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annotate man/help.texi @ 60573:76fcfe4d97de
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author | Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org> |
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date | Fri, 11 Mar 2005 23:51:27 +0000 |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
55626 | 2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 97, 2000, 2001, 2004 |
28433 | 3 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node Help, Mark, M-x, Top | |
6 @chapter Help | |
7 @kindex Help | |
8 @cindex help | |
9 @cindex self-documentation | |
10 @findex help-command | |
11 @kindex C-h | |
12 @kindex F1 | |
13 | |
14 Emacs provides extensive help features accessible through a single | |
38488 | 15 character, @kbd{C-h}. @kbd{C-h} is a prefix key that is used for |
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16 commands that display documentation. The characters that you can type after |
25829 | 17 @kbd{C-h} are called @dfn{help options}. One help option is @kbd{C-h}; |
18 that is how you ask for help about using @kbd{C-h}. To cancel, type | |
19 @kbd{C-g}. The function key @key{F1} is equivalent to @kbd{C-h}. | |
20 | |
21 @kindex C-h C-h | |
22 @findex help-for-help | |
23 @kbd{C-h C-h} (@code{help-for-help}) displays a list of the possible | |
24 help options, each with a brief description. Before you type a help | |
25 option, you can use @key{SPC} or @key{DEL} to scroll through the list. | |
26 | |
27 @kbd{C-h} or @key{F1} means ``help'' in various other contexts as | |
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28 well. After a prefix key, it displays a list of the alternatives that |
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29 can follow the prefix key. (A few prefix keys don't support |
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30 @kbd{C-h}, because they define other meanings for it, but they all |
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31 support @key{F1}.) |
25829 | 32 |
33 Most help buffers use a special major mode, Help mode, which lets you | |
28433 | 34 scroll conveniently with @key{SPC} and @key{DEL}. It also offers |
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35 hyperlinks to further help regarding cross-referenced names, Info nodes, |
28433 | 36 customization buffers and the like. @xref{Help Mode}. |
25829 | 37 |
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38 @cindex searching documentation efficiently |
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39 @cindex looking for a subject in documentation |
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40 If you are looking for a certain feature, but don't know where |
38745 | 41 exactly it is documented, and aren't sure of the name of a |
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42 related command or variable, we recommend trying these methods. Usually |
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43 it is best to start with an apropos command, then try searching the |
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44 manual index, then finally look in the FAQ and the package keywords. |
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45 |
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46 @table @kbd |
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47 @item C-h a @var{topic} @key{RET} |
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48 This searches for commands whose names match @var{topic}, which should |
38745 | 49 be a regular expression (@pxref{Regexps}). Browse the buffer that this |
50 command displays to find what you are looking for. @xref{Apropos}. | |
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51 |
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52 @item M-x apropos @key{RET} @var{topic} @key{RET} |
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53 This works like @kbd{C-h a}, but it also searches for noninteractive |
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54 functions and for variables. @xref{Apropos}. |
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55 |
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56 @item M-x apropos-documentation @key{RET} @var{topic} @key{RET} |
32432 | 57 This searches the @emph{documentation strings} (the built-in short |
58 descriptions) of all variables and functions (not their names) for a | |
59 match for @var{topic}, a regular expression. @xref{Apropos}. | |
60 | |
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61 @item C-h i d m emacs @key{RET} i @var{topic} @key{RET} |
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62 This looks up @var{topic} in the indices of the Emacs on-line manual. |
36365 | 63 If there are several matches, Emacs displays the first one. You can then |
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64 press @kbd{,} to move to other matches, until you find what you are |
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65 looking for. |
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66 |
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67 @item C-h i d m emacs @key{RET} s @var{topic} @key{RET} |
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68 Similar, but searches for @var{topic} (which can be a regular |
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69 expression) in the @emph{text} of the manual rather than in its |
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70 indices. |
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71 |
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72 @item C-h C-f |
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73 This brings up the Emacs FAQ. You can use the Info commands |
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74 to browse it. |
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75 |
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76 @item C-h p |
