Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/macos.texi @ 82182:78ee45af2b61
(mode-line-remote): Use updated %@ construct.
author | Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz> |
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date | Sat, 28 Jul 2007 01:24:33 +0000 |
parents | 4805684e0b00 |
children | 02b9a9aa5b0c e6fdae9180d4 |
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34198 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, |
75348 | 3 @c 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
34198 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
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5 @node Mac OS, Microsoft Windows, Antinews, Top |
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6 @appendix Emacs and Mac OS |
34198 | 7 @cindex Mac OS |
8 @cindex Macintosh | |
9 | |
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10 This section briefly describes the peculiarities of using Emacs |
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11 under Mac OS with native window system support. For Mac OS X, Emacs |
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12 can be built either without window system support, with X11, or with |
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13 Carbon API. This section only applies to the Carbon build. For Mac |
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14 OS Classic, Emacs can be built with or without Carbon API, and this |
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15 section applies to either of them because they run on the native |
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16 window system. |
34198 | 17 |
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18 Emacs built on Mac OS X supports most of its major features except |
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19 display support of PostScript images. The following features of Emacs |
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20 are not supported on Mac OS Classic: unexec (@code{dump-emacs}), |
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21 asynchronous subprocesses (@code{start-process}), and networking |
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22 (@code{open-network-stream}). As a result, packages such as Gnus, |
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23 GUD, and Comint do not work. Synchronous subprocesses |
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24 (@code{call-process}) are supported on non-Carbon build, but |
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25 specially-crafted external programs are needed. Since external |
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26 programs to handle commands such as @code{print-buffer} and |
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27 @code{diff} are not available on Mac OS Classic, they are not |
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28 supported. Non-Carbon build on Mac OS Classic does not support some |
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29 features such as file dialogs, drag-and-drop, and Unicode menus. |
34198 | 30 |
31 @menu | |
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32 * Input: Mac Input. Keyboard and mouse input on Mac. |
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33 * Intl: Mac International. International character sets on Mac. |
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34 * Env: Mac Environment Variables. Setting environment variables for Emacs. |
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35 * Directories: Mac Directories. Volumes and directories on Mac. |
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36 * Font: Mac Font Specs. Specifying fonts on Mac. |
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37 * Functions: Mac Functions. Mac-specific Lisp functions. |
34198 | 38 @end menu |
39 | |
40 @node Mac Input | |
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41 @section Keyboard and Mouse Input on Mac |
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42 @cindex Meta (Mac OS) |
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43 @cindex keyboard coding (Mac OS) |
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44 |
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45 @vindex mac-control-modifier |
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46 @vindex mac-command-modifier |
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47 @vindex mac-option-modifier |
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48 @vindex mac-function-modifier |
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49 On Mac, Emacs can use @key{control}, @key{command}, @key{option}, and |
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50 laptop @key{function} keys as any of Emacs modifier keys except |
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51 @key{SHIFT} (i.e., @key{ALT}, @key{CTRL}, @key{HYPER}, @key{META}, and |
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52 @key{SUPER}). The assignment is controlled by the variables |
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53 @code{mac-control-modifier}, @code{mac-command-modifier}, |
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54 @code{mac-option-modifier}, and @code{mac-function-modifier}. The value |
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55 for each of these variables can be one of the following symbols: |
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56 @code{alt}, @code{control}, @code{hyper}, @code{meta}, @code{super}, and |
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57 @code{nil} (no particular assignment). By default, the @key{control} |
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58 key works as @key{CTRL}, and the @key{command} key as @key{META}. |
34198 | 59 |
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60 For the @key{option} key, if @code{mac-option-modifier} is set to |
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61 @code{nil}, which is the default, the key works as the normal |
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62 @key{option} key, i.e., dead-key processing will work. This is useful |
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63 for entering non-@acronym{ASCII} Latin characters directly from the |
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64 Mac keyboard, for example. |
34198 | 65 |
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66 Emacs recognizes the setting in the Keyboard control panel (Mac OS |
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67 Classic) or the International system preference pane (Mac OS X) and |
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68 supports international and alternative keyboard layouts (e.g., Dvorak). |
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69 Selecting one of the layouts from the keyboard layout pull-down menu |
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70 will affect how the keys typed on the keyboard are interpreted. |
34198 | 71 |
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72 @vindex mac-pass-command-to-system |
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73 @vindex mac-pass-control-to-system |
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74 Mac OS intercepts and handles certain key combinations (e.g., |
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75 @key{command}-@key{SPC} for switching input languages). These will not |
