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1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual.
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2002, 2003,
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3 @c 2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
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5 @node Abbrevs, Picture, Maintaining, Top
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6 @chapter Abbrevs
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7 @cindex abbrevs
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8 @cindex expansion (of abbrevs)
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9
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10 A defined @dfn{abbrev} is a word which @dfn{expands}, if you insert
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11 it, into some different text. Abbrevs are defined by the user to expand
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12 in specific ways. For example, you might define @samp{foo} as an abbrev
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13 expanding to @samp{find outer otter}. Then you would be able to insert
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14 @samp{find outer otter } into the buffer by typing @kbd{f o o
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15 @key{SPC}}.
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16
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17 A second kind of abbreviation facility is called @dfn{dynamic abbrev
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18 expansion}. You use dynamic abbrev expansion with an explicit command
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19 to expand the letters in the buffer before point by looking for other
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20 words in the buffer that start with those letters. @xref{Dynamic
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21 Abbrevs}.
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22
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23 ``Hippie'' expansion generalizes abbreviation expansion. @xref{Hippie
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24 Expand, , Hippie Expansion, autotype, Features for Automatic
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25 Typing}.
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26
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27 @menu
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28 * Abbrev Concepts:: Fundamentals of defined abbrevs.
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29 * Defining Abbrevs:: Defining an abbrev, so it will expand when typed.
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30 * Expanding Abbrevs:: Controlling expansion: prefixes, canceling expansion.
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31 * Editing Abbrevs:: Viewing or editing the entire list of defined abbrevs.
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32 * Saving Abbrevs:: Saving the entire list of abbrevs for another session.
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33 * Dynamic Abbrevs:: Abbreviations for words already in the buffer.
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34 * Dabbrev Customization:: What is a word, for dynamic abbrevs. Case handling.
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35 @end menu
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36
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37 @node Abbrev Concepts
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38 @section Abbrev Concepts
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39
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40 An @dfn{abbrev} is a word which has been defined to @dfn{expand} into
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41 a specified @dfn{expansion}. When you insert a word-separator character
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42 following the abbrev, that expands the abbrev---replacing the abbrev
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43 with its expansion. For example, if @samp{foo} is defined as an abbrev
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44 expanding to @samp{find outer otter}, then you can insert @samp{find
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45 outer otter.} into the buffer by typing @kbd{f o o .}.
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46
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47 @findex abbrev-mode
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48 @vindex abbrev-mode
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49 @cindex Abbrev mode
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50 @cindex mode, Abbrev
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51 Abbrevs expand only when Abbrev mode (a minor mode) is enabled.
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52 Disabling Abbrev mode does not cause abbrev definitions to be forgotten,
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53 but they do not expand until Abbrev mode is enabled again. The command
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54 @kbd{M-x abbrev-mode} toggles Abbrev mode; with a numeric argument, it
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55 turns Abbrev mode on if the argument is positive, off otherwise.
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56 @xref{Minor Modes}. @code{abbrev-mode} is also a variable; Abbrev mode is
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57 on when the variable is non-@code{nil}. The variable @code{abbrev-mode}
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58 automatically becomes local to the current buffer when it is set.
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59
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60 Abbrev definitions can be @dfn{mode-specific}---active only in one major
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61 mode. Abbrevs can also have @dfn{global} definitions that are active in
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62 all major modes. The same abbrev can have a global definition and various
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63 mode-specific definitions for different major modes. A mode-specific
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64 definition for the current major mode overrides a global definition.
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65
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66 Abbrevs can be defined interactively during the editing session. Lists
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67 of abbrev definitions can also be saved in files and reloaded in later
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68 sessions. Some users keep extensive lists of abbrevs that they load in
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69 every session.
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70
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71 @node Defining Abbrevs
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72 @section Defining Abbrevs
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73
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74 @table @kbd
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75 @item C-x a g
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76 Define an abbrev, using one or more words before point as its expansion
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77 (@code{add-global-abbrev}).