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77 Finally, you can try looking up a suitable package using keywords |
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78 pertinent to the feature you need. @xref{Library Keywords}. |
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79 @end table |
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80 |
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81 To find the documentation of a key sequence or a menu item, type |
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82 @kbd{C-h K} and then type that key sequence or select the menu |
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83 item. This looks up the description of the command invoked by the key |
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84 or the menu in the appropriate manual (not necessarily the Emacs |
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85 manual). Likewise, use @kbd{C-h F} for reading documentation of a |
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86 command. |
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87 |
25829 | 88 @menu |
89 * Help Summary:: Brief list of all Help commands. | |
90 * Key Help:: Asking what a key does in Emacs. | |
91 * Name Help:: Asking about a command, variable or function name. | |
92 * Apropos:: Asking what pertains to a given topic. | |
93 * Library Keywords:: Finding Lisp libraries by keywords (topics). | |
94 * Language Help:: Help relating to international language support. | |
95 * Help Mode:: Special features of Help mode and Help buffers. | |
96 * Misc Help:: Other help commands. | |
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97 * Help Files:: Commands to display pre-written help files. |
28433 | 98 * Help Echo:: Help on active text and tooltips (`balloon help') |
25829 | 99 @end menu |
100 | |
101 @iftex | |
102 @node Help Summary | |
103 @end iftex | |
55626 | 104 @ifnottex |
25829 | 105 @node Help Summary |
106 @section Help Summary | |
55626 | 107 @end ifnottex |
25829 | 108 |
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109 Here is a summary of the Emacs interactive help commands. |
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110 @xref{Help Files}, for other help commands that just display a |
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111 pre-written file of information. |
25829 | 112 |
113 @table @kbd | |
114 @item C-h a @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
115 Display a list of commands whose names match @var{regexp} | |
116 (@code{apropos-command}). | |
117 @item C-h b | |
118 Display a table of all key bindings in effect now, in this order: minor | |
119 mode bindings, major mode bindings, and global bindings | |
120 (@code{describe-bindings}). | |
121 @item C-h c @var{key} | |
38488 | 122 Show the name of the command that @var{key} runs |
36185 | 123 (@code{describe-key-briefly}). Here @kbd{c} stands for ``character.'' |
124 For more extensive information on @var{key}, use @kbd{C-h k}. | |
25829 | 125 @item C-h f @var{function} @key{RET} |
126 Display documentation on the Lisp function named @var{function} | |
127 (@code{describe-function}). Since commands are Lisp functions, | |
128 a command name may be used. | |
129 @item C-h h | |
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130 Display the @file{HELLO} file, which shows examples of various character |
25829 | 131 sets. |
132 @item C-h i | |
133 Run Info, the program for browsing documentation files (@code{info}). | |
134 The complete Emacs manual is available on-line in Info. | |
135 @item C-h k @var{key} | |
136 Display the name and documentation of the command that @var{key} runs | |
137 (@code{describe-key}). | |
138 @item C-h l | |
139 Display a description of the last 100 characters you typed | |
140 (@code{view-lossage}). | |
141 @item C-h m | |
142 Display documentation of the current major mode (@code{describe-mode}). | |
143 @item C-h p | |
144 Find packages by topic keyword (@code{finder-by-keyword}). | |
145 @item C-h s | |
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146 Display the current contents of the syntax table, plus an explanation of |
25829 | 147 what they mean (@code{describe-syntax}). @xref{Syntax}. |
148 @item C-h t | |
149 Enter the Emacs interactive tutorial (@code{help-with-tutorial}). | |
150 @item C-h v @var{var} @key{RET} | |
38488 | 151 Display the documentation of the Lisp variable @var{var} |
25829 | 152 (@code{describe-variable}). |
153 @item C-h w @var{command} @key{RET} | |
38488 | 154 Show which keys run the command named @var{command} (@code{where-is}). |
25829 | 155 @item C-h C @var{coding} @key{RET} |
38488 | 156 Describe coding system @var{coding} |
25829 | 157 (@code{describe-coding-system}). |
158 @item C-h C @key{RET} | |
159 Describe the coding systems currently in use. | |
160 @item C-h I @var{method} @key{RET} | |
161 Describe an input method (@code{describe-input-method}). | |
162 @item C-h L @var{language-env} @key{RET} | |
38745 | 163 Display information on the character sets, coding systems, and input |
38488 | 164 methods used for language environment @var{language-env} |
25829 | 165 (@code{describe-language-environment}). |
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166 @item C-h F @var{function} @key{RET} |
25829 | 167 Enter Info and go to the node documenting the Emacs function @var{function} |
168 (@code{Info-goto-emacs-command-node}). | |
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169 @item C-h K @var{key} |
25829 | 170 Enter Info and go to the node where the key sequence @var{key} is |
171 documented (@code{Info-goto-emacs-key-command-node}). | |
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172 @item C-h S @var{symbol} @key{RET} |
25829 | 173 Display the Info documentation on symbol @var{symbol} according to the |
174 programming language you are editing (@code{info-lookup-symbol}). | |
175 @end table | |
176 | |
177 @node Key Help | |
178 @section Documentation for a Key | |
179 | |
180 @kindex C-h c | |
