Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/files.texi @ 44325:79f4beb26480
Minor cleanups.
author | Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org> |
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date | Mon, 01 Apr 2002 23:04:46 +0000 |
parents | f7a64b7a993d |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
37795 | 2 @c Copyright (C) 1985,86,87,93,94,95,97,99, 2000, 2001 |
3 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node Files, Buffers, Fixit, Top | |
6 @chapter File Handling | |
7 @cindex files | |
8 | |
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9 The operating system stores data permanently in named @dfn{files}, so |
25829 | 10 most of the text you edit with Emacs comes from a file and is ultimately |
11 stored in a file. | |
12 | |
13 To edit a file, you must tell Emacs to read the file and prepare a | |
14 buffer containing a copy of the file's text. This is called | |
15 @dfn{visiting} the file. Editing commands apply directly to text in the | |
16 buffer; that is, to the copy inside Emacs. Your changes appear in the | |
17 file itself only when you @dfn{save} the buffer back into the file. | |
18 | |
19 In addition to visiting and saving files, Emacs can delete, copy, | |
20 rename, and append to files, keep multiple versions of them, and operate | |
21 on file directories. | |
22 | |
23 @menu | |
24 * File Names:: How to type and edit file-name arguments. | |
25 * Visiting:: Visiting a file prepares Emacs to edit the file. | |
26 * Saving:: Saving makes your changes permanent. | |
27 * Reverting:: Reverting cancels all the changes not saved. | |
28 * Auto Save:: Auto Save periodically protects against loss of data. | |
29 * File Aliases:: Handling multiple names for one file. | |
30 * Version Control:: Version control systems (RCS, CVS and SCCS). | |
31 * Directories:: Creating, deleting, and listing file directories. | |
32 * Comparing Files:: Finding where two files differ. | |
33 * Misc File Ops:: Other things you can do on files. | |
34 * Compressed Files:: Accessing compressed files. | |
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35 * File Archives:: Operating on tar, zip, jar etc. archive files. |
25829 | 36 * Remote Files:: Accessing files on other sites. |
37 * Quoted File Names:: Quoting special characters in file names. | |
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38 * File Name Cache:: Completion against a list of files you often use. |
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39 * File Conveniences:: Convenience Features for Finding Files. |
25829 | 40 @end menu |
41 | |
42 @node File Names | |
43 @section File Names | |
44 @cindex file names | |
45 | |
46 Most Emacs commands that operate on a file require you to specify the | |
47 file name. (Saving and reverting are exceptions; the buffer knows which | |
48 file name to use for them.) You enter the file name using the | |
38739 | 49 minibuffer (@pxref{Minibuffer}). @dfn{Completion} is available |
50 (@pxref{Completion}) to make it easier to specify long file names. When | |
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51 completing file names, Emacs ignores those whose file-name extensions |
38739 | 52 appear in the variable @code{completion-ignored-extensions}; see |
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53 @ref{Completion Options}. |
25829 | 54 |
55 For most operations, there is a @dfn{default file name} which is used | |
56 if you type just @key{RET} to enter an empty argument. Normally the | |
57 default file name is the name of the file visited in the current buffer; | |
58 this makes it easy to operate on that file with any of the Emacs file | |
59 commands. | |
60 | |
61 @vindex default-directory | |
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62 Each buffer has a default directory which is normally the same as the |
25829 | 63 directory of the file visited in that buffer. When you enter a file |
64 name without a directory, the default directory is used. If you specify | |
65 a directory in a relative fashion, with a name that does not start with | |
66 a slash, it is interpreted with respect to the default directory. The | |
67 default directory is kept in the variable @code{default-directory}, | |
68 which has a separate value in every buffer. | |
69 | |
70 For example, if the default file name is @file{/u/rms/gnu/gnu.tasks} then | |
71 the default directory is @file{/u/rms/gnu/}. If you type just @samp{foo}, | |
72 which does not specify a directory, it is short for @file{/u/rms/gnu/foo}. | |
73 @samp{../.login} would stand for @file{/u/rms/.login}. @samp{new/foo} | |
74 would stand for the file name @file{/u/rms/gnu/new/foo}. | |
75 | |
76 @findex cd | |
77 @findex pwd | |
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78 The command @kbd{M-x pwd} displays the current buffer's default |
25829 | 79 directory, and the command @kbd{M-x cd} sets it (to a value read using |
80 the minibuffer). A buffer's default directory changes only when the | |
81 @code{cd} command is used. A file-visiting buffer's default directory | |
38739 | 82 is initialized to the directory of the file that is visited in that buffer. If |
25829 | 83 you create a buffer with @kbd{C-x b}, its default directory is copied |
84 from that of the buffer that was current at the time. | |
85 | |
86 @vindex insert-default-directory | |
87 The default directory actually appears in the minibuffer when the | |
88 minibuffer becomes active to read a file name. This serves two | |
89 purposes: it @emph{shows} you what the default is, so that you can type | |
90 a relative file name and know with certainty what it will mean, and it | |
91 allows you to @emph{edit} the default to specify a different directory. | |
92 This insertion of the default directory is inhibited if the variable | |
93 @code{insert-default-directory} is set to @code{nil}. | |
94 | |
95 Note that it is legitimate to type an absolute file name after you | |
96 enter the minibuffer, ignoring the presence of the default directory | |
97 name as part of the text. The final minibuffer contents may look | |
98 invalid, but that is not so. For example, if the minibuffer starts out | |
99 with @samp{/usr/tmp/} and you add @samp{/x1/rms/foo}, you get | |
100 @samp{/usr/tmp//x1/rms/foo}; but Emacs ignores everything through the | |
101 first slash in the double slash; the result is @samp{/x1/rms/foo}. | |
102 @xref{Minibuffer File}. | |
103 | |
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104 @cindex environment variables in file names |
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105 @cindex expansion of environment variables |
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106 @cindex @code{$} in file names |
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107 @anchor{File Names with @samp{$}} |
25829 | 108 @samp{$} in a file name is used to substitute environment variables. |
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109 For example, if you have used the shell command @command{export |
29107 | 110 FOO=rms/hacks} to set up an environment variable named @env{FOO}, then |
25829 | 111 you can use @file{/u/$FOO/test.c} or @file{/u/$@{FOO@}/test.c} as an |
112 abbreviation for @file{/u/rms/hacks/test.c}. The environment variable | |
113 name consists of all the alphanumeric characters after the @samp{$}; | |
114 alternatively, it may be enclosed in braces after the @samp{$}. Note | |
115 that shell commands to set environment variables affect Emacs only if | |
116 done before Emacs is started. | |
117 | |
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118 @cindex home directory shorthand |
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119 You can use the @file{~/} in a file name to mean your home directory, |
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120 or @file{~@var{user-id}/} to mean the home directory of a user whose |
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121 login name is @code{user-id}. (On DOS and Windows systems, where a user |
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122 doesn't have a home directory, Emacs substitutes @file{~/} with the |
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123 value of the environment variable @code{HOME}; see @ref{General |
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124 Variables}.) |
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125 |
25829 | 126 To access a file with @samp{$} in its name, type @samp{$$}. This pair |
127 is converted to a single @samp{$} at the same time as variable | |
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128 substitution is performed for a single @samp{$}. Alternatively, quote the |
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129 whole file name with @samp{/:} (@pxref{Quoted File Names}). File names |
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130 which begin with a literal @samp{~} should also be quoted with @samp{/:}. |
25829 | 131 |
132 @findex substitute-in-file-name | |
133 The Lisp function that performs the substitution is called | |
134 @code{substitute-in-file-name}. The substitution is performed only on | |
135 file names read as such using the minibuffer. | |
136 | |
137 You can include non-ASCII characters in file names if you set the | |
138 variable @code{file-name-coding-system} to a non-@code{nil} value. | |
139 @xref{Specify Coding}. | |
140 | |
141 @node Visiting | |
142 @section Visiting Files | |
143 @cindex visiting files | |
144 | |
145 @table @kbd | |
146 @item C-x C-f | |
147 Visit a file (@code{find-file}). | |
148 @item C-x C-r | |
149 Visit a file for viewing, without allowing changes to it | |
150 (@code{find-file-read-only}). | |
151 @item C-x C-v | |
152 Visit a different file instead of the one visited last | |
153 (@code{find-alternate-file}). | |
154 @item C-x 4 f | |
155 Visit a file, in another window (@code{find-file-other-window}). Don't | |
156 alter what is displayed in the selected window. | |
157 @item C-x 5 f | |
158 Visit a file, in a new frame (@code{find-file-other-frame}). Don't | |
159 alter what is displayed in the selected frame. | |
160 @item M-x find-file-literally | |
161 Visit a file with no conversion of the contents. | |
162 @end table | |
163 | |
164 @cindex files, visiting and saving | |
165 @cindex saving files | |
38739 | 166 @dfn{Visiting} a file means copying its contents into an Emacs |
167 buffer so you can edit them. Emacs makes a new buffer for each file | |
168 that you visit. We often say that this buffer ``is visiting'' that | |
169 file, or that the buffer's ``visited file'' is that file. Emacs | |
170 constructs the buffer name from the file name by throwing away the | |
171 directory, keeping just the name proper. For example, a file named | |
172 @file{/usr/rms/emacs.tex} would get a buffer named @samp{emacs.tex}. | |
173 If there is already a buffer with that name, Emacs constructs a unique | |
174 name---the normal method is to append @samp{<2>}, @samp{<3>}, and so | |
175 on, but you can select other methods (@pxref{Uniquify}). | |
25829 | 176 |
177 Each window's mode line shows the name of the buffer that is being displayed | |
178 in that window, so you can always tell what buffer you are editing. | |
179 | |
180 The changes you make with editing commands are made in the Emacs | |
181 buffer. They do not take effect in the file that you visited, or any | |
182 place permanent, until you @dfn{save} the buffer. Saving the buffer | |
183 means that Emacs writes the current contents of the buffer into its | |
184 visited file. @xref{Saving}. | |
185 | |
186 @cindex modified (buffer) | |
187 If a buffer contains changes that have not been saved, we say the | |
188 buffer is @dfn{modified}. This is important because it implies that | |
189 some changes will be lost if the buffer is not saved. The mode line | |
190 displays two stars near the left margin to indicate that the buffer is | |
191 modified. | |
192 | |
193 @kindex C-x C-f | |
194 @findex find-file | |
195 To visit a file, use the command @kbd{C-x C-f} (@code{find-file}). Follow | |
196 the command with the name of the file you wish to visit, terminated by a | |
197 @key{RET}. | |
198 | |
199 The file name is read using the minibuffer (@pxref{Minibuffer}), with | |
200 defaulting and completion in the standard manner (@pxref{File Names}). | |
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201 While in the minibuffer, you can abort @kbd{C-x C-f} by typing |
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202 @kbd{C-g}. File-name completion ignores certain filenames; for more |
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203 about this, see @ref{Completion Options}. |
25829 | 204 |
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205 @cindex file selection dialog |
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206 When Emacs is built with a suitable GUI toolkit, it pops up the |
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207 standard File Selection dialog of that toolkit instead of prompting for |
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208 the file name in the minibuffer. On Unix and GNU/Linux platforms, Emacs |