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76 be passed to Emacs. One can disable this interception by setting |
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77 @code{mac-pass-command-to-system} or @code{mac-pass-control-to-system} |
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78 to @code{nil}. |
34198 | 79 |
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80 @vindex mac-emulate-three-button-mouse |
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81 Especially for one-button mice, the multiple button feature can be |
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82 emulated by setting @code{mac-emulate-three-button-mouse} to @code{t} |
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83 or @code{reverse}. If set to @code{t} (@code{reverse}, respectively), |
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84 pressing the mouse button with the @key{option} key is recognized as |
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85 the second (third) button, and that with the @key{command} key is |
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86 recognized as the third (second) button. |
34198 | 87 |
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88 @vindex mac-wheel-button-is-mouse-2 |
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89 For multi-button mice, the wheel button and the secondary button are |
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90 recognized as the second and the third button, respectively. If |
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91 @code{mac-wheel-button-is-mouse-2} is set to @code{nil}, their roles |
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92 are exchanged. |
34198 | 93 |
94 @node Mac International | |
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95 @section International Character Set Support on Mac |
34198 | 96 @cindex Mac Roman coding system |
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97 @cindex clipboard support (Mac OS) |
34198 | 98 |
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99 Mac uses non-standard encodings for the upper 128 single-byte |
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100 characters. They also deviate from the ISO 2022 standard by using |
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101 character codes in the range 128-159. The coding systems |
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102 @code{mac-roman}, @code{mac-centraleurroman}, and @code{mac-cyrillic} |
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103 are used to represent these Mac encodings. |
34198 | 104 |
105 You can use input methods provided either by LEIM (@pxref{Input | |
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106 Methods}) or Mac OS to enter international characters. To use the |
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107 former, see the International Character Set Support section of the |
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108 manual (@pxref{International}). |
34198 | 109 |
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110 Emacs on Mac OS automatically changes the value of |
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111 @code{keyboard-coding-system} according to the current keyboard |
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112 layout. So users don't need to set it manually, and even if set, it |
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113 will be changed when the keyboard layout change is detected next time. |
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115 The Mac clipboard and the Emacs kill ring (@pxref{Killing}) are | |
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116 synchronized by default: you can yank a piece of text and paste it |
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117 into another Mac application, or cut or copy one in another Mac |
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118 application and yank it into a Emacs buffer. This feature can be |
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119 disabled by setting @code{x-select-enable-clipboard} to @code{nil}. |
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120 One can still do copy and paste with another application from the Edit |
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121 menu. |
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122 |
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123 On Mac, the role of the coding system for selection that is set by |
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124 @code{set-selection-coding-system} (@pxref{Communication Coding}) is |
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125 two-fold. First, it is used as a preferred coding system for the |
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126 traditional text flavor that does not specify any particular encodings |
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127 and is mainly used by applications on Mac OS Classic. Second, it |
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128 specifies the intermediate encoding for the UTF-16 text flavor that is |
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129 mainly used by applications on Mac OS X. |
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131 When pasting UTF-16 text data from the clipboard, it is first |
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132 converted to the encoding specified by the selection coding system |
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133 using the converter in the Mac OS system, and then decoded into the |
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134 Emacs internal encoding using the converter in Emacs. If the first |
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135 conversion failed, then the UTF-16 data is directly converted to Emacs |
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136 internal encoding using the converter in Emacs. Copying UTF-16 text |
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137 to the clipboard goes through the inverse path. The reason for this |
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138 two-pass decoding is to avoid subtle differences in Unicode mappings |
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139 between the Mac OS system and Emacs such as various kinds of hyphens, |
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140 and to minimize users' customization. For example, users that mainly |
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141 use Latin characters would prefer Greek characters to be decoded into |
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142 the @code{mule-unicode-0100-24ff} charset, but Japanese users would |
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143 prefer them to be decoded into the @code{japanese-jisx0208} charset. |
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144 Since the coding system for selection is automatically set according |
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145 to the system locale setting, users usually don't have to set it |
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146 manually. |
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147 |
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148 The default language environment (@pxref{Language Environments}) is |
