annotate etc/tutorials/TUTORIAL @ 92756:77dae3f8271b

Remove discussion of flow control.
author Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
date Wed, 12 Mar 2008 13:40:42 +0000
parents 107ccd98fa12
children e666d114df11
Ignore whitespace changes - Everywhere: Within whitespace: At end of lines:
rev   line source
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1 Emacs tutorial. See end for copying conditions.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3 Emacs commands generally involve the CONTROL key (sometimes labeled
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4 CTRL or CTL) or the META key (sometimes labeled EDIT or ALT). Rather than
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5 write that in full each time, we'll use the following abbreviations:
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
6
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
7 C-<chr> means hold the CONTROL key while typing the character <chr>
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
8 Thus, C-f would be: hold the CONTROL key and type f.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
9 M-<chr> means hold the META or EDIT or ALT key down while typing <chr>.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
10 If there is no META, EDIT or ALT key, instead press and release the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
11 ESC key and then type <chr>. We write <ESC> for the ESC key.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
12
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
13 Important note: to end the Emacs session, type C-x C-c. (Two characters.)
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
14 The characters ">>" at the left margin indicate directions for you to
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
15 try using a command. For instance:
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
16 <<Blank lines inserted around following line by help-with-tutorial>>
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
17 [Middle of page left blank for didactic purposes. Text continues below]
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
18 >> Now type C-v (View next screen) to move to the next screen.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
19 (go ahead, do it by holding down the CONTROL key while typing v).
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
20 From now on, you should do this again whenever you finish
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
21 reading the screen.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
22
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
23 Note that there is an overlap of two lines when you move from screen
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
24 to screen; this provides some continuity so you can continue reading
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
25 the text.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
26
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
27 The first thing that you need to know is how to move around from place
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
28 to place in the text. You already know how to move forward one screen,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
29 with C-v. To move backwards one screen, type M-v (hold down the META key
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
30 and type v, or type <ESC>v if you do not have a META, EDIT, or ALT key).
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
31
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
32 >> Try typing M-v and then C-v, a few times.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
33
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
34
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
35 * SUMMARY
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
36 ---------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
37
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
38 The following commands are useful for viewing screenfuls:
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
39
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
40 C-v Move forward one screenful
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
41 M-v Move backward one screenful
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
42 C-l Clear screen and redisplay all the text,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
43 moving the text around the cursor
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
44 to the center of the screen.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
45 (That's CONTROL-L, not CONTROL-1.)
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
46
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
47 >> Find the cursor, and note what text is near it.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
48 Then type C-l.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
49 Find the cursor again and notice that the same text
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
50 is near the cursor now.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
51
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
52 You can also use the PageUp and PageDn keys to move by screenfuls, if
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
53 your terminal has them, but you can edit more efficiently if you use
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
54 C-v and M-v.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
55
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
56
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
57 * BASIC CURSOR CONTROL
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
58 ----------------------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
59
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
60 Moving from screenful to screenful is useful, but how do you
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
61 move to a specific place within the text on the screen?
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
62
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
63 There are several ways you can do this. You can use the arrow keys,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
64 but it's more efficient to keep your hands in the standard position
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
65 and use the commands C-p, C-b, C-f, and C-n. These characters
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
66 are equivalent to the four arrow keys, like this:
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
67
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
68 Previous line, C-p
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
69 :
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
70 :
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
71 Backward, C-b .... Current cursor position .... Forward, C-f
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
72 :
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
73 :
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
74 Next line, C-n
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
75
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
76 >> Move the cursor to the line in the middle of that diagram
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
77 using C-n or C-p. Then type C-l to see the whole diagram
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
78 centered in the screen.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
79
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
80 You'll find it easy to remember these letters by words they stand for:
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
81 P for previous, N for next, B for backward and F for forward. You
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
82 will be using these basic cursor positioning commands all the time.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
83
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
84 >> Do a few C-n's to bring the cursor down to this line.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
85
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
86 >> Move into the line with C-f's and then up with C-p's.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
87 See what C-p does when the cursor is in the middle of the line.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
88
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
89 Each line of text ends with a Newline character, which serves to
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
90 separate it from the following line. The last line in your file ought
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
91 to have a Newline at the end (but Emacs does not require it to have
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
92 one).
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
93
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
94 >> Try to C-b at the beginning of a line. It should move to
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
95 the end of the previous line. This is because it moves back
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
96 across the Newline character.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
97
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
98 C-f can move across a Newline just like C-b.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
99
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
100 >> Do a few more C-b's, so you get a feel for where the cursor is.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
101 Then do C-f's to return to the end of the line.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
102 Then do one more C-f to move to the following line.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
103
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
104 When you move past the top or bottom of the screen, the text beyond
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
105 the edge shifts onto the screen. This is called "scrolling". It
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
106 enables Emacs to move the cursor to the specified place in the text
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
107 without moving it off the screen.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
108
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
109 >> Try to move the cursor off the bottom of the screen with C-n, and
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
110 see what happens.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
111
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
112 If moving by characters is too slow, you can move by words. M-f
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
113 (META-f) moves forward a word and M-b moves back a word.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
114
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
115 >> Type a few M-f's and M-b's.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
116
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
117 When you are in the middle of a word, M-f moves to the end of the word.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
118 When you are in whitespace between words, M-f moves to the end of the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
119 following word. M-b works likewise in the opposite direction.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
120
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
121 >> Type M-f and M-b a few times, interspersed with C-f's and C-b's
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
122 so that you can observe the action of M-f and M-b from various
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
123 places inside and between words.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
124
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
125 Notice the parallel between C-f and C-b on the one hand, and M-f and
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
126 M-b on the other hand. Very often Meta characters are used for
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
127 operations related to the units defined by language (words, sentences,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
128 paragraphs), while Control characters operate on basic units that are
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
129 independent of what you are editing (characters, lines, etc).