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209 does that when built with LessTif and Motif toolkits; on MS-Windows, the |
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210 GUI version does that by default. |
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211 |
25829 | 212 Your confirmation that @kbd{C-x C-f} has completed successfully is the |
213 appearance of new text on the screen and a new buffer name in the mode | |
214 line. If the specified file does not exist and could not be created, or | |
215 cannot be read, then you get an error, with an error message displayed | |
216 in the echo area. | |
217 | |
218 If you visit a file that is already in Emacs, @kbd{C-x C-f} does not make | |
219 another copy. It selects the existing buffer containing that file. | |
220 However, before doing so, it checks that the file itself has not changed | |
221 since you visited or saved it last. If the file has changed, a warning | |
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222 message is shown. @xref{Interlocking,,Simultaneous Editing}. |
25829 | 223 |
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224 @cindex maximum buffer size exceeded, error message |
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225 Since Emacs reads the visited file in its entirety, files whose size |
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226 is larger than the maximum Emacs buffer size (@pxref{Buffers}) cannot be |
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227 visited; if you try, Emacs will display an error message saying that the |
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228 maximum buffer size has been exceeded. |
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229 |
25829 | 230 @cindex creating files |
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231 What if you want to create a new file? Just visit it. Emacs displays |
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232 @samp{(New file)} in the echo area, but in other respects behaves as if |
25829 | 233 you had visited an existing empty file. If you make any changes and |
234 save them, the file is created. | |
235 | |
236 Emacs recognizes from the contents of a file which convention it uses | |
237 to separate lines---newline (used on GNU/Linux and on Unix), | |
238 carriage-return linefeed (used on Microsoft systems), or just | |
239 carriage-return (used on the Macintosh)---and automatically converts the | |
240 contents to the normal Emacs convention, which is that the newline | |
241 character separates lines. This is a part of the general feature of | |
242 coding system conversion (@pxref{Coding Systems}), and makes it possible | |
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243 to edit files imported from different operating systems with |
25829 | 244 equal convenience. If you change the text and save the file, Emacs |
245 performs the inverse conversion, changing newlines back into | |
246 carriage-return linefeed or just carriage-return if appropriate. | |
247 | |
248 @vindex find-file-run-dired | |
249 If the file you specify is actually a directory, @kbd{C-x C-f} invokes | |
250 Dired, the Emacs directory browser, so that you can ``edit'' the contents | |
251 of the directory (@pxref{Dired}). Dired is a convenient way to delete, | |
252 look at, or operate on the files in the directory. However, if the | |
253 variable @code{find-file-run-dired} is @code{nil}, then it is an error | |
254 to try to visit a directory. | |
255 | |
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256 Files which are actually collections of other files, or @dfn{file |
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257 archives}, are visited in special modes which invoke a Dired-like |
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258 environment to allow operations on archive members. @xref{File |
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259 Archives}, for more about these features. |
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260 |
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261 @cindex wildcard characters in file names |
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262 @vindex find-file-wildcards |
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263 If the file name you specify contains shell-style wildcard characters, |
38739 | 264 Emacs visits all the files that match it. Wildcards include @samp{?}, |
265 @samp{*}, and @samp{[@dots{}]} sequences. @xref{Quoted File Names}, for | |
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266 information on how to visit a file whose name actually contains wildcard |
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267 characters. You can disable the wildcard feature by customizing |
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268 @code{find-file-wildcards}. |
25829 | 269 |
270 If you visit a file that the operating system won't let you modify, | |
271 Emacs makes the buffer read-only, so that you won't go ahead and make | |
272 changes that you'll have trouble saving afterward. You can make the | |
273 buffer writable with @kbd{C-x C-q} (@code{vc-toggle-read-only}). | |
274 @xref{Misc Buffer}. | |
275 | |
276 @kindex C-x C-r | |
277 @findex find-file-read-only | |
278 Occasionally you might want to visit a file as read-only in order to | |
279 protect yourself from entering changes accidentally; do so by visiting | |
280 the file with the command @kbd{C-x C-r} (@code{find-file-read-only}). | |
281 | |
282 @kindex C-x C-v | |
283 @findex find-alternate-file | |
284 If you visit a nonexistent file unintentionally (because you typed the | |
285 wrong file name), use the @kbd{C-x C-v} command | |
286 (@code{find-alternate-file}) to visit the file you really wanted. | |
287 @kbd{C-x C-v} is similar to @kbd{C-x C-f}, but it kills the current | |
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288 buffer (after first offering to save it if it is modified). When |
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289 @kbd{C-x C-v} reads the file name to visit, it inserts the entire |
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290 default file name in the buffer, with point just after the directory |
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291 part; this is convenient if you made a slight error in typing the name. |
25829 | 292 |
293 If you find a file which exists but cannot be read, @kbd{C-x C-f} | |
294 signals an error. | |
295 | |
296 @kindex C-x 4 f | |
297 @findex find-file-other-window | |
298 @kbd{C-x 4 f} (@code{find-file-other-window}) is like @kbd{C-x C-f} | |
299 except that the buffer containing the specified file is selected in another | |
300 window. The window that was selected before @kbd{C-x 4 f} continues to | |
301 show the same buffer it was already showing. If this command is used when | |
302 only one window is being displayed, that window is split in two, with one | |
303 window showing the same buffer as before, and the other one showing the | |
304 newly requested file. @xref{Windows}. | |
305 | |
306 @kindex C-x 5 f | |
307 @findex find-file-other-frame | |
308 @kbd{C-x 5 f} (@code{find-file-other-frame}) is similar, but opens a | |
309 new frame, or makes visible any existing frame showing the file you | |
310 seek. This feature is available only when you are using a window | |
311 system. @xref{Frames}. | |
312 | |
313 @findex find-file-literally | |
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314 If you wish to edit a file as a sequence of ASCII characters with no special |
25829 | 315 encoding or conversion, use the @kbd{M-x find-file-literally} command. |
316 It visits a file, like @kbd{C-x C-f}, but does not do format conversion | |
317 (@pxref{Formatted Text}), character code conversion (@pxref{Coding | |
33559 | 318 Systems}), or automatic uncompression (@pxref{Compressed Files}), and |
319 does not add a final newline because of @code{require-final-newline}. | |
25829 | 320 If you already have visited the same file in the usual (non-literal) |
321 manner, this command asks you whether to visit it literally instead. | |
322 | |
323 @vindex find-file-hooks | |
324 @vindex find-file-not-found-hooks | |
325 Two special hook variables allow extensions to modify the operation of | |
326 visiting files. Visiting a file that does not exist runs the functions | |
327 in the list @code{find-file-not-found-hooks}; this variable holds a list | |
328 of functions, and the functions are called one by one (with no | |
329 arguments) until one of them returns non-@code{nil}. This is not a | |
330 normal hook, and the name ends in @samp{-hooks} rather than @samp{-hook} | |
331 to indicate that fact. | |
332 | |
38739 | 333 Successful visiting of any file, whether existing or not, calls the |
334 functions in the list @code{find-file-hooks}, with no arguments. | |
335 This variable is really a normal hook, but it has an abnormal name for | |
336 historical compatibility. In the case of a nonexistent file, the | |
337 @code{find-file-not-found-hooks} are run first. @xref{Hooks}. | |
25829 | 338 |
339 There are several ways to specify automatically the major mode for | |
340 editing the file (@pxref{Choosing Modes}), and to specify local | |
341 variables defined for that file (@pxref{File Variables}). | |
342 | |
343 @node Saving | |
344 @section Saving Files | |
345 | |
346 @dfn{Saving} a buffer in Emacs means writing its contents back into the file | |
347 that was visited in the buffer. | |
348 | |
349 @table @kbd | |
350 @item C-x C-s | |
38739 | 351 Save the current buffer in its visited file on disk (@code{save-buffer}). |
25829 | 352 @item C-x s |
353 Save any or all buffers in their visited files (@code{save-some-buffers}). | |
354 @item M-~ | |
355 Forget that the current buffer has been changed (@code{not-modified}). | |
29556 | 356 With prefix argument (@kbd{C-u}), mark the current buffer as changed. |
25829 | 357 @item C-x C-w |
38739 | 358 Save the current buffer as a specified file name (@code{write-file}). |
25829 | 359 @item M-x set-visited-file-name |
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360 Change the file name under which the current buffer will be saved. |
25829 | 361 @end table |
362 | |
363 @kindex C-x C-s | |
364 @findex save-buffer | |
365 When you wish to save the file and make your changes permanent, type | |
366 @kbd{C-x C-s} (@code{save-buffer}). After saving is finished, @kbd{C-x C-s} | |
367 displays a message like this: | |
368 | |
369 @example | |
370 Wrote /u/rms/gnu/gnu.tasks | |
371 @end example | |
372 | |
373 @noindent | |
374 If the selected buffer is not modified (no changes have been made in it | |
375 since the buffer was created or last saved), saving is not really done, | |
376 because it would have no effect. Instead, @kbd{C-x C-s} displays a message | |
377 like this in the echo area: | |
378 | |
379 @example | |
380 (No changes need to be saved) | |
381 @end example | |
382 | |
383 @kindex C-x s | |
384 @findex save-some-buffers | |
385 The command @kbd{C-x s} (@code{save-some-buffers}) offers to save any | |
386 or all modified buffers. It asks you what to do with each buffer. The | |
387 possible responses are analogous to those of @code{query-replace}: | |
388 | |
389 @table @kbd | |
390 @item y | |
391 Save this buffer and ask about the rest of the buffers. | |
392 @item n | |
393 Don't save this buffer, but ask about the rest of the buffers. | |
394 @item ! | |
395 Save this buffer and all the rest with no more questions. | |
396 @c following generates acceptable underfull hbox | |
397 @item @key{RET} | |
398 Terminate @code{save-some-buffers} without any more saving. | |
399 @item . | |
400 Save this buffer, then exit @code{save-some-buffers} without even asking | |
401 about other buffers. | |
402 @item C-r | |
403 View the buffer that you are currently being asked about. When you exit | |
404 View mode, you get back to @code{save-some-buffers}, which asks the | |
405 question again. | |
406 @item C-h | |
407 Display a help message about these options. | |
408 @end table | |
409 | |
410 @kbd{C-x C-c}, the key sequence to exit Emacs, invokes | |
411 @code{save-some-buffers} and therefore asks the same questions. | |
412 | |
413 @kindex M-~ | |
414 @findex not-modified | |
415 If you have changed a buffer but you do not want to save the changes, | |
416 you should take some action to prevent it. Otherwise, each time you use | |
417 @kbd{C-x s} or @kbd{C-x C-c}, you are liable to save this buffer by | |
418 mistake. One thing you can do is type @kbd{M-~} (@code{not-modified}), | |
419 which clears out the indication that the buffer is modified. If you do | |
420 this, none of the save commands will believe that the buffer needs to be | |
421 saved. (@samp{~} is often used as a mathematical symbol for `not'; thus | |
422 @kbd{M-~} is `not', metafied.) You could also use | |
423 @code{set-visited-file-name} (see below) to mark the buffer as visiting | |
424 a different file name, one which is not in use for anything important. | |
425 Alternatively, you can cancel all the changes made since the file was | |
426 visited or saved, by reading the text from the file again. This is | |
