start} and @var{end} |
569 in the current buffer into the file specified by @var{filename}. | |
570 | |
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571 If @var{start} is @code{nil}, then the command writes the entire buffer |
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572 contents (@emph{not} just the accessible portion) to the file and |
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573 ignores @var{end}. |
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574 |
6555 | 575 @c Emacs 19 feature |
576 If @var{start} is a string, then @code{write-region} writes or appends | |
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577 that string, rather than text from the buffer. @var{end} is ignored in |
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578 this case. |
6555 | 579 |
580 If @var{append} is non-@code{nil}, then the specified text is appended | |
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581 to the existing file contents (if any). If @var{append} is an |
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582 integer, @code{write-region} seeks to that byte offset from the start |
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583 of the file and writes the data from there. |
6555 | 584 |
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585 If @var{mustbenew} is non-@code{nil}, then @code{write-region} asks |
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586 for confirmation if @var{filename} names an existing file. If |
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587 @var{mustbenew} is the symbol @code{excl}, then @code{write-region} |
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588 does not ask for confirmation, but instead it signals an error |
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589 @code{file-already-exists} if the file already exists. |
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590 |
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591 The test for an existing file, when @var{mustbenew} is @code{excl}, uses |
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592 a special system feature. At least for files on a local disk, there is |
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593 no chance that some other program could create a file of the same name |
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594 before Emacs does, without Emacs's noticing. |
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595 |
6555 | 596 If @var{visit} is @code{t}, then Emacs establishes an association |
597 between the buffer and the file: the buffer is then visiting that file. | |
598 It also sets the last file modification time for the current buffer to | |
599 @var{filename}'s modtime, and marks the buffer as not modified. This | |
600 feature is used by @code{save-buffer}, but you probably should not use | |
601 it yourself. | |
602 | |
603 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
604 If @var{visit} is a string, it specifies the file name to visit. This | |
605 way, you can write the data to one file (@var{filename}) while recording | |
606 the buffer as visiting another file (@var{visit}). The argument | |
607 @var{visit} is used in the echo area message and also for file locking; | |
608 @var{visit} is stored in @code{buffer-file-name}. This feature is used | |
609 to implement @code{file-precious-flag}; don't use it yourself unless you | |
610 really know what you're doing. | |
611 | |
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612 The optional argument @var{lockname}, if non-@code{nil}, specifies the |
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613 file name to use for purposes of locking and unlocking, overriding |
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614 @var{filename} and @var{visit} for that purpose. |
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615 |
12098 | 616 The function @code{write-region} converts the data which it writes to |
617 the appropriate file formats specified by @code{buffer-file-format}. | |
618 @xref{Format Conversion}. It also calls the functions in the list | |
619 @code{write-region-annotate-functions}; see @ref{Saving Properties}. | |
6555 | 620 |
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621 Normally, @code{write-region} displays the message @samp{Wrote |
6555 | 622 @var{filename}} in the echo area. If @var{visit} is neither @code{t} |
623 nor @code{nil} nor a string, then this message is inhibited. This | |
624 feature is useful for programs that use files for internal purposes, | |
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625 files that the user does not need to know about. |
6555 | 626 @end deffn |
627 | |
56215 | 628 @defmac with-temp-file file body... |
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629 @anchor{Definition of with-temp-file} |
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630 The @code{with-temp-file} macro evaluates the @var{body} forms with a |
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631 temporary buffer as the current buffer; then, at the end, it writes the |
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632 buffer contents into file @var{file}. It kills the temporary buffer |
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633 when finished, restoring the buffer that was current before the |
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634 @code{with-temp-file} form. Then it returns the value of the last form |
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635 in @var{body}. |
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636 |
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637 The current buffer is restored even in case of an abnormal exit via |
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638 @code{throw} or error (@pxref{Nonlocal Exits}). |
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639 |
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640 See also @code{with-temp-buffer} in @ref{Definition of |
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641 with-temp-buffer,, The Current Buffer}. |
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642 @end defmac |
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643 |
6555 | 644 @node File Locks |
645 @section File Locks | |
646 @cindex file locks | |
647 | |
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648 When two users edit the same file at the same time, they are likely |
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649 to interfere with each other. Emacs tries to prevent this situation |
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650 from arising by recording a @dfn{file lock} when a file is being |
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651 modified. (File locks are not implemented on Microsoft systems.) |
6555 | 652 Emacs can then detect the first attempt to modify a buffer visiting a |
653 file that is locked by another Emacs job, and ask the user what to do. | |
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654 The file lock is really a file, a symbolic link with a special name, |
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655 stored in the same directory as the file you are editing. |
6555 | 656 |
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657 When you access files using NFS, there may be a small probability that |
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658 you and another user will both lock the same file ``simultaneously''. |
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659 If this happens, it is possible for the two users to make changes |
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660 simultaneously, but Emacs will still warn the user who saves second. |
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661 Also, the detection of modification of a buffer visiting a file changed |
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662 on disk catches some cases of simultaneous editing; see |
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663 @ref{Modification Time}. |
6555 | 664 |
665 @defun file-locked-p filename | |
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666 This function returns @code{nil} if the file @var{filename} is not |
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667 locked. It returns @code{t} if it is locked by this Emacs process, and |
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668 it returns the name of the user who has locked it if it is locked by |
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669 some other job. |
6555 | 670 |
671 @example | |
672 @group | |
673 (file-locked-p "foo") | |
674 @result{} nil | |
675 @end group | |
676 @end example | |
677 @end defun | |
678 | |
679 @defun lock-buffer &optional filename | |
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680 This function locks the file @var{filename}, if the current buffer is |
6555 | 681 modified. The argument @var{filename} defaults to the current buffer's |
682 visited file. Nothing is done if the current buffer is not visiting a | |
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683 file, or is not modified, or if the system does not support locking. |
6555 | 684 @end defun |
685 | |
686 @defun unlock-buffer | |
687 This function unlocks the file being visited in the current buffer, | |
688 if the buffer is modified. If the buffer is not modified, then | |
689 the file should not be locked, so this function does nothing. It also | |
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690 does nothing if the current buffer is not visiting a file, or if the |
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691 system does not support locking. |
6555 | 692 @end defun |
693 | |
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694 File locking is not supported on some systems. On systems that do not |
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695 support it, the functions @code{lock-buffer}, @code{unlock-buffer} and |
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696 @code{file-locked-p} do nothing and return @code{nil}. |
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697 |
6555 | 698 @defun ask-user-about-lock file other-user |
699 This function is called when the user tries to modify @var{file}, but it | |
21007
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700 is locked by another user named @var{other-user}. The default |
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701 definition of this function asks the user to say what to do. The value |
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702 this function returns determines what Emacs does next: |
6555 | 703 |
704 @itemize @bullet | |
705 @item | |
706 A value of @code{t} says to grab the lock on the file. Then | |
707 this user may edit the file and @var{other-user} loses the lock. | |
708 | |
709 @item | |
710 A value of @code{nil} says to ignore the lock and let this | |
711 user edit the file anyway. | |
712 | |
713 @item | |
714 @kindex file-locked | |
715 This function may instead signal a @code{file-locked} error, in which | |
716 case the change that the user was about to make does not take place. | |
717 | |
718 The error message for this error looks like this: | |
719 | |
720 @example | |
721 @error{} File is locked: @var{file} @var{other-user} | |
722 @end example | |
723 | |
724 @noindent | |
725 where @code{file} is the name of the file and @var{other-user} is the | |
726 name of the user who has locked the file. | |
727 @end itemize | |
728 | |
21007
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729 If you wish, you can replace the @code{ask-user-about-lock} function |
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730 with your own version that makes the decision in another way. The code |
6555 | 731 for its usual definition is in @file{userlock.el}. |
732 @end defun | |
733 | |
734 @node Information about Files | |
735 @section Information about Files | |
736 | |
7735
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737 The functions described in this section all operate on strings that |
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738 designate file names. All the functions have names that begin with the |
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739 word @samp{file}. These functions all return information about actual |
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740 files or directories, so their arguments must all exist as actual files |
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741 or directories unless otherwise noted. |
6555 | 742 |
743 @menu | |
744 * Testing Accessibility:: Is a given file readable? Writable? | |
745 * Kinds of Files:: Is it a directory? A symbolic link? | |
746 * Truenames:: Eliminating symbolic links from a file name. | |
747 * File Attributes:: How large is it? Any other names? Etc. | |
748 @end menu | |
749 | |
750 @node Testing Accessibility | |
751 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
752 @subsection Testing Accessibility | |
753 @cindex accessibility of a file | |
754 @cindex file accessibility | |
755 | |
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756 These functions test for permission to access a file in specific |
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757 ways. Unless explicitly stated otherwise, they recursively follow |
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758 symbolic links for their file name arguments, at all levels (at the |
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759 level of the file itself and at all levels of parent directories). |
6555 | 760 |
761 @defun file-exists-p filename | |
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762 This function returns @code{t} if a file named @var{filename} appears |
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763 to exist. This does not mean you can necessarily read the file, only |
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764 that you can find out its attributes. (On Unix and GNU/Linux, this is |
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765 true if the file exists and you have execute permission on the |
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766 containing directories, regardless of the protection of the file |
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767 itself.) |
6555 | 768 |
769 If the file does not exist, or if fascist access control policies | |
770 prevent you from finding the attributes of the file, this function | |
771 returns @code{nil}. | |
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772 |
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773 Directories are files, so @code{file-exists-p} returns @code{t} when |
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774 given a directory name. However, symbolic links are treated |
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775 specially; @code{file-exists-p} returns @code{t} for a symbolic link |
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776 name only if the target file exists. |
6555 | 777 @end defun |
778 | |
779 @defun file-readable-p filename | |
780 This function returns @code{t} if a file named @var{filename} exists | |
781 and you can read it. It returns @code{nil} otherwise. | |
782 | |
783 @example | |
784 @group | |
785 (file-readable-p "files.texi") | |
786 @result{} t | |
787 @end group | |
788 @group | |
789 (file-exists-p "/usr/spool/mqueue") | |
790 @result{} t | |
791 @end group | |
792 @group | |
793 (file-readable-p "/usr/spool/mqueue") | |
794 @result{} nil | |
795 @end group | |
796 @end example | |
797 @end defun | |
798 | |
799 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
800 @defun file-executable-p filename | |
801 This function returns @code{t} if a file named @var{filename} exists and | |
26696
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802 you can execute it. It returns @code{nil} otherwise. On Unix and |
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803 GNU/Linux, if the file is a directory, execute permission means you can |
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804 check the existence and attributes of files inside the directory, and |
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805 open those files if their modes permit. |
6555 | 806 @end defun |
807 | |
808 @defun file-writable-p filename | |
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809 This function returns @code{t} if the file @var{filename} can be written |
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810 or created by you, and @code{nil} otherwise. A file is writable if the |
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811 file exists and you can write it. It is creatable if it does not exist, |
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812 but the specified directory does exist and you can write in that |
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813 directory. |
6555 | 814 |
815 In the third example below, @file{foo} is not writable because the | |
816 parent directory does not exist, even though the user could create such | |
817 a directory. | |
818 | |
819 @example | |
820 @group | |
821 (file-writable-p "~/foo") | |
822 @result{} t | |
823 @end group | |
824 @group | |
825 (file-writable-p "/foo") | |
826 @result{} nil | |
827 @end group | |
828 @group | |
829 (file-writable-p "~/no-such-dir/foo") | |
830 @result{} nil | |
831 @end group | |
832 @end example | |
833 @end defun | |
834 | |
835 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
836 @defun file-accessible-directory-p dirname | |
837 This function returns @code{t} if you have permission to open existing | |
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838 files in the directory whose name as a file is @var{dirname}; |
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|
839 otherwise (or if there is no such directory), it returns @code{nil}. |
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840 The value of @var{dirname} may be either a directory name (such as |
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841 @file{/foo/}) or the file name of a file which is a directory |
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|
842 (such as @file{/foo}, without the final slash). |
6555 | 843 |
844 Example: after the following, | |
845 | |
846 @example | |
847 (file-accessible-directory-p "/foo") | |
848 @result{} nil | |
849 @end example | |
850 | |
851 @noindent | |
852 we can deduce that any attempt to read a file in @file{/foo/} will | |
853 give an error. | |
854 @end defun | |
855 | |
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856 @defun access-file filename string |
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857 This function opens file @var{filename} for reading, then closes it and |
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858 returns @code{nil}. However, if the open fails, it signals an error |
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859 using @var{string} as the error message text. |
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860 @end defun |
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861 |
12067 | 862 @defun file-ownership-preserved-p filename |
863 This function returns @code{t} if deleting the file @var{filename} and | |
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864 then creating it anew would keep the file's owner unchanged. It also |
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865 returns @code{t} for nonexistent files. |
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|
866 |
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|
867 If @var{filename} is a symbolic link, then, unlike the other functions |
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868 discussed here, @code{file-ownership-preserved-p} does @emph{not} |
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869 replace @var{filename} with its target. However, it does recursively |