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
130
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
131 This parallel applies between lines and sentences: C-a and C-e move to
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
132 the beginning or end of a line, and M-a and M-e move to the beginning
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
133 or end of a sentence.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
134
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
135 >> Try a couple of C-a's, and then a couple of C-e's.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
136 Try a couple of M-a's, and then a couple of M-e's.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
137
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
138 See how repeated C-a's do nothing, but repeated M-a's keep moving one
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
139 more sentence. Although these are not quite analogous, each one seems
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
140 natural.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
141
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
142 The location of the cursor in the text is also called "point". To
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
143 paraphrase, the cursor shows on the screen where point is located in
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
144 the text.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
145
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
146 Here is a summary of simple cursor-moving operations, including the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
147 word and sentence moving commands:
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
148
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
149 C-f Move forward a character
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
150 C-b Move backward a character
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
151
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
152 M-f Move forward a word
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
153 M-b Move backward a word
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
154
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
155 C-n Move to next line
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
156 C-p Move to previous line
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
157
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
158 C-a Move to beginning of line
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
159 C-e Move to end of line
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
160
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
161 M-a Move back to beginning of sentence
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
162 M-e Move forward to end of sentence
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
163
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
164 >> Try all of these commands now a few times for practice.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
165 These are the most often used commands.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
166
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
167 Two other important cursor motion commands are M-< (META Less-than),
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
168 which moves to the beginning of the whole text, and M-> (META
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
169 Greater-than), which moves to the end of the whole text.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
170
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
171 On most terminals, the "<" is above the comma, so you must use the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
172 shift key to type it. On these terminals you must use the shift key
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
173 to type M-< also; without the shift key, you would be typing M-comma.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
174
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
175 >> Try M-< now, to move to the beginning of the tutorial.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
176 Then use C-v repeatedly to move back here.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
177
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
178 >> Try M-> now, to move to the end of the tutorial.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
179 Then use M-v repeatedly to move back here.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
180
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
181 You can also move the cursor with the arrow keys, if your terminal has
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
182 arrow keys. We recommend learning C-b, C-f, C-n and C-p for three
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
183 reasons. First, they work on all kinds of terminals. Second, once
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
184 you gain practice at using Emacs, you will find that typing these Control
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
185 characters is faster than typing the arrow keys (because you do not
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
186 have to move your hands away from touch-typing position). Third, once
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
187 you form the habit of using these Control character commands, you can
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
188 easily learn to use other advanced cursor motion commands as well.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
189
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
190 Most Emacs commands accept a numeric argument; for most commands, this
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
191 serves as a repeat-count. The way you give a command a repeat count
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
192 is by typing C-u and then the digits before you type the command. If
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
193 you have a META (or EDIT or ALT) key, there is another, alternative way
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
194 to enter a numeric argument: type the digits while holding down the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
195 META key. We recommend learning the C-u method because it works on
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
196 any terminal. The numeric argument is also called a "prefix argument",
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
197 because you type the argument before the command it applies to.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
198
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
199 For instance, C-u 8 C-f moves forward eight characters.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
200
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
201 >> Try using C-n or C-p with a numeric argument, to move the cursor
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
202 to a line near this one with just one command.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
203
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
204 Most commands use the numeric argument as a repeat count, but some
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
205 commands use it in some other way. Several commands (but none of
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
206 those you have learned so far) use it as a flag--the presence of a
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
207 prefix argument, regardless of its value, makes the command do
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
208 something different.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
209
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
210 C-v and M-v are another kind of exception. When given an argument,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
211 they scroll the screen up or down by that many lines, rather than by a
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
212 screenful. For example, C-u 8 C-v scrolls the screen by 8 lines.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
213
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
214 >> Try typing C-u 8 C-v now.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
215
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
216 This should have scrolled the screen up by 8 lines. If you would like
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
217 to scroll it down again, you can give an argument to M-v.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
218
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
219 If you are using a windowed display, such as X11 or MS-Windows, there
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
220 should be a tall rectangular area called a scroll bar at the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
221 side of the Emacs window. You can scroll the text by clicking the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
222 mouse in the scroll bar.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
223
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
224 >> Try pressing the middle button at the top of the highlighted area
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
225 within the scroll bar. This should scroll the text to a position
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
226 determined by how high or low you click.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
227
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
228 >> Try moving the mouse up and down, while holding the middle button
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
229 pressed down. You'll see that the text scrolls up and down as
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
230 you move the mouse.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
231
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
232
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
233 * WHEN EMACS IS HUNG
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
234 --------------------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
235
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
236 If Emacs stops responding to your commands, you can stop it safely by
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
237 typing C-g. You can use C-g to stop a command which is taking too
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
238 long to execute.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
239
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
240 You can also use C-g to discard a numeric argument or the beginning of
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
241 a command that you do not want to finish.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
242
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
243 >> Type C-u 100 to make a numeric arg of 100, then type C-g.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
244 Now type C-f. It should move just one character,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
245 because you canceled the argument with C-g.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
246
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
247 If you have typed an <ESC> by mistake, you can get rid of it
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
248 with a C-g.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
249
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
250
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
251 * DISABLED COMMANDS
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
252 -------------------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
253
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
254 Some Emacs commands are "disabled" so that beginning users cannot use
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
255 them by accident.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
256
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
257 If you type one of the disabled commands, Emacs displays a message
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
258 saying what the command was, and asking you whether you want to go
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
259 ahead and execute the command.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
260
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
261 If you really want to try the command, type <SPC> (the Space bar) in
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
262 answer to the question. Normally, if you do not want to execute the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
263 disabled command, answer the question with "n".