427 called @dfn{reverting}. @xref{Reverting}. You could also undo all the | |
428 changes by repeating the undo command @kbd{C-x u} until you have undone | |
429 all the changes; but reverting is easier. | |
430 | |
431 @findex set-visited-file-name | |
432 @kbd{M-x set-visited-file-name} alters the name of the file that the | |
433 current buffer is visiting. It reads the new file name using the | |
38739 | 434 minibuffer. Then it marks the buffer as visiting that file name, and |
435 changes the buffer name correspondingly. @code{set-visited-file-name} | |
436 does not save the buffer in the newly visited file; it just alters the | |
437 records inside Emacs in case you do save later. It also marks the | |
438 buffer as ``modified'' so that @kbd{C-x C-s} in that buffer | |
439 @emph{will} save. | |
25829 | 440 |
441 @kindex C-x C-w | |
442 @findex write-file | |
443 If you wish to mark the buffer as visiting a different file and save it | |
444 right away, use @kbd{C-x C-w} (@code{write-file}). It is precisely | |
445 equivalent to @code{set-visited-file-name} followed by @kbd{C-x C-s}. | |
446 @kbd{C-x C-s} used on a buffer that is not visiting a file has the | |
447 same effect as @kbd{C-x C-w}; that is, it reads a file name, marks the | |
448 buffer as visiting that file, and saves it there. The default file name in | |
449 a buffer that is not visiting a file is made by combining the buffer name | |
38739 | 450 with the buffer's default directory (@pxref{File Names}). |
25829 | 451 |
452 If the new file name implies a major mode, then @kbd{C-x C-w} switches | |
453 to that major mode, in most cases. The command | |
454 @code{set-visited-file-name} also does this. @xref{Choosing Modes}. | |
455 | |
456 If Emacs is about to save a file and sees that the date of the latest | |
457 version on disk does not match what Emacs last read or wrote, Emacs | |
458 notifies you of this fact, because it probably indicates a problem caused | |
459 by simultaneous editing and requires your immediate attention. | |
460 @xref{Interlocking,, Simultaneous Editing}. | |
461 | |
462 @vindex require-final-newline | |
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463 If the value of the variable @code{require-final-newline} is @code{t}, |
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464 Emacs silently puts a newline at the end of any file that doesn't |
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465 already end in one, every time a file is saved or written. If the value |
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466 is @code{nil}, Emacs leaves the end of the file unchanged; if it's |
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467 neither @code{nil} nor @code{t}, Emacs asks you whether to add a |
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468 newline. The default is @code{nil}. |
25829 | 469 |
470 @menu | |
471 * Backup:: How Emacs saves the old version of your file. | |
472 * Interlocking:: How Emacs protects against simultaneous editing | |
473 of one file by two users. | |
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474 * Shadowing: File Shadowing. |
36185 | 475 Copying files to "shadows" automatically. |
35524 | 476 * Time Stamps:: Emacs can update time stamps on saved files. |
25829 | 477 @end menu |
478 | |
479 @node Backup | |
480 @subsection Backup Files | |
481 @cindex backup file | |
482 @vindex make-backup-files | |
483 @vindex vc-make-backup-files | |
484 | |
485 On most operating systems, rewriting a file automatically destroys all | |
486 record of what the file used to contain. Thus, saving a file from Emacs | |
487 throws away the old contents of the file---or it would, except that | |
488 Emacs carefully copies the old contents to another file, called the | |
489 @dfn{backup} file, before actually saving. | |
490 | |
491 For most files, the variable @code{make-backup-files} determines | |
492 whether to make backup files. On most operating systems, its default | |
493 value is @code{t}, so that Emacs does write backup files. | |
494 | |
495 For files managed by a version control system (@pxref{Version | |
496 Control}), the variable @code{vc-make-backup-files} determines whether | |
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497 to make backup files. By default it is @code{nil}, since backup files |
25829 | 498 are redundant when you store all the previous versions in a version |
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499 control system. @xref{General VC Options}. |
25829 | 500 |
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501 @vindex backup-enable-predicate |
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502 @vindex temporary-file-directory |
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503 @vindex small-temporary-file-directory |
25829 | 504 The default value of the @code{backup-enable-predicate} variable |
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505 prevents backup files being written for files in the directories used |
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506 for temporary files, specified by @code{temporary-file-directory} or |
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507 @code{small-temporary-file-directory}. |
25829 | 508 |
509 At your option, Emacs can keep either a single backup file or a series of | |
510 numbered backup files for each file that you edit. | |
511 | |
512 Emacs makes a backup for a file only the first time the file is saved | |
513 from one buffer. No matter how many times you save a file, its backup file | |
514 continues to contain the contents from before the file was visited. | |
515 Normally this means that the backup file contains the contents from before | |
516 the current editing session; however, if you kill the buffer and then visit | |
517 the file again, a new backup file will be made by the next save. | |
518 | |
519 You can also explicitly request making another backup file from a | |
520 buffer even though it has already been saved at least once. If you save | |
521 the buffer with @kbd{C-u C-x C-s}, the version thus saved will be made | |
522 into a backup file if you save the buffer again. @kbd{C-u C-u C-x C-s} | |
523 saves the buffer, but first makes the previous file contents into a new | |
524 backup file. @kbd{C-u C-u C-u C-x C-s} does both things: it makes a | |
38739 | 525 backup from the previous contents, and arranges to make another from the |
526 newly saved contents if you save again. | |
25829 | 527 |
528 @menu | |
529 * Names: Backup Names. How backup files are named; | |
530 choosing single or numbered backup files. | |
531 * Deletion: Backup Deletion. Emacs deletes excess numbered backups. | |
532 * Copying: Backup Copying. Backups can be made by copying or renaming. | |
533 @end menu | |
534 | |
535 @node Backup Names | |
536 @subsubsection Single or Numbered Backups | |
537 | |
538 If you choose to have a single backup file (this is the default), | |
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539 the backup file's name is normally constructed by appending @samp{~} to the |
25829 | 540 file name being edited; thus, the backup file for @file{eval.c} would |
541 be @file{eval.c~}. | |
542 | |
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543 @vindex make-backup-file-name-function |
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544 @vindex backup-directory-alist |
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545 You can change this behavior by defining the variable |
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546 @code{make-backup-file-name-function} to a suitable function. |
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547 Alternatively you can customize the variable |
36874 | 548 @code{backup-directory-alist} to specify that files matching certain |
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549 patterns should be backed up in specific directories. |
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550 |
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551 A typical use is to add an element @code{("." . @var{dir})} to make |
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552 all backups in the directory with absolute name @var{dir}; Emacs |
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553 modifies the backup file names to avoid clashes between files with the |
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554 same names originating in different directories. Alternatively, |
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555 adding, say, @code{("." . ".~")} would make backups in the invisible |
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556 subdirectory @file{.~} of the original file's directory. Emacs |
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557 creates the directory, if necessary, to make the backup. |
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558 |
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559 If access control stops Emacs from writing backup files under the usual |
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560 names, it writes the backup file as @file{%backup%~} in your home |
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561 directory. Only one such file can exist, so only the most recently |
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562 made such backup is available. |
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563 |
25829 | 564 If you choose to have a series of numbered backup files, backup file |
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565 names contain @samp{.~}, the number, and another @samp{~} after the |
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566 original file name. Thus, the backup files of @file{eval.c} would be |
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567 called @file{eval.c.~1~}, @file{eval.c.~2~}, and so on, all the way |
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568 through names like @file{eval.c.~259~} and beyond. The variable |
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569 @code{backup-directory-alist} applies to numbered backups just as |
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570 usual. |
25829 | 571 |
572 @vindex version-control | |
573 The choice of single backup or numbered backups is controlled by the | |
574 variable @code{version-control}. Its possible values are | |
575 | |
576 @table @code | |
577 @item t | |
578 Make numbered backups. | |
579 @item nil | |
580 Make numbered backups for files that have numbered backups already. | |
581 Otherwise, make single backups. | |
582 @item never | |
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583 Never make numbered backups; always make single backups. |
25829 | 584 @end table |
585 | |
586 @noindent | |
587 You can set @code{version-control} locally in an individual buffer to | |
588 control the making of backups for that buffer's file. For example, | |
589 Rmail mode locally sets @code{version-control} to @code{never} to make sure | |
590 that there is only one backup for an Rmail file. @xref{Locals}. | |
591 | |
29107 | 592 @cindex @env{VERSION_CONTROL} environment variable |
593 If you set the environment variable @env{VERSION_CONTROL}, to tell | |
25829 | 594 various GNU utilities what to do with backup files, Emacs also obeys the |
595 environment variable by setting the Lisp variable @code{version-control} | |
596 accordingly at startup. If the environment variable's value is @samp{t} | |
597 or @samp{numbered}, then @code{version-control} becomes @code{t}; if the | |
598 value is @samp{nil} or @samp{existing}, then @code{version-control} | |
599 becomes @code{nil}; if it is @samp{never} or @samp{simple}, then | |
600 @code{version-control} becomes @code{never}. | |
601 | |
602 @node Backup Deletion | |
603 @subsubsection Automatic Deletion of Backups | |
604 | |
38020 | 605 To prevent excessive consumption of disk space, Emacs can delete numbered |
25829 | 606 backup versions automatically. Generally Emacs keeps the first few backups |
607 and the latest few backups, deleting any in between. This happens every | |
608 time a new backup is made. | |
609 | |
610 @vindex kept-old-versions | |
611 @vindex kept-new-versions | |
612 The two variables @code{kept-old-versions} and | |
613 @code{kept-new-versions} control this deletion. Their values are, | |
38739 | 614 respectively, the number of oldest (lowest-numbered) backups to keep |
615 and the number of newest (highest-numbered) ones to keep, each time a | |
616 new backup is made. The backups in the middle (excluding those oldest | |
617 and newest) are the excess middle versions---those backups are | |
618 deleted. These variables' values are used when it is time to delete | |
619 excess versions, just after a new backup version is made; the newly | |
620 made backup is included in the count in @code{kept-new-versions}. By | |
621 default, both variables are 2. | |
25829 | 622 |
623 @vindex delete-old-versions | |
38739 | 624 If @code{delete-old-versions} is non-@code{nil}, Emacs deletes the |
625 excess backup files silently. If it is @code{nil}, the default, Emacs | |
626 asks you whether it should delete the excess backup versions. | |
25829 | 627 |