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870 follow symbolic links at all levels of parent directories. |
12067 | 871 @end defun |
872 | |
6555 | 873 @defun file-newer-than-file-p filename1 filename2 |
874 @cindex file age | |
875 @cindex file modification time | |
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876 This function returns @code{t} if the file @var{filename1} is |
6555 | 877 newer than file @var{filename2}. If @var{filename1} does not |
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878 exist, it returns @code{nil}. If @var{filename1} does exist, but |
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879 @var{filename2} does not, it returns @code{t}. |
6555 | 880 |
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881 In the following example, assume that the file @file{aug-19} was written |
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882 on the 19th, @file{aug-20} was written on the 20th, and the file |
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883 @file{no-file} doesn't exist at all. |
6555 | 884 |
885 @example | |
886 @group | |
887 (file-newer-than-file-p "aug-19" "aug-20") | |
888 @result{} nil | |
889 @end group | |
890 @group | |
891 (file-newer-than-file-p "aug-20" "aug-19") | |
892 @result{} t | |
893 @end group | |
894 @group | |
895 (file-newer-than-file-p "aug-19" "no-file") | |
896 @result{} t | |
897 @end group | |
898 @group | |
899 (file-newer-than-file-p "no-file" "aug-19") | |
900 @result{} nil | |
901 @end group | |
902 @end example | |
903 | |
904 You can use @code{file-attributes} to get a file's last modification | |
905 time as a list of two numbers. @xref{File Attributes}. | |
906 @end defun | |
907 | |
908 @node Kinds of Files | |
909 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
910 @subsection Distinguishing Kinds of Files | |
911 | |
12098 | 912 This section describes how to distinguish various kinds of files, such |
913 as directories, symbolic links, and ordinary files. | |
6555 | 914 |
915 @defun file-symlink-p filename | |
916 @cindex file symbolic links | |
50501
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917 If the file @var{filename} is a symbolic link, the |
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918 @code{file-symlink-p} function returns the (non-recursive) link target |
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919 as a string. (Determining the file name that the link points to from |
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920 the target is nontrivial.) First, this function recursively follows |
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|
921 symbolic links at all levels of parent directories. |
6555 | 922 |
923 If the file @var{filename} is not a symbolic link (or there is no such file), | |
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|
924 @code{file-symlink-p} returns @code{nil}. |
6555 | 925 |
926 @example | |
927 @group | |
928 (file-symlink-p "foo") | |
929 @result{} nil | |
930 @end group | |
931 @group | |
932 (file-symlink-p "sym-link") | |
933 @result{} "foo" | |
934 @end group | |
935 @group | |
936 (file-symlink-p "sym-link2") | |
937 @result{} "sym-link" | |
938 @end group | |
939 @group | |
940 (file-symlink-p "/bin") | |
941 @result{} "/pub/bin" | |
942 @end group | |
943 @end example | |
944 | |
945 @c !!! file-symlink-p: should show output of ls -l for comparison | |
946 @end defun | |
947 | |
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948 The next two functions recursively follow symbolic links at |
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949 all levels for @var{filename}. |
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950 |
6555 | 951 @defun file-directory-p filename |
952 This function returns @code{t} if @var{filename} is the name of an | |
953 existing directory, @code{nil} otherwise. | |
954 | |
955 @example | |
956 @group | |
957 (file-directory-p "~rms") | |
958 @result{} t | |
959 @end group | |
960 @group | |
961 (file-directory-p "~rms/lewis/files.texi") | |
962 @result{} nil | |
963 @end group | |
964 @group | |
965 (file-directory-p "~rms/lewis/no-such-file") | |
966 @result{} nil | |
967 @end group | |
968 @group | |
969 (file-directory-p "$HOME") | |
970 @result{} nil | |
971 @end group | |
972 @group | |
973 (file-directory-p | |
974 (substitute-in-file-name "$HOME")) | |
975 @result{} t | |
976 @end group | |
977 @end example | |
978 @end defun | |
979 | |
12067 | 980 @defun file-regular-p filename |
981 This function returns @code{t} if the file @var{filename} exists and is | |
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982 a regular file (not a directory, named pipe, terminal, or |
12067 | 983 other I/O device). |
984 @end defun | |
985 | |
6555 | 986 @node Truenames |
987 @subsection Truenames | |
988 @cindex truename (of file) | |
989 | |
990 @c Emacs 19 features | |
991 The @dfn{truename} of a file is the name that you get by following | |
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992 symbolic links at all levels until none remain, then simplifying away |
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993 @samp{.}@: and @samp{..}@: appearing as name components. This results |
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994 in a sort of canonical name for the file. A file does not always have a |
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995 unique truename; the number of distinct truenames a file has is equal to |
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996 the number of hard links to the file. However, truenames are useful |
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997 because they eliminate symbolic links as a cause of name variation. |
6555 | 998 |
999 @defun file-truename filename | |
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1000 The function @code{file-truename} returns the truename of the file |
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1001 @var{filename}. The argument must be an absolute file name. |
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1002 |
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1003 This function does not expand environment variables. Only |
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1004 @code{substitute-in-file-name} does that. @xref{Definition of |
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1005 substitute-in-file-name}. |
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1006 |
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1007 If you may need to follow symbolic links preceding @samp{..}@: |
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1008 appearing as a name component, you should make sure to call |
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1009 @code{file-truename} without prior direct or indirect calls to |
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1010 @code{expand-file-name}, as otherwise the file name component |
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1011 immediately preceding @samp{..} will be ``simplified away'' before |
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1012 @code{file-truename} is called. To eliminate the need for a call to |
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1013 @code{expand-file-name}, @code{file-truename} handles @samp{~} in the |
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1014 same way that @code{expand-file-name} does. @xref{File Name |
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1015 Expansion,, Functions that Expand Filenames}. |
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1016 @end defun |
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1017 |
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1018 @defun file-chase-links filename &optional limit |
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1019 This function follows symbolic links, starting with @var{filename}, |
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1020 until it finds a file name which is not the name of a symbolic link. |
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1021 Then it returns that file name. This function does @emph{not} follow |
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1022 symbolic links at the level of parent directories. |
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1023 |
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1024 If you specify a number for @var{limit}, then after chasing through |
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1025 that many links, the function just returns what it has even if that is |
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1026 still a symbolic link. |
6555 | 1027 @end defun |
1028 | |
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1029 To illustrate the difference between @code{file-chase-links} and |
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1030 @code{file-truename}, suppose that @file{/usr/foo} is a symbolic link to |
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1031 the directory @file{/home/foo}, and @file{/home/foo/hello} is an |
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1032 ordinary file (or at least, not a symbolic link) or nonexistent. Then |
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1033 we would have: |
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1034 |
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1035 @example |
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1036 (file-chase-links "/usr/foo/hello") |
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1037 ;; @r{This does not follow the links in the parent directories.} |
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1038 @result{} "/usr/foo/hello" |
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1039 (file-truename "/usr/foo/hello") |
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1040 ;; @r{Assuming that @file{/home} is not a symbolic link.} |
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1041 @result{} "/home/foo/hello" |
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1042 @end example |
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1043 |
6555 | 1044 @xref{Buffer File Name}, for related information. |
1045 | |
1046 @node File Attributes | |
1047 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
1048 @subsection Other Information about Files | |
1049 | |
1050 This section describes the functions for getting detailed information | |
1051 about a file, other than its contents. This information includes the | |
1052 mode bits that control access permission, the owner and group numbers, | |
1053 the number of names, the inode number, the size, and the times of access | |
1054 and modification. | |
1055 | |
1056 @defun file-modes filename | |
1057 @cindex permission | |
1058 @cindex file attributes | |
1059 This function returns the mode bits of @var{filename}, as an integer. | |
1060 The mode bits are also called the file permissions, and they specify | |
1061 access control in the usual Unix fashion. If the low-order bit is 1, | |
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1062 then the file is executable by all users, if the second-lowest-order bit |
6555 | 1063 is 1, then the file is writable by all users, etc. |
1064 | |
1065 The highest value returnable is 4095 (7777 octal), meaning that | |
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1066 everyone has read, write, and execute permission, that the @acronym{SUID} bit |
6555 | 1067 is set for both others and group, and that the sticky bit is set. |
1068 | |
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1069 If @var{filename} does not exist, @code{file-modes} returns @code{nil}. |
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1070 |
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1071 This function recursively follows symbolic links at all levels. |
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1072 |
6555 | 1073 @example |
1074 @group | |
1075 (file-modes "~/junk/diffs") | |
1076 @result{} 492 ; @r{Decimal integer.} | |
1077 @end group | |
1078 @group | |
1079 (format "%o" 492) | |
1080 @result{} "754" ; @r{Convert to octal.} | |
1081 @end group | |
1082 | |
1083 @group | |
1084 (set-file-modes "~/junk/diffs" 438) | |
1085 @result{} nil | |
1086 @end group | |
1087 | |
1088 @group | |
1089 (format "%o" 438) | |
1090 @result{} "666" ; @r{Convert to octal.} | |
1091 @end group | |
1092 | |
1093 @group | |
1094 % ls -l diffs | |
1095 -rw-rw-rw- 1 lewis 0 3063 Oct 30 16:00 diffs | |
1096 @end group | |
1097 @end example | |
1098 @end defun | |
1099 | |
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1100 If the @var{filename} argument to the next two functions is a symbolic |
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1101 link, then these function do @emph{not} replace it with its target. |
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1102 However, they both recursively follow symbolic links at all levels of |
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1103 parent directories. |
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1104 |
6555 | 1105 @defun file-nlinks filename |
1106 This functions returns the number of names (i.e., hard links) that | |
1107 file @var{filename} has. If the file does not exist, then this function | |
1108 returns @code{nil}. Note that symbolic links have no effect on this | |
1109 function, because they are not considered to be names of the files they | |
1110 link to. | |
1111 | |
1112 @example | |
1113 @group | |
1114 % ls -l foo* | |
1115 -rw-rw-rw- 2 rms 4 Aug 19 01:27 foo | |
1116 -rw-rw-rw- 2 rms 4 Aug 19 01:27 foo1 | |
1117 @end group | |
1118 | |
1119 @group | |
1120 (file-nlinks "foo") | |
1121 @result{} 2 | |
1122 @end group | |
1123 @group | |
1124 (file-nlinks "doesnt-exist") | |
1125 @result{} nil | |
1126 @end group | |
1127 @end example | |
1128 @end defun | |
1129 | |
56215 | 1130 @defun file-attributes filename &optional id-format |
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1131 @anchor{Definition of file-attributes} |
6555 | 1132 This function returns a list of attributes of file @var{filename}. If |
1133 the specified file cannot be opened, it returns @code{nil}. | |
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1134 The optional parameter @var{id-format} specifies the preferred format |
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1135 of attributes @acronym{UID} and @acronym{GID} (see below)---the |
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1136 valid values are @code{'string} and @code{'integer}. The latter is |
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1137 the default, but we plan to change that, so you should specify a |
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1138 non-@code{nil} value for @var{id-format} if you use the returned |
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1139 @acronym{UID} or @acronym{GID}. |
6555 | 1140 |
1141 The elements of the list, in order, are: | |
1142 | |
1143 @enumerate 0 | |
1144 @item | |
1145 @code{t} for a directory, a string for a symbolic link (the name | |
1146 linked to), or @code{nil} for a text file. | |
1147 | |
1148 @c Wordy so as to prevent an overfull hbox. --rjc 15mar92 | |
1149 @item | |
1150 The number of names the file has. Alternate names, also known as hard | |
1151 links, can be created by using the @code{add-name-to-file} function | |
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1152 (@pxref{Changing Files}). |
6555 | 1153 |
1154 @item | |
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1155 The file's @acronym{UID} as a string or an integer. If a string |
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1156 value cannot be looked up, the integer value is returned. |
6555 | 1157 |
1158 @item | |
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1159 The file's @acronym{GID} likewise. |
6555 | 1160 |
1161 @item | |
1162 The time of last access, as a list of two integers. | |
1163 The first integer has the high-order 16 bits of time, | |
1164 the second has the low 16 bits. (This is similar to the | |
1165 value of @code{current-time}; see @ref{Time of Day}.) | |
1166 | |
1167 @item | |
1168 The time of last modification as a list of two integers (as above). | |
1169 | |
1170 @item | |
1171 The time of last status change as a list of two integers (as above). | |
1172 | |
1173 @item | |
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1174 The size of the file in bytes. If the size is too large to fit in a |
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1175 Lisp integer, this is a floating point number. |
6555 | 1176 |
1177 @item | |
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1178 The file's modes, as a string of ten letters or dashes, |
6555 | 1179 as in @samp{ls -l}. |
1180 | |
1181 @item | |
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1182 @code{t} if the file's @acronym{GID} would change if file were |
6555 | 1183 deleted and recreated; @code{nil} otherwise. |
1184 | |
1185 @item | |
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1186 The file's inode number. If possible, this is an integer. If the inode |
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1187 number is too large to be represented as an integer in Emacs Lisp, then |
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1188 the value has the form @code{(@var{high} . @var{low})}, where @var{low} |
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1189 holds the low 16 bits. |
6555 | 1190 |
1191 @item | |
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1192 The file system number of the file system that the file is in. |
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1193 Depending on the magnitude of the value, this can be either an integer |
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1194 or a cons cell, in the same manner as the inode number. This element |
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1195 and the file's inode number together give enough information to |
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1196 distinguish any two files on the system---no two files can have the same |
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1197 values for both of these numbers. |
6555 | 1198 @end enumerate |
1199 | |
1200 For example, here are the file attributes for @file{files.texi}: | |
1201 | |
1202 @example | |
1203 @group | |
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|
1204 (file-attributes "files.texi" 'string) |
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(File Attributes): Describe new parameter ID-FORMAT.
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|
1205 @result{} (nil 1 "lh" "users" |
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1206 (8489 20284) |
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1207 (8489 20284) |
6555 | 1208 (8489 20285) |
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|
1209 14906 "-rw-rw-rw-" |
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1210 nil 129500 -32252) |
6555 | 1211 @end group |
1212 @end example | |
1213 | |
1214 @noindent | |
1215 and here is how the result is interpreted: | |
1216 | |
1217 @table @code | |
1218 @item nil | |
1219 is neither a directory nor a symbolic link. | |
1220 | |
1221 @item 1 | |
1222 has only one name (the name @file{files.texi} in the current default | |
1223 directory). | |
1224 | |
53109
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|
1225 @item "lh" |
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(File Attributes): Describe new parameter ID-FORMAT.
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|
1226 is owned by the user with name "lh". |
420dc7ac8867
(File Attributes): Describe new parameter ID-FORMAT.
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|
1227 |
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(File Attributes): Describe new parameter ID-FORMAT.
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|
1228 @item "users" |
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(File Attributes): Describe new parameter ID-FORMAT.