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
264
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
265 >> Type C-x C-l (which is a disabled command),
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
266 then type n to answer the question.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
267
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
268
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
269 * WINDOWS
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
270 ---------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
271
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
272 Emacs can have several windows, each displaying its own text. We will
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
273 explain later on how to use multiple windows. Right now we want to
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
274 explain how to get rid of extra windows and go back to basic
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
275 one-window editing. It is simple:
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
276
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
277 C-x 1 One window (i.e., kill all other windows).
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
278
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
279 That is CONTROL-x followed by the digit 1. C-x 1 expands the window
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
280 which contains the cursor, to occupy the full screen. It deletes all
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
281 other windows.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
282
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
283 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
284 >> Type CONTROL-h k CONTROL-f.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
285 See how this window shrinks, while a new one appears
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
286 to display documentation on the CONTROL-f command.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
287
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
288 >> Type C-x 1 and see the documentation listing window disappear.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
289
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
290 This command is unlike the other commands you have learned in that it
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
291 consists of two characters. It starts with the character CONTROL-x.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
292 There is a whole series of commands that start with CONTROL-x; many of
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
293 them have to do with windows, files, buffers, and related things.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
294 These commands are two, three or four characters long.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
295
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
296
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
297 * INSERTING AND DELETING
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
298 ------------------------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
299
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
300 If you want to insert text, just type the text. Characters which you
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
301 can see, such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by Emacs as text and inserted
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
302 immediately. Type <Return> (the carriage-return key) to insert a
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
303 Newline character.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
304
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
305 You can delete the last character you typed by typing <Delback>.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
306 <Delback> is a key on the keyboard--the same one you normally use,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
307 outside Emacs, for deleting the last character you typed. It is
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
308 normally a large key a couple of lines up from the <Return> key, and
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
309 it is usually labeled "Delete", "Del" or "Backspace".
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
310
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
311 If the large key there is labeled "Backspace", then that's the one you
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
312 use for <Delback>. There may also be another key labeled "Delete"
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
313 somewhere else, but that's not <Delback>.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
314
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
315 More generally, <Delback> deletes the character immediately before the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
316 current cursor position.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
317
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
318 >> Do this now--type a few characters, then delete them
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
319 by typing <Delback> a few times. Don't worry about this file
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
320 being changed; you will not alter the master tutorial. This is
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
321 your personal copy of it.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
322
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
323 When a line of text gets too big for one line on the screen, the line
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
324 of text is "continued" onto a second screen line. A backslash ("\")
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
325 (or, if you're using a windowed display, a little curved arrow) at the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
326 right margin indicates a line which has been continued.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
327
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
328 >> Insert text until you reach the right margin, and keep on inserting.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
329 You'll see a continuation line appear.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
330
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
331 >> Use <Delback>s to delete the text until the line fits on one screen
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
332 line again. The continuation line goes away.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
333
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
334 You can delete a Newline character just like any other character.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
335 Deleting the Newline character between two lines merges them into
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
336 one line. If the resulting combined line is too long to fit in the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
337 screen width, it will be displayed with a continuation line.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
338
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
339 >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type <Delback>. This
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
340 merges that line with the previous line.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
341
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
342 >> Type <Return> to reinsert the Newline you deleted.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
343
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
344 Remember that most Emacs commands can be given a repeat count;
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
345 this includes text characters. Repeating a text character inserts
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
346 it several times.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
347
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
348 >> Try that now -- type C-u 8 * to insert ********.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
349
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
350 You've now learned the most basic way of typing something in
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
351 Emacs and correcting errors. You can delete by words or lines
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
352 as well. Here is a summary of the delete operations:
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
353
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
354 <Delback> Delete the character just before the cursor
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
355 C-d Delete the next character after the cursor
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
356
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
357 M-<Delback> Kill the word immediately before the cursor
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
358 M-d Kill the next word after the cursor
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
359
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
360 C-k Kill from the cursor position to end of line
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
361 M-k Kill to the end of the current sentence
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
362
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
363 Notice that <Delback> and C-d vs M-<Delback> and M-d extend the parallel
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
364 started by C-f and M-f (well, <Delback> is not really a control
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
365 character, but let's not worry about that). C-k and M-k are like C-e
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
366 and M-e, sort of, in that lines are opposite sentences.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
367
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
368 You can also kill any part of the text with one uniform method. Move
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
369 to one end of that part, and type C-@ or C-<SPC> (either one). (<SPC>
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
370 is the Space bar.) Move to the other end of that part, and type C-w.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
371 That kills all the text between the two positions.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
372
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
373 >> Move the cursor to the Y at the start of the previous paragraph.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
374 >> Type C-<SPC>. Emacs should display a message "Mark set"
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
375 at the bottom of the screen.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
376 >> Move the cursor to the n in "end", on the second line of the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
377 paragraph.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
378 >> Type C-w. This will kill the text starting from the Y,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
379 and ending just before the n.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
380
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
381 The difference between "killing" and "deleting" is that "killed" text
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
382 can be reinserted, whereas "deleted" things cannot be reinserted.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
383 Reinsertion of killed text is called "yanking". Generally, the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
384 commands that can remove a lot of text kill the text (they set up so
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
385 that you can yank the text), while the commands that remove just one
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
386 character, or only remove blank lines and spaces, do deletion (so you
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
387 cannot yank that text). <Delback> and C-d do deletion in the simplest
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
388 case, with no argument. When given an argument, they kill instead.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
389
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
390 >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line which is not empty.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
391 Then type C-k to kill the text on that line.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
392 >> Type C-k a second time. You'll see that it kills the Newline
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
393 which follows that line.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
394
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
395 Note that a single C-k kills the contents of the line, and a second
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
396 C-k kills the line itself, and makes all the other lines move up. C-k
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
397 treats a numeric argument specially: it kills that many lines AND
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
398 their contents. This is not mere repetition. C-u 2 C-k kills two
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
399 lines and their newlines; typing C-k twice would not do that.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
400
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
401 Bringing back killed text is called "yanking". (Think of it as
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
402 yanking back, or pulling back, some text that was taken away.) You
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
403 can yank the killed text either at the same place where it was killed,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
404 or at some other place in the text you are editing, or even in a
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
405 different file. You can yank the same text several times; that makes
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
406 multiple copies of it.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
407
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
408 The command for yanking is C-y. It reinserts the last killed text,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
409 at the current cursor position.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
410
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
411 >> Try it; type C-y to yank the text back.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
412
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
413 If you do several C-k's in a row, all of the killed text is saved
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
414 together, so that one C-y will yank all of the lines at once.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
415
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
416 >> Do this now, type C-k several times.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
417
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
418 Now to retrieve that killed text:
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
419
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
420 >> Type C-y. Then move the cursor down a few lines and type C-y
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
421 again. You now see how to copy some text.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
422
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
423 What do you do if you have some text you want to yank back, and then
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
424 you kill something else? C-y would yank the more recent kill. But
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
425 the previous text is not lost. You can get back to it using the M-y
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
426 command. After you have done C-y to get the most recent kill, typing
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
427 M-y replaces that yanked text with the previous kill. Typing M-y
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
428 again and again brings in earlier and earlier kills. When you have
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
429 reached the text you are looking for, you do not have to do anything to
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
430 keep it. Just go on with your editing, leaving the yanked text where
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
431 it is.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
432
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
433 If you M-y enough times, you come back to the starting point (the most
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
434 recent kill).