628 Dired's @kbd{.} (Period) command can also be used to delete old versions. | |
629 @xref{Dired Deletion}. | |
630 | |
631 @node Backup Copying | |
632 @subsubsection Copying vs.@: Renaming | |
633 | |
38739 | 634 Backup files can be made by copying the old file or by renaming it. |
635 This makes a difference when the old file has multiple names (hard | |
636 links). If the old file is renamed into the backup file, then the | |
637 alternate names become names for the backup file. If the old file is | |
638 copied instead, then the alternate names remain names for the file | |
639 that you are editing, and the contents accessed by those names will be | |
640 the new contents. | |
25829 | 641 |
642 The method of making a backup file may also affect the file's owner | |
643 and group. If copying is used, these do not change. If renaming is used, | |
644 you become the file's owner, and the file's group becomes the default | |
645 (different operating systems have different defaults for the group). | |
646 | |
647 Having the owner change is usually a good idea, because then the owner | |
648 always shows who last edited the file. Also, the owners of the backups | |
649 show who produced those versions. Occasionally there is a file whose | |
650 owner should not change; it is a good idea for such files to contain | |
651 local variable lists to set @code{backup-by-copying-when-mismatch} | |
652 locally (@pxref{File Variables}). | |
653 | |
654 @vindex backup-by-copying | |
655 @vindex backup-by-copying-when-linked | |
656 @vindex backup-by-copying-when-mismatch | |
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657 @vindex backup-by-copying-when-privileged-mismatch |
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658 @cindex file ownership, and backup |
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659 @cindex backup, and user-id |
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660 The choice of renaming or copying is controlled by four variables. |
25829 | 661 Renaming is the default choice. If the variable |
662 @code{backup-by-copying} is non-@code{nil}, copying is used. Otherwise, | |
663 if the variable @code{backup-by-copying-when-linked} is non-@code{nil}, | |
664 then copying is used for files that have multiple names, but renaming | |
665 may still be used when the file being edited has only one name. If the | |
666 variable @code{backup-by-copying-when-mismatch} is non-@code{nil}, then | |
667 copying is used if renaming would cause the file's owner or group to | |
668 change. @code{backup-by-copying-when-mismatch} is @code{t} by default | |
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669 if you start Emacs as the superuser. The fourth variable, |
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670 @code{backup-by-copying-when-privileged-mismatch}, gives the highest |
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671 numeric user-id for which @code{backup-by-copying-when-mismatch} will be |
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672 forced on. This is useful when low-numbered user-ids are assigned to |
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673 special system users, such as @code{root}, @code{bin}, @code{daemon}, |
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674 etc., which must maintain ownership of files. |
25829 | 675 |
676 When a file is managed with a version control system (@pxref{Version | |
677 Control}), Emacs does not normally make backups in the usual way for | |
678 that file. But check-in and check-out are similar in some ways to | |
679 making backups. One unfortunate similarity is that these operations | |
680 typically break hard links, disconnecting the file name you visited from | |
681 any alternate names for the same file. This has nothing to do with | |
682 Emacs---the version control system does it. | |
683 | |
684 @node Interlocking | |
685 @subsection Protection against Simultaneous Editing | |
686 | |
687 @cindex file dates | |
688 @cindex simultaneous editing | |
689 Simultaneous editing occurs when two users visit the same file, both | |
690 make changes, and then both save them. If nobody were informed that | |
691 this was happening, whichever user saved first would later find that his | |
692 changes were lost. | |
693 | |
694 On some systems, Emacs notices immediately when the second user starts | |
695 to change the file, and issues an immediate warning. On all systems, | |
696 Emacs checks when you save the file, and warns if you are about to | |
697 overwrite another user's changes. You can prevent loss of the other | |
698 user's work by taking the proper corrective action instead of saving the | |
699 file. | |
700 | |
701 @findex ask-user-about-lock | |
702 @cindex locking files | |
703 When you make the first modification in an Emacs buffer that is | |
704 visiting a file, Emacs records that the file is @dfn{locked} by you. | |
705 (It does this by creating a symbolic link in the same directory with a | |
706 different name.) Emacs removes the lock when you save the changes. The | |
707 idea is that the file is locked whenever an Emacs buffer visiting it has | |
708 unsaved changes. | |
709 | |
710 @cindex collision | |
711 If you begin to modify the buffer while the visited file is locked by | |
712 someone else, this constitutes a @dfn{collision}. When Emacs detects a | |
713 collision, it asks you what to do, by calling the Lisp function | |
714 @code{ask-user-about-lock}. You can redefine this function for the sake | |
715 of customization. The standard definition of this function asks you a | |
716 question and accepts three possible answers: | |
717 | |
718 @table @kbd | |
719 @item s | |
720 Steal the lock. Whoever was already changing the file loses the lock, | |
721 and you gain the lock. | |
722 @item p | |
723 Proceed. Go ahead and edit the file despite its being locked by someone else. | |
724 @item q | |
38739 | 725 Quit. This causes an error (@code{file-locked}), and the buffer |
726 contents remain unchanged---the modification you were trying to make | |
727 does not actually take place. | |
25829 | 728 @end table |
729 | |
730 Note that locking works on the basis of a file name; if a file has | |
731 multiple names, Emacs does not realize that the two names are the same file | |
732 and cannot prevent two users from editing it simultaneously under different | |
733 names. However, basing locking on names means that Emacs can interlock the | |
734 editing of new files that will not really exist until they are saved. | |
735 | |
736 Some systems are not configured to allow Emacs to make locks, and | |
737 there are cases where lock files cannot be written. In these cases, | |
738 Emacs cannot detect trouble in advance, but it still can detect the | |
739 collision when you try to save a file and overwrite someone else's | |
740 changes. | |
741 | |
742 If Emacs or the operating system crashes, this may leave behind lock | |
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743 files which are stale, so you may occasionally get warnings about |
25829 | 744 spurious collisions. When you determine that the collision is spurious, |
745 just use @kbd{p} to tell Emacs to go ahead anyway. | |
746 | |
747 Every time Emacs saves a buffer, it first checks the last-modification | |
748 date of the existing file on disk to verify that it has not changed since the | |
749 file was last visited or saved. If the date does not match, it implies | |
750 that changes were made in the file in some other way, and these changes are | |
751 about to be lost if Emacs actually does save. To prevent this, Emacs | |
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752 displays a warning message and asks for confirmation before saving. |
25829 | 753 Occasionally you will know why the file was changed and know that it does |
754 not matter; then you can answer @kbd{yes} and proceed. Otherwise, you should | |
755 cancel the save with @kbd{C-g} and investigate the situation. | |
756 | |
757 The first thing you should do when notified that simultaneous editing | |
758 has already taken place is to list the directory with @kbd{C-u C-x C-d} | |
759 (@pxref{Directories}). This shows the file's current author. You | |
760 should attempt to contact him to warn him not to continue editing. | |
761 Often the next step is to save the contents of your Emacs buffer under a | |
762 different name, and use @code{diff} to compare the two files.@refill | |
763 | |
31076 | 764 @node File Shadowing |
765 @subsection Shadowing Files | |
766 @cindex shadow files | |
767 @cindex file shadows | |
768 | |
769 @table @kbd | |
770 @item M-x shadow-initialize | |
771 Set up file shadowing. | |
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772 @item M-x shadow-define-literal-group |
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773 Declare a single file to be shared between sites. |
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774 @item M-x shadow-define-regexp-group |
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775 Make all files that match each of a group of files be shared between hosts. |
31076 | 776 @item M-x shadow-define-cluster @key{RET} @var{name} @key{RET} |
777 Define a shadow file cluster @var{name}. | |
778 @item M-x shadow-copy-files | |
779 Copy all pending shadow files. | |
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780 @item M-x shadow-cancel |
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781 Cancel the instruction to shadow some files. |
31076 | 782 @end table |
783 | |
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784 You can arrange to keep identical @dfn{shadow} copies of certain files |
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785 in more than one place---possibly on different machines. To do this, |
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786 first you must set up a @dfn{shadow file group}, which is a set of |
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787 identically-named files shared between a list of sites. The file |
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788 group is permanent and applies to further Emacs sessions as well as |
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789 the current one. Once the group is set up, every time you exit Emacs, |
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790 it will copy the file you edited to the other files in its group. You |
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791 can also do the copying without exiting Emacs, by typing @kbd{M-x |
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792 shadow-copy-files}. |
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793 |
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794 To set up a shadow file group, use @kbd{M-x |
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795 shadow-define-literal-group} or @kbd{M-x shadow-define-regexp-group}. |
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796 See their documentation strings for further information. |
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797 |
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798 Before copying a file to its shadows, Emacs asks for confirmation. |
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799 You can answer ``no'' to bypass copying of this file, this time. If |
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800 you want to cancel the shadowing permanently for a certain file, use |
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801 @kbd{M-x shadow-cancel} to eliminate or change the shadow file group. |
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802 |
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803 A @dfn{shadow cluster} is a group of hosts that share directories, so |
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804 that copying to or from one of them is sufficient to update the file |
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805 on all of them. Each shadow cluster has a name, and specifies the |
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806 network address of a primary host (the one we copy files to), and a |
39263 | 807 regular expression that matches the host names of all the other hosts |
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808 in the cluster. You can define a shadow cluster with @kbd{M-x |
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809 shadow-define-cluster}. |
31076 | 810 |
35524 | 811 @node Time Stamps |
812 @subsection Updating Time Stamps Automatically | |
813 @findex time-stamp | |
814 @cindex time stamps | |
815 @cindex modification dates | |
35620 | 816 @cindex locale, date format |
35524 | 817 |
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818 You can arrange to put a time stamp in a file, so that it will be updated |
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819 automatically each time you edit and save the file. The time stamp |
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820 has to be in the first eight lines of the file, and you should |
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821 insert it like this: |
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822 |