181 @findex describe-key-briefly | |
182 The most basic @kbd{C-h} options are @kbd{C-h c} | |
183 (@code{describe-key-briefly}) and @w{@kbd{C-h k}} (@code{describe-key}). | |
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184 @kbd{C-h c @var{key}} displays in the echo area the name of the command |
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185 that @var{key} is bound to. For example, @kbd{C-h c C-f} displays |
25829 | 186 @samp{forward-char}. Since command names are chosen to describe what |
187 the commands do, this is a good way to get a very brief description of | |
188 what @var{key} does. | |
189 | |
190 @kindex C-h k | |
191 @findex describe-key | |
192 @kbd{C-h k @var{key}} is similar but gives more information: it | |
193 displays the documentation string of the command as well as its name. | |
194 This is too big for the echo area, so a window is used for the display. | |
195 | |
196 @kbd{C-h c} and @kbd{C-h k} work for any sort of key sequences, | |
197 including function keys and mouse events. | |
198 | |
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199 @kindex C-h w |
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200 @findex where-is |
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201 @kbd{C-h w @var{command} @key{RET}} tells you what keys are bound to |
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202 @var{command}. It displays a list of the keys in the echo area. If it |
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203 says the command is not on any key, you must use @kbd{M-x} to run it. |
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204 @kbd{C-h w} runs the command @code{where-is}. |
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205 |
25829 | 206 @node Name Help |
207 @section Help by Command or Variable Name | |
208 | |
209 @kindex C-h f | |
210 @findex describe-function | |
211 @kbd{C-h f} (@code{describe-function}) reads the name of a Lisp function | |
212 using the minibuffer, then displays that function's documentation string | |
213 in a window. Since commands are Lisp functions, you can use this to get | |
214 the documentation of a command that you know by name. For example, | |
215 | |
216 @example | |
217 C-h f auto-fill-mode @key{RET} | |
218 @end example | |
219 | |
220 @noindent | |
221 displays the documentation of @code{auto-fill-mode}. This is the only | |
222 way to get the documentation of a command that is not bound to any key | |
223 (one which you would normally run using @kbd{M-x}). | |
224 | |
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225 @kbd{C-h f} is also useful for Lisp functions that you are planning |
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226 to use in a Lisp program. For example, if you have just written the |
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227 expression @code{(make-vector len)} and want to check that you are |
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228 using @code{make-vector} properly, type @kbd{C-h f make-vector |
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229 @key{RET}}. Because @kbd{C-h f} allows all function names, not just |
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230 command names, you may find that some of your favorite completion |
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231 abbreviations that work in @kbd{M-x} don't work in @kbd{C-h f}. An |
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232 abbreviation may be unique among command names, yet fail to be unique |
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233 when other function names are allowed. |
25829 | 234 |
38488 | 235 The default function name for @kbd{C-h f} to describe, if you type |
236 just @key{RET}, is the name of the function called by the innermost Lisp | |
237 expression in the buffer around point, @emph{provided} that is a valid, | |
238 defined Lisp function name. For example, if point is located following | |
239 the text @samp{(make-vector (car x)}, the innermost list containing | |
240 point is the one that starts with @samp{(make-vector}, so the default is | |
241 to describe the function @code{make-vector}. | |
25829 | 242 |
243 @kbd{C-h f} is often useful just to verify that you have the right | |
244 spelling for the function name. If @kbd{C-h f} mentions a name from the | |
245 buffer as the default, that name must be defined as a Lisp function. If | |
246 that is all you want to know, just type @kbd{C-g} to cancel the @kbd{C-h | |
247 f} command, then go on editing. | |
248 | |
249 @kbd{C-h v} (@code{describe-variable}) is like @kbd{C-h f} but describes | |
250 Lisp variables instead of Lisp functions. Its default is the Lisp symbol | |
251 around or before point, but only if that is the name of a known Lisp | |
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252 variable. @xref{Variables}. |
25829 | 253 |
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254 Help buffers describing Emacs variables and functions normally have |
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255 hyperlinks to the definition, if you have the source files installed. |
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256 (@xref{Hyperlinking}.) If you know Lisp (or C), this provides the |
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257 ultimate documentation. If you don't know Lisp, you should learn it. |
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258 If you are just @emph{using} Emacs, treating Emacs as an object |
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259 (file), then you don't really love it. For true intimacy with your |
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260 editor, you need to read the source code. |
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261 |
25829 | 262 @node Apropos |
263 @section Apropos | |
264 | |
265 @kindex C-h a | |
266 @findex apropos-command | |
267 @cindex apropos | |
268 A more sophisticated sort of question to ask is, ``What are the | |