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parents:
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|
1229 is in the group with name "users". |
6555 | 1230 |
1231 @item (8489 20284) | |
12522 | 1232 was last accessed on Aug 19 00:09. |
6555 | 1233 |
1234 @item (8489 20284) | |
1235 was last modified on Aug 19 00:09. | |
1236 | |
1237 @item (8489 20285) | |
1238 last had its inode changed on Aug 19 00:09. | |
1239 | |
1240 @item 14906 | |
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1241 is 14906 bytes long. (It may not contain 14906 characters, though, |
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|
1242 if some of the bytes belong to multibyte sequences.) |
6555 | 1243 |
1244 @item "-rw-rw-rw-" | |
1245 has a mode of read and write access for the owner, group, and world. | |
1246 | |
1247 @item nil | |
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|
1248 would retain the same @acronym{GID} if it were recreated. |
6555 | 1249 |
1250 @item 129500 | |
1251 has an inode number of 129500. | |
1252 @item -32252 | |
1253 is on file system number -32252. | |
1254 @end table | |
1255 @end defun | |
1256 | |
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|
1257 @node Changing Files |
6555 | 1258 @section Changing File Names and Attributes |
1259 @cindex renaming files | |
1260 @cindex copying files | |
1261 @cindex deleting files | |
1262 @cindex linking files | |
1263 @cindex setting modes of files | |
1264 | |
1265 The functions in this section rename, copy, delete, link, and set the | |
1266 modes of files. | |
1267 | |
1268 In the functions that have an argument @var{newname}, if a file by the | |
1269 name of @var{newname} already exists, the actions taken depend on the | |
1270 value of the argument @var{ok-if-already-exists}: | |
1271 | |
1272 @itemize @bullet | |
1273 @item | |
1274 Signal a @code{file-already-exists} error if | |
1275 @var{ok-if-already-exists} is @code{nil}. | |
1276 | |
1277 @item | |
1278 Request confirmation if @var{ok-if-already-exists} is a number. | |
1279 | |
1280 @item | |
1281 Replace the old file without confirmation if @var{ok-if-already-exists} | |
1282 is any other value. | |
1283 @end itemize | |
1284 | |
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1285 The next four commands all recursively follow symbolic links at all |
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1286 levels of parent directories for their first argument, but, if that |
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1287 argument is itself a symbolic link, then only @code{copy-file} |
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1288 replaces it with its (recursive) target. |
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1289 |
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|
1290 @deffn Command add-name-to-file oldname newname &optional ok-if-already-exists |
6555 | 1291 @cindex file with multiple names |
1292 @cindex file hard link | |
1293 This function gives the file named @var{oldname} the additional name | |
1294 @var{newname}. This means that @var{newname} becomes a new ``hard | |
1295 link'' to @var{oldname}. | |
1296 | |
1297 In the first part of the following example, we list two files, | |
1298 @file{foo} and @file{foo3}. | |
1299 | |
1300 @example | |
1301 @group | |
22138
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1302 % ls -li fo* |
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1303 81908 -rw-rw-rw- 1 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo |
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1304 84302 -rw-rw-rw- 1 rms 24 Aug 18 20:31 foo3 |
6555 | 1305 @end group |
1306 @end example | |
1307 | |
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|
1308 Now we create a hard link, by calling @code{add-name-to-file}, then list |
981e116b4ac6
Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
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|
1309 the files again. This shows two names for one file, @file{foo} and |
981e116b4ac6
Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
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|
1310 @file{foo2}. |
6555 | 1311 |
1312 @example | |
1313 @group | |
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1314 (add-name-to-file "foo" "foo2") |
6555 | 1315 @result{} nil |
1316 @end group | |
1317 | |
1318 @group | |
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1319 % ls -li fo* |
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1320 81908 -rw-rw-rw- 2 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo |
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1321 81908 -rw-rw-rw- 2 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo2 |
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1322 84302 -rw-rw-rw- 1 rms 24 Aug 18 20:31 foo3 |
6555 | 1323 @end group |
1324 @end example | |
1325 | |
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1326 Finally, we evaluate the following: |
6555 | 1327 |
1328 @example | |
22138
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1329 (add-name-to-file "foo" "foo3" t) |
6555 | 1330 @end example |
1331 | |
1332 @noindent | |
1333 and list the files again. Now there are three names | |
1334 for one file: @file{foo}, @file{foo2}, and @file{foo3}. The old | |
1335 contents of @file{foo3} are lost. | |
1336 | |
1337 @example | |
1338 @group | |
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1339 (add-name-to-file "foo1" "foo3") |
6555 | 1340 @result{} nil |
1341 @end group | |
1342 | |
1343 @group | |
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1344 % ls -li fo* |
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1345 81908 -rw-rw-rw- 3 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo |
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1346 81908 -rw-rw-rw- 3 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo2 |
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1347 81908 -rw-rw-rw- 3 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo3 |
6555 | 1348 @end group |
1349 @end example | |
1350 | |
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1351 This function is meaningless on operating systems where multiple names |
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1352 for one file are not allowed. Some systems implement multiple names |
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1353 by copying the file instead. |
6555 | 1354 |
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1355 See also @code{file-nlinks} in @ref{File Attributes}. |
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1356 @end deffn |
6555 | 1357 |
1358 @deffn Command rename-file filename newname &optional ok-if-already-exists | |
1359 This command renames the file @var{filename} as @var{newname}. | |
1360 | |
1361 If @var{filename} has additional names aside from @var{filename}, it | |
1362 continues to have those names. In fact, adding the name @var{newname} | |
1363 with @code{add-name-to-file} and then deleting @var{filename} has the | |
1364 same effect as renaming, aside from momentary intermediate states. | |
1365 @end deffn | |
1366 | |
61759
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(Changing Files): Document MUSTBENEW arg in copy-file.
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1367 @deffn Command copy-file oldname newname &optional ok-if-exists time mustbenew |
6555 | 1368 This command copies the file @var{oldname} to @var{newname}. An |
51913
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(Changing Files): copy-file allows dir as NEWNAME.
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1369 error is signaled if @var{oldname} does not exist. If @var{newname} |
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1370 names a directory, it copies @var{oldname} into that directory, |
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(Changing Files): copy-file allows dir as NEWNAME.
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|
1371 preserving its final name component. |
6555 | 1372 |
22138
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1373 If @var{time} is non-@code{nil}, then this function gives the new file |
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1374 the same last-modified time that the old one has. (This works on only |
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1375 some operating systems.) If setting the time gets an error, |
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1376 @code{copy-file} signals a @code{file-date-error} error. |
6555 | 1377 |
51558
5a85c7c1d3ab
(Changing Files): copy-file copies file modes, too.
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|
1378 This function copies the file modes, too. |
5a85c7c1d3ab
(Changing Files): copy-file copies file modes, too.
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|
1379 |
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1380 In an interactive call, a prefix argument specifies a non-@code{nil} |
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1381 value for @var{time}. |
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1382 |
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|
1383 The argument @var{mustbenew} controls whether an existing file can be |
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(Changing Files): Document MUSTBENEW arg in copy-file.
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|
1384 overwritten. It works like the similarly-named argument of |
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(Changing Files): Fix last change's cross-reference.
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|
1385 @code{write-region} (@pxref{Writing to Files, mustbenew}). |
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1386 @end deffn |
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1387 |
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1388 @deffn Command make-symbolic-link filename newname &optional ok-if-exists |
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|
1389 @pindex ln |
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1390 @kindex file-already-exists |
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1391 This command makes a symbolic link to @var{filename}, named |
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1392 @var{newname}. This is like the shell command @samp{ln -s |
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1393 @var{filename} @var{newname}}. |
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1394 |
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1395 This function is not available on systems that don't support symbolic |
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|
1396 links. |
6555 | 1397 @end deffn |
1398 | |
1399 @deffn Command delete-file filename | |
1400 @pindex rm | |
1401 This command deletes the file @var{filename}, like the shell command | |
1402 @samp{rm @var{filename}}. If the file has multiple names, it continues | |
1403 to exist under the other names. | |
1404 | |
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|
1405 A suitable kind of @code{file-error} error is signaled if the file does |
ef5e7bbe6f19
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|
1406 not exist, or is not deletable. (On Unix and GNU/Linux, a file is |
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|
1407 deletable if its directory is writable.) |
6555 | 1408 |
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1409 If @var{filename} is a symbolic link, @code{delete-file} does not |
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1410 replace it with its target, but it does follow symbolic links at all |
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1411 levels of parent directories. |
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|
1412 |
6555 | 1413 See also @code{delete-directory} in @ref{Create/Delete Dirs}. |
1414 @end deffn | |
1415 | |
1416 @defun define-logical-name varname string | |
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|
1417 This function defines the logical name @var{varname} to have the value |
6555 | 1418 @var{string}. It is available only on VMS. |
1419 @end defun | |
1420 | |
1421 @defun set-file-modes filename mode | |
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1422 This function sets mode bits of @var{filename} to @var{mode} (which |
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1423 must be an integer). Only the low 12 bits of @var{mode} are used. |
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|
1424 This function recursively follows symbolic links at all levels for |
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|
1425 @var{filename}. |
6555 | 1426 @end defun |
1427 | |
1428 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1429 @defun set-default-file-modes mode | |
47514
e0d6f0b369d1
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Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
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46956
diff
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|
1430 @cindex umask |
6555 | 1431 This function sets the default file protection for new files created by |
1432 Emacs and its subprocesses. Every file created with Emacs initially has | |
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|
1433 this protection, or a subset of it (@code{write-region} will not give a |
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|
1434 file execute permission even if the default file protection allows |
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|
1435 execute permission). On Unix and GNU/Linux, the default protection is |
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1436 the bitwise complement of the ``umask'' value. |
6555 | 1437 |
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1438 The argument @var{mode} must be an integer. On most systems, only the |
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1439 low 9 bits of @var{mode} are meaningful. You can use the Lisp construct |
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1440 for octal character codes to enter @var{mode}; for example, |
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1441 |
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1442 @example |
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1443 (set-default-file-modes ?\644) |
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1444 @end example |
6555 | 1445 |
1446 Saving a modified version of an existing file does not count as creating | |
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1447 the file; it preserves the existing file's mode, whatever that is. So |
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1448 the default file protection has no effect. |
6555 | 1449 @end defun |
1450 | |
1451 @defun default-file-modes | |
1452 This function returns the current default protection value. | |
1453 @end defun | |
1454 | |
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1455 @defun set-file-times filename &optional time |
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1456 This function sets the access and modification times of @var{filename} |
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1457 to @var{time}. The return value is @code{t} if the times are successfully |
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1458 set, otherwise it is @code{nil}. @var{time} defaults to the current |
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1459 time and must be in the format returned by @code{current-time} |
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1460 (@pxref{Time of Day}). |
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1461 @end defun |
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1462 |
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1463 @cindex MS-DOS and file modes |
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1464 @cindex file modes and MS-DOS |
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1465 On MS-DOS, there is no such thing as an ``executable'' file mode bit. |
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1466 So Emacs considers a file executable if its name ends in one of the |
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1467 standard executable extensions, such as @file{.com}, @file{.bat}, |
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1468 @file{.exe}, and some others. Files that begin with the Unix-standard |
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1469 @samp{#!} signature, such as shell and Perl scripts, are also considered |
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1470 as executable files. This is reflected in the values returned by |
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1471 @code{file-modes} and @code{file-attributes}. Directories are also |
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1472 reported with executable bit set, for compatibility with Unix. |
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1473 |
6555 | 1474 @node File Names |
1475 @section File Names | |
1476 @cindex file names | |
1477 | |
1478 Files are generally referred to by their names, in Emacs as elsewhere. | |
1479 File names in Emacs are represented as strings. The functions that | |
1480 operate on a file all expect a file name argument. | |
1481 | |
1482 In addition to operating on files themselves, Emacs Lisp programs | |
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1483 often need to operate on file names; i.e., to take them apart and to use |
6555 | 1484 part of a name to construct related file names. This section describes |
1485 how to manipulate file names. | |
1486 | |
1487 The functions in this section do not actually access files, so they | |
1488 can operate on file names that do not refer to an existing file or | |
1489 directory. | |
1490 | |
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1491 On MS-DOS and MS-Windows, these functions (like the function that |
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1492 actually operate on files) accept MS-DOS or MS-Windows file-name syntax, |
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1493 where backslashes separate the components, as well as Unix syntax; but |
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1494 they always return Unix syntax. On VMS, these functions (and the ones |
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1495 that operate on files) understand both VMS file-name syntax and Unix |
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1496 syntax. This enables Lisp programs to specify file names in Unix syntax |
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1497 and work properly on all systems without change. |
6555 | 1498 |
1499 @menu | |
1500 * File Name Components:: The directory part of a file name, and the rest. | |
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1501 * Relative File Names:: Some file names are relative to a current directory. |
6555 | 1502 * Directory Names:: A directory's name as a directory |
1503 is different from its name as a file. | |
1504 * File Name Expansion:: Converting relative file names to absolute ones. | |
1505 * Unique File Names:: Generating names for temporary files. | |
1506 * File Name Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name. | |
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1507 * Standard File Names:: If your package uses a fixed file name, |
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1508 how to handle various operating systems simply. |
6555 | 1509 @end menu |
1510 | |
1511 @node File Name Components | |
1512 @subsection File Name Components | |
1513 @cindex directory part (of file name) | |
1514 @cindex nondirectory part (of file name) | |
1515 @cindex version number (in file name) | |
1516 | |
1517 The operating system groups files into directories. To specify a | |
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1518 file, you must specify the directory and the file's name within that |
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1519 directory. Therefore, Emacs considers a file name as having two main |
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1520 parts: the @dfn{directory name} part, and the @dfn{nondirectory} part |
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1521 (or @dfn{file name within the directory}). Either part may be empty. |
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1522 Concatenating these two parts reproduces the original file name. |
6555 | 1523 |
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1524 On most systems, the directory part is everything up to and including |
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1525 the last slash (backslash is also allowed in input on MS-DOS or |
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1526 MS-Windows); the nondirectory part is the rest. The rules in VMS syntax |
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1527 are complicated. |
6555 | 1528 |
1529 For some purposes, the nondirectory part is further subdivided into | |
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1530 the name proper and the @dfn{version number}. On most systems, only |
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1531 backup files have version numbers in their names. On VMS, every file |
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1532 has a version number, but most of the time the file name actually used |
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1533 in Emacs omits the version number, so that version numbers in Emacs are |
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1534 found mostly in directory lists. |
6555 | 1535 |
1536 @defun file-name-directory filename | |
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1537 This function returns the directory part of @var{filename}, as a |
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1538 directory name (@pxref{Directory Names}), or @code{nil} if |
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1539 @var{filename} does not include a directory part. |
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1540 |
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1541 On GNU and Unix systems, a string returned by this function always |
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1542 ends in a slash. On MSDOS it can also end in a colon. On VMS, it |
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1543 returns a string ending in one of the three characters @samp{:}, |
6555 | 1544 @samp{]}, or @samp{>}. |
1545 | |
1546 @example | |
1547 @group | |
1548 (file-name-directory "lewis/foo") ; @r{Unix example} | |
1549 @result{} "lewis/" | |
1550 @end group | |
1551 @group | |
1552 (file-name-directory "foo") ; @r{Unix example} | |
1553 @result{} nil | |
1554 @end group | |
1555 @group | |
1556 (file-name-directory "[X]FOO.TMP") ; @r{VMS example} | |
1557 @result{} "[X]" | |
1558 @end group | |
1559 @end example | |
1560 @end defun | |
1561 | |
1562 @defun file-name-nondirectory filename | |
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1563 This function returns the nondirectory part of @var{filename}. |
6555 | 1564 |
1565 @example | |
1566 @group | |
1567 (file-name-nondirectory "lewis/foo") | |
1568 @result{} "foo" | |
1569 @end group | |
1570 @group | |
1571 (file-name-nondirectory "foo") | |
1572 @result{} "foo" | |
1573 @end group | |
1574 @group | |
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1575 (file-name-nondirectory "lewis/") |
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1576 @result{} "" |
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1577 @end group |
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1578 @group |
6555 | 1579 ;; @r{The following example is accurate only on VMS.} |
1580 (file-name-nondirectory "[X]FOO.TMP") | |
1581 @result{} "FOO.TMP" | |
1582 @end group | |
1583 @end example | |
1584 @end defun | |
1585 | |
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1586 @defun file-name-sans-versions filename &optional keep-backup-version |
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1587 This function returns @var{filename} with any file version numbers, |