35524 | 823 @example |
824 Time-stamp: <> | |
825 @end example | |
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826 |
35524 | 827 @noindent |
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828 or like this: |
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829 |
35524 | 830 @example |
831 Time-stamp: "" | |
832 @end example | |
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833 |
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834 Then add the hook function @code{time-stamp} to the hook |
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835 @code{write-file-hooks}; that hook function will automatically update |
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836 the time stamp, inserting the current date and time when you save the |
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837 file. You can also use the command @kbd{M-x time-stamp} to update the |
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838 time stamp manually. For other customizations, see the Custom group |
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839 @code{time-stamp}. Note that non-numeric fields in the time stamp are |
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840 formatted according to your locale setting (@pxref{Environment}). |
35524 | 841 |
25829 | 842 @node Reverting |
843 @section Reverting a Buffer | |
844 @findex revert-buffer | |
845 @cindex drastic changes | |
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846 @cindex reread a file |
25829 | 847 |
848 If you have made extensive changes to a file and then change your mind | |
849 about them, you can get rid of them by reading in the previous version | |
850 of the file. To do this, use @kbd{M-x revert-buffer}, which operates on | |
851 the current buffer. Since reverting a buffer unintentionally could lose | |
852 a lot of work, you must confirm this command with @kbd{yes}. | |
853 | |
854 @code{revert-buffer} keeps point at the same distance (measured in | |
855 characters) from the beginning of the file. If the file was edited only | |
856 slightly, you will be at approximately the same piece of text after | |
857 reverting as before. If you have made drastic changes, the same value of | |
858 point in the old file may address a totally different piece of text. | |
859 | |
860 Reverting marks the buffer as ``not modified'' until another change is | |
861 made. | |
862 | |
863 Some kinds of buffers whose contents reflect data bases other than files, | |
864 such as Dired buffers, can also be reverted. For them, reverting means | |
865 recalculating their contents from the appropriate data base. Buffers | |
866 created explicitly with @kbd{C-x b} cannot be reverted; @code{revert-buffer} | |
867 reports an error when asked to do so. | |
868 | |
869 @vindex revert-without-query | |
870 When you edit a file that changes automatically and frequently---for | |
871 example, a log of output from a process that continues to run---it may be | |
872 useful for Emacs to revert the file without querying you, whenever you | |
873 visit the file again with @kbd{C-x C-f}. | |
874 | |
875 To request this behavior, set the variable @code{revert-without-query} | |
876 to a list of regular expressions. When a file name matches one of these | |
877 regular expressions, @code{find-file} and @code{revert-buffer} will | |
878 revert it automatically if it has changed---provided the buffer itself | |
879 is not modified. (If you have edited the text, it would be wrong to | |
880 discard your changes.) | |
881 | |
36874 | 882 @cindex Global Auto-Revert mode |
883 @cindex mode, Global Auto-Revert | |
884 @cindex Auto-Revert mode | |
885 @cindex mode, Auto-Revert | |
886 @findex global-auto-revert-mode | |
887 @findex auto-revert-mode | |
888 @vindex auto-revert-interval | |
889 You may find it useful to have Emacs revert files automatically when | |
890 they change. Two minor modes are available to do this. In Global | |
891 Auto-Revert mode, Emacs periodically checks all file buffers and | |
892 reverts any when the corresponding file has changed. The local | |
893 variant, Auto-Revert mode, applies only to buffers in which it was | |
894 activated. Checking the files is done at intervals determined by the | |
895 variable @code{auto-revert-interval}. | |
896 | |
25829 | 897 @node Auto Save |
898 @section Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters | |
899 @cindex Auto Save mode | |
900 @cindex mode, Auto Save | |
901 @cindex crashes | |
902 | |
903 Emacs saves all the visited files from time to time (based on counting | |
904 your keystrokes) without being asked. This is called @dfn{auto-saving}. | |
905 It prevents you from losing more than a limited amount of work if the | |
906 system crashes. | |
907 | |
908 When Emacs determines that it is time for auto-saving, each buffer is | |
909 considered, and is auto-saved if auto-saving is turned on for it and it | |
910 has been changed since the last time it was auto-saved. The message | |
911 @samp{Auto-saving...} is displayed in the echo area during auto-saving, | |
912 if any files are actually auto-saved. Errors occurring during | |
913 auto-saving are caught so that they do not interfere with the execution | |
914 of commands you have been typing. | |
915 | |
916 @menu | |
917 * Files: Auto Save Files. The file where auto-saved changes are | |
918 actually made until you save the file. | |
919 * Control: Auto Save Control. Controlling when and how often to auto-save. | |
920 * Recover:: Recovering text from auto-save files. | |
921 @end menu | |
922 | |
923 @node Auto Save Files | |
924 @subsection Auto-Save Files | |
925 | |
926 Auto-saving does not normally save in the files that you visited, because | |
927 it can be very undesirable to save a program that is in an inconsistent | |
928 state when you have made half of a planned change. Instead, auto-saving | |
929 is done in a different file called the @dfn{auto-save file}, and the | |
930 visited file is changed only when you request saving explicitly (such as | |
931 with @kbd{C-x C-s}). | |
932 | |
933 Normally, the auto-save file name is made by appending @samp{#} to the | |
934 front and rear of the visited file name. Thus, a buffer visiting file | |
935 @file{foo.c} is auto-saved in a file @file{#foo.c#}. Most buffers that | |
936 are not visiting files are auto-saved only if you request it explicitly; | |
937 when they are auto-saved, the auto-save file name is made by appending | |
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938 @samp{#} to the front and rear of buffer name, then |
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939 adding digits and letters at the end for uniqueness. For |
25829 | 940 example, the @samp{*mail*} buffer in which you compose messages to be |
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941 sent might auto-saved in a file named @file{#*mail*#704juu}. Auto-save file |
25829 | 942 names are made this way unless you reprogram parts of Emacs to do |
943 something different (the functions @code{make-auto-save-file-name} and | |
944 @code{auto-save-file-name-p}). The file name to be used for auto-saving | |
945 in a buffer is calculated when auto-saving is turned on in that buffer. | |
946 | |
947 When you delete a substantial part of the text in a large buffer, auto | |
948 save turns off temporarily in that buffer. This is because if you | |
949 deleted the text unintentionally, you might find the auto-save file more | |
950 useful if it contains the deleted text. To reenable auto-saving after | |
951 this happens, save the buffer with @kbd{C-x C-s}, or use @kbd{C-u 1 M-x | |
952 auto-save}. | |
953 | |
954 @vindex auto-save-visited-file-name | |
38739 | 955 If you want auto-saving to be done in the visited file rather than |
956 in a separate auto-save file, set the variable | |
957 @code{auto-save-visited-file-name} to a non-@code{nil} value. In this | |
958 mode, there is no real difference between auto-saving and explicit | |
959 saving. | |
25829 | 960 |
961 @vindex delete-auto-save-files | |
962 A buffer's auto-save file is deleted when you save the buffer in its | |
963 visited file. To inhibit this, set the variable @code{delete-auto-save-files} | |
964 to @code{nil}. Changing the visited file name with @kbd{C-x C-w} or | |
965 @code{set-visited-file-name} renames any auto-save file to go with | |
966 the new visited name. | |
967 | |
968 @node Auto Save Control | |
969 @subsection Controlling Auto-Saving | |
970 | |
971 @vindex auto-save-default | |
972 @findex auto-save-mode | |
973 Each time you visit a file, auto-saving is turned on for that file's | |
974 buffer if the variable @code{auto-save-default} is non-@code{nil} (but not | |
975 in batch mode; @pxref{Entering Emacs}). The default for this variable is | |
976 @code{t}, so auto-saving is the usual practice for file-visiting buffers. | |
977 Auto-saving can be turned on or off for any existing buffer with the | |
978 command @kbd{M-x auto-save-mode}. Like other minor mode commands, @kbd{M-x | |
979 auto-save-mode} turns auto-saving on with a positive argument, off with a | |
980 zero or negative argument; with no argument, it toggles. | |
981 | |
982 @vindex auto-save-interval | |
983 Emacs does auto-saving periodically based on counting how many characters | |
984 you have typed since the last time auto-saving was done. The variable | |
985 @code{auto-save-interval} specifies how many characters there are between | |
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986 auto-saves. By default, it is 300. Emacs doesn't accept values that are |
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987 too small: if you customize @code{auto-save-interval} to a value less |
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988 than 20, Emacs will behave as if the value is 20. |
25829 | 989 |
990 @vindex auto-save-timeout | |
991 Auto-saving also takes place when you stop typing for a while. The | |
992 variable @code{auto-save-timeout} says how many seconds Emacs should | |
993 wait before it does an auto save (and perhaps also a garbage | |
994 collection). (The actual time period is longer if the current buffer is | |
995 long; this is a heuristic which aims to keep out of your way when you | |
996 are editing long buffers, in which auto-save takes an appreciable amount | |
997 of time.) Auto-saving during idle periods accomplishes two things: | |
998 first, it makes sure all your work is saved if you go away from the | |
999 terminal for a while; second, it may avoid some auto-saving while you | |
1000 are actually typing. | |
1001 | |
1002 Emacs also does auto-saving whenever it gets a fatal error. This | |
1003 includes killing the Emacs job with a shell command such as @samp{kill | |
1004 %emacs}, or disconnecting a phone line or network connection. | |
1005 | |
1006 @findex do-auto-save | |
1007 You can request an auto-save explicitly with the command @kbd{M-x | |
1008 do-auto-save}. | |
1009 | |
1010 @node Recover | |
1011 @subsection Recovering Data from Auto-Saves | |
1012 | |
1013 @findex recover-file | |
1014 You can use the contents of an auto-save file to recover from a loss | |
1015 of data with the command @kbd{M-x recover-file @key{RET} @var{file} | |
1016 @key{RET}}. This visits @var{file} and then (after your confirmation) | |
1017 restores the contents from its auto-save file @file{#@var{file}#}. | |
1018 You can then save with @kbd{C-x C-s} to put the recovered text into | |
1019 @var{file} itself. For example, to recover file @file{foo.c} from its | |
1020 auto-save file @file{#foo.c#}, do:@refill | |
1021 | |
1022 @example | |
1023 M-x recover-file @key{RET} foo.c @key{RET} | |
1024 yes @key{RET} | |
1025 C-x C-s | |
1026 @end example | |
1027 | |
1028 Before asking for confirmation, @kbd{M-x recover-file} displays a | |
1029 directory listing describing the specified file and the auto-save file, | |
1030 so you can compare their sizes and dates. If the auto-save file | |
1031 is older, @kbd{M-x recover-file} does not offer to read it. | |
1032 | |
1033 @findex recover-session | |
1034 If Emacs or the computer crashes, you can recover all the files you | |
1035 were editing from their auto save files with the command @kbd{M-x | |
1036 recover-session}. This first shows you a list of recorded interrupted | |
1037 sessions. Move point to the one you choose, and type @kbd{C-c C-c}. | |
1038 | |
1039 Then @code{recover-session} asks about each of the files that were | |
1040 being edited during that session, asking whether to recover that file. | |
1041 If you answer @kbd{y}, it calls @code{recover-file}, which works in its | |
1042 normal fashion. It shows the dates of the original file and its | |
1043 auto-save file, and asks once again whether to recover that file. | |
1044 | |
1045 When @code{recover-session} is done, the files you've chosen to | |
1046 recover are present in Emacs buffers. You should then save them. Only | |
1047 this---saving them---updates the files themselves. | |
1048 | |
1049 @vindex auto-save-list-file-prefix | |
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1050 Emacs records interrupted sessions for later recovery in files named |