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78 @item C-x a l
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79 Similar, but define an abbrev specific to the current major mode
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80 (@code{add-mode-abbrev}).
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81 @item C-x a i g
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82 Define a word in the buffer as an abbrev (@code{inverse-add-global-abbrev}).
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83 @item C-x a i l
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84 Define a word in the buffer as a mode-specific abbrev
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85 (@code{inverse-add-mode-abbrev}).
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86 @item M-x define-global-abbrev @key{RET} @var{abbrev} @key{RET} @var{exp} @key{RET}
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87 Define @var{abbrev} as an abbrev expanding into @var{exp}.
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88 @item M-x define-mode-abbrev @key{RET} @var{abbrev} @key{RET} @var{exp} @key{RET}
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89 Define @var{abbrev} as a mode-specific abbrev expanding into @var{exp}.
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90 @item M-x kill-all-abbrevs
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91 This command discards all abbrev definitions currently in effect,
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92 leaving a blank slate.
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93 @end table
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94
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95 @kindex C-x a g
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96 @findex add-global-abbrev
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97 The usual way to define an abbrev is to enter the text you want the
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98 abbrev to expand to, position point after it, and type @kbd{C-x a g}
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99 (@code{add-global-abbrev}). This reads the abbrev itself using the
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100 minibuffer, and then defines it as an abbrev for one or more words before
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101 point. Use a numeric argument to say how many words before point should be
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102 taken as the expansion. For example, to define the abbrev @samp{foo} as
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103 mentioned above, insert the text @samp{find outer otter} and then type
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104 @kbd{C-u 3 C-x a g f o o @key{RET}}.
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105
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106 An argument of zero to @kbd{C-x a g} means to use the contents of the
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107 region as the expansion of the abbrev being defined.
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108
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109 @kindex C-x a l
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110 @findex add-mode-abbrev
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111 The command @kbd{C-x a l} (@code{add-mode-abbrev}) is similar, but
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112 defines a mode-specific abbrev. Mode-specific abbrevs are active only in a
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113 particular major mode. @kbd{C-x a l} defines an abbrev for the major mode
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114 in effect at the time @kbd{C-x a l} is typed. The arguments work the same
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115 as for @kbd{C-x a g}.
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116
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117 @kindex C-x a i g
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118 @findex inverse-add-global-abbrev
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119 @kindex C-x a i l
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120 @findex inverse-add-mode-abbrev
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121 If the text already in the buffer is the abbrev, rather than its
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122 expansion, use command @kbd{C-x a i g}
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123 (@code{inverse-add-global-abbrev}) instead of @kbd{C-x a g}, or use
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124 @kbd{C-x a i l} (@code{inverse-add-mode-abbrev}) instead of @kbd{C-x a
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125 l}. These commands are called ``inverse'' because they invert the
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126 meaning of the two text strings they use (one from the buffer and one
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127 read with the minibuffer).
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128
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129 @findex define-mode-abbrev
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130 @findex define-global-abbrev
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131 You can define an abbrev without inserting either the abbrev or its
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132 expansion in the buffer using the command @code{define-global-abbrev}.
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133 It reads two arguments---the abbrev, and its expansion. The command
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134 @code{define-mode-abbrev} does likewise for a mode-specific abbrev.
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135
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136 To change the definition of an abbrev, just define a new definition.
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137 When the abbrev has a prior definition, the abbrev definition commands
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138 ask for confirmation before replacing it.
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139
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140 To remove an abbrev definition, give a negative argument to the abbrev
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141 definition command: @kbd{C-u - C-x a g} or @kbd{C-u - C-x a l}. The
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142 former removes a global definition, while the latter removes a
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143 mode-specific definition.
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144
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145 @findex kill-all-abbrevs
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146 @kbd{M-x kill-all-abbrevs} removes all the abbrev definitions there
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147 are, both global and local.