269 commands for working with files?'' To ask this question, type @kbd{C-h | |
270 a file @key{RET}}, which displays a list of all command names that | |
271 contain @samp{file}, including @code{copy-file}, @code{find-file}, and | |
272 so on. With each command name appears a brief description of how to use | |
273 the command, and what keys you can currently invoke it with. For | |
274 example, it would say that you can invoke @code{find-file} by typing | |
36185 | 275 @kbd{C-x C-f}. The @kbd{a} in @kbd{C-h a} stands for ``Apropos''; |
25829 | 276 @kbd{C-h a} runs the command @code{apropos-command}. This command |
277 normally checks only commands (interactive functions); if you specify a | |
278 prefix argument, it checks noninteractive functions as well. | |
279 | |
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280 Because @kbd{C-h a} looks only for commands whose names contain the |
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281 string you specify, you must use ingenuity in choosing the string. If |
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282 you are looking for commands for killing backwards and @kbd{C-h a |
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283 kill-backwards @key{RET}} doesn't reveal any, don't give up. Try just |
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284 @kbd{kill}, or just @kbd{backwards}, or just @kbd{back}. Be |
25829 | 285 persistent. Also note that you can use a regular expression as the |
286 argument, for more flexibility (@pxref{Regexps}). | |
287 | |
288 Here is a set of arguments to give to @kbd{C-h a} that covers many | |
289 classes of Emacs commands, since there are strong conventions for naming | |
290 the standard Emacs commands. By giving you a feel for the naming | |
291 conventions, this set should also serve to aid you in developing a | |
292 technique for picking @code{apropos} strings. | |
293 | |
294 @quotation | |
295 char, line, word, sentence, paragraph, region, page, sexp, list, defun, | |
296 rect, buffer, frame, window, face, file, dir, register, mode, beginning, end, | |
297 forward, backward, next, previous, up, down, search, goto, kill, delete, | |
298 mark, insert, yank, fill, indent, case, change, set, what, list, find, | |
299 view, describe, default. | |
300 @end quotation | |
301 | |
302 @findex apropos-variable | |
303 To list all user variables that match a regexp, use the command | |
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304 @kbd{M-x apropos-variable}. By default, this command shows only |
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305 variables meant for user customization; if you specify a prefix |
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306 argument, it checks all variables. |
25829 | 307 |
308 @findex apropos | |
309 To list all Lisp symbols that contain a match for a regexp, not just | |
310 the ones that are defined as commands, use the command @kbd{M-x apropos} | |
311 instead of @kbd{C-h a}. This command does not check key bindings by | |
312 default; specify a numeric argument if you want it to check them. | |
313 | |
314 @findex apropos-documentation | |
315 The @code{apropos-documentation} command is like @code{apropos} except | |
316 that it searches documentation strings as well as symbol names for | |
317 matches for the specified regular expression. | |
318 | |
319 @findex apropos-value | |
320 The @code{apropos-value} command is like @code{apropos} except that it | |
321 searches symbols' values for matches for the specified regular | |
322 expression. This command does not check function definitions or | |
323 property lists by default; specify a numeric argument if you want it to | |
324 check them. | |
325 | |
326 @vindex apropos-do-all | |
327 If the variable @code{apropos-do-all} is non-@code{nil}, the commands | |
328 above all behave as if they had been given a prefix argument. | |
329 | |
330 If you want more information about a function definition, variable or | |
331 symbol property listed in the Apropos buffer, you can click on it with | |
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332 @kbd{Mouse-1} or @kbd{Mouse-2}, or move there and type @key{RET}. |
25829 | 333 |
334 @node Library Keywords | |
335 @section Keyword Search for Lisp Libraries | |
336 | |
337 @kindex C-h p | |
338 @findex finder-by-keyword | |
339 The @kbd{C-h p} command lets you search the standard Emacs Lisp | |
340 libraries by topic keywords. Here is a partial list of keywords you can | |
341 use: | |
342 | |
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343 @multitable {emulations} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa} |
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344 @item abbrev@tab abbreviation handling, typing shortcuts, macros. |
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345 @item bib@tab code related to the @code{bib} bibliography processor. |
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346 @item c@tab support for the C language and related languages. |
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347 @item calendar@tab calendar and time management support. |
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348 @item comm@tab communications, networking, remote access to files. |
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349 @item convenience@tab convenience features for faster editing. |
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350 @item data@tab support for editing files of data. |
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351 @item docs@tab support for Emacs documentation. |
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352 @item emulations@tab emulations of other editors. |
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353 @item extensions@tab Emacs Lisp language extensions. |
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354 @item faces@tab support for multiple fonts. |