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
435
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
436 >> Kill a line, move around, kill another line.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
437 Then do C-y to get back the second killed line.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
438 Then do M-y and it will be replaced by the first killed line.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
439 Do more M-y's and see what you get. Keep doing them until
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
440 the second kill line comes back, and then a few more.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
441 If you like, you can try giving M-y positive and negative
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
442 arguments.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
443
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
444
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
445 * UNDO
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
446 ------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
447
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
448 If you make a change to the text, and then decide that it was a
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
449 mistake, you can undo the change with the undo command, C-x u.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
450
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
451 Normally, C-x u undoes the changes made by one command; if you repeat
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
452 the C-x u several times in a row, each repetition undoes one
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
453 additional command.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
454
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
455 But there are two exceptions: commands that do not change the text do
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
456 not count (this includes cursor motion commands and scrolling
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
457 command), and self-inserting characters are usually handled in groups
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
458 of up to 20. (This is to reduce the number of C-x u's you have to
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
459 type to undo insertion of text.)
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
460
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
461 >> Kill this line with C-k, then type C-x u and it should reappear.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
462
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
463 C-_ is an alternative undo command; it works just the same as C-x u,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
464 but it is easier to type several times in a row. The disadvantage of
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
465 C-_ is that on some keyboards it is not obvious how to type it. That
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
466 is why we provide C-x u as well. On some terminals, you can type C-_
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
467 by typing / while holding down CONTROL.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
468
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
469 A numeric argument to C-_ or C-x u acts as a repeat count.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
470
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
471 You can undo deletion of text just as you can undo killing of text.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
472 The distinction between killing something and deleting it affects
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
473 whether you can yank it with C-y; it makes no difference for undo.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
474
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
475
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
476 * FILES
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
477 -------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
478
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
479 In order to make the text you edit permanent, you must put it in a
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
480 file. Otherwise, it will go away when your invocation of Emacs goes
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
481 away. In order to put your text in a file, you must "find" the file
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
482 before you enter the text. (This is also called "visiting" the file.)
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
483
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
484 Finding a file means that you see the contents of the file within
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
485 Emacs. In many ways, it is as if you were editing the file itself.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
486 However, the changes you make using Emacs do not become permanent
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
487 until you "save" the file. This is so you can avoid leaving a
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
488 half-changed file on the system when you do not want to. Even when
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
489 you save, Emacs leaves the original file under a changed name in case
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
490 you later decide that your changes were a mistake.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
491
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
492 If you look near the bottom of the screen you will see a line that
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
493 begins and ends with dashes, and starts with "--:-- TUTORIAL" or
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
494 something like that. This part of the screen normally shows the name
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
495 of the file that you are visiting. Right now, you are visiting a file
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
496 called "TUTORIAL" which is your personal scratch copy of the Emacs
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
497 tutorial. When you find a file with Emacs, that file's name will
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
498 appear in that precise spot.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
499
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
500 One special thing about the command for finding a file is that you
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
501 have to say what file name you want. We say the command "reads an
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
502 argument from the terminal" (in this case, the argument is the name of
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
503 the file). After you type the command
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
504
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
505 C-x C-f Find a file
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
506
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
507 Emacs asks you to type the file name. The file name you type appears
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
508 on the bottom line of the screen. The bottom line is called the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
509 minibuffer when it is used for this sort of input. You can use
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
510 ordinary Emacs editing commands to edit the file name.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
511
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
512 While you are entering the file name (or any minibuffer input),
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
513 you can cancel the command with C-g.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
514
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
515 >> Type C-x C-f, then type C-g. This cancels the minibuffer,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
516 and also cancels the C-x C-f command that was using the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
517 minibuffer. So you do not find any file.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
518
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
519 When you have finished entering the file name, type <Return> to
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
520 terminate it. Then C-x C-f command goes to work, and finds the file
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
521 you chose. The minibuffer disappears when the C-x C-f command is
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
522 finished.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
523
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
524 In a little while the file contents appear on the screen, and you can
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
525 edit the contents. When you wish to make your changes permanent,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
526 type the command
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
527
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
528 C-x C-s Save the file
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
529
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
530 This copies the text within Emacs into the file. The first time you
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
531 do this, Emacs renames the original file to a new name so that it is
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
532 not lost. The new name is made by adding "~" to the end of the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
533 original file's name.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
534
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
535 When saving is finished, Emacs displays the name of the file written.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
536 You should save fairly often, so that you will not lose very much
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
537 work if the system should crash.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
538
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
539 >> Type C-x C-s, saving your copy of the tutorial.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
540 This should show "Wrote ...TUTORIAL" at the bottom of the screen.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
541
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
542 You can find an existing file, to view it or edit it. You can also
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
543 find a file which does not already exist. This is the way to create a
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
544 file with Emacs: find the file, which will start out empty, and then
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
545 begin inserting the text for the file. When you ask to "save" the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
546 file, Emacs will really create the file with the text that you have
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
547 inserted. From then on, you can consider yourself to be editing an
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
548 already existing file.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
549
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
550
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
551 * BUFFERS
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
552 ---------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
553
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
554 If you find a second file with C-x C-f, the first file remains
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
555 inside Emacs. You can switch back to it by finding it again with
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
556 C-x C-f. This way you can get quite a number of files inside Emacs.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
557
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
558 >> Create a file named "foo" by typing C-x C-f foo <Return>.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
559 Then insert some text, edit it, and save "foo" by typing C-x C-s.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
560 Finally, type C-x C-f TUTORIAL <Return>
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
561 to come back to the tutorial.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