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148
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149 @node Expanding Abbrevs
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150 @section Controlling Abbrev Expansion
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151
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152 An abbrev expands whenever it is present in the buffer just before
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153 point and you type a self-inserting whitespace or punctuation character
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154 (@key{SPC}, comma, etc.@:). More precisely, any character that is not a
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155 word constituent expands an abbrev, and any word-constituent character
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156 can be part of an abbrev. The most common way to use an abbrev is to
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157 insert it and then insert a punctuation or whitespace character to expand it.
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158
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159 @vindex abbrev-all-caps
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160 Abbrev expansion preserves case; thus, @samp{foo} expands into @samp{find
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161 outer otter}; @samp{Foo} into @samp{Find outer otter}, and @samp{FOO} into
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162 @samp{FIND OUTER OTTER} or @samp{Find Outer Otter} according to the
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163 variable @code{abbrev-all-caps} (setting it non-@code{nil} specifies
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164 @samp{FIND OUTER OTTER}).
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165
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166 These commands are used to control abbrev expansion:
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167
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168 @table @kbd
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169 @item M-'
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170 Separate a prefix from a following abbrev to be expanded
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171 (@code{abbrev-prefix-mark}).
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172 @item C-x a e
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173 @findex expand-abbrev
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174 Expand the abbrev before point (@code{expand-abbrev}).
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175 This is effective even when Abbrev mode is not enabled.
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176 @item M-x expand-region-abbrevs
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177 Expand some or all abbrevs found in the region.
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178 @end table
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179
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180 @kindex M-'
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181 @findex abbrev-prefix-mark
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182 You may wish to expand an abbrev with a prefix attached; for example,
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183 if @samp{cnst} expands into @samp{construction}, you might want to use
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184 it to enter @samp{reconstruction}. It does not work to type
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185 @kbd{recnst}, because that is not necessarily a defined abbrev. What
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186 you can do is use the command @kbd{M-'} (@code{abbrev-prefix-mark}) in
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187 between the prefix @samp{re} and the abbrev @samp{cnst}. First, insert
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188 @samp{re}. Then type @kbd{M-'}; this inserts a hyphen in the buffer to
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189 indicate that it has done its work. Then insert the abbrev @samp{cnst};
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190 the buffer now contains @samp{re-cnst}. Now insert a non-word character
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191 to expand the abbrev @samp{cnst} into @samp{construction}. This
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192 expansion step also deletes the hyphen that indicated @kbd{M-'} had been
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193 used. The result is the desired @samp{reconstruction}.
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194
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195 If you actually want the text of the abbrev in the buffer, rather than
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196 its expansion, you can accomplish this by inserting the following
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197 punctuation with @kbd{C-q}. Thus, @kbd{foo C-q ,} leaves @samp{foo,} in
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198 the buffer.
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199
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200 @findex unexpand-abbrev
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201 If you expand an abbrev by mistake, you can undo the expansion and
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202 bring back the abbrev itself by typing @kbd{C-_} to undo (@pxref{Undo}).
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203 This also undoes the insertion of the non-word character that expanded
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204 the abbrev. If the result you want is the terminating non-word
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205 character plus the unexpanded abbrev, you must reinsert the terminating
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206 character, quoting it with @kbd{C-q}. You can also use the command
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207 @kbd{M-x unexpand-abbrev} to cancel the last expansion without
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208 deleting the terminating character.
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209
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210 @findex expand-region-abbrevs
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211 @kbd{M-x expand-region-abbrevs} searches through the region for defined
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212 abbrevs, and for each one found offers to replace it with its expansion.
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213 This command is useful if you have typed in text using abbrevs but forgot
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214 to turn on Abbrev mode first. It may also be useful together with a
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215 special set of abbrev definitions for making several global replacements at
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216 once. This command is effective even if Abbrev mode is not enabled.