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355 @item files@tab support for editing and manipulating files. |
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356 @item frames@tab support for Emacs frames and window systems. |
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357 @item games@tab games, jokes and amusements. |
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358 @item hardware@tab support for interfacing with exotic hardware. |
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359 @item help@tab support for on-line help systems. |
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360 @item hypermedia@tab support for links between text or other media types. |
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361 @item i18n@tab internationalization and alternate character-set support. |
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362 @item internal@tab code for Emacs internals, build process, defaults. |
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363 @item languages@tab specialized modes for editing programming languages. |
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364 @item lisp@tab Lisp support, including Emacs Lisp. |
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365 @item local@tab code local to your site. |
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366 @item maint@tab maintenance aids for the Emacs development group. |
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367 @item mail@tab modes for electronic-mail handling. |
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368 @item matching@tab various sorts of searching and matching. |
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369 @item mouse@tab mouse support. |
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370 @item multimedia@tab images and sound support. |
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371 @item news@tab support for netnews reading and posting. |
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372 @item oop@tab support for object-oriented programming. |
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373 @item outlines@tab support for hierarchical outlining. |
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374 @item processes@tab process, subshell, compilation, and job control support. |
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375 @item terminals@tab support for terminal types. |
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376 @item tex@tab supporting code for the @TeX{} formatter. |
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377 @item tools@tab programming tools. |
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378 @item unix@tab front-ends/assistants for, or emulators of, UNIX-like features. |
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379 @item wp@tab word processing. |
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380 @end multitable |
25829 | 381 |
382 @node Language Help | |
383 @section Help for International Language Support | |
384 | |
385 You can use the command @kbd{C-h L} | |
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386 (@code{describe-language-environment}) to find out information about |
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387 the support for a specific language environment. @xref{Language |
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388 Environments}. This tells you which languages this language |
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389 environment is useful for, and lists the character sets, coding |
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390 systems, and input methods that go with it. It also shows some sample |
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391 text to illustrate scripts. |
25829 | 392 |
393 The command @kbd{C-h h} (@code{view-hello-file}) displays the file | |
394 @file{etc/HELLO}, which shows how to say ``hello'' in many languages. | |
395 | |
396 The command @kbd{C-h I} (@code{describe-input-method}) describes | |
397 information about input methods---either a specified input method, or by | |
398 default the input method in use. @xref{Input Methods}. | |
399 | |
400 The command @kbd{C-h C} (@code{describe-coding-system}) describes | |
401 information about coding systems---either a specified coding system, or | |
402 the ones currently in use. @xref{Coding Systems}. | |
403 | |
404 @node Help Mode | |
405 @section Help Mode Commands | |
406 | |
38488 | 407 Help buffers provide the same commands as View mode (@pxref{Misc File |
408 Ops}), plus a few special commands of their own. | |
25829 | 409 |
410 @table @kbd | |
411 @item @key{SPC} | |
412 Scroll forward. | |
413 @item @key{DEL} | |
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414 @itemx @key{BS} |
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415 Scroll backward. On some keyboards, this key is known as @key{BS} or |
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416 @key{backspace}. |
25829 | 417 @item @key{RET} |
418 Follow a cross reference at point. | |
419 @item @key{TAB} | |
420 Move point forward to the next cross reference. | |
421 @item S-@key{TAB} | |
422 Move point back to the previous cross reference. | |
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423 @item Mouse-1 |
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424 @itemx Mouse-2 |
25829 | 425 Follow a cross reference that you click on. |
426 @end table | |
427 | |
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428 When a function name (@pxref{M-x,, Running Commands by Name}) or |
25829 | 429 variable name (@pxref{Variables}) appears in the documentation, it |
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430 normally appears inside paired single-quotes. You can click on the |
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431 name with @kbd{Mouse-1} or @kbd{Mouse-2}, or move point there and type |
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432 @key{RET}, to view the documentation of that command or variable. Use |