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1588 backup version numbers, or trailing tildes discarded. |
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1589 |
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1590 If @var{keep-backup-version} is non-@code{nil}, then true file version |
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1591 numbers understood as such by the file system are discarded from the |
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1592 return value, but backup version numbers are kept. |
6555 | 1593 |
1594 @example | |
1595 @group | |
1596 (file-name-sans-versions "~rms/foo.~1~") | |
1597 @result{} "~rms/foo" | |
1598 @end group | |
1599 @group | |
1600 (file-name-sans-versions "~rms/foo~") | |
1601 @result{} "~rms/foo" | |
1602 @end group | |
1603 @group | |
1604 (file-name-sans-versions "~rms/foo") | |
1605 @result{} "~rms/foo" | |
1606 @end group | |
1607 @group | |
1608 ;; @r{The following example applies to VMS only.} | |
1609 (file-name-sans-versions "foo;23") | |
1610 @result{} "foo" | |
1611 @end group | |
1612 @end example | |
1613 @end defun | |
1614 | |
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1615 @defun file-name-extension filename &optional period |
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1616 This function returns @var{filename}'s final ``extension'', if any, |
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1617 after applying @code{file-name-sans-versions} to remove any |
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1618 version/backup part. The extension, in a file name, is the part that |
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1619 starts with the last @samp{.} in the last name component (minus |
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1620 any version/backup part). |
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1621 |
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1622 This function returns @code{nil} for extensionless file names such as |
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1623 @file{foo}. It returns @code{""} for null extensions, as in |
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1624 @file{foo.}. If the last component of a file name begins with a |
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1625 @samp{.}, that @samp{.} doesn't count as the beginning of an |
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1626 extension. Thus, @file{.emacs}'s ``extension'' is @code{nil}, not |
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1627 @samp{.emacs}. |
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1628 |
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1629 If @var{period} is non-@code{nil}, then the returned value includes |
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1630 the period that delimits the extension, and if @var{filename} has no |
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1631 extension, the value is @code{""}. |
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1632 @end defun |
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1633 |
12067 | 1634 @defun file-name-sans-extension filename |
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1635 This function returns @var{filename} minus its extension, if any. The |
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1636 version/backup part, if present, is only removed if the file has an |
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1637 extension. For example, |
12098 | 1638 |
1639 @example | |
1640 (file-name-sans-extension "foo.lose.c") | |
1641 @result{} "foo.lose" | |
1642 (file-name-sans-extension "big.hack/foo") | |
1643 @result{} "big.hack/foo" | |
40188
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1644 (file-name-sans-extension "/my/home/.emacs") |
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From Michael Albinus.
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|
1645 @result{} "/my/home/.emacs" |
40188
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|
1646 (file-name-sans-extension "/my/home/.emacs.el") |
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|
1647 @result{} "/my/home/.emacs" |
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1648 (file-name-sans-extension "~/foo.el.~3~") |
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1649 @result{} "~/foo" |
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1650 (file-name-sans-extension "~/foo.~3~") |
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1651 @result{} "~/foo.~3~" |
12098 | 1652 @end example |
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1653 |
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|
1654 Note that the @samp{.~3~} in the two last examples is the backup part, |
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1655 not an extension. |
12067 | 1656 @end defun |
1657 | |
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1658 @ignore |
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1659 Andrew Innes says that this |
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1660 |
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1661 @c @defvar directory-sep-char |
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1662 @c @tindex directory-sep-char |
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1663 This variable holds the character that Emacs normally uses to separate |
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1664 file name components. The default value is @code{?/}, but on MS-Windows |
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1665 you can set it to @code{?\\}; then the functions that transform file names |
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1666 use backslashes in their output. |
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1667 |
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1668 File names using backslashes work as input to Lisp primitives even on |
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1669 MS-DOS and MS-Windows, even if @code{directory-sep-char} has its default |
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1670 value of @code{?/}. |
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1671 @end defvar |
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1672 @end ignore |
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1673 |
6555 | 1674 @node Relative File Names |
1675 @subsection Absolute and Relative File Names | |
1676 @cindex absolute file name | |
1677 @cindex relative file name | |
1678 | |
1679 All the directories in the file system form a tree starting at the | |
1680 root directory. A file name can specify all the directory names | |
1681 starting from the root of the tree; then it is called an @dfn{absolute} | |
1682 file name. Or it can specify the position of the file in the tree | |
26696
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1683 relative to a default directory; then it is called a @dfn{relative} file |
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1684 name. On Unix and GNU/Linux, an absolute file name starts with a slash |
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1685 or a tilde (@samp{~}), and a relative one does not. On MS-DOS and |
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1686 MS-Windows, an absolute file name starts with a slash or a backslash, or |
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1687 with a drive specification @samp{@var{x}:/}, where @var{x} is the |
26696
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1688 @dfn{drive letter}. The rules on VMS are complicated. |
6555 | 1689 |
1690 @defun file-name-absolute-p filename | |
1691 This function returns @code{t} if file @var{filename} is an absolute | |
1692 file name, @code{nil} otherwise. On VMS, this function understands both | |
1693 Unix syntax and VMS syntax. | |
1694 | |
1695 @example | |
1696 @group | |
1697 (file-name-absolute-p "~rms/foo") | |
1698 @result{} t | |
1699 @end group | |
1700 @group | |
1701 (file-name-absolute-p "rms/foo") | |
1702 @result{} nil | |
1703 @end group | |
1704 @group | |
1705 (file-name-absolute-p "/user/rms/foo") | |
1706 @result{} t | |
1707 @end group | |
1708 @end example | |
1709 @end defun | |
1710 | |
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1711 @node Directory Names |
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1712 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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1713 @subsection Directory Names |
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1714 @cindex directory name |
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1715 @cindex file name of directory |
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1716 |
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1717 A @dfn{directory name} is the name of a directory. A directory is |
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1718 actually a kind of file, so it has a file name, which is related to |
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1719 the directory name but not identical to it. (This is not quite the |
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1720 same as the usual Unix terminology.) These two different names for |
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1721 the same entity are related by a syntactic transformation. On GNU and |
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1722 Unix systems, this is simple: a directory name ends in a slash, |
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1723 whereas the directory's name as a file lacks that slash. On MSDOS and |
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1724 VMS, the relationship is more complicated. |
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1725 |
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1726 The difference between a directory name and its name as a file is |
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1727 subtle but crucial. When an Emacs variable or function argument is |
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1728 described as being a directory name, a file name of a directory is not |
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1729 acceptable. When @code{file-name-directory} returns a string, that is |
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1730 always a directory name. |
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1731 |
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1732 The following two functions convert between directory names and file |
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1733 names. They do nothing special with environment variable substitutions |
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1734 such as @samp{$HOME}, and the constructs @samp{~}, @samp{.} and @samp{..}. |
46956
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1735 |
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1736 @defun file-name-as-directory filename |
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1737 This function returns a string representing @var{filename} in a form |
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1738 that the operating system will interpret as the name of a directory. On |
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1739 most systems, this means appending a slash to the string (if it does not |
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1740 already end in one). On VMS, the function converts a string of the form |
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1741 @file{[X]Y.DIR.1} to the form @file{[X.Y]}. |
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1742 |
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1743 @example |
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1744 @group |
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1745 (file-name-as-directory "~rms/lewis") |
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1746 @result{} "~rms/lewis/" |
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1747 @end group |
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1748 @end example |
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1749 @end defun |
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1750 |
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1751 @defun directory-file-name dirname |
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1752 This function returns a string representing @var{dirname} in a form that |
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1753 the operating system will interpret as the name of a file. On most |
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1754 systems, this means removing the final slash (or backslash) from the |
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1755 string. On VMS, the function converts a string of the form @file{[X.Y]} |
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1756 to @file{[X]Y.DIR.1}. |
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1757 |
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1758 @example |
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1759 @group |
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1760 (directory-file-name "~lewis/") |
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1761 @result{} "~lewis" |
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1762 @end group |
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1763 @end example |
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1764 @end defun |
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1765 |
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1766 Given a directory name, you can combine it with a relative file name |
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1767 using @code{concat}: |
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1768 |
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1769 @example |
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1770 (concat @var{dirname} @var{relfile}) |
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1771 @end example |
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1772 |
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1773 @noindent |
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1774 Be sure to verify that the file name is relative before doing that. |
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1775 If you use an absolute file name, the results could be syntactically |
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1776 invalid or refer to the wrong file. |
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1777 |
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1778 If you want to use a directory file name in making such a |
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1779 combination, you must first convert it to a directory name using |
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1780 @code{file-name-as-directory}: |
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1781 |
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1782 @example |
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1783 (concat (file-name-as-directory @var{dirfile}) @var{relfile}) |
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1784 @end example |
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1785 |
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1786 @noindent |
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1787 Don't try concatenating a slash by hand, as in |
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1788 |
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1789 @example |
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1790 ;;; @r{Wrong!} |
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1791 (concat @var{dirfile} "/" @var{relfile}) |
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1792 @end example |
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1793 |
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1794 @noindent |
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1795 because this is not portable. Always use |
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1796 @code{file-name-as-directory}. |
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1797 |
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1798 @cindex directory name abbreviation |
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1799 Directory name abbreviations are useful for directories that are |
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1800 normally accessed through symbolic links. Sometimes the users recognize |
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1801 primarily the link's name as ``the name'' of the directory, and find it |
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1802 annoying to see the directory's ``real'' name. If you define the link |
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1803 name as an abbreviation for the ``real'' name, Emacs shows users the |
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1804 abbreviation instead. |
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1805 |
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1806 @defvar directory-abbrev-alist |
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1807 The variable @code{directory-abbrev-alist} contains an alist of |
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1808 abbreviations to use for file directories. Each element has the form |
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1809 @code{(@var{from} . @var{to})}, and says to replace @var{from} with |
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1810 @var{to} when it appears in a directory name. The @var{from} string is |
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1811 actually a regular expression; it should always start with @samp{^}. |
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1812 The @var{to} string should be an ordinary absolute directory name. Do |
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1813 not use @samp{~} to stand for a home directory in that string. The |
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1814 function @code{abbreviate-file-name} performs these substitutions. |
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1815 |
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1816 You can set this variable in @file{site-init.el} to describe the |
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1817 abbreviations appropriate for your site. |
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1818 |
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1819 Here's an example, from a system on which file system @file{/home/fsf} |
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1820 and so on are normally accessed through symbolic links named @file{/fsf} |
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1821 and so on. |
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1822 |
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1823 @example |
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1824 (("^/home/fsf" . "/fsf") |
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1825 ("^/home/gp" . "/gp") |
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1826 ("^/home/gd" . "/gd")) |
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1827 @end example |
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1828 @end defvar |
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1829 |
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1830 To convert a directory name to its abbreviation, use this |
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1831 function: |
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1832 |
56215 | 1833 @defun abbreviate-file-name filename |
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1834 @anchor{Definition of abbreviate-file-name} |
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1835 This function applies abbreviations from @code{directory-abbrev-alist} |
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1836 to its argument, and substitutes @samp{~} for the user's home |
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1837 directory. You can use it for directory names and for file names, |
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1838 because it recognizes abbreviations even as part of the name. |
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1839 @end defun |
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1840 |
6555 | 1841 @node File Name Expansion |
1842 @subsection Functions that Expand Filenames | |
1843 @cindex expansion of file names | |
1844 | |
1845 @dfn{Expansion} of a file name means converting a relative file name | |
1846 to an absolute one. Since this is done relative to a default directory, | |
1847 you must specify the default directory name as well as the file name to | |
1848 be expanded. Expansion also simplifies file names by eliminating | |
1849 redundancies such as @file{./} and @file{@var{name}/../}. | |
1850 | |
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1851 In the next two functions, the @var{directory} argument can be either |
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1852 a directory name or a directory file name. @xref{Directory Names}. |
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1853 |
6555 | 1854 @defun expand-file-name filename &optional directory |
1855 This function converts @var{filename} to an absolute file name. If | |
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1856 @var{directory} is supplied, it is the default directory to start with |
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1857 if @var{filename} is relative. (The value of @var{directory} should |
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1858 itself be an absolute directory name; it may start with @samp{~}.) |
6555 | 1859 Otherwise, the current buffer's value of @code{default-directory} is |
1860 used. For example: | |
1861 | |
1862 @example | |
1863 @group | |
1864 (expand-file-name "foo") | |
1865 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/lewis/foo" | |
1866 @end group | |
1867 @group | |
1868 (expand-file-name "../foo") | |
1869 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/foo" | |
1870 @end group | |
1871 @group | |
1872 (expand-file-name "foo" "/usr/spool/") | |
1873 @result{} "/usr/spool/foo" | |
1874 @end group | |
1875 @group | |
1876 (expand-file-name "$HOME/foo") | |
1877 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/lewis/$HOME/foo" | |
1878 @end group | |
1879 @end example | |
1880 | |
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1881 If the part of the combined file name before the first slash is |
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1882 @samp{~}, it expands to the value of the @env{HOME} environment |
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1883 variable (usually your home directory). If the part before the first |
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1884 slash is @samp{~@var{user}} and if @var{user} is a valid login name, |
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1885 it expands to @var{user}'s home directory. |
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1886 |
6555 | 1887 Filenames containing @samp{.} or @samp{..} are simplified to their |
1888 canonical form: | |
1889 | |
1890 @example | |
1891 @group | |
1892 (expand-file-name "bar/../foo") | |
1893 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/lewis/foo" | |
1894 @end group | |
1895 @end example | |
1896 | |
1897 Note that @code{expand-file-name} does @emph{not} expand environment | |
1898 variables; only @code{substitute-in-file-name} does that. | |
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1899 |
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1900 Note also that @code{expand-file-name} does not follow symbolic links |
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1901 at any level. This results in a difference between the way |
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1902 @code{file-truename} and @code{expand-file-name} treat @samp{..}. |