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217
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218 Expanding an abbrev runs the hook @code{pre-abbrev-expand-hook}
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219 (@pxref{Hooks}).
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220
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221 @need 1500
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222 @node Editing Abbrevs
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223 @section Examining and Editing Abbrevs
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224
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225 @table @kbd
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226 @item M-x list-abbrevs
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227 Display a list of all abbrev definitions. With a numeric argument, list
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0b5861b3347c
(Editing Abbrevs): Document the effect of prefix argument on list-abbrevs.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
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228 only local abbrevs.
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229 @item M-x edit-abbrevs
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230 Edit a list of abbrevs; you can add, alter or remove definitions.
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231 @end table
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232
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233 @findex list-abbrevs
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234 The output from @kbd{M-x list-abbrevs} looks like this:
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235
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236 @example
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237 (lisp-mode-abbrev-table)
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238 "dk" 0 "define-key"
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239 (global-abbrev-table)
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240 "dfn" 0 "definition"
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241 @end example
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242
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243 @noindent
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244 (Some blank lines of no semantic significance, and some other abbrev
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245 tables, have been omitted.)
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246
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247 A line containing a name in parentheses is the header for abbrevs in a
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248 particular abbrev table; @code{global-abbrev-table} contains all the global
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249 abbrevs, and the other abbrev tables that are named after major modes
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250 contain the mode-specific abbrevs.
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251
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252 Within each abbrev table, each nonblank line defines one abbrev. The
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253 word at the beginning of the line is the abbrev. The number that
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254 follows is the number of times the abbrev has been expanded. Emacs
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255 keeps track of this to help you see which abbrevs you actually use, so
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256 that you can eliminate those that you don't use often. The string at
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257 the end of the line is the expansion.
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258
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259 @findex edit-abbrevs
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260 @kindex C-c C-c @r{(Edit Abbrevs)}
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261 @kbd{M-x edit-abbrevs} allows you to add, change or kill abbrev
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262 definitions by editing a list of them in an Emacs buffer. The list has
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263 the same format described above. The buffer of abbrevs is called
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264 @samp{*Abbrevs*}, and is in Edit-Abbrevs mode. Type @kbd{C-c C-c} in
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265 this buffer to install the abbrev definitions as specified in the
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266 buffer---and delete any abbrev definitions not listed.
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267
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268 The command @code{edit-abbrevs} is actually the same as
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269 @code{list-abbrevs} except that it selects the buffer @samp{*Abbrevs*}
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270 whereas @code{list-abbrevs} merely displays it in another window.
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271
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272 @node Saving Abbrevs
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273 @section Saving Abbrevs
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274
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275 These commands allow you to keep abbrev definitions between editing
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276 sessions.
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277
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278 @table @kbd
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279 @item M-x write-abbrev-file @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET}
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280 Write a file @var{file} describing all defined abbrevs.
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281 @item M-x read-abbrev-file @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET}
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282 Read the file @var{file} and define abbrevs as specified therein.
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283 @item M-x quietly-read-abbrev-file @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET}
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284 Similar but do not display a message about what is going on.
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285 @item M-x define-abbrevs
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286 Define abbrevs from definitions in current buffer.
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287 @item M-x insert-abbrevs
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288 Insert all abbrevs and their expansions into current buffer.
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289 @end table
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290
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291 @findex write-abbrev-file
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292 @kbd{M-x write-abbrev-file} reads a file name using the minibuffer and
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293 then writes a description of all current abbrev definitions into that
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294 file. This is used to save abbrev definitions for use in a later
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295 session. The text stored in the file is a series of Lisp expressions
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296 that, when executed, define the same abbrevs that you currently have.