31076 | 1051 @file{~/.emacs.d/auto-save-list/.saves-@var{pid}-@var{hostname}}. The |
35337 | 1052 @samp{~/.emacs.d/auto-save-list/.saves-} portion of these names comes |
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1053 from the value of @code{auto-save-list-file-prefix}. You can record |
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1054 sessions in a different place by customizing that variable. If you |
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1055 set @code{auto-save-list-file-prefix} to @code{nil} in your |
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1056 @file{.emacs} file, sessions are not recorded for recovery. |
25829 | 1057 |
1058 @node File Aliases | |
1059 @section File Name Aliases | |
1060 | |
1061 Symbolic links and hard links both make it possible for several file | |
1062 names to refer to the same file. Hard links are alternate names that | |
1063 refer directly to the file; all the names are equally valid, and no one | |
1064 of them is preferred. By contrast, a symbolic link is a kind of defined | |
1065 alias: when @file{foo} is a symbolic link to @file{bar}, you can use | |
1066 either name to refer to the file, but @file{bar} is the real name, while | |
1067 @file{foo} is just an alias. More complex cases occur when symbolic | |
1068 links point to directories. | |
1069 | |
1070 If you visit two names for the same file, normally Emacs makes | |
1071 two different buffers, but it warns you about the situation. | |
1072 | |
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1073 @vindex find-file-existing-other-name |
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1074 @vindex find-file-suppress-same-file-warnings |
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1075 Normally, if you visit a file which Emacs is already visiting under |
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1076 a different name, Emacs displays a message in the echo area and uses |
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1077 the existing buffer visiting that file. This can happen on systems |
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1078 that support symbolic links, or if you use a long file name on a |
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1079 system that truncates long file names. You can suppress the message by |
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1080 setting the variable @code{find-file-suppress-same-file-warnings} to a |
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1081 non-@code{nil} value. You can disable this feature entirely by setting |
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1082 the variable @code{find-file-existing-other-name} to @code{nil}: then |
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1083 if you visit the same file under two different names, you get a separate |
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1084 buffer for each file name. |
25829 | 1085 |
1086 @vindex find-file-visit-truename | |
1087 @cindex truenames of files | |
1088 @cindex file truenames | |
1089 If the variable @code{find-file-visit-truename} is non-@code{nil}, | |
1090 then the file name recorded for a buffer is the file's @dfn{truename} | |
1091 (made by replacing all symbolic links with their target names), rather | |
1092 than the name you specify. Setting @code{find-file-visit-truename} also | |
1093 implies the effect of @code{find-file-existing-other-name}. | |
1094 | |
1095 @node Version Control | |
1096 @section Version Control | |
1097 @cindex version control | |
1098 | |
1099 @dfn{Version control systems} are packages that can record multiple | |
1100 versions of a source file, usually storing the unchanged parts of the | |
1101 file just once. Version control systems also record history information | |
1102 such as the creation time of each version, who created it, and a | |
1103 description of what was changed in that version. | |
1104 | |
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1105 The Emacs version control interface is called VC. Its commands work |
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1106 with three version control systems---RCS, CVS, and SCCS. The GNU |
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1107 project recommends RCS and CVS, which are free software and available |
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1108 from the Free Software Foundation. We also have free software to |
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1109 replace SCCS, known as CSSC; if you are using SCCS and don't want to |
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1110 make the incompatible change to RCS or CVS, you can switch to CSSC. |
25829 | 1111 |
1112 @menu | |
1113 * Introduction to VC:: How version control works in general. | |
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1114 * VC Mode Line:: How the mode line shows version control status. |
25829 | 1115 * Basic VC Editing:: How to edit a file under version control. |
1116 * Old Versions:: Examining and comparing old versions. | |
1117 * Secondary VC Commands:: The commands used a little less frequently. | |
1118 * Branches:: Multiple lines of development. | |
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1119 * Remote Repositories:: Efficient access to remote CVS servers. |
25829 | 1120 * Snapshots:: Sets of file versions treated as a unit. |
1121 * Miscellaneous VC:: Various other commands and features of VC. | |
1122 * Customizing VC:: Variables that change VC's behavior. | |
1123 @end menu | |
1124 | |
1125 @node Introduction to VC | |
1126 @subsection Introduction to Version Control | |
1127 | |
1128 VC allows you to use a version control system from within Emacs, | |
1129 integrating the version control operations smoothly with editing. VC | |
1130 provides a uniform interface to version control, so that regardless of | |
1131 which version control system is in use, you can use it the same way. | |
1132 | |
1133 This section provides a general overview of version control, and | |
1134 describes the version control systems that VC supports. You can skip | |
1135 this section if you are already familiar with the version control system | |
1136 you want to use. | |
1137 | |
1138 @menu | |
1139 * Version Systems:: Supported version control back-end systems. | |
1140 * VC Concepts:: Words and concepts related to version control. | |
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1141 * Types of Log File:: The per-file VC log in contrast to the ChangeLog. |
25829 | 1142 @end menu |
1143 | |
1144 @node Version Systems | |
1145 @subsubsection Supported Version Control Systems | |
1146 | |
1147 @cindex RCS | |
1148 @cindex back end (version control) | |
1149 VC currently works with three different version control systems or | |
1150 ``back ends'': RCS, CVS, and SCCS. | |
1151 | |
1152 RCS is a free version control system that is available from the Free | |
1153 Software Foundation. It is perhaps the most mature of the supported | |
1154 back ends, and the VC commands are conceptually closest to RCS. Almost | |
1155 everything you can do with RCS can be done through VC. | |
1156 | |
1157 @cindex CVS | |
1158 CVS is built on top of RCS, and extends the features of RCS, allowing | |
1159 for more sophisticated release management, and concurrent multi-user | |
1160 development. VC supports basic editing operations under CVS, but for | |
1161 some less common tasks you still need to call CVS from the command line. | |
1162 Note also that before using CVS you must set up a repository, which is a | |
1163 subject too complex to treat here. | |
1164 | |
1165 @cindex SCCS | |
1166 SCCS is a proprietary but widely used version control system. In | |
1167 terms of capabilities, it is the weakest of the three that VC | |
1168 supports. VC compensates for certain features missing in SCCS | |
1169 (snapshots, for example) by implementing them itself, but some other VC | |
1170 features, such as multiple branches, are not available with SCCS. You | |
1171 should use SCCS only if for some reason you cannot use RCS. | |
1172 | |
1173 @node VC Concepts | |
1174 @subsubsection Concepts of Version Control | |
1175 | |
1176 @cindex master file | |
1177 @cindex registered file | |
1178 When a file is under version control, we also say that it is | |
1179 @dfn{registered} in the version control system. Each registered file | |
1180 has a corresponding @dfn{master file} which represents the file's | |
1181 present state plus its change history---enough to reconstruct the | |
1182 current version or any earlier version. Usually the master file also | |
1183 records a @dfn{log entry} for each version, describing in words what was | |
1184 changed in that version. | |
1185 | |
1186 @cindex work file | |
1187 @cindex checking out files | |
1188 The file that is maintained under version control is sometimes called | |
1189 the @dfn{work file} corresponding to its master file. You edit the work | |
1190 file and make changes in it, as you would with an ordinary file. (With | |
1191 SCCS and RCS, you must @dfn{lock} the file before you start to edit it.) | |
1192 After you are done with a set of changes, you @dfn{check the file in}, | |
1193 which records the changes in the master file, along with a log entry for | |
1194 them. | |
1195 | |
1196 With CVS, there are usually multiple work files corresponding to a | |
1197 single master file---often each user has his own copy. It is also | |
1198 possible to use RCS in this way, but this is not the usual way to use | |
1199 RCS. | |
1200 | |
1201 @cindex locking and version control | |
1202 A version control system typically has some mechanism to coordinate | |
1203 between users who want to change the same file. One method is | |
1204 @dfn{locking} (analogous to the locking that Emacs uses to detect | |
1205 simultaneous editing of a file, but distinct from it). The other method | |
1206 is to merge your changes with other people's changes when you check them | |
1207 in. | |
1208 | |
1209 With version control locking, work files are normally read-only so | |
1210 that you cannot change them. You ask the version control system to make | |
1211 a work file writable for you by locking it; only one user can do | |
1212 this at any given time. When you check in your changes, that unlocks | |
1213 the file, making the work file read-only again. This allows other users | |
1214 to lock the file to make further changes. SCCS always uses locking, and | |
1215 RCS normally does. | |
1216 | |
1217 The other alternative for RCS is to let each user modify the work file | |
1218 at any time. In this mode, locking is not required, but it is | |
1219 permitted; check-in is still the way to record a new version. | |
1220 | |
1221 CVS normally allows each user to modify his own copy of the work file | |
1222 at any time, but requires merging with changes from other users at | |
1223 check-in time. However, CVS can also be set up to require locking. | |
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1224 (@pxref{CVS Options}). |
25829 | 1225 |
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1226 @node Types of Log File |
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1227 @subsubsection Types of Log File |
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1228 @cindex types of log file |
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1229 @cindex log File, types of |
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1230 @cindex version control log |
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1231 |
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|
1232 GNU projects under a revision control system generally possess |
42338
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1233 @emph{two} types of log for changes. One is the per-file log |
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|
1234 maintained by the revision control system: each time you check in a |
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|
1235 change, you must fill out a @dfn{log entry} for the change (@pxref{Log |
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|
1236 Buffer}). This kind of log is called the @dfn{version control log}, |
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|
1237 also the @dfn{revision control log}, @dfn{RCS log}, or @dfn{CVS log}. |
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|
1238 |
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|
1239 The other kind of log is the change log file, typically a file called |
42338
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|
1240 @file{ChangeLog}. It provides a chronological record of all changes |
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|
1241 to a large portion of a program---one directory and its |
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|
1242 subdirectories. A small program would use one @file{ChangeLog} file; |
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Rewrite Types of Log File node.
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|
1243 a large program may well merit a @file{ChangeLog} file in each major |
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Rewrite Types of Log File node.