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433 @kbd{C-c C-b} to retrace your steps. |
25829 | 434 |
435 @kindex @key{TAB} @r{(Help mode)} | |
436 @findex help-next-ref | |
437 @kindex S-@key{TAB} @r{(Help mode)} | |
438 @findex help-previous-ref | |
439 There are convenient commands for moving point to cross references in | |
440 the help text. @key{TAB} (@code{help-next-ref}) moves point down to the | |
441 next cross reference. Use @kbd{S-@key{TAB}} to move point up to the | |
442 previous cross reference (@code{help-previous-ref}). | |
443 | |
444 @node Misc Help | |
445 @section Other Help Commands | |
446 | |
447 @kindex C-h i | |
448 @findex info | |
449 @cindex Info | |
450 @cindex manuals, on-line | |
451 @cindex on-line manuals | |
452 @kbd{C-h i} (@code{info}) runs the Info program, which is used for | |
453 browsing through structured documentation files. The entire Emacs manual | |
38488 | 454 is available within Info. Eventually all the documentation of the GNU |
25829 | 455 system will be available. Type @kbd{h} after entering Info to run |
456 a tutorial on using Info. | |
457 | |
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458 @cindex find Info manual by its file name |
25829 | 459 If you specify a numeric argument, @kbd{C-h i} prompts for the name of |
460 a documentation file. This way, you can browse a file which doesn't | |
461 have an entry in the top-level Info menu. It is also handy when you | |
462 need to get to the documentation quickly, and you know the exact name of | |
463 the file. | |
464 | |
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465 @kindex C-h F |
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466 @kindex C-h K |
25829 | 467 @findex Info-goto-emacs-key-command-node |
468 @findex Info-goto-emacs-command-node | |
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469 There are two special help commands for accessing Emacs |
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470 documentation through Info. @kbd{C-h F @var{function} @key{RET}} |
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471 enters Info and goes straight to the documentation of the Emacs |
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472 function @var{function}. @kbd{C-h K @var{key}} enters Info and goes |
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473 straight to the documentation of the key @var{key}. These two keys |
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474 run the commands @code{Info-goto-emacs-command-node} and |
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475 @code{Info-goto-emacs-key-command-node}. You can use @kbd{C-h K} to |
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476 find the documentation of a menu item: just select that menu item when |
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477 @kbd{C-h K} prompts for a key. |
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478 |
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479 @kbd{C-h F} and @kbd{C-h K} know about commands and keys described |
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480 in manuals other than the Emacs manual. Thus, they make it easier to |
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481 find the documentation of commands and keys when you are not sure |
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482 which manual describes them, like when using some specialized mode. |
25829 | 483 |
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484 @kindex C-h S |
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485 @findex info-lookup-symbol |
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486 When editing a program, if you have an Info version of the manual |
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487 for the programming language, you can use the command @kbd{C-h S} |
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488 (@code{info-lookup-symbol}) to refer to the manual documentation for a |
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489 symbol (keyword, function or variable). The details of how this |
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490 command works depend on the major mode. |
25829 | 491 |
492 @kindex C-h l | |
493 @findex view-lossage | |
494 If something surprising happens, and you are not sure what commands you | |
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495 typed, use @kbd{C-h l} (@code{view-lossage}). @kbd{C-h l} displays the last |
25829 | 496 100 command characters you typed in. If you see commands that you don't |
497 know, you can use @kbd{C-h c} to find out what they do. | |
498 | |
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499 @kindex C-h e |
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500 @findex view-echo-area-messages |
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501 To review messages that recently appeared in the echo area, use |
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502 @kbd{C-h e} (@code{view-echo-area-messages}). This displays the |
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503 buffer @code{*Messages*}, where those messages are kept. |
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504 |
25829 | 505 @kindex C-h m |
506 @findex describe-mode | |
507 Emacs has numerous major modes, each of which redefines a few keys and | |
508 makes a few other changes in how editing works. @kbd{C-h m} | |
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509 (@code{describe-mode}) displays documentation on the current major mode, |
25829 | 510 which normally describes all the commands that are changed in this |
511 mode. | |
512 | |
513 @kindex C-h b | |
514 @findex describe-bindings | |
515 @kbd{C-h b} (@code{describe-bindings}) and @kbd{C-h s} | |
516 (@code{describe-syntax}) present other information about the current | |
517 Emacs mode. @kbd{C-h b} displays a list of all the key bindings now in | |