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297
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298 @findex read-abbrev-file
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299 @findex quietly-read-abbrev-file
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300 @vindex abbrev-file-name
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301 @kbd{M-x read-abbrev-file} reads a file name using the minibuffer
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302 and then reads the file, defining abbrevs according to the contents of
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303 the file. The function @code{quietly-read-abbrev-file} is similar
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304 except that it does not display a message in the echo area; you cannot
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305 invoke it interactively, and it is used primarily in the @file{.emacs}
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306 file. If either of these functions is called with @code{nil} as the
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307 argument, it uses the file name specified in the variable
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308 @code{abbrev-file-name}, which is by default @code{"~/.abbrev_defs"}.
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309 That file is your standard abbrev definition file, and Emacs loads
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310 abbrevs from it automatically when it starts up.
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311
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312 @vindex save-abbrevs
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313 Emacs will offer to save abbrevs automatically if you have changed
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314 any of them, whenever it offers to save all files (for @kbd{C-x s} or
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315 @kbd{C-x C-c}). It saves them in the file specified by
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316 @code{abbrev-file-name}. This feature can be inhibited by setting the
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317 variable @code{save-abbrevs} to @code{nil}.
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318
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319 @findex insert-abbrevs
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320 @findex define-abbrevs
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321 The commands @kbd{M-x insert-abbrevs} and @kbd{M-x define-abbrevs} are
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322 similar to the previous commands but work on text in an Emacs buffer.
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323 @kbd{M-x insert-abbrevs} inserts text into the current buffer after point,
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324 describing all current abbrev definitions; @kbd{M-x define-abbrevs} parses
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325 the entire current buffer and defines abbrevs accordingly.@refill
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326
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327 @node Dynamic Abbrevs
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328 @section Dynamic Abbrev Expansion
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329
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330 The abbrev facility described above operates automatically as you insert
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331 text, but all abbrevs must be defined explicitly. By contrast,
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332 @dfn{dynamic abbrevs} allow the meanings of abbrevs to be determined
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333 automatically from the contents of the buffer, but dynamic abbrev expansion
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334 happens only when you request it explicitly.
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335
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336 @kindex M-/
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337 @kindex C-M-/
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338 @findex dabbrev-expand
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339 @findex dabbrev-completion
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340 @table @kbd
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341 @item M-/
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342 Expand the word in the buffer before point as a @dfn{dynamic abbrev},
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343 by searching in the buffer for words starting with that abbreviation
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344 (@code{dabbrev-expand}).
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345
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346 @item C-M-/
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347 Complete the word before point as a dynamic abbrev
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348 (@code{dabbrev-completion}).
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349 @end table
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350
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351 @vindex dabbrev-limit
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352 For example, if the buffer contains @samp{does this follow } and you
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353 type @kbd{f o M-/}, the effect is to insert @samp{follow} because that
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354 is the last word in the buffer that starts with @samp{fo}. A numeric
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355 argument to @kbd{M-/} says to take the second, third, etc.@: distinct
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356 expansion found looking backward from point. Repeating @kbd{M-/}
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357 searches for an alternative expansion by looking farther back. After
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358 scanning all the text before point, it searches the text after point.
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359 The variable @code{dabbrev-limit}, if non-@code{nil}, specifies how far
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360 in the buffer to search for an expansion.
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361
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362 @vindex dabbrev-check-all-buffers
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363 After scanning the current buffer, @kbd{M-/} normally searches other
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364 buffers, unless you have set @code{dabbrev-check-all-buffers} to
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365 @code{nil}.
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366
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367 @vindex dabbrev-ignored-buffer-regexps
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368 For finer control over which buffers to scan, customize the variable
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369 @code{dabbrev-ignored-buffer-regexps}. Its value is a list of regular
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370 expressions. If a buffer's name matches any of these regular
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371 expressions, dynamic abbrev expansion skips that buffer.
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372
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373 A negative argument to @kbd{M-/}, as in @kbd{C-u - M-/}, says to
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374 search first for expansions after point, then other buffers, and
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375 consider expansions before point only as a last resort.