562
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
563 Emacs stores each file's text inside an object called a "buffer".
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
564 Finding a file makes a new buffer inside Emacs. To see a list of the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
565 buffers that currently exist in your Emacs job, type
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
566
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
567 C-x C-b List buffers
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
568
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
569 >> Try C-x C-b now.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
570
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
571 See how each buffer has a name, and it may also have a file name for
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
572 the file whose contents it holds. ANY text you see in an Emacs window
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
573 is always part of some buffer.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
574
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
575 >> Type C-x 1 to get rid of the buffer list.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
576
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
577 When you have several buffers, only one of them is "current" at any
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
578 time. That buffer is the one you edit. If you want to edit another
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
579 buffer, you need to "switch" to it. If you want to switch to a buffer
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
580 that corresponds to a file, you can do it by visiting the file again
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
581 with C-x C-f. But there is an easier way: use the C-x b command.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
582 In that command, you have to type the buffer's name.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
583
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
584 >> Type C-x b foo <Return> to go back to the buffer "foo" which holds
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
585 the text of the file "foo". Then type C-x b TUTORIAL <Return>
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
586 to come back to this tutorial.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
587
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
588 Most of the time, the buffer's name is the same as the file name
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
589 (without the file directory part). However, this is not always true.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
590 The buffer list you make with C-x C-b always shows you the name of
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
591 every buffer.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
592
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
593 ANY text you see in an Emacs window is always part of some buffer.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
594 Some buffers do not correspond to files. For example, the buffer
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
595 named "*Buffer List*" does not have any file. It is the buffer which
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
596 contains the buffer list that you made with C-x C-b. The buffer named
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
597 "*Messages*" also does not correspond to any file; it contains the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
598 messages that have appeared on the bottom line during your Emacs
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
599 session.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
600
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
601 >> Type C-x b *Messages* <Return> to look at the buffer of messages.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
602 Then type C-x b TUTORIAL <Return> to come back to this tutorial.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
603
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
604 If you make changes to the text of one file, then find another file,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
605 this does not save the first file. Its changes remain inside Emacs,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
606 in that file's buffer. The creation or editing of the second file's
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
607 buffer has no effect on the first file's buffer. This is very useful,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
608 but it also means that you need a convenient way to save the first
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
609 file's buffer. It would be a nuisance to have to switch back to
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
610 it with C-x C-f in order to save it with C-x C-s. So we have
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
611
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
612 C-x s Save some buffers
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
613
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
614 C-x s asks you about each buffer which contains changes that you have
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
615 not saved. It asks you, for each such buffer, whether to save the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
616 buffer.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
617
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
618 >> Insert a line of text, then type C-x s.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
619 It should ask you whether to save the buffer named TUTORIAL.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
620 Answer yes to the question by typing "y".
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
621
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
622
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
623 * EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
624 ---------------------------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
625
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
626 There are many, many more Emacs commands than could possibly be put
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
627 on all the control and meta characters. Emacs gets around this with
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
628 the X (eXtend) command. This comes in two flavors:
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
629
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
630 C-x Character eXtend. Followed by one character.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
631 M-x Named command eXtend. Followed by a long name.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
632
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
633 These are commands that are generally useful but used less than the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
634 commands you have already learned about. You have already seen a few
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
635 of them: the file commands C-x C-f to Find and C-x C-s to Save, for
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
636 example. Another example is the command to end the Emacs
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
637 session--this is the command C-x C-c. (Do not worry about losing
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
638 changes you have made; C-x C-c offers to save each changed file before
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
639 it kills the Emacs.)
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
640
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
641 If you are using a graphical display that supports multiple
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
642 applications in parallel, you don't need any special command to move
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
643 from Emacs to another application. You can do this with the mouse or
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
644 with window manager commands. However, if you're using a text
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
645 terminal which can only show one application at a time, you need to
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
646 "suspend" Emacs to move to any other program.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
647
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
648 C-z is the command to exit Emacs *temporarily*--so that you can go
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
649 back to the same Emacs session afterward. When Emacs is running on a
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
650 text terminal, C-z "suspends" Emacs; that is, it returns to the shell
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
651 but does not destroy the Emacs. In the most common shells, you can
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
652 resume Emacs with the `fg' command or with `%emacs'.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
653
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
654 The time to use C-x C-c is when you are about to log out. It's also
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
655 the right thing to use to exit an Emacs invoked under mail handling
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
656 programs and other miscellaneous utilities, since they may not know
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
657 how to cope with suspension of Emacs. In ordinary circumstances,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
658 though, if you are not about to log out, it is better to suspend Emacs
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
659 with C-z instead of exiting Emacs.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
660
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
661 There are many C-x commands. Here is a list of the ones you have learned:
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
662
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
663 C-x C-f Find file
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
664 C-x C-s Save file
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
665 C-x s Save some buffers
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
666 C-x C-b List buffers
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
667 C-x b Switch buffer
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
668 C-x C-c Quit Emacs
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
669 C-x 1 Delete all but one window
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
670 C-x u Undo
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
671
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
672 Named eXtended commands are commands which are used even less
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
673 frequently, or commands which are used only in certain modes. An
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
674 example is the command replace-string, which globally replaces one
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
675 string with another. When you type M-x, Emacs prompts you at the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
676 bottom of the screen with M-x and you should type the name of the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
677 command; in this case, "replace-string". Just type "repl s<TAB>" and
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
678 Emacs will complete the name. (<TAB> is the Tab key, usually found
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
679 above the CapsLock or Shift key near the left edge of the keyboard.)