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1903 Assuming that @samp{/tmp/bar} is a symbolic link to the directory |
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1904 @samp{/tmp/foo/bar} we get: |
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1905 |
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1906 @example |
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1907 @group |
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1908 (file-truename "/tmp/bar/../myfile") |
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1909 @result{} "/tmp/foo/myfile" |
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1910 @end group |
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1911 @group |
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1912 (expand-file-name "/tmp/bar/../myfile") |
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1913 @result{} "/tmp/myfile" |
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1914 @end group |
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1915 @end example |
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1916 |
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1917 If you may need to follow symbolic links preceding @samp{..}, you |
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1918 should make sure to call @code{file-truename} without prior direct or |
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1919 indirect calls to @code{expand-file-name}. @xref{Truenames}. |
6555 | 1920 @end defun |
1921 | |
1922 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
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1923 @defun file-relative-name filename &optional directory |
6555 | 1924 This function does the inverse of expansion---it tries to return a |
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1925 relative name that is equivalent to @var{filename} when interpreted |
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1926 relative to @var{directory}. If @var{directory} is omitted or |
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1927 @code{nil}, it defaults to the current buffer's default directory. |
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1928 |
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1929 On some operating systems, an absolute file name begins with a device |
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1930 name. On such systems, @var{filename} has no relative equivalent based |
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1931 on @var{directory} if they start with two different device names. In |
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1932 this case, @code{file-relative-name} returns @var{filename} in absolute |
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1933 form. |
6555 | 1934 |
1935 @example | |
1936 (file-relative-name "/foo/bar" "/foo/") | |
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1937 @result{} "bar" |
6555 | 1938 (file-relative-name "/foo/bar" "/hack/") |
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1939 @result{} "../foo/bar" |
6555 | 1940 @end example |
1941 @end defun | |
1942 | |
1943 @defvar default-directory | |
1944 The value of this buffer-local variable is the default directory for the | |
1945 current buffer. It should be an absolute directory name; it may start | |
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1946 with @samp{~}. This variable is buffer-local in every buffer. |
6555 | 1947 |
1948 @code{expand-file-name} uses the default directory when its second | |
1949 argument is @code{nil}. | |
1950 | |
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1951 Aside from VMS, the value is always a string ending with a slash. |
6555 | 1952 |
1953 @example | |
1954 @group | |
1955 default-directory | |
1956 @result{} "/user/lewis/manual/" | |
1957 @end group | |
1958 @end example | |
1959 @end defvar | |
1960 | |
56215 | 1961 @defun substitute-in-file-name filename |
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1962 @anchor{Definition of substitute-in-file-name} |
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1963 This function replaces environment variable references in |
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1964 @var{filename} with the environment variable values. Following |
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1965 standard Unix shell syntax, @samp{$} is the prefix to substitute an |
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1966 environment variable value. If the input contains @samp{$$}, that is |
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1967 converted to @samp{$}; this gives the user a way to ``quote'' a |
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1968 @samp{$}. |
6555 | 1969 |
1970 The environment variable name is the series of alphanumeric characters | |
1971 (including underscores) that follow the @samp{$}. If the character following | |
1972 the @samp{$} is a @samp{@{}, then the variable name is everything up to the | |
1973 matching @samp{@}}. | |
1974 | |
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1975 Calling @code{substitute-in-file-name} on output produced by |
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1976 @code{substitute-in-file-name} tends to give incorrect results. For |
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|
1977 instance, use of @samp{$$} to quote a single @samp{$} won't work |
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1978 properly, and @samp{$} in an environment variable's value could lead |
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|
1979 to repeated substitution. Therefore, programs that call this function |
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1980 and put the output where it will be passed to this function need to |
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1981 double all @samp{$} characters to prevent subsequent incorrect |
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|
1982 results. |
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1983 |
6555 | 1984 @c Wordy to avoid overfull hbox. --rjc 15mar92 |
1985 Here we assume that the environment variable @code{HOME}, which holds | |
1986 the user's home directory name, has value @samp{/xcssun/users/rms}. | |
1987 | |
1988 @example | |
1989 @group | |
1990 (substitute-in-file-name "$HOME/foo") | |
1991 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/foo" | |
1992 @end group | |
1993 @end example | |
1994 | |
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1995 After substitution, if a @samp{~} or a @samp{/} appears immediately |
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1996 after another @samp{/}, the function discards everything before it (up |
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|
1997 through the immediately preceding @samp{/}). |
6555 | 1998 |
1999 @example | |
2000 @group | |
2001 (substitute-in-file-name "bar/~/foo") | |
2002 @result{} "~/foo" | |
2003 @end group | |
2004 @group | |
2005 (substitute-in-file-name "/usr/local/$HOME/foo") | |
2006 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/foo" | |
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2007 ;; @r{@file{/usr/local/} has been discarded.} |
6555 | 2008 @end group |
2009 @end example | |
2010 | |
2011 On VMS, @samp{$} substitution is not done, so this function does nothing | |
2012 on VMS except discard superfluous initial components as shown above. | |
2013 @end defun | |
2014 | |
2015 @node Unique File Names | |
2016 @subsection Generating Unique File Names | |
2017 | |
2018 Some programs need to write temporary files. Here is the usual way to | |
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2019 construct a name for such a file: |
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2020 |
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2021 @example |
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2022 (make-temp-file @var{name-of-application}) |
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2023 @end example |
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2024 |
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2025 @noindent |
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2026 The job of @code{make-temp-file} is to prevent two different users or |
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2027 two different jobs from trying to use the exact same file name. |
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|
2028 |
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2029 @defun make-temp-file prefix &optional dir-flag suffix |
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2030 @tindex make-temp-file |
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|
2031 This function creates a temporary file and returns its name. Emacs |
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|
2032 creates the temporary file's name by adding to @var{prefix} some |
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|
2033 random characters that are different in each Emacs job. The result is |
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|
2034 guaranteed to be a newly created empty file. On MS-DOS, this function |
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|
2035 can truncate the @var{string} prefix to fit into the 8+3 file-name |
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|
2036 limits. If @var{prefix} is a relative file name, it is expanded |
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|
2037 against @code{temporary-file-directory}. |
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2038 |
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|
2039 @example |
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2040 @group |
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2041 (make-temp-file "foo") |
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2042 @result{} "/tmp/foo232J6v" |
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2043 @end group |
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2044 @end example |
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2045 |
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2046 When @code{make-temp-file} returns, the file has been created and is |
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2047 empty. At that point, you should write the intended contents into the |
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|
2048 file. |
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|
2049 |
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|
2050 If @var{dir-flag} is non-@code{nil}, @code{make-temp-file} creates an |
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|
2051 empty directory instead of an empty file. It returns the file name, |
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|
2052 not the directory name, of that directory. @xref{Directory Names}. |
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|
2053 |
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|
2054 If @var{suffix} is non-@code{nil}, @code{make-temp-file} adds it at |
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|
2055 the end of the file name. |
25751
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|
2056 |
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|
2057 To prevent conflicts among different libraries running in the same |
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|
2058 Emacs, each Lisp program that uses @code{make-temp-file} should have its |
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2059 own @var{prefix}. The number added to the end of @var{prefix} |
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|
2060 distinguishes between the same application running in different Emacs |
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|
2061 jobs. Additional added characters permit a large number of distinct |
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|
2062 names even in one Emacs job. |
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|
2063 @end defun |
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|
2064 |
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|
2065 The default directory for temporary files is controlled by the |
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|
2066 variable @code{temporary-file-directory}. This variable gives the user |
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2067 a uniform way to specify the directory for all temporary files. Some |
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2068 programs use @code{small-temporary-file-directory} instead, if that is |
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2069 non-@code{nil}. To use it, you should expand the prefix against |
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|
2070 the proper directory before calling @code{make-temp-file}. |
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|
2071 |
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|
2072 In older Emacs versions where @code{make-temp-file} does not exist, |
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|
2073 you should use @code{make-temp-name} instead: |
6555 | 2074 |
2075 @example | |
21007
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2076 (make-temp-name |
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2077 (expand-file-name @var{name-of-application} |
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2078 temporary-file-directory)) |
6555 | 2079 @end example |
2080 | |
2081 @defun make-temp-name string | |
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|
2082 This function generates a string that can be used as a unique file |
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|
2083 name. The name starts with @var{string}, and has several random |
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|
2084 characters appended to it, which are different in each Emacs job. It |
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|
2085 is like @code{make-temp-file} except that it just constructs a name, |
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|
2086 and does not create a file. Another difference is that @var{string} |
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|
2087 should be an absolute file name. On MS-DOS, this function can |
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|
2088 truncate the @var{string} prefix to fit into the 8+3 file-name limits. |
6555 | 2089 @end defun |
2090 | |
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2091 @defvar temporary-file-directory |
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2092 @cindex @code{TMPDIR} environment variable |
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2093 @cindex @code{TMP} environment variable |
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2094 @cindex @code{TEMP} environment variable |
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|
2095 This variable specifies the directory name for creating temporary files. |
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|
2096 Its value should be a directory name (@pxref{Directory Names}), but it |
22271
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2097 is good for Lisp programs to cope if the value is a directory's file |
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2098 name instead. Using the value as the second argument to |
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2099 @code{expand-file-name} is a good way to achieve that. |
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2100 |
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|
2101 The default value is determined in a reasonable way for your operating |
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2102 system; it is based on the @code{TMPDIR}, @code{TMP} and @code{TEMP} |
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2103 environment variables, with a fall-back to a system-dependent name if |
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2104 none of these variables is defined. |
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2105 |
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|
2106 Even if you do not use @code{make-temp-file} to create the temporary |
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|
2107 file, you should still use this variable to decide which directory to |
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|
2108 put the file in. However, if you expect the file to be small, you |
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|
2109 should use @code{small-temporary-file-directory} first if that is |
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|
2110 non-@code{nil}. |
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|
2111 @end defvar |
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2112 |
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2113 @tindex small-temporary-file-directory |
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|
2114 @defvar small-temporary-file-directory |
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(Writing to Files): Get rid of "Emacs 21".
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|
2115 This variable specifies the directory name for |
25751
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2116 creating certain temporary files, which are likely to be small. |
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2117 |
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|
2118 If you want to write a temporary file which is likely to be small, you |
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|
2119 should compute the directory like this: |
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2120 |
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|
2121 @example |
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2122 (make-temp-file |
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2123 (expand-file-name @var{prefix} |
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2124 (or small-temporary-file-directory |
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2125 temporary-file-directory))) |
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2126 @end example |
22138
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2127 @end defvar |
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2128 |
6555 | 2129 @node File Name Completion |
2130 @subsection File Name Completion | |
2131 @cindex file name completion subroutines | |
2132 @cindex completion, file name | |
2133 | |
2134 This section describes low-level subroutines for completing a file | |
2135 name. For other completion functions, see @ref{Completion}. | |
2136 | |
2137 @defun file-name-all-completions partial-filename directory | |
2138 This function returns a list of all possible completions for a file | |
2139 whose name starts with @var{partial-filename} in directory | |
2140 @var{directory}. The order of the completions is the order of the files | |
2141 in the directory, which is unpredictable and conveys no useful | |
2142 information. | |
2143 | |
2144 The argument @var{partial-filename} must be a file name containing no | |
28635
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2145 directory part and no slash (or backslash on some systems). The current |
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2146 buffer's default directory is prepended to @var{directory}, if |
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2147 @var{directory} is not absolute. |
6555 | 2148 |
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2149 In the following example, suppose that @file{~rms/lewis} is the current |
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2150 default directory, and has five files whose names begin with @samp{f}: |
6555 | 2151 @file{foo}, @file{file~}, @file{file.c}, @file{file.c.~1~}, and |
2152 @file{file.c.~2~}.@refill | |
2153 | |
2154 @example | |
2155 @group | |
2156 (file-name-all-completions "f" "") | |
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2157 @result{} ("foo" "file~" "file.c.~2~" |
6555 | 2158 "file.c.~1~" "file.c") |
2159 @end group | |
2160 | |
2161 @group | |
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2162 (file-name-all-completions "fo" "") |
6555 | 2163 @result{} ("foo") |
2164 @end group | |
2165 @end example | |
2166 @end defun | |
2167 | |
2168 @defun file-name-completion filename directory | |
2169 This function completes the file name @var{filename} in directory | |
2170 @var{directory}. It returns the longest prefix common to all file names | |
2171 in directory @var{directory} that start with @var{filename}. | |
2172 | |
2173 If only one match exists and @var{filename} matches it exactly, the | |
2174 function returns @code{t}. The function returns @code{nil} if directory | |
2175 @var{directory} contains no name starting with @var{filename}. | |
2176 | |
2177 In the following example, suppose that the current default directory | |
2178 has five files whose names begin with @samp{f}: @file{foo}, | |
2179 @file{file~}, @file{file.c}, @file{file.c.~1~}, and | |
2180 @file{file.c.~2~}.@refill | |
2181 | |
2182 @example | |
2183 @group | |
2184 (file-name-completion "fi" "") | |
2185 @result{} "file" | |
2186 @end group | |
2187 | |
2188 @group | |
2189 (file-name-completion "file.c.~1" "") | |
2190 @result{} "file.c.~1~" | |
2191 @end group | |
2192 | |
2193 @group | |
2194 (file-name-completion "file.c.~1~" "") | |
2195 @result{} t | |
2196 @end group | |
2197 | |
2198 @group | |
2199 (file-name-completion "file.c.~3" "") | |
2200 @result{} nil | |
2201 @end group | |
2202 @end example | |
2203 @end defun | |
2204 | |
2205 @defopt completion-ignored-extensions | |
2206 @code{file-name-completion} usually ignores file names that end in any | |
2207 string in this list. It does not ignore them when all the possible | |
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2208 completions end in one of these suffixes. This variable has no effect |
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2209 on @code{file-name-all-completions}.@refill |
6555 | 2210 |
2211 A typical value might look like this: | |
2212 | |
2213 @example | |
2214 @group | |
2215 completion-ignored-extensions | |
2216 @result{} (".o" ".elc" "~" ".dvi") | |
2217 @end group | |
2218 @end example | |
39883
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(File Name Completion): Document the significance of
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2219 |
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|
2220 If an element of @code{completion-ignored-extensions} ends in a slash |
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(File Name Completion): Document the significance of
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|
2221 @samp{/}, it signals a directory. The elements which do @emph{not} end |
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|
2222 in a slash will never match a directory; thus, the above value will not |
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|
2223 filter out a directory named @file{foo.elc}. |
6555 | 2224 @end defopt |
2225 | |
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2226 @node Standard File Names |
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|
2227 @subsection Standard File Names |
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|
2228 |
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|
2229 Most of the file names used in Lisp programs are entered by the user. |
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2230 But occasionally a Lisp program needs to specify a standard file name |
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2231 for a particular use---typically, to hold customization information |
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2232 about each user. For example, abbrev definitions are stored (by |
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2233 default) in the file @file{~/.abbrev_defs}; the @code{completion} |
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|
2234 package stores completions in the file @file{~/.completions}. These are |
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New node Standard File Names.