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376
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377 If you repeat the @kbd{M-/} to look for another expansion, do not
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378 specify an argument. This tries all the expansions after point and
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379 then the expansions before point.
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380
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381 After you have expanded a dynamic abbrev, you can copy additional
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382 words that follow the expansion in its original context. Simply type
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383 @kbd{@key{SPC} M-/} for each word you want to copy. The spacing and
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384 punctuation between words is copied along with the words.
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385
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386 The command @kbd{C-M-/} (@code{dabbrev-completion}) performs
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387 completion of a dynamic abbreviation. Instead of trying the possible
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388 expansions one by one, it finds all of them, then inserts the text that
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389 they have in common. If they have nothing in common, @kbd{C-M-/}
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390 displays a list of completions, from which you can select a choice in
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391 the usual manner. @xref{Completion}.
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392
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393 Dynamic abbrev expansion is completely independent of Abbrev mode; the
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394 expansion of a word with @kbd{M-/} is completely independent of whether
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395 it has a definition as an ordinary abbrev.
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396
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397 @node Dabbrev Customization
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398 @section Customizing Dynamic Abbreviation
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399
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400 Normally, dynamic abbrev expansion ignores case when searching for
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401 expansions. That is, the expansion need not agree in case with the word
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402 you are expanding.
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403
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404 @vindex dabbrev-case-fold-search
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405 This feature is controlled by the variable
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406 @code{dabbrev-case-fold-search}. If it is @code{t}, case is ignored in
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407 this search; if it is @code{nil}, the word and the expansion must match
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408 in case. If the value of @code{dabbrev-case-fold-search} is
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409 @code{case-fold-search}, which is true by default, then the variable
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410 @code{case-fold-search} controls whether to ignore case while searching
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411 for expansions.
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412
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413 @vindex dabbrev-case-replace
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414 Normally, dynamic abbrev expansion preserves the case pattern @emph{of
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415 the abbrev you have typed}, by converting the expansion to that case
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416 pattern.
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417
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418 @vindex dabbrev-case-fold-search
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419 The variable @code{dabbrev-case-replace} controls whether to preserve
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420 the case pattern of the abbrev. If it is @code{t}, the abbrev's case
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421 pattern is preserved in most cases; if it is @code{nil}, the expansion is
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422 always copied verbatim. If the value of @code{dabbrev-case-replace} is
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423 @code{case-replace}, which is true by default, then the variable
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424 @code{case-replace} controls whether to copy the expansion verbatim.
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425
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426 However, if the expansion contains a complex mixed case pattern, and
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427 the abbrev matches this pattern as far as it goes, then the expansion is
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428 always copied verbatim, regardless of those variables. Thus, for
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429 example, if the buffer contains @code{variableWithSillyCasePattern}, and
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430 you type @kbd{v a M-/}, it copies the expansion verbatim including its
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431 case pattern.
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432
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433 @vindex dabbrev-abbrev-char-regexp
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434 The variable @code{dabbrev-abbrev-char-regexp}, if non-@code{nil},
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435 controls which characters are considered part of a word, for dynamic expansion
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436 purposes. The regular expression must match just one character, never
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437 two or more. The same regular expression also determines which
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438 characters are part of an expansion. The value @code{nil} has a special
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439 meaning: abbreviations are made of word characters, but expansions are
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440 made of word and symbol characters.
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441
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442 @vindex dabbrev-abbrev-skip-leading-regexp
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443 In shell scripts and makefiles, a variable name is sometimes prefixed
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444 with @samp{$} and sometimes not. Major modes for this kind of text can
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445 customize dynamic abbreviation to handle optional prefixes by setting
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446 the variable @code{dabbrev-abbrev-skip-leading-regexp}. Its value
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447 should be a regular expression that matches the optional prefix that
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448 dynamic abbreviation should ignore.
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449
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450 @ignore
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451 arch-tag: 638e0079-9540-48ec-9166-414083e16445
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452 @end ignore
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