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
680 End the command name with <Return>.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
681
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
682 The replace-string command requires two arguments--the string to be
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
683 replaced, and the string to replace it with. You must end each
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
684 argument with <Return>.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
685
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
686 >> Move the cursor to the blank line two lines below this one.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
687 Then type M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
688
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
689 Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
690 the word c-h-a-n-g-e-d with "altered" wherever it occurred,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
691 after the initial position of the cursor.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
692
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
693
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
694 * AUTO SAVE
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
695 -----------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
696
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
697 When you have made changes in a file, but you have not saved them yet,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
698 they could be lost if your computer crashes. To protect you from
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
699 this, Emacs periodically writes an "auto save" file for each file that
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
700 you are editing. The auto save file name has a # at the beginning and
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
701 the end; for example, if your file is named "hello.c", its auto save
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
702 file's name is "#hello.c#". When you save the file in the normal way,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
703 Emacs deletes its auto save file.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
704
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
705 If the computer crashes, you can recover your auto-saved editing by
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
706 finding the file normally (the file you were editing, not the auto
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
707 save file) and then typing M-x recover file<Return>. When it asks for
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
708 confirmation, type yes<Return> to go ahead and recover the auto-save
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
709 data.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
710
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
711
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
712 * ECHO AREA
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
713 -----------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
714
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
715 If Emacs sees that you are typing multicharacter commands slowly, it
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
716 shows them to you at the bottom of the screen in an area called the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
717 "echo area". The echo area contains the bottom line of the screen.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
718
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
719
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
720 * MODE LINE
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
721 -----------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
722
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
723 The line immediately above the echo area is called the "mode line".
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
724 The mode line says something like this:
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
725
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
726 --:** TUTORIAL 63% L749 (Fundamental)-----------------------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
727
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
728 This line gives useful information about the status of Emacs and
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
729 the text you are editing.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
730
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
731 You already know what the filename means--it is the file you have
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
732 found. NN% indicates your current position in the text; it means that
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
733 NN percent of the text is above the top of the screen. If the top of
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
734 the file is on the screen, it will say "Top" instead of " 0%". If the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
735 bottom of the text is on the screen, it will say "Bot". If you are
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
736 looking at text so small that all of it fits on the screen, the mode
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
737 line says "All".
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
738
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
739 The L and digits indicate position in another way: they give the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
740 current line number of point.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
741
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
742 The stars near the front mean that you have made changes to the text.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
743 Right after you visit or save a file, that part of the mode line shows
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
744 no stars, just dashes.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
745
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
746 The part of the mode line inside the parentheses is to tell you what
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
747 editing modes you are in. The default mode is Fundamental which is
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
748 what you are using now. It is an example of a "major mode".
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
749
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
750 Emacs has many different major modes. Some of them are meant for
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
751 editing different languages and/or kinds of text, such as Lisp mode,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
752 Text mode, etc. At any time one and only one major mode is active,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
753 and its name can always be found in the mode line just where
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
754 "Fundamental" is now.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
755
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
756 Each major mode makes a few commands behave differently. For example,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
757 there are commands for creating comments in a program, and since each
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
758 programming language has a different idea of what a comment should
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
759 look like, each major mode has to insert comments differently. Each
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
760 major mode is the name of an extended command, which is how you can
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
761 switch to that mode. For example, M-x fundamental-mode is a command to
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
762 switch to Fundamental mode.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
763
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
764 If you are going to be editing human-language text, such as this file, you
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
765 should probably use Text Mode.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
766
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
767 >> Type M-x text mode<Return>.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
768
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
769 Don't worry, none of the Emacs commands you have learned changes in
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
770 any great way. But you can observe that M-f and M-b now treat
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
771 apostrophes as part of words. Previously, in Fundamental mode,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
772 M-f and M-b treated apostrophes as word-separators.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
773
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
774 Major modes usually make subtle changes like that one: most commands
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
775 do "the same job" in each major mode, but they work a little bit
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
776 differently.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
777
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
778 To view documentation on your current major mode, type C-h m.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
779
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
780 >> Use C-u C-v once or more to bring this line near the top of screen.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
781 >> Type C-h m, to see how Text mode differs from Fundamental mode.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
782 >> Type C-x 1 to remove the documentation from the screen.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
783
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
784 Major modes are called major because there are also minor modes.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
785 Minor modes are not alternatives to the major modes, just minor
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
786 modifications of them. Each minor mode can be turned on or off by
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
787 itself, independent of all other minor modes, and independent of your
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
788 major mode. So you can use no minor modes, or one minor mode, or any
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
789 combination of several minor modes.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
790
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
791 One minor mode which is very useful, especially for editing
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
792 human-language text, is Auto Fill mode. When this mode is on, Emacs
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
793 breaks the line in between words automatically whenever you insert
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
794 text and make a line that is too wide.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
795
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
796 You can turn Auto Fill mode on by doing M-x auto fill mode<Return>.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
797 When the mode is on, you can turn it off again by doing M-x
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
798 auto fill mode<Return>. If the mode is off, this command turns it on,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
799 and if the mode is on, this command turns it off. We say that the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
800 command "toggles the mode".
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
801
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
802 >> Type M-x auto fill mode<Return> now. Then insert a line of "asdf "
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
803 over again until you see it divide into two lines. You must put in
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
804 spaces between them because Auto Fill breaks lines only at spaces.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
805
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
806 The margin is usually set at 70 characters, but you can change it
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
807 with the C-x f command. You should give the margin setting you want
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
808 as a numeric argument.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
809
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
810 >> Type C-x f with an argument of 20. (C-u 2 0 C-x f).