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|
1244 directory. @xref{Change Log}. |
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|
1245 |
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1246 When you use version control, you can use just the per-file log if you |
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|
1247 wish, or you can use both kinds of logs. When you use both, you |
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|
1248 typically want to write just one entry for each change. You can write |
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|
1249 the entry in @file{ChangeLog}, then copy it to the log buffer when you |
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1250 check in the change. Or you can write the entry in the log buffer |
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1251 while checking in the change, and later use the @kbd{C-x v a} command |
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|
1252 to copy it to @file{ChangeLog} (@pxref{Change Logs and VC}). |
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|
1253 |
25829 | 1254 @node VC Mode Line |
1255 @subsection Version Control and the Mode Line | |
1256 | |
1257 When you visit a file that is under version control, Emacs indicates | |
1258 this on the mode line. For example, @samp{RCS-1.3} says that RCS is | |
1259 used for that file, and the current version is 1.3. | |
1260 | |
1261 The character between the back-end name and the version number | |
1262 indicates the version control status of the file. @samp{-} means that | |
1263 the work file is not locked (if locking is in use), or not modified (if | |
1264 locking is not in use). @samp{:} indicates that the file is locked, or | |
1265 that it is modified. If the file is locked by some other user (for | |
1266 instance, @samp{jim}), that is displayed as @samp{RCS:jim:1.3}. | |
1267 | |
1268 @node Basic VC Editing | |
1269 @subsection Basic Editing under Version Control | |
1270 | |
1271 The principal VC command is an all-purpose command that performs | |
1272 either locking or check-in, depending on the situation. | |
1273 | |
1274 @table @kbd | |
1275 @item C-x C-q | |
1276 @itemx C-x v v | |
1277 Perform the next logical version control operation on this file. | |
1278 @end table | |
1279 | |
1280 @findex vc-next-action | |
1281 @findex vc-toggle-read-only | |
1282 @kindex C-x v v | |
1283 @kindex C-x C-q @r{(Version Control)} | |
1284 Strictly speaking, the command for this job is @code{vc-next-action}, | |
1285 bound to @kbd{C-x v v}. However, the normal meaning of @kbd{C-x C-q} is | |
1286 to make a read-only buffer writable, or vice versa; we have extended it | |
1287 to do the same job properly for files managed by version control, by | |
1288 performing the appropriate version control operations. When you type | |
1289 @kbd{C-x C-q} on a registered file, it acts like @kbd{C-x v v}. | |
1290 | |
1291 The precise action of this command depends on the state of the file, | |
1292 and whether the version control system uses locking or not. SCCS and | |
1293 RCS normally use locking; CVS normally does not use locking. | |
1294 | |
1295 @menu | |
1296 * VC with Locking:: RCS in its default mode, SCCS, and optionally CVS. | |
1297 * Without Locking:: Without locking: default mode for CVS. | |
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1298 * Advanced C-x C-q:: Advanced features available with a prefix argument. |
25829 | 1299 * Log Buffer:: Features available in log entry buffers. |
1300 @end menu | |
1301 | |
1302 @node VC with Locking | |
1303 @subsubsection Basic Version Control with Locking | |
1304 | |
1305 If locking is used for the file (as with SCCS, and RCS in its default | |
1306 mode), @kbd{C-x C-q} can either lock a file or check it in: | |
1307 | |
1308 @itemize @bullet | |
1309 @item | |
1310 If the file is not locked, @kbd{C-x C-q} locks it, and | |
1311 makes it writable so that you can change it. | |
1312 | |
1313 @item | |
1314 If the file is locked by you, and contains changes, @kbd{C-x C-q} checks | |
1315 in the changes. In order to do this, it first reads the log entry | |
1316 for the new version. @xref{Log Buffer}. | |
1317 | |
1318 @item | |
1319 If the file is locked by you, but you have not changed it since you | |
1320 locked it, @kbd{C-x C-q} releases the lock and makes the file read-only | |
1321 again. | |
1322 | |
1323 @item | |
1324 If the file is locked by some other user, @kbd{C-x C-q} asks you whether | |
1325 you want to ``steal the lock'' from that user. If you say yes, the file | |
1326 becomes locked by you, but a message is sent to the person who had | |
1327 formerly locked the file, to inform him of what has happened. | |
1328 @end itemize | |
1329 | |
1330 These rules also apply when you use CVS in locking mode, except | |
1331 that there is no such thing as stealing a lock. | |
1332 | |
1333 @node Without Locking | |
1334 @subsubsection Basic Version Control without Locking | |
1335 | |
1336 When there is no locking---the default for CVS---work files are always | |
1337 writable; you do not need to do anything before you begin to edit a | |
1338 file. The status indicator on the mode line is @samp{-} if the file is | |
1339 unmodified; it flips to @samp{:} as soon as you save any changes in the | |
1340 work file. | |
1341 | |
1342 Here is what @kbd{C-x C-q} does when using CVS: | |
1343 | |
1344 @itemize @bullet | |
1345 @item | |
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1346 If some other user has checked in changes into the master file, Emacs |
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1347 asks you whether you want to merge those changes into your own work |
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1348 file. You must do this before you can check in your own changes. (To |
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1349 pick up any recent changes from the master file @emph{without} trying |
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1350 to commit your own changes, type @kbd{C-x v m @key{RET}}.) |
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1351 @xref{Merging}. |
25829 | 1352 |
1353 @item | |
1354 If there are no new changes in the master file, but you have made | |
1355 modifications in your work file, @kbd{C-x C-q} checks in your changes. | |
1356 In order to do this, it first reads the log entry for the new version. | |
1357 @xref{Log Buffer}. | |
1358 | |
1359 @item | |
1360 If the file is not modified, the @kbd{C-x C-q} does nothing. | |
1361 @end itemize | |
1362 | |
1363 These rules also apply when you use RCS in the mode that does not | |
1364 require locking, except that automatic merging of changes from the | |
1365 master file is not implemented. Unfortunately, this means that nothing | |
1366 informs you if another user has checked in changes in the same file | |
1367 since you began editing it, and when this happens, his changes will be | |
1368 effectively removed when you check in your version (though they will | |
1369 remain in the master file, so they will not be entirely lost). You must | |
1370 therefore verify the current version is unchanged, before you check in your | |
1371 changes. We hope to eliminate this risk and provide automatic merging | |
1372 with RCS in a future Emacs version. | |
1373 | |
1374 In addition, locking is possible with RCS even in this mode, although | |
1375 it is not required; @kbd{C-x C-q} with an unmodified file locks the | |
1376 file, just as it does with RCS in its normal (locking) mode. | |
1377 | |
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|
1378 @node Advanced C-x C-q |
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1379 @subsubsection Advanced Control in @kbd{C-x C-q} |
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1380 |
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1381 When you give a prefix argument to @code{vc-next-action} (@kbd{C-u |
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1382 C-x C-q}), it still performs the next logical version control |
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1383 operation, but accepts additional arguments to specify precisely how |
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1384 to do the operation. |
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1385 |
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1386 @itemize @bullet |
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1387 @item |
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1388 If the file is modified (or locked), you can specify the version |
38739 | 1389 number to use for the new version that you check in. This is one way |
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1390 to create a new branch (@pxref{Branches}). |
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1391 |
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1392 @item |
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1393 If the file is not modified (and unlocked), you can specify the |
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1394 version to select; this lets you start working from an older version, |
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1395 or on another branch. If you do not enter any version, that takes you |
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Clean up recent VC updates.
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1396 to the highest version on the current branch; therefore @kbd{C-u C-x |
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Clean up recent VC updates.
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1397 C-q @key{RET}} is a convenient way to get the latest version of a file from |
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1398 the repository. |
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1399 |
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1400 @item |
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1401 Instead of the version number, you can also specify the name of a |
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1402 version control system. This is useful when one file is being managed |
38739 | 1403 with two version control systems at the same time (@pxref{Local |
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1404 Version Control}). |
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1405 @end itemize |
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1406 |
25829 | 1407 @node Log Buffer |
1408 @subsubsection Features of the Log Entry Buffer | |
1409 | |
1410 When you check in changes, @kbd{C-x C-q} first reads a log entry. It | |
1411 pops up a buffer called @samp{*VC-Log*} for you to enter the log entry. | |
1412 When you are finished, type @kbd{C-c C-c} in the @samp{*VC-Log*} buffer. | |
1413 That is when check-in really happens. | |
1414 | |
1415 To abort check-in, just @strong{don't} type @kbd{C-c C-c} in that | |
1416 buffer. You can switch buffers and do other editing. As long as you | |
1417 don't try to check in another file, the entry you were editing remains | |
1418 in the @samp{*VC-Log*} buffer, and you can go back to that buffer at any | |
1419 time to complete the check-in. | |
1420 | |
1421 If you change several source files for the same reason, it is often | |
1422 convenient to specify the same log entry for many of the files. To do | |
1423 this, use the history of previous log entries. The commands @kbd{M-n}, | |
1424 @kbd{M-p}, @kbd{M-s} and @kbd{M-r} for doing this work just like the | |
1425 minibuffer history commands (except that these versions are used outside | |
1426 the minibuffer). | |
1427 | |
1428 @vindex vc-log-mode-hook | |
1429 Each time you check in a file, the log entry buffer is put into VC Log | |
1430 mode, which involves running two hooks: @code{text-mode-hook} and | |
1431 @code{vc-log-mode-hook}. @xref{Hooks}. | |
1432 | |
1433 @node Old Versions | |
1434 @subsection Examining And Comparing Old Versions | |
1435 | |
1436 One of the convenient features of version control is the ability | |
1437 to examine any version of a file, or compare two versions. | |
1438 | |
1439 @table @kbd | |
1440 @item C-x v ~ @var{version} @key{RET} | |
1441 Examine version @var{version} of the visited file, in a buffer of its | |
1442 own. | |
1443 | |
1444 @item C-x v = | |
1445 Compare the current buffer contents with the latest checked-in version | |
1446 of the file. | |
1447 | |
1448 @item C-u C-x v = @var{file} @key{RET} @var{oldvers} @key{RET} @var{newvers} @key{RET} | |
1449 Compare the specified two versions of @var{file}. | |
1450 | |
1451 @item C-x v g | |
1452 Display the result of the CVS annotate command using colors. | |
1453 @end table | |
1454 | |
1455 @findex vc-version-other-window | |
1456 @kindex C-x v ~ | |
38739 | 1457 To examine an old version in its entirety, visit the file and then type |
25829 | 1458 @kbd{C-x v ~ @var{version} @key{RET}} (@code{vc-version-other-window}). |
1459 This puts the text of version @var{version} in a file named | |
1460 @file{@var{filename}.~@var{version}~}, and visits it in its own buffer | |
1461 in a separate window. (In RCS, you can also select an old version | |
1462 and create a branch from it. @xref{Branches}.) | |
1463 | |
1464 @findex vc-diff | |
1465 @kindex C-x v = | |
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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1466 It is usually more convenient to compare two versions of the file, |
25829 | 1467 with the command @kbd{C-x v =} (@code{vc-diff}). Plain @kbd{C-x v =} |
1468 compares the current buffer contents (saving them in the file if | |
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1469 necessary) with the last checked-in version of the file. @kbd{C-u C-x |
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1470 v =}, with a numeric argument, reads a file name and two version |
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1471 numbers, then compares those versions of the specified file. Both |
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1472 forms display the output in a special buffer in another window. |
25829 | 1473 |
1474 You can specify a checked-in version by its number; an empty input | |
1475 specifies the current contents of the work file (which may be different | |