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|
2235 two of the many standard file names used by parts of Emacs for certain |
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New node Standard File Names.
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|
2236 purposes. |
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New node Standard File Names.
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|
2237 |
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New node Standard File Names.
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2238 Various operating systems have their own conventions for valid file |
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New node Standard File Names.
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|
2239 names and for which file names to use for user profile data. A Lisp |
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New node Standard File Names.
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2240 program which reads a file using a standard file name ought to use, on |
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2241 each type of system, a file name suitable for that system. The function |
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2242 @code{convert-standard-filename} makes this easy to do. |
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2243 |
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2244 @defun convert-standard-filename filename |
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2245 This function alters the file name @var{filename} to fit the conventions |
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2246 of the operating system in use, and returns the result as a new string. |
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2247 @end defun |
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|
2248 |
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2249 The recommended way to specify a standard file name in a Lisp program |
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|
2250 is to choose a name which fits the conventions of GNU and Unix systems, |
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New node Standard File Names.
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2251 usually with a nondirectory part that starts with a period, and pass it |
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|
2252 to @code{convert-standard-filename} instead of using it directly. Here |
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|
2253 is an example from the @code{completion} package: |
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|
2254 |
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New node Standard File Names.
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|
2255 @example |
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New node Standard File Names.
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|
2256 (defvar save-completions-file-name |
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|
2257 (convert-standard-filename "~/.completions") |
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|
2258 "*The file name to save completions to.") |
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|
2259 @end example |
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New node Standard File Names.
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|
2260 |
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New node Standard File Names.
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changeset
|
2261 On GNU and Unix systems, and on some other systems as well, |
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New node Standard File Names.
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|
2262 @code{convert-standard-filename} returns its argument unchanged. On |
22138
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*** empty log message ***
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|
2263 some other systems, it alters the name to fit the system's conventions. |
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|
2264 |
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New node Standard File Names.
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|
2265 For example, on MS-DOS the alterations made by this function include |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
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diff
changeset
|
2266 converting a leading @samp{.} to @samp{_}, converting a @samp{_} in the |
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
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|
2267 middle of the name to @samp{.} if there is no other @samp{.}, inserting |
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New node Standard File Names.
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|
2268 a @samp{.} after eight characters if there is none, and truncating to |
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New node Standard File Names.
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|
2269 three characters after the @samp{.}. (It makes other changes as well.) |
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New node Standard File Names.
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2270 Thus, @file{.abbrev_defs} becomes @file{_abbrev.def}, and |
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New node Standard File Names.
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|
2271 @file{.completions} becomes @file{_complet.ion}. |
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New node Standard File Names.
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|
2272 |
6555 | 2273 @node Contents of Directories |
2274 @section Contents of Directories | |
2275 @cindex directory-oriented functions | |
2276 @cindex file names in directory | |
2277 | |
2278 A directory is a kind of file that contains other files entered under | |
2279 various names. Directories are a feature of the file system. | |
2280 | |
2281 Emacs can list the names of the files in a directory as a Lisp list, | |
2282 or display the names in a buffer using the @code{ls} shell command. In | |
2283 the latter case, it can optionally display information about each file, | |
2284 depending on the options passed to the @code{ls} command. | |
2285 | |
2286 @defun directory-files directory &optional full-name match-regexp nosort | |
2287 This function returns a list of the names of the files in the directory | |
2288 @var{directory}. By default, the list is in alphabetical order. | |
2289 | |
2290 If @var{full-name} is non-@code{nil}, the function returns the files' | |
2291 absolute file names. Otherwise, it returns the names relative to | |
2292 the specified directory. | |
2293 | |
2294 If @var{match-regexp} is non-@code{nil}, this function returns only | |
2295 those file names that contain a match for that regular expression---the | |
2296 other file names are excluded from the list. | |
2297 | |
2298 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
2299 If @var{nosort} is non-@code{nil}, @code{directory-files} does not sort | |
2300 the list, so you get the file names in no particular order. Use this if | |
2301 you want the utmost possible speed and don't care what order the files | |
2302 are processed in. If the order of processing is visible to the user, | |
2303 then the user will probably be happier if you do sort the names. | |
2304 | |
2305 @example | |
2306 @group | |
2307 (directory-files "~lewis") | |
2308 @result{} ("#foo#" "#foo.el#" "." ".." | |
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|
2309 "dired-mods.el" "files.texi" |
6555 | 2310 "files.texi.~1~") |
2311 @end group | |
2312 @end example | |
2313 | |
2314 An error is signaled if @var{directory} is not the name of a directory | |
2315 that can be read. | |
2316 @end defun | |
2317 | |
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|
2318 @defun directory-files-and-attributes directory &optional full-name match-regexp nosort id-format |
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|
2319 This is similar to @code{directory-files} in deciding which files |
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(Contents of Directories):
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|
2320 to report on and how to report their names. However, instead |
bd30a9882e31
(Contents of Directories):
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|
2321 of returning a list of file names, it returns for each file a |
bd30a9882e31
(Contents of Directories):
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|
2322 list @code{(@var{filename} . @var{attributes})}, where @var{attributes} |
bd30a9882e31
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|
2323 is what @code{file-attributes} would return for that file. |
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|
2324 The optional argument @var{id-format} has the same meaning as the |
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Various changes in addition to:
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|
2325 corresponding argument to @code{file-attributes} (@pxref{Definition |
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Various changes in addition to:
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|
2326 of file-attributes}). |
53425
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(Contents of Directories):
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|
2327 @end defun |
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|
2328 |
6555 | 2329 @defun file-name-all-versions file dirname |
2330 This function returns a list of all versions of the file named | |
54861
5af1398ad8e2
Various changes in addition to:
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|
2331 @var{file} in directory @var{dirname}. It is only available on VMS. |
6555 | 2332 @end defun |
2333 | |
24951
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*** empty log message ***
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diff
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|
2334 @tindex file-expand-wildcards |
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2335 @defun file-expand-wildcards pattern &optional full |
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2336 This function expands the wildcard pattern @var{pattern}, returning |
24952 | 2337 a list of file names that match it. |
24951
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2338 |
24952 | 2339 If @var{pattern} is written as an absolute file name, |
24951
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2340 the values are absolute also. |
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2341 |
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2342 If @var{pattern} is written as a relative file name, it is interpreted |
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2343 relative to the current default directory. The file names returned are |
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2344 normally also relative to the current default directory. However, if |
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2345 @var{full} is non-@code{nil}, they are absolute. |
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2346 @end defun |
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2347 |
6555 | 2348 @defun insert-directory file switches &optional wildcard full-directory-p |
7735
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2349 This function inserts (in the current buffer) a directory listing for |
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2350 directory @var{file}, formatted with @code{ls} according to |
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2351 @var{switches}. It leaves point after the inserted text. |
54861
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|
2352 @var{switches} may be a string of options, or a list of strings |
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|
2353 representing individual options. |
6555 | 2354 |
7735
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2355 The argument @var{file} may be either a directory name or a file |
6555 | 2356 specification including wildcard characters. If @var{wildcard} is |
2357 non-@code{nil}, that means treat @var{file} as a file specification with | |
2358 wildcards. | |
2359 | |
22138
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2360 If @var{full-directory-p} is non-@code{nil}, that means the directory |
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2361 listing is expected to show the full contents of a directory. You |
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2362 should specify @code{t} when @var{file} is a directory and switches do |
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2363 not contain @samp{-d}. (The @samp{-d} option to @code{ls} says to |
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2364 describe a directory itself as a file, rather than showing its |
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2365 contents.) |
6555 | 2366 |
25751
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2367 On most systems, this function works by running a directory listing |
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|
2368 program whose name is in the variable @code{insert-directory-program}. |
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|
2369 If @var{wildcard} is non-@code{nil}, it also runs the shell specified by |
6555 | 2370 @code{shell-file-name}, to expand the wildcards. |
25751
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2371 |
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|
2372 MS-DOS and MS-Windows systems usually lack the standard Unix program |
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|
2373 @code{ls}, so this function emulates the standard Unix program @code{ls} |
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|
2374 with Lisp code. |
54861
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|
2375 |
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|
2376 As a technical detail, when @var{switches} contains the long |
5af1398ad8e2
Various changes in addition to:
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parents:
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|
2377 @samp{--dired} option, @code{insert-directory} treats it specially, |
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|
2378 for the sake of dired. However, the normally equivalent short |
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|
2379 @samp{-D} option is just passed on to @code{insert-directory-program}, |
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|
2380 as any other option. |
6555 | 2381 @end defun |
2382 | |
2383 @defvar insert-directory-program | |
2384 This variable's value is the program to run to generate a directory listing | |
25751
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2385 for the function @code{insert-directory}. It is ignored on systems |
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|
2386 which generate the listing with Lisp code. |
6555 | 2387 @end defvar |
2388 | |
2389 @node Create/Delete Dirs | |
2390 @section Creating and Deleting Directories | |
2391 @c Emacs 19 features | |
2392 | |
7735
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|
2393 Most Emacs Lisp file-manipulation functions get errors when used on |
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|
2394 files that are directories. For example, you cannot delete a directory |
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|
2395 with @code{delete-file}. These special functions exist to create and |
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|
2396 delete directories. |
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|
2397 |
26696
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
25751
diff
changeset
|
2398 @defun make-directory dirname &optional parents |
6555 | 2399 This function creates a directory named @var{dirname}. |
54861
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Various changes in addition to:
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|
2400 If @var{parents} is non-@code{nil}, as is always the case in an |
5af1398ad8e2
Various changes in addition to:
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parents:
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|
2401 interactive call, that means to create the parent directories first, |
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Various changes in addition to:
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parents:
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|
2402 if they don't already exist. |
6555 | 2403 @end defun |
2404 | |
2405 @defun delete-directory dirname | |
2406 This function deletes the directory named @var{dirname}. The function | |
2407 @code{delete-file} does not work for files that are directories; you | |
12098 | 2408 must use @code{delete-directory} for them. If the directory contains |
2409 any files, @code{delete-directory} signals an error. | |
54861
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Various changes in addition to:
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|
2410 |
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|
2411 This function only follows symbolic links at the level of parent |
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|
2412 directories. |
6555 | 2413 @end defun |
2414 | |
2415 @node Magic File Names | |
2416 @section Making Certain File Names ``Magic'' | |
2417 @cindex magic file names | |
2418 | |
2419 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
21007
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|
2420 You can implement special handling for certain file names. This is |
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2421 called making those names @dfn{magic}. The principal use for this |
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2422 feature is in implementing remote file names (@pxref{Remote Files,, |
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|
2423 Remote Files, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}). |
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|
2424 |
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|
2425 To define a kind of magic file name, you must supply a regular |
7735
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|
2426 expression to define the class of names (all those that match the |
6555 | 2427 regular expression), plus a handler that implements all the primitive |
2428 Emacs file operations for file names that do match. | |
2429 | |
21007
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|
2430 The variable @code{file-name-handler-alist} holds a list of handlers, |
6555 | 2431 together with regular expressions that determine when to apply each |
2432 handler. Each element has this form: | |
2433 | |
2434 @example | |
2435 (@var{regexp} . @var{handler}) | |
2436 @end example | |
2437 | |
2438 @noindent | |
2439 All the Emacs primitives for file access and file name transformation | |
2440 check the given file name against @code{file-name-handler-alist}. If | |
2441 the file name matches @var{regexp}, the primitives handle that file by | |
2442 calling @var{handler}. | |
2443 | |
61949
d0cfb9c978f9
(Magic File Names): Document `operations' property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
2444 The first argument given to @var{handler} is the name of the |
54861
5af1398ad8e2
Various changes in addition to:
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parents:
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|
2445 primitive, as a symbol; the remaining arguments are the arguments that |
5af1398ad8e2
Various changes in addition to:
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parents:
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|
2446 were passed to that primitive. (The first of these arguments is most |
5af1398ad8e2
Various changes in addition to:
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parents:
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|
2447 often the file name itself.) For example, if you do this: |
6555 | 2448 |
2449 @example | |
2450 (file-exists-p @var{filename}) | |
2451 @end example | |
2452 | |
2453 @noindent | |
2454 and @var{filename} has handler @var{handler}, then @var{handler} is | |
2455 called like this: | |
2456 | |
2457 @example | |
2458 (funcall @var{handler} 'file-exists-p @var{filename}) | |
2459 @end example | |
2460 | |
61949
d0cfb9c978f9
(Magic File Names): Document `operations' property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
2461 When a function takes two or more arguments that must be file names, |
37582
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
2462 it checks each of those names for a handler. For example, if you do |
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
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parents:
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|
2463 this: |
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
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parents:
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changeset
|
2464 |
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
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parents:
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changeset
|
2465 @example |
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
32859
diff
changeset
|
2466 (expand-file-name @var{filename} @var{dirname}) |
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2467 @end example |
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2468 |
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
32859
diff
changeset
|
2469 @noindent |
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
32859
diff
changeset
|
2470 then it checks for a handler for @var{filename} and then for a handler |
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
32859
diff
changeset
|
2471 for @var{dirname}. In either case, the @var{handler} is called like |
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2472 this: |
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
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parents:
32859
diff
changeset
|
2473 |
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
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changeset
|
2474 @example |
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
32859
diff
changeset
|
2475 (funcall @var{handler} 'expand-file-name @var{filename} @var{dirname}) |
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2476 @end example |
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
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parents:
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changeset
|
2477 |
fdf780ddf0ae
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parents:
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changeset
|
2478 @noindent |
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
32859
diff
changeset
|
2479 The @var{handler} then needs to figure out whether to handle |
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2480 @var{filename} or @var{dirname}. |
fdf780ddf0ae
Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2481 |
61949
d0cfb9c978f9
(Magic File Names): Document `operations' property.