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
811 Then type in some text and see Emacs fill lines of 20
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
812 characters with it. Then set the margin back to 70 using
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
813 C-x f again.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
814
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
815 If you make changes in the middle of a paragraph, Auto Fill mode
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
816 does not re-fill it for you.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
817 To re-fill the paragraph, type M-q (META-q) with the cursor inside
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
818 that paragraph.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
819
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
820 >> Move the cursor into the previous paragraph and type M-q.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
821
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
822
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
823 * SEARCHING
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
824 -----------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
825
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
826 Emacs can do searches for strings (these are groups of contiguous
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
827 characters or words) either forward through the text or backward
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
828 through it. Searching for a string is a cursor motion command;
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
829 it moves the cursor to the next place where that string appears.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
830
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
831 The Emacs search command is different from the search commands
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
832 of most editors, in that it is "incremental". This means that the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
833 search happens while you type in the string to search for.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
834
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
835 The command to initiate a search is C-s for forward search, and C-r
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
836 for reverse search. BUT WAIT! Don't try them now.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
837
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
838 When you type C-s you'll notice that the string "I-search" appears as
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
839 a prompt in the echo area. This tells you that Emacs is in what is
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
840 called an incremental search waiting for you to type the thing that
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
841 you want to search for. <Return> terminates a search.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
842
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
843 >> Now type C-s to start a search. SLOWLY, one letter at a time,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
844 type the word 'cursor', pausing after you type each
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
845 character to notice what happens to the cursor.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
846 Now you have searched for "cursor", once.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
847 >> Type C-s again, to search for the next occurrence of "cursor".
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
848 >> Now type <Delback> four times and see how the cursor moves.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
849 >> Type <Return> to terminate the search.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
850
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
851 Did you see what happened? Emacs, in an incremental search, tries to
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
852 go to the occurrence of the string that you've typed out so far. To
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
853 go to the next occurrence of 'cursor' just type C-s again. If no such
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
854 occurrence exists, Emacs beeps and tells you the search is currently
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
855 "failing". C-g would also terminate the search.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
856
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
857 NOTE: On some systems, typing C-s will freeze the screen and you will
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
858 see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an operating
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
859 system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the C-s and not
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
860 letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen, type C-q.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
861 Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" in the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
862 Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
863
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
864 If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type <Delback>,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
865 you'll notice that the last character in the search string is erased
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
866 and the search backs up to the last place of the search. For
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
867 instance, suppose you have typed "c", to search for the first
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
868 occurrence of "c". Now if you type "u", the cursor will move
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
869 to the first occurrence of "cu". Now type <Delback>. This erases
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
870 the "u" from the search string, and the cursor moves back to
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
871 the first occurrence of "c".
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
872
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
873 If you are in the middle of a search and type a control or meta
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
874 character (with a few exceptions--characters that are special in
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
875 a search, such as C-s and C-r), the search is terminated.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
876
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
877 The C-s starts a search that looks for any occurrence of the search
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
878 string AFTER the current cursor position. If you want to search for
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
879 something earlier in the text, type C-r instead. Everything that we
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
880 have said about C-s also applies to C-r, except that the direction of
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
881 the search is reversed.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
882
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
883
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
884 * MULTIPLE WINDOWS
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
885 ------------------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
886
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
887 One of the nice features of Emacs is that you can display more than one
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
888 window on the screen at the same time.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
889
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
890 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l (that's CONTROL-L, not
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
891 CONTROL-1).
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
892
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
893 >> Now type C-x 2 which splits the screen into two windows.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
894 Both windows display this tutorial. The cursor stays in the top window.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
895
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
896 >> Type C-M-v to scroll the bottom window.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
897 (If you do not have a real META key, type <ESC> C-v.)
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
898
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
899 >> Type C-x o ("o" for "other") to move the cursor to the bottom window.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
900 >> Use C-v and M-v in the bottom window to scroll it.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
901 Keep reading these directions in the top window.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
902
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
903 >> Type C-x o again to move the cursor back to the top window.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
904 The cursor in the top window is just where it was before.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
905
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
906 You can keep using C-x o to switch between the windows. Each
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
907 window has its own cursor position, but only one window actually
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
908 shows the cursor. All the ordinary editing commands apply to the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
909 window that the cursor is in. We call this the "selected window".
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
910
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
911 The command C-M-v is very useful when you are editing text in one
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
912 window and using the other window just for reference. You can keep
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
913 the cursor always in the window where you are editing, and advance
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
914 through the other window sequentially with C-M-v.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
915
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
916 C-M-v is an example of a CONTROL-META character. If you have a real
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
917 META key, you can type C-M-v by holding down both CONTROL and META while
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
918 typing v. It does not matter whether CONTROL or META "comes first,"
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
919 because both of these keys act by modifying the characters you type.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
920
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
921 If you do not have a real META key, and you use <ESC> instead, the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
922 order does matter: you must type <ESC> followed by CONTROL-v, because
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
923 CONTROL-<ESC> v will not work. This is because <ESC> is a character
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
924 in its own right, not a modifier key.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
925
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
926 >> Type C-x 1 (in the top window) to get rid of the bottom window.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
927
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
928 (If you had typed C-x 1 in the bottom window, that would get rid
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
929 of the top one. Think of this command as "Keep just one
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
930 window--the window I am already in.")
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
931
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
932 You do not have to display the same buffer in both windows. If you
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
933 use C-x C-f to find a file in one window, the other window does not
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
934 change. You can find a file in each window independently.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
935
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
936 Here is another way to use two windows to display two different
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
937 things:
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
938
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
939 >> Type C-x 4 C-f followed by the name of one of your files.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
940 End with <Return>. See the specified file appear in the bottom
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
941 window. The cursor goes there, too.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
942
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
943 >> Type C-x o to go back to the top window, and C-x 1 to delete
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
944 the bottom window.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
945
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
946
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
947 * RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
948 --------------------------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
949
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
950 Sometimes you will get into what is called a "recursive editing
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
951 level". This is indicated by square brackets in the mode line,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
952 surrounding the parentheses around the major mode name. For
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
953 example, you might see [(Fundamental)] instead of (Fundamental).