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149 set according to the locale setting at the startup time. On Mac OS, |
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150 the locale setting is consulted in the following order: |
34198 | 151 |
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152 @enumerate |
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153 @item |
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154 Environment variables @env{LC_ALL}, @env{LC_CTYPE} and @env{LANG} as |
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155 in other systems. |
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156 |
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157 @item |
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158 Preference @code{AppleLocale} that is set by default on Mac OS X 10.3 |
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159 and later. |
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160 |
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161 @item |
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162 Preference @code{AppleLanguages} that is set by default on Mac OS X |
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163 10.1 and later. |
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164 |
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165 @item |
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166 Variable @code{mac-system-locale} that is derived from the system |
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167 language and region codes. This variable is available on all |
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168 supported Mac OS versions including Mac OS Classic. |
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169 @end enumerate |
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170 |
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171 The default values of almost all variables about coding systems are |
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172 also set according to the language environment. So usually you don't |
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173 have to customize these variables manually. |
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175 @node Mac Environment Variables | |
176 @section Environment Variables and Command Line Arguments. | |
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177 @cindex environment variables (Mac OS) |
34198 | 178 |
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179 On Mac OS X, when Emacs is run in a terminal, it inherits the values |
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180 of environment variables from the shell from which it is invoked. |
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181 However, when it is run from the Finder as a GUI application, it only |
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182 inherits environment variable values defined in the file |
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183 @file{~/.MacOSX/environment.plist} that affects all the applications |
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184 invoked from the Finder or the @command{open} command. |
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185 |
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186 Command line arguments are specified like |
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187 |
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188 @example |
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189 /Applications/Emacs.app/Contents/MacOS/Emacs -g 80x25 & |
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190 @end example |
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191 |
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192 @noindent |
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193 if Emacs is installed at @file{/Applications/Emacs.app}. If Emacs is |
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194 invoked like this, then it also inherits the values of environment |
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195 variables from the shell from which it is invoked. |
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196 |
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197 On Mac OS Classic, environment variables and command line arguments |
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198 for Emacs can be set by modifying the @samp{STR#} resources 128 and |
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199 129, respectively. A common environment variable that one may want to |
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200 set is @samp{HOME}. |
34198 | 201 |
202 The way to set an environment variable is by adding a string of the | |
203 form | |
204 | |
205 @example | |
206 ENV_VAR=VALUE | |
207 @end example | |
208 | |
209 @noindent | |
210 to resource @samp{STR#} number 128 using @code{ResEdit}. To set up the | |
211 program to use unibyte characters exclusively, for example, add the | |
212 string | |
213 | |
214 @example | |
215 EMACS_UNIBYTE=1 | |
216 @end example | |
217 | |
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218 @cindex Mac Preferences |
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219 Although Emacs on Mac does not support X resources (@pxref{X |
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220 Resources}) directly, one can use the Preferences system in place of X |
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221 resources. For example, adding the line |
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222 |
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223 @example |
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224 Emacs.cursorType: bar |
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225 @end example |
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226 |
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227 @noindent |
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228 to @file{~/.Xresources} in X11 corresponds to the execution of |
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229 |
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230 @example |
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231 defaults write org.gnu.Emacs Emacs.cursorType bar |
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232 @end example |
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233 |
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234 @noindent |
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235 on Mac OS X. One can use boolean or numeric values as well as string |
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236 values as follows: |
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237 |
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238 @example |
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239 defaults write org.gnu.Emacs Emacs.toolBar -bool false |
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240 defaults write org.gnu.Emacs Emacs.lineSpacing -int 3 |
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241 @end example |
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242 |
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243 @noindent |
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244 Try @kbd{M-x man RET defaults RET} for the usage of the |
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245 @command{defaults} command. Alternatively, if you have Developer |