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518 effect, showing the local bindings defined by the current minor modes first, |
25829 | 519 then the local bindings defined by the current major mode, and finally |
520 the global bindings (@pxref{Key Bindings}). @kbd{C-h s} displays the | |
521 contents of the syntax table, with explanations of each character's | |
522 syntax (@pxref{Syntax}). | |
523 | |
524 You can get a similar list for a particular prefix key by typing | |
525 @kbd{C-h} after the prefix key. (There are a few prefix keys for which | |
526 this does not work---those that provide their own bindings for | |
527 @kbd{C-h}. One of these is @key{ESC}, because @kbd{@key{ESC} C-h} is | |
528 actually @kbd{C-M-h}, which marks a defun.) | |
529 | |
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530 @node Help Files |
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531 @section Help Files |
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532 |
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533 The Emacs help commands described above display the state of data |
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534 bases within Emacs. Emacs has a few other help commands that display |
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535 pre-written help files. These commands all have the form @kbd{C-h |
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536 C-@var{char}}; that is, @kbd{C-h} followed by a control character. |
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537 |
25829 | 538 @kindex C-h C-c |
539 @findex describe-copying | |
540 @kindex C-h C-d | |
541 @findex describe-distribution | |
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542 @kindex C-h C-e |
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543 @findex view-emacs-problems |
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544 @kindex C-h C-f |
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545 @findex view-emacs-FAQ |
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546 @kindex C-h C-n |
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547 @findex view-emacs-news |
25829 | 548 @kindex C-h C-p |
549 @findex describe-project | |
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550 @kindex C-h C-t |
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551 @findex view-emacs-todo |
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552 @kindex C-h C-w |
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553 @findex describe-no-warranty |
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554 The other @kbd{C-h} options display various files containing useful |
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555 information. |
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556 |
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557 @table @kbd |
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558 @item C-h C-c |
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559 Displays the Emacs copying conditions (@code{describe-copying}). |
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560 These are the rules under which you can copy and redistribute Emacs. |
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561 @item C-h C-d |
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562 Displays information on how to download or order the latest version of |
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563 Emacs and other GNU software (@code{describe-distribution}). |
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564 @item C-h C-e |
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565 Displays the list of known Emacs problems, sometimes with suggested |
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566 workarounds (@code{view-emacs-problems}). |
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567 @item C-h C-f |
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568 Displays the Emacs frequently-answered-questions list (@code{view-emacs-FAQ}). |
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569 @item C-h C-n |
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570 Displays the Emacs ``news'' file, which lists new Emacs features, most |
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571 recent first (@code{view-emacs-news}). |
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572 @item C-h C-p |
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573 Displays general information about the GNU Project |
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574 (@code{describe-project}). |
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575 @item C-h C-t |
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576 Displays the Emacs to-do list (@code{view-todo}). |
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577 @item C-h C-w |
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578 Displays the full details on the complete absence of warranty for GNU |
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579 Emacs (@code{describe-no-warranty}). |
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580 @end table |
28433 | 581 |
582 @node Help Echo | |
583 @section Help on Active Text and Tooltips | |
584 | |
585 @cindex tooltips | |
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586 @cindex balloon help |
38745 | 587 When a region of text is ``active,'' so that you can select it with |
36185 | 588 the mouse or a key like @kbd{RET}, it often has associated help text. |
589 Areas of the mode line are examples. This help will normally be | |
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590 shown in the echo area when you move point into the active text. In |
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591 a window system you can display the help text as a ``tooltip'' |
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592 (sometimes known as ``balloon help''). @xref{Tooltips}. |
52401 | 593 |
594 @ignore | |
595 arch-tag: 6f33ab62-bc75-4367-8057-fd67cc15c3a1 | |
596 @end ignore |