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
954
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
955 To get out of the recursive editing level, type <ESC> <ESC> <ESC>.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
956 That is an all-purpose "get out" command. You can also use it for
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
957 eliminating extra windows, and getting out of the minibuffer.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
958
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
959 >> Type M-x to get into a minibuffer; then type <ESC> <ESC> <ESC> to
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
960 get out.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
961
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
962 You cannot use C-g to get out of a recursive editing level. This is
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
963 because C-g is used for canceling commands and arguments WITHIN the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
964 recursive editing level.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
965
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
966
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
967 * GETTING MORE HELP
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
968 -------------------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
969
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
970 In this tutorial we have tried to supply just enough information to
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
971 get you started using Emacs. There is so much available in Emacs that
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
972 it would be impossible to explain it all here. However, you may want
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
973 to learn more about Emacs since it has many other useful features.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
974 Emacs provides commands for reading documentation about Emacs
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
975 commands. These "help" commands all start with the character
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
976 CONTROL-h, which is called "the Help character".
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
977
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
978 To use the Help features, type the C-h character, and then a
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
979 character saying what kind of help you want. If you are REALLY lost,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
980 type C-h ? and Emacs will tell you what kinds of help it can give.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
981 If you have typed C-h and decide you do not want any help, just
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
982 type C-g to cancel it.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
983
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
984 (Some sites change the meaning of the character C-h. They really
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
985 should not do this as a blanket measure for all users, so you have
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
986 grounds to complain to the system administrator. Meanwhile, if C-h
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
987 does not display a message about help at the bottom of the screen, try
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
988 typing the F1 key or M-x help <Return> instead.)
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
989
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
990 The most basic HELP feature is C-h c. Type C-h, the character c, and
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
991 a command character or sequence; then Emacs displays a very brief
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
992 description of the command.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
993
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
994 >> Type C-h c C-p.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
995
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
996 The message should be something like this:
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
997
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
998 C-p runs the command previous-line
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
999
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1000 This tells you the "name of the function". Function names are used
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1001 mainly for customizing and extending Emacs. But since function names
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1002 are chosen to indicate what the command does, they can serve also as
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1003 very brief documentation--sufficient to remind you of commands you
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1004 have already learned.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1005
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1006 Multi-character commands such as C-x C-s and (if you have no META or
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1007 EDIT or ALT key) <ESC>v are also allowed after C-h c.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1008
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1009 To get more information about a command, use C-h k instead of C-h c.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1010
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1011 >> Type C-h k C-p.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1012
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1013 This displays the documentation of the function, as well as its
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1014 name, in an Emacs window. When you are finished reading the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1015 output, type C-x 1 to get rid of the help text. You do not have
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1016 to do this right away. You can do some editing while referring
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1017 to the help text, and then type C-x 1.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1018
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1019 Here are some other useful C-h options:
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1020
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1021 C-h f Describe a function. You type in the name of the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1022 function.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1023
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1024 >> Try typing C-h f previous-line<Return>.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1025 This displays all the information Emacs has about the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1026 function which implements the C-p command.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1027
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1028 A similar command C-h v displays the documentation of variables whose
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1029 values you can set to customize Emacs behavior. You need to type in
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1030 the name of the variable when Emacs prompts for it.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1031
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1032 C-h a Command Apropos. Type in a keyword and Emacs will list
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1033 all the commands whose names contain that keyword.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1034 These commands can all be invoked with META-x.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1035 For some commands, Command Apropos will also list a one
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1036 or two character sequence which runs the same command.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1037
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1038 >> Type C-h a file<Return>.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1039
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1040 This displays in another window a list of all M-x commands with "file"
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1041 in their names. You will see character-commands like C-x C-f listed
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1042 beside the corresponding command names such as find-file.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1043
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1044 >> Type C-M-v to scroll the help window. Do this a few times.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1045
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1046 >> Type C-x 1 to delete the help window.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1047
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1048 C-h i Read On-line Manuals (a.k.a. Info). This command puts
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1049 you into a special buffer called `*info*' where you
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1050 can read on-line manuals for the packages installed on
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1051 your system. Type m emacs <Return> to read the Emacs
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1052 manual. If you have never before used Info, type ?
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1053 and Emacs will take you on a guided tour of Info mode
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1054 facilities. Once you are through with this tutorial,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1055 you should consult the Emacs Info manual as your
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1056 primary documentation.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1057
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1058
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1059 * MORE FEATURES
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1060 ---------------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1061
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1062 You can learn more about Emacs by reading its manual, either as a book
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1063 or on-line in Info (use the Help menu or type F10 h r). Two features
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1064 that you may like especially are completion, which saves typing, and
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1065 dired, which simplifies file handling.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1066
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1067 Completion is a way to avoid unnecessary typing. For instance, if you
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1068 want to switch to the *Messages* buffer, you can type C-x b *M<Tab>
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1069 and Emacs will fill in the rest of the buffer name as far as it can
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1070 determine from what you have already typed. Completion is described
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1071 in Info in the Emacs manual in the node called "Completion".
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1072
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1073 Dired enables you to list files in a directory (and optionally its
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1074 subdirectories), move around that list, visit, rename, delete and
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1075 otherwise operate on the files. Dired is described in Info in the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1076 Emacs manual in the node called "Dired".
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1077
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1078 The manual also describes many other Emacs features.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1079
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1080
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1081 * CONCLUSION
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1082 ------------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1083
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1084 Remember, to exit Emacs permanently use C-x C-c. To exit to a shell
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1085 temporarily, so that you can come back to Emacs afterward, use C-z.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1086
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1087 This tutorial is meant to be understandable to all new users, so if
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1088 you found something unclear, don't sit and blame yourself - complain!
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1089
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1090
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1091 * COPYING
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1092 ---------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1093
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1094 This tutorial descends from a long line of Emacs tutorials
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1095 starting with the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1096
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1097 This version of the tutorial is a part of GNU Emacs. It is copyrighted
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1098 and comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1099
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1100 Copyright (C) 1985, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
87649
107ccd98fa12 Merge from emacs--rel--22
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 82707
diff changeset
1101 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1102
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1103 This file is part of GNU Emacs.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1104
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1105 GNU Emacs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1106 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1107 the Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option)
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1108 any later version.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1109
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1110 GNU Emacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1111 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1112 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1113 GNU General Public License for more details.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1114
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1115 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1116 along with GNU Emacs; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1117 Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1118 Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1119
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1120 Please read the file COPYING and then do give copies of GNU Emacs to
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1121 your friends. Help stamp out software obstructionism ("ownership") by
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1122 using, writing, and sharing free software!
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1123
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1124 ;;; arch-tag: a0f84628-777f-4238-8865-451a73167f55