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246 Tools installed on Mac OS X, you can use Property List Editor to edit |
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247 the file @file{~/Library/Preferences/org.gnu.Emacs.plist}. |
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248 |
34198 | 249 |
250 @node Mac Directories | |
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251 @section Volumes and Directories on Mac |
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252 @cindex file names (Mac OS) |
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254 This node applies to Mac OS Classic only. |
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255 |
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256 The directory structure in Mac OS Classic is seen by Emacs as |
34198 | 257 |
258 @example | |
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259 /@var{volumename}/@var{filename} |
34198 | 260 @end example |
261 | |
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262 So when Emacs requests a file name, doing file name completion on |
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263 @file{/} will display all volumes on the system. You can use @file{..} |
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264 to go up a directory level. |
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266 On Mac OS Classic, to access files and folders on the desktop, look |
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267 in the folder @file{Desktop Folder} in your boot volume (this folder |
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268 is usually invisible in the Mac @code{Finder}). |
34198 | 269 |
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270 On Mac OS Classic, Emacs creates the Mac folder |
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271 @file{:Preferences:Emacs:} in the @file{System Folder} and uses it as |
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272 the temporary directory. Emacs maps the directory name @file{/tmp/} |
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273 to that. Therefore it is best to avoid naming a volume @file{tmp}. |
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274 If everything works correctly, the program should leave no files in it |
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275 when it exits. You should be able to set the environment variable |
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276 @code{TMPDIR} to use another directory but this folder will still be |
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277 created. |
34198 | 278 |
279 | |
280 @node Mac Font Specs | |
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281 @section Specifying Fonts on Mac |
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282 @cindex font names (Mac OS) |
34198 | 283 |
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284 It is rare that you need to specify a font name in Emacs; usually |
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285 you specify face attributes instead. For example, you can use 14pt |
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286 Courier by customizing the default face attributes for all frames: |
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287 |
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288 @lisp |
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289 (set-face-attribute 'default nil |
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290 :family "courier" :height 140) |
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291 @end lisp |
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292 |
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293 @noindent |
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294 Alternatively, an interactive one is also available |
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295 (@pxref{Face Customization}). |
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296 |
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297 But when you do need to specify a font name in Emacs on Mac, use a |
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298 standard X font name: |
34198 | 299 |
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300 @smallexample |
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301 -@var{maker}-@var{family}-@var{weight}-@var{slant}-@var{widthtype}-@var{style}@dots{} |
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302 @dots{}-@var{pixels}-@var{height}-@var{horiz}-@var{vert}-@var{spacing}-@var{width}-@var{charset} |
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303 @end smallexample |
34198 | 304 |
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305 @noindent |
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306 @xref{Font X}. Wildcards are supported as they are on X. |
34198 | 307 |
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308 Emacs on Mac OS Classic uses QuickDraw Text routines for drawing texts |
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309 by default. Emacs on Mac OS X uses @acronym{ATSUI, Apple Type Services |
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310 for Unicode Imaging} as well as QuickDraw Text, and most of the |
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311 characters other than Chinese, Japanese, and Korean ones are drawn using |
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312 the former by default. |
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313 |
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314 @acronym{ATSUI}-compatible fonts have maker name @code{apple} and |
71593 | 315 charset @code{iso10646-1}. For example, 12-point Monaco can be specified |
316 by the name: | |
317 | |
318 @example | |
319 -apple-monaco-medium-r-normal--12-*-*-*-*-*-iso10646-1 | |
320 @end example | |
321 | |
77129 | 322 Note that these names must be specified using a format containing all |
323 14 @samp{-}s (not by | |
324 @samp{-apple-monaco-medium-r-normal--12-*-iso10646-1}, for instance), | |
71593 | 325 because every @acronym{ATSUI}-compatible font is a scalable one. |
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326 |
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327 QuickDraw Text fonts have maker name @code{apple} and various charset |
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328 names other than @code{iso10646-1}. Native Apple fonts in Mac Roman |
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329 encoding has charset @code{mac-roman}. You can specify a |
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330 @code{mac-roman} font for @acronym{ASCII} characters like |
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331 |
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332 @smalllisp |
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333 (add-to-list |
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334 'default-frame-alist |
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335 '(font . "-apple-monaco-medium-r-normal--13-*-*-*-*-*-mac-roman")) |
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336 @end smalllisp |
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337 |
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338 @noindent |
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339 but that does not extend to ISO-8859-1: specifying a @code{mac-roman} |