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diff
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|
2482 If the specified file name matches more than one handler, the one |
51913
3abc365e9d90
(Changing Files): copy-file allows dir as NEWNAME.
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|
2483 whose match starts last in the file name gets precedence. This rule |
3abc365e9d90
(Changing Files): copy-file allows dir as NEWNAME.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
2484 is chosen so that handlers for jobs such as uncompression are handled |
3abc365e9d90
(Changing Files): copy-file allows dir as NEWNAME.
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parents:
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changeset
|
2485 first, before handlers for jobs such as remote file access. |
3abc365e9d90
(Changing Files): copy-file allows dir as NEWNAME.
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parents:
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|
2486 |
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|
2487 Here are the operations that a magic file name handler gets to handle: |
6555 | 2488 |
27193 | 2489 @ifnottex |
6555 | 2490 @noindent |
47980
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2491 @code{access-file}, @code{add-name-to-file}, |
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2492 @code{byte-compiler-base-file-name},@* |
5492d1831d2a
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changeset
|
2493 @code{copy-file}, @code{delete-directory}, |
21682
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|
2494 @code{delete-file}, |
12226 | 2495 @code{diff-latest-backup-file}, |
6555 | 2496 @code{directory-file-name}, |
21682
90da2489c498
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|
2497 @code{directory-files}, |
47980
5492d1831d2a
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diff
changeset
|
2498 @code{directory-files-and-attributes}, |
16736
981e116b4ac6
Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
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|
2499 @code{dired-call-process}, |
47980
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
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|
2500 @code{dired-compress-file}, @code{dired-uncache},@* |
21682
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|
2501 @code{expand-file-name}, |
47980
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parents:
47514
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|
2502 @code{file-accessible-directory-p}, |
21682
90da2489c498
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|
2503 @code{file-attributes}, |
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|
2504 @code{file-directory-p}, |
47980
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diff
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|
2505 @code{file-executable-p}, @code{file-exists-p}, |
55847
d87f8236b6fd
files.texi (Magic File Names): Add `file-remote-p' as operation
Michael Albinus <michael.albinus@gmx.de>
parents:
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changeset
|
2506 @code{file-local-copy}, @code{file-remote-p}, |
47980
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2507 @code{file-modes}, @code{file-name-all-completions}, |
21682
90da2489c498
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
21007
diff
changeset
|
2508 @code{file-name-as-directory}, |
90da2489c498
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
21007
diff
changeset
|
2509 @code{file-name-completion}, |
16736
981e116b4ac6
Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15913
diff
changeset
|
2510 @code{file-name-directory}, |
981e116b4ac6
Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15913
diff
changeset
|
2511 @code{file-name-nondirectory}, |
6555 | 2512 @code{file-name-sans-versions}, @code{file-newer-than-file-p}, |
15765
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
14152
diff
changeset
|
2513 @code{file-ownership-preserved-p}, |
11626
0b86aef0c387
Mention file-regular-p operation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
8364
diff
changeset
|
2514 @code{file-readable-p}, @code{file-regular-p}, @code{file-symlink-p}, |
12226 | 2515 @code{file-truename}, @code{file-writable-p}, |
15765
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
14152
diff
changeset
|
2516 @code{find-backup-file-name}, |
47980
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2517 @code{find-file-noselect},@* |
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2518 @code{get-file-buffer}, |
21682
90da2489c498
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
21007
diff
changeset
|
2519 @code{insert-directory}, |
47980
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2520 @code{insert-file-contents},@* |
15765
8cc15b664c4c
New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
14152
diff
changeset
|
2521 @code{load}, @code{make-directory}, |
47980
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2522 @code{make-directory-internal}, |
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2523 @code{make-symbolic-link},@* |
55192
dd5538a91d27
(Changing Files): Document set-file-times.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
54861
diff
changeset
|
2524 @code{rename-file}, @code{set-file-modes}, @code{set-file-times}, |
47980
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2525 @code{set-visited-file-modtime}, @code{shell-command}, |
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2526 @code{substitute-in-file-name},@* |
21682
90da2489c498
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
21007
diff
changeset
|
2527 @code{unhandled-file-name-directory}, |
16736
981e116b4ac6
Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15913
diff
changeset
|
2528 @code{vc-registered}, |
21682
90da2489c498
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
21007
diff
changeset
|
2529 @code{verify-visited-file-modtime},@* |
90da2489c498
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
21007
diff
changeset
|
2530 @code{write-region}. |
27193 | 2531 @end ifnottex |
22271
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2532 @iftex |
71f954d59214
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2533 @noindent |
25751
467b88fab665
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
24952
diff
changeset
|
2534 @flushleft |
47980
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2535 @code{access-file}, @code{add-name-to-file}, |
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2536 @code{byte-com@discretionary{}{}{}piler-base-file-name}, |
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2537 @code{copy-file}, @code{delete-directory}, |
22271
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2538 @code{delete-file}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2539 @code{diff-latest-backup-file}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2540 @code{directory-file-name}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2541 @code{directory-files}, |
47980
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2542 @code{directory-files-and-at@discretionary{}{}{}tributes}, |
22271
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2543 @code{dired-call-process}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2544 @code{dired-compress-file}, @code{dired-uncache}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2545 @code{expand-file-name}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2546 @code{file-accessible-direc@discretionary{}{}{}tory-p}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2547 @code{file-attributes}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2548 @code{file-direct@discretionary{}{}{}ory-p}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2549 @code{file-executable-p}, @code{file-exists-p}, |
55847
d87f8236b6fd
files.texi (Magic File Names): Add `file-remote-p' as operation
Michael Albinus <michael.albinus@gmx.de>
parents:
55192
diff
changeset
|
2550 @code{file-local-copy}, @code{file-remote-p}, |
22271
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2551 @code{file-modes}, @code{file-name-all-completions}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2552 @code{file-name-as-directory}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2553 @code{file-name-completion}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2554 @code{file-name-directory}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2555 @code{file-name-nondirec@discretionary{}{}{}tory}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2556 @code{file-name-sans-versions}, @code{file-newer-than-file-p}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2557 @code{file-ownership-pre@discretionary{}{}{}served-p}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2558 @code{file-readable-p}, @code{file-regular-p}, @code{file-symlink-p}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2559 @code{file-truename}, @code{file-writable-p}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2560 @code{find-backup-file-name}, |
47980
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2561 @code{find-file-noselect}, |
22271
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2562 @code{get-file-buffer}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2563 @code{insert-directory}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2564 @code{insert-file-contents}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2565 @code{load}, @code{make-direc@discretionary{}{}{}tory}, |
47980
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2566 @code{make-direc@discretionary{}{}{}tory-internal}, |
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2567 @code{make-symbolic-link}, |
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2568 @code{rename-file}, @code{set-file-modes}, |
22271
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2569 @code{set-visited-file-modtime}, @code{shell-command}, |
47980
5492d1831d2a
From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
47514
diff
changeset
|
2570 @code{substitute-in-file-name}, |
22271
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2571 @code{unhandled-file-name-directory}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2572 @code{vc-regis@discretionary{}{}{}tered}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2573 @code{verify-visited-file-modtime}, |
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2574 @code{write-region}. |
25751
467b88fab665
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
24952
diff
changeset
|
2575 @end flushleft |
22271
71f954d59214
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
22138
diff
changeset
|
2576 @end iftex |
6555 | 2577 |
61949
d0cfb9c978f9
(Magic File Names): Document `operations' property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61795
diff
changeset
|
2578 Handlers for @code{insert-file-contents} typically need to clear the |
8118
56b5ed321f8d
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
7735
diff
changeset
|
2579 buffer's modified flag, with @code{(set-buffer-modified-p nil)}, if the |
56b5ed321f8d
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
7735
diff
changeset
|
2580 @var{visit} argument is non-@code{nil}. This also has the effect of |
56b5ed321f8d
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
7735
diff
changeset
|
2581 unlocking the buffer if it is locked. |
56b5ed321f8d
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
7735
diff
changeset
|
2582 |
61949
d0cfb9c978f9
(Magic File Names): Document `operations' property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61795
diff
changeset
|
2583 The handler function must handle all of the above operations, and |
7735
7db892210924
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2584 possibly others to be added in the future. It need not implement all |
7db892210924
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2585 these operations itself---when it has nothing special to do for a |
7db892210924
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
7088
diff
changeset
|
2586 certain operation, it can reinvoke the primitive, to handle the |
7db892210924
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
7088
diff
changeset
|
2587 operation ``in the usual way''. It should always reinvoke the primitive |
7db892210924
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
7088
diff
changeset
|
2588 for an operation it does not recognize. Here's one way to do this: |
6555 | 2589 |
7088
5a93e6fb43a4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
6555
diff
changeset
|
2590 @smallexample |
6555 | 2591 (defun my-file-handler (operation &rest args) |
2592 ;; @r{First check for the specific operations} | |
2593 ;; @r{that we have special handling for.} | |
2594 (cond ((eq operation 'insert-file-contents) @dots{}) | |
2595 ((eq operation 'write-region) @dots{}) | |
2596 @dots{} | |
2597 ;; @r{Handle any operation we don't know about.} | |
7088
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*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
6555
diff
changeset
|
2598 (t (let ((inhibit-file-name-handlers |
49600
23a1cea22d13
Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents:
47980
diff
changeset
|
2599 (cons 'my-file-handler |
21007
66d807bdc5b4
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parents:
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|
2600 (and (eq inhibit-file-name-operation operation) |
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|
2601 inhibit-file-name-handlers))) |
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parents:
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changeset
|
2602 (inhibit-file-name-operation operation)) |
6555 | 2603 (apply operation args))))) |
7088
5a93e6fb43a4
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parents:
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|
2604 @end smallexample |
6555 | 2605 |
61949
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(Magic File Names): Document `operations' property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61795
diff
changeset
|
2606 When a handler function decides to call the ordinary Emacs primitive for |
7088
5a93e6fb43a4
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
2607 the operation at hand, it needs to prevent the primitive from calling |
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2608 the same handler once again, thus leading to an infinite recursion. The |
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diff
changeset
|
2609 example above shows how to do this, with the variables |
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parents:
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diff
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|
2610 @code{inhibit-file-name-handlers} and |
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2611 @code{inhibit-file-name-operation}. Be careful to use them exactly as |
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parents:
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|
2612 shown above; the details are crucial for proper behavior in the case of |
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|
2613 multiple handlers, and for operations that have two file names that may |
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2614 each have handlers. |
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|
2615 |
51020
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(Magic File Names): Document the safe-magic property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2616 @kindex safe-magic (@r{property}) |
61949
d0cfb9c978f9
(Magic File Names): Document `operations' property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61795
diff
changeset
|
2617 Handlers that don't really do anything special for actual access to the |
51020
417a9e80f335
(Magic File Names): Document the safe-magic property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
50501
diff
changeset
|
2618 file---such as the ones that implement completion of host names for |
417a9e80f335
(Magic File Names): Document the safe-magic property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
50501
diff
changeset
|
2619 remote file names---should have a non-@code{nil} @code{safe-magic} |
417a9e80f335
(Magic File Names): Document the safe-magic property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
50501
diff
changeset
|
2620 property. For instance, Emacs normally ``protects'' directory names |
417a9e80f335
(Magic File Names): Document the safe-magic property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
50501
diff
changeset
|
2621 it finds in @code{PATH} from becoming magic, if they look like magic |
417a9e80f335
(Magic File Names): Document the safe-magic property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
50501
diff
changeset
|
2622 file names, by prefixing them with @samp{/:}. But if the handler that |
417a9e80f335
(Magic File Names): Document the safe-magic property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
50501
diff
changeset
|
2623 would be used for them has a non-@code{nil} @code{safe-magic} |
417a9e80f335
(Magic File Names): Document the safe-magic property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
50501
diff
changeset
|
2624 property, the @samp{/:} is not added. |
417a9e80f335
(Magic File Names): Document the safe-magic property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
50501
diff
changeset
|
2625 |
61949
d0cfb9c978f9
(Magic File Names): Document `operations' property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2626 @kindex operations (@r{property}) |
d0cfb9c978f9
(Magic File Names): Document `operations' property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61795
diff
changeset
|
2627 A file name handler can have an @code{operations} property to |
d0cfb9c978f9
(Magic File Names): Document `operations' property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61795
diff
changeset
|
2628 declare which operations it handles in a nontrivial way. If this |
d0cfb9c978f9
(Magic File Names): Document `operations' property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61795
diff
changeset
|
2629 property has a non-@code{nil} value, it should be a list of |
d0cfb9c978f9
(Magic File Names): Document `operations' property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
2630 operations; then only those operations will call the handler. This |
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(Magic File Names): Document `operations' property.
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parents:
61795
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|
2631 avoids inefficiency, but its main purpose is for autoloaded handler |
d0cfb9c978f9
(Magic File Names): Document `operations' property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61795
diff
changeset
|
2632 functions, so that they won't be loaded except when they have real |
d0cfb9c978f9
(Magic File Names): Document `operations' property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61795
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|
2633 work to do. |
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(Magic File Names): Document `operations' property.
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|
2634 |
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2635 @defvar inhibit-file-name-handlers |
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2636 This variable holds a list of handlers whose use is presently inhibited |
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2637 for a certain operation. |
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2638 @end defvar |
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2639 |
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|
2640 @defvar inhibit-file-name-operation |
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2641 The operation for which certain handlers are presently inhibited. |
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2642 @end defvar |
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2643 |
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2644 @defun find-file-name-handler file operation |
6555 | 2645 This function returns the handler function for file name @var{file}, or |
7088
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2646 @code{nil} if there is none. The argument @var{operation} should be the |
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2647 operation to be performed on the file---the value you will pass to the |
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2648 handler as its first argument when you call it. The operation is needed |
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2649 for comparison with @code{inhibit-file-name-operation}. |
6555 | 2650 @end defun |
2651 | |
2652 @defun file-local-copy filename | |
52143
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(Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2653 This function copies file @var{filename} to an ordinary non-magic file |
3b706f94b559
(Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2654 on the local machine, if it isn't on the local machine already. Magic |
3b706f94b559
(Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52003
diff
changeset
|
2655 file names should handle the @code{file-local-copy} operation if they |
3b706f94b559
(Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52003
diff
changeset
|
2656 refer to files on other machines. A magic file name that is used for |
3b706f94b559
(Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52003
diff
changeset
|
2657 other purposes than remote file access should not handle |
3b706f94b559
(Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52003
diff
changeset
|
2658 @code{file-local-copy}; then this function will treat the file as |
3b706f94b559
(Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52003
diff
changeset
|
2659 local. |
3b706f94b559
(Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52003
diff
changeset
|
2660 |
3b706f94b559
(Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52003
diff
changeset
|
2661 If @var{filename} is local, whether magic or not, this function does |
3b706f94b559
(Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2662 nothing and returns @code{nil}. Otherwise it returns the file name |
3b706f94b559
(Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52003
diff
changeset
|
2663 of the local copy file. |
3b706f94b559
(Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52003
diff
changeset
|
2664 @end defun |
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(Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52003
diff
changeset
|
2665 |
3b706f94b559
(Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52003
diff
changeset
|
2666 @defun file-remote-p filename |
56322
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(Saving Buffers): Cleanup write-contents-function.
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changeset
|
2667 This function tests whether @var{filename} is a remote file. If |
f597c982349e
(Saving Buffers): Cleanup write-contents-function.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
2668 @var{filename} is local (not remote), the return value is @code{nil}. |
f597c982349e
(Saving Buffers): Cleanup write-contents-function.
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2669 If @var{filename} is indeed remote, the return value is a string that |
f597c982349e
(Saving Buffers): Cleanup write-contents-function.
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2670 identifies the remote system. |
f597c982349e
(Saving Buffers): Cleanup write-contents-function.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2671 |
f597c982349e
(Saving Buffers): Cleanup write-contents-function.
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2672 This identifier string may include a host name, a user name, and |
f597c982349e
(Saving Buffers): Cleanup write-contents-function.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2673 characters designating the method used to access the remote system. |
f597c982349e
(Saving Buffers): Cleanup write-contents-function.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2674 For example, the remote identifier string for the filename |
f597c982349e
(Saving Buffers): Cleanup write-contents-function.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
56321
diff
changeset
|
2675 @code{/ssh:user@@host:/some/file} is @code{/ssh:user@@host:}. |
56321
904bb1836ccd
(Magic File Names): `file-remote-p' returns an identifier of the
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
56231
diff
changeset
|
2676 |
904bb1836ccd
(Magic File Names): `file-remote-p' returns an identifier of the
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
56231
diff
changeset
|
2677 If @code{file-remote-p} returns the same identifier for two different |
56322
f597c982349e
(Saving Buffers): Cleanup write-contents-function.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2678 filenames, that means they are stored on the same file system and can |
56321
904bb1836ccd
(Magic File Names): `file-remote-p' returns an identifier of the
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
56231
diff
changeset
|
2679 be accessed locally with respect to each other. This means, for |
56322
f597c982349e
(Saving Buffers): Cleanup write-contents-function.
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2680 example, that it is possible to start a remote process accessing both |
f597c982349e
(Saving Buffers): Cleanup write-contents-function.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2681 files at the same time. Implementors of file handlers need to ensure |
f597c982349e
(Saving Buffers): Cleanup write-contents-function.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
2682 this principle is valid. |
6555 | 2683 @end defun |
2684 | |
2685 @defun unhandled-file-name-directory filename | |
21007
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|
2686 This function returns the name of a directory that is not magic. It |
66d807bdc5b4
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|
2687 uses the directory part of @var{filename} if that is not magic. For a |
66d807bdc5b4
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|
2688 magic file name, it invokes the file name handler, which therefore |
66d807bdc5b4
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|
2689 decides what value to return. |
6555 | 2690 |
2691 This is useful for running a subprocess; every subprocess must have a | |
2692 non-magic directory to serve as its current directory, and this function | |
2693 is a good way to come up with one. | |
2694 @end defun | |
7088
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|
2695 |
12067 | 2696 @node Format Conversion |
2697 @section File Format Conversion | |
2698 | |
2699 @cindex file format conversion | |
2700 @cindex encoding file formats | |
2701 @cindex decoding file formats | |
2702 The variable @code{format-alist} defines a list of @dfn{file formats}, | |
12098 | 2703 which describe textual representations used in files for the data (text, |
12067 | 2704 text-properties, and possibly other information) in an Emacs buffer. |
12098 | 2705 Emacs performs format conversion if appropriate when reading and writing |
2706 files. | |
12067 | 2707 |
2708 @defvar format-alist | |
2709 This list contains one format definition for each defined file format. | |
2710 @end defvar | |
2711 | |
2712 @cindex format definition | |
2713 Each format definition is a list of this form: | |
2714 | |
2715 @example | |
2716 (@var{name} @var{doc-string} @var{regexp} @var{from-fn} @var{to-fn} @var{modify} @var{mode-fn}) | |
2717 @end example | |
2718 | |
2719 Here is what the elements in a format definition mean: | |
2720 | |
2721 @table @var | |
2722 @item name | |
2723 The name of this format. | |
2724 | |
2725 @item doc-string | |
2726 A documentation string for the format. | |
2727 | |
2728 @item regexp | |
2729 A regular expression which is used to recognize files represented in | |
2730 this format. | |
2731 | |
2732 @item from-fn | |
21682
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|
2733 A shell command or function to decode data in this format (to convert |
21007
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|
2734 file data into the usual Emacs data representation). |
12067 | 2735 |
21682
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|
2736 A shell command is represented as a string; Emacs runs the command as a |
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|
2737 filter to perform the conversion. |
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|
2738 |
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|
2739 If @var{from-fn} is a function, it is called with two arguments, @var{begin} |
21007
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2740 and @var{end}, which specify the part of the buffer it should convert. |
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|
2741 It should convert the text by editing it in place. Since this can |
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|
2742 change the length of the text, @var{from-fn} should return the modified |
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|
2743 end position. |
12067 | 2744 |
12098 | 2745 One responsibility of @var{from-fn} is to make sure that the beginning |
12067 | 2746 of the file no longer matches @var{regexp}. Otherwise it is likely to |
2747 get called again. | |
2748 | |
2749 @item to-fn | |
21682
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|
2750 A shell command or function to encode data in this format---that is, to |
90da2489c498
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21007
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|
2751 convert the usual Emacs data representation into this format. |
12067 | 2752 |
21007
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|
2753 If @var{to-fn} is a string, it is a shell command; Emacs runs the |
66d807bdc5b4
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|
2754 command as a filter to perform the conversion. |
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|
2755 |
21682
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|
2756 If @var{to-fn} is a function, it is called with two arguments, @var{begin} |
21007
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2757 and @var{end}, which specify the part of the buffer it should convert. |
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|
2758 There are two ways it can do the conversion: |
12067 | 2759 |
2760 @itemize @bullet | |
2761 @item | |
2762 By editing the buffer in place. In this case, @var{to-fn} should | |
2763 return the end-position of the range of text, as modified. | |
2764 | |
2765 @item | |
2766 By returning a list of annotations. This is a list of elements of the | |
2767 form @code{(@var{position} . @var{string})}, where @var{position} is an | |
2768 integer specifying the relative position in the text to be written, and | |
2769 @var{string} is the annotation to add there. The list must be sorted in | |
2770 order of position when @var{to-fn} returns it. | |
2771 | |
2772 When @code{write-region} actually writes the text from the buffer to the | |
2773 file, it intermixes the specified annotations at the corresponding | |
2774 positions. All this takes place without modifying the buffer. | |
2775 @end itemize | |
2776 | |
2777 @item modify | |
2778 A flag, @code{t} if the encoding function modifies the buffer, and | |
2779 @code{nil} if it works by returning a list of annotations. | |
2780 | |
27259
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|
2781 @item mode-fn |
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|
2782 A minor-mode function to call after visiting a file converted from this |
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|
2783 format. The function is called with one argument, the integer 1; |
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|
2784 that tells a minor-mode function to enable the mode. |
12067 | 2785 @end table |
2786 | |
2787 The function @code{insert-file-contents} automatically recognizes file | |
2788 formats when it reads the specified file. It checks the text of the | |
2789 beginning of the file against the regular expressions of the format | |
2790 definitions, and if it finds a match, it calls the decoding function for | |
2791 that format. Then it checks all the known formats over again. | |
2792 It keeps checking them until none of them is applicable. | |
2793 | |
2794 Visiting a file, with @code{find-file-noselect} or the commands that use | |
2795 it, performs conversion likewise (because it calls | |
12098 | 2796 @code{insert-file-contents}); it also calls the mode function for each |
2797 format that it decodes. It stores a list of the format names in the | |
2798 buffer-local variable @code{buffer-file-format}. | |
12067 | 2799 |
2800 @defvar buffer-file-format | |
12098 | 2801 This variable states the format of the visited file. More precisely, |
2802 this is a list of the file format names that were decoded in the course | |
21682
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|
2803 of visiting the current buffer's file. It is always buffer-local in all |
12067 | 2804 buffers. |
2805 @end defvar | |
2806 | |
2807 When @code{write-region} writes data into a file, it first calls the | |
12098 | 2808 encoding functions for the formats listed in @code{buffer-file-format}, |
2809 in the order of appearance in the list. | |
12067 | 2810 |
54861
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Various changes in addition to:
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|
2811 @deffn Command format-write-file file format &optional confirm |
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|
2812 This command writes the current buffer contents into the file |
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Various changes in addition to:
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54025
diff
changeset
|
2813 @var{file} in format @var{format}, and makes that format the default |
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Various changes in addition to:
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parents:
54025
diff
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|
2814 for future saves of the buffer. The argument @var{format} is a list |
5af1398ad8e2
Various changes in addition to:
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parents:
54025
diff
changeset
|
2815 of format names. Except for the @var{format} argument, this command |
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Various changes in addition to:
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54025
diff
changeset
|
2816 is similar to @code{write-file}. In particular, @var{confirm} has the |
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Various changes in addition to:
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parents:
54025
diff
changeset
|
2817 same meaning and interactive treatment as the corresponding argument |
5af1398ad8e2
Various changes in addition to:
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54025
diff
changeset
|
2818 to @code{write-file}. @xref{Definition of write-file}. |
21007
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|
2819 @end deffn |
12067 | 2820 |
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|
2821 @deffn Command format-find-file file format |
12226 | 2822 This command finds the file @var{file}, converting it according to |
2823 format @var{format}. It also makes @var{format} the default if the | |
2824 buffer is saved later. | |
2825 | |
2826 The argument @var{format} is a list of format names. If @var{format} is | |
2827 @code{nil}, no conversion takes place. Interactively, typing just | |
2828 @key{RET} for @var{format} specifies @code{nil}. | |
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|
2829 @end deffn |
12226 | 2830 |
21682
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|
2831 @deffn Command format-insert-file file format &optional beg end |
12226 | 2832 This command inserts the contents of file @var{file}, converting it |
2833 according to format @var{format}. If @var{beg} and @var{end} are | |
2834 non-@code{nil}, they specify which part of the file to read, as in | |
2835 @code{insert-file-contents} (@pxref{Reading from Files}). | |
2836 | |
2837 The return value is like what @code{insert-file-contents} returns: a | |
2838 list of the absolute file name and the length of the data inserted | |
2839 (after conversion). | |
2840 | |
2841 The argument @var{format} is a list of format names. If @var{format} is | |
2842 @code{nil}, no conversion takes place. Interactively, typing just | |
2843 @key{RET} for @var{format} specifies @code{nil}. | |
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2844 @end deffn |
12226 | 2845 |
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2846 @defvar buffer-auto-save-file-format |
12067 | 2847 This variable specifies the format to use for auto-saving. Its value is |
2848 a list of format names, just like the value of | |
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2849 @code{buffer-file-format}; however, it is used instead of |
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2850 @code{buffer-file-format} for writing auto-save files. If the value |
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|
2851 is @code{t}, the default, auto-saving uses the same format as a |
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Various changes in addition to:
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|
2852 regular save in the same buffer. This variable is always buffer-local |
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2853 in all buffers. |
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2854 @end defvar |
52401 | 2855 |
2856 @ignore | |
2857 arch-tag: 141f74ce-6ae3-40dc-a6c4-ef83fc4ec35c | |
2858 @end ignore |