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340 font for Latin-1 characters introduces wrong glyphs. |
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341 |
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342 Native Apple Traditional Chinese, Simplified Chinese, Japanese, |
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343 Korean, Central European, Cyrillic, Symbol, and Dingbats fonts have |
77129 | 344 the charsets @samp{big5-0}, @samp{gb2312.1980-0}, |
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345 @samp{jisx0208.1983-sjis} and @samp{jisx0201.1976-0}, |
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346 @samp{ksc5601.1989-0}, @samp{mac-centraleurroman}, |
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347 @samp{mac-cyrillic}, @samp{mac-symbol}, and @samp{mac-dingbats}, |
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348 respectively. |
34198 | 349 |
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350 The use of @code{create-fontset-from-fontset-spec} (@pxref{Defining |
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351 Fontsets}) for defining fontsets often results in wrong ones especially |
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352 when using only OS-bundled QuickDraw Text fonts. The recommended way to |
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353 use them is to create a fontset using |
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354 @code{create-fontset-from-mac-roman-font}: |
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355 |
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356 @lisp |
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357 (create-fontset-from-mac-roman-font |
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358 "-apple-courier-medium-r-normal--13-*-*-*-*-*-mac-roman" |
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359 nil "foo") |
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360 @end lisp |
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361 |
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362 @noindent |
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363 and then optionally specifying Chinese, Japanese, or Korean font |
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364 families using @code{set-fontset-font}: |
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365 |
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366 @lisp |
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367 (set-fontset-font "fontset-foo" |
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368 'chinese-gb2312 '("song" . "gb2312.1980-0")) |
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369 @end lisp |
34198 | 370 |
371 Single-byte fonts converted from GNU fonts in BDF format, which are not | |
372 in the Mac Roman encoding, have foundry, family, and character sets | |
373 encoded in the names of their font suitcases. E.g., the font suitcase | |
374 @samp{ETL-Fixed-ISO8859-1} contains fonts which can be referred to by | |
375 the name @samp{-ETL-fixed-*-iso8859-1}. | |
376 | |
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377 @vindex mac-allow-anti-aliasing |
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378 Mac OS X 10.2 or later can use two types of text renderings: Quartz 2D |
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379 (aka Core Graphics) and QuickDraw. By default, Emacs uses the former on |
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380 such versions. It can be changed by setting |
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381 @code{mac-allow-anti-aliasing} to @code{t} (Quartz 2D) or @code{nil} |
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382 (QuickDraw). Both @acronym{ATSUI} and QuickDraw Text drawings are |
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383 affected by the value of this variable. |
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384 |
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385 Appearance of text in small sizes will also be affected by the ``Turn |
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386 off text smoothing for font sizes @var{n} and smaller'' setting in the |
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387 General pane (Mac OS X 10.1 or 10.2) or in the Appearance pane (10.3 or |
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388 later) of the System Preferences. This threshold can alternatively be |
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389 set just for Emacs (i.e., not as the system-wide setting) using the |
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390 @command{defaults} command: |
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391 |
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392 @example |
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393 defaults write org.gnu.Emacs AppleAntiAliasingThreshold @var{n} |
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394 @end example |
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395 |
34198 | 396 |
397 @node Mac Functions | |
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398 @section Mac-Specific Lisp Functions |
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399 @cindex Lisp functions specific to Mac OS |
34198 | 400 |
401 @findex do-applescript | |
402 The function @code{do-applescript} takes a string argument, | |
403 executes it as an AppleScript command, and returns the result as a | |
404 string. | |
405 | |
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406 @findex mac-file-name-to-posix |
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407 @findex posix-file-name-to-mac |
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408 The function @code{mac-file-name-to-posix} takes a Mac file name and |
38944 | 409 returns the GNU or Unix equivalent. The function |
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410 @code{posix-file-name-to-mac} performs the opposite conversion. They |
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411 are useful for constructing AppleScript commands to be passed to |
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412 @code{do-applescript}. |
52401 | 413 |
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414 @findex mac-set-file-creator |
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415 @findex mac-get-file-creator |
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416 @findex mac-set-file-type |
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417 @findex mac-get-file-type |
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418 The functions @code{mac-set-file-creator}, |
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419 @code{mac-get-file-creator}, @code{mac-set-file-type}, and |
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420 @code{mac-get-file-type} can be used to set and get creator and file |
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421 codes. |
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422 |
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423 @findex mac-get-preference |
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424 The function @code{mac-get-preference} returns the preferences value |
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425 converted to a Lisp object for a specified key and application. |
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426 |
52401 | 427 @ignore |
428 arch-tag: a822c2ab-4273-4997-927e-c153bb71dcf6 | |
429 @end ignore |