1476 from all the checked-in versions). You can also specify a snapshot name | |
1477 (@pxref{Snapshots}) instead of one or both version numbers. | |
1478 | |
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1479 If you supply a directory name instead of the name of a registered |
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1480 file, this command compares the two specified versions of all registered |
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1481 files in that directory and its subdirectories. |
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1482 |
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1483 @vindex vc-diff-switches |
38739 | 1484 @vindex vc-rcs-diff-switches |
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1485 @kbd{C-x v =} works by running a variant of the @code{diff} utility |
38739 | 1486 designed to work with the version control system in use. When you |
1487 invoke @code{diff} this way, in addition to the options specified by | |
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1488 @code{diff-switches} (@pxref{Comparing Files}), it receives those |
38739 | 1489 specified by @code{vc-diff-switches}, plus those specified for the |
1490 specific back end by @code{vc-@var{backend}-diff-switches}. For | |
1491 instance, when the version control back end is RCS, @code{diff} uses | |
1492 the options in @code{vc-rcs-diff-switches}. The | |
1493 @samp{vc@dots{}diff-switches} variables are @code{nil} by default. | |
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|
1494 |
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1495 Unlike the @kbd{M-x diff} command, @kbd{C-x v =} does not try to |
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1496 locate the changes in the old and new versions. This is because |
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1497 normally one or both versions do not exist as files when you compare |
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1498 them; they exist only in the records of the master file. |
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1499 @xref{Comparing Files}, for more information about @kbd{M-x diff}. |
25829 | 1500 |
1501 @findex vc-annotate | |
1502 @kindex C-x v g | |
1503 For CVS-controlled files, you can display the result of the CVS | |
1504 annotate command, using colors to enhance the visual appearance. Use | |
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1505 the command @kbd{M-x vc-annotate} to do this. It creates a new buffer |
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1506 to display file's text, colored to show how old each part is. Text |
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1507 colored red is new, blue means old, and intermediate colors indicate |
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1508 intermediate ages. By default, the time scale is 360 days, so that |
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1509 everything more than one year old is shown in blue. |
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1510 |
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1511 When you give a prefix argument to this command, it uses the |
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1512 minibuffer to read two arguments: which version number to display and |
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1513 annotate (instead of the current file contents), and a stretch factor |
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1514 for the time scale. A stretch factor of 0.1 means that the color |
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1515 range from red to blue spans the past 36 days instead of 360 days. A |
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1516 stretch factor greater than 1 means the color range spans more than a |
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1517 year. |
25829 | 1518 |
1519 @node Secondary VC Commands | |
1520 @subsection The Secondary Commands of VC | |
1521 | |
1522 This section explains the secondary commands of VC; those that you might | |
1523 use once a day. | |
1524 | |
1525 @menu | |
1526 * Registering:: Putting a file under version control. | |
1527 * VC Status:: Viewing the VC status of files. | |
1528 * VC Undo:: Cancelling changes before or after check-in. | |
1529 * VC Dired Mode:: Listing files managed by version control. | |
1530 * VC Dired Commands:: Commands to use in a VC Dired buffer. | |
1531 @end menu | |
1532 | |
1533 @node Registering | |
1534 @subsubsection Registering a File for Version Control | |
1535 | |
1536 @kindex C-x v i | |
1537 @findex vc-register | |
1538 You can put any file under version control by simply visiting it, and | |
1539 then typing @w{@kbd{C-x v i}} (@code{vc-register}). | |
1540 | |
1541 @table @kbd | |
1542 @item C-x v i | |
1543 Register the visited file for version control. | |
1544 @end table | |
1545 | |
1546 To register the file, Emacs must choose which version control system | |
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1547 to use for it. If the file's directory already contains files |
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1548 registered in a version control system, Emacs uses that system. If |
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1549 there is more than one system in use for a directory, Emacs uses the one |
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1550 that appears first in @code{vc-handled-backends} (@pxref{Customizing VC}). |
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1551 On the other hand, if there are no files already registered, |
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1552 Emacs uses the first system from @code{vc-handled-backends} that could |
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1553 register the file---for example, you cannot register a file under CVS if |
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|
1554 its directory is not already part of a CVS tree. |
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1555 |
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1556 With the default value of @code{vc-handled-backends}, this means |
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1557 that Emacs uses RCS if there are any files under RCS control, CVS if |
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1558 there are any files under CVS, SCCS if any files are under SCCS, or |
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1559 RCS as the ultimate default. |
25829 | 1560 |
1561 If locking is in use, @kbd{C-x v i} leaves the file unlocked and | |
1562 read-only. Type @kbd{C-x C-q} if you wish to start editing it. After | |
1563 registering a file with CVS, you must subsequently commit the initial | |
1564 version by typing @kbd{C-x C-q}. | |
1565 | |
1566 @vindex vc-default-init-version | |
1567 The initial version number for a newly registered file is 1.1, by | |
1568 default. You can specify a different default by setting the variable | |
1569 @code{vc-default-init-version}, or you can give @kbd{C-x v i} a numeric | |
1570 argument; then it reads the initial version number for this particular | |
1571 file using the minibuffer. | |
1572 | |
1573 @vindex vc-initial-comment | |
1574 If @code{vc-initial-comment} is non-@code{nil}, @kbd{C-x v i} reads an | |
1575 initial comment to describe the purpose of this source file. Reading | |
1576 the initial comment works like reading a log entry (@pxref{Log Buffer}). | |
1577 | |
1578 @node VC Status | |
1579 @subsubsection VC Status Commands | |
1580 | |
1581 @table @kbd | |
1582 @item C-x v l | |
1583 Display version control state and change history. | |
1584 @end table | |
1585 | |
1586 @kindex C-x v l | |
1587 @findex vc-print-log | |
1588 To view the detailed version control status and history of a file, | |
1589 type @kbd{C-x v l} (@code{vc-print-log}). It displays the history of | |
1590 changes to the current file, including the text of the log entries. The | |
1591 output appears in a separate window. | |
1592 | |
1593 @node VC Undo | |
1594 @subsubsection Undoing Version Control Actions | |
1595 | |
1596 @table @kbd | |
1597 @item C-x v u | |
1598 Revert the buffer and the file to the last checked-in version. | |
1599 | |
1600 @item C-x v c | |
1601 Remove the last-entered change from the master for the visited file. | |
1602 This undoes your last check-in. | |
1603 @end table | |
1604 | |
1605 @kindex C-x v u | |
1606 @findex vc-revert-buffer | |
1607 If you want to discard your current set of changes and revert to the | |
1608 last version checked in, use @kbd{C-x v u} (@code{vc-revert-buffer}). | |
1609 This leaves the file unlocked; if locking is in use, you must first lock | |
1610 the file again before you change it again. @kbd{C-x v u} requires | |
1611 confirmation, unless it sees that you haven't made any changes since the | |
1612 last checked-in version. | |
1613 | |
1614 @kbd{C-x v u} is also the command to unlock a file if you lock it and | |
1615 then decide not to change it. | |
1616 | |
1617 @kindex C-x v c | |
1618 @findex vc-cancel-version | |
1619 To cancel a change that you already checked in, use @kbd{C-x v c} | |
1620 (@code{vc-cancel-version}). This command discards all record of the | |
1621 most recent checked-in version. @kbd{C-x v c} also offers to revert | |
1622 your work file and buffer to the previous version (the one that precedes | |
1623 the version that is deleted). | |
1624 | |
1625 If you answer @kbd{no}, VC keeps your changes in the buffer, and locks | |
1626 the file. The no-revert option is useful when you have checked in a | |
1627 change and then discover a trivial error in it; you can cancel the | |
1628 erroneous check-in, fix the error, and check the file in again. | |
1629 | |
1630 When @kbd{C-x v c} does not revert the buffer, it unexpands all | |
1631 version control headers in the buffer instead (@pxref{Version Headers}). | |
1632 This is because the buffer no longer corresponds to any existing | |
1633 version. If you check it in again, the check-in process will expand the | |
1634 headers properly for the new version number. | |
1635 | |
1636 However, it is impossible to unexpand the RCS @samp{@w{$}Log$} header | |
1637 automatically. If you use that header feature, you have to unexpand it | |
1638 by hand---by deleting the entry for the version that you just canceled. | |
1639 | |
1640 Be careful when invoking @kbd{C-x v c}, as it is easy to lose a lot of | |
1641 work with it. To help you be careful, this command always requires | |
1642 confirmation with @kbd{yes}. Note also that this command is disabled | |
1643 under CVS, because canceling versions is very dangerous and discouraged | |
1644 with CVS. | |
1645 | |
1646 @node VC Dired Mode | |
1647 @subsubsection Dired under VC | |
1648 | |
31076 | 1649 @cindex PCL-CVS |
1650 @pindex cvs | |
1651 @cindex CVS Dired Mode | |
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1652 The VC Dired Mode described here works with all the version control |
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1653 systems that VC supports. Another more powerful facility, designed |
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1654 specifically for CVS, is called PCL-CVS. @xref{Top, , About PCL-CVS, |
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1655 pcl-cvs, PCL-CVS --- The Emacs Front-End to CVS}. |
31076 | 1656 |
25829 | 1657 @kindex C-x v d |
1658 @findex vc-directory | |
1659 When you are working on a large program, it is often useful to find | |
1660 out which files have changed within an entire directory tree, or to view | |
1661 the status of all files under version control at once, and to perform | |
1662 version control operations on collections of files. You can use the | |
1663 command @kbd{C-x v d} (@code{vc-directory}) to make a directory listing | |
1664 that includes only files relevant for version control. | |
1665 | |
1666 @vindex vc-dired-terse-display | |
1667 @kbd{C-x v d} creates a buffer which uses VC Dired Mode. This looks | |
1668 much like an ordinary Dired buffer (@pxref{Dired}); however, normally it | |
1669 shows only the noteworthy files (those locked or not up-to-date). This | |
1670 is called @dfn{terse display}. If you set the variable | |
1671 @code{vc-dired-terse-display} to @code{nil}, then VC Dired shows all | |
1672 relevant files---those managed under version control, plus all | |
1673 subdirectories (@dfn{full display}). The command @kbd{v t} in a VC | |
1674 Dired buffer toggles between terse display and full display (@pxref{VC | |
1675 Dired Commands}). | |
1676 | |
1677 @vindex vc-dired-recurse | |
1678 By default, VC Dired produces a recursive listing of noteworthy or | |
1679 relevant files at or below the given directory. You can change this by | |
1680 setting the variable @code{vc-dired-recurse} to @code{nil}; then VC | |
1681 Dired shows only the files in the given directory. | |
1682 | |
1683 The line for an individual file shows the version control state in the | |
1684 place of the hard link count, owner, group, and size of the file. If | |
1685 the file is unmodified, in sync with the master file, the version | |
1686 control state shown is blank. Otherwise it consists of text in | |
1687 parentheses. Under RCS and SCCS, the name of the user locking the file | |
1688 is shown; under CVS, an abbreviated version of the @samp{cvs status} | |
1689 output is used. Here is an example using RCS: | |
1690 | |
1691 @smallexample | |
1692 @group | |
1693 /home/jim/project: | |
1694 | |
1695 -rw-r--r-- (jim) Apr 2 23:39 file1 | |
1696 -r--r--r-- Apr 5 20:21 file2 | |
1697 @end group | |
1698 @end smallexample | |
1699 | |
1700 @noindent | |
1701 The files @samp{file1} and @samp{file2} are under version control, | |
1702 @samp{file1} is locked by user jim, and @samp{file2} is unlocked. | |
1703 | |
1704 Here is an example using CVS: | |
1705 | |
1706 @smallexample | |
1707 @group | |
1708 /home/joe/develop: | |
1709 | |
1710 -rw-r--r-- (modified) Aug 2 1997 file1.c | |
1711 -rw-r--r-- Apr 4 20:09 file2.c | |
1712 -rw-r--r-- (merge) Sep 13 1996 file3.c | |
1713 @end group | |
1714 @end smallexample | |
1715 | |
1716 Here @samp{file1.c} is modified with respect to the repository, and | |
1717 @samp{file2.c} is not. @samp{file3.c} is modified, but other changes | |
1718 have also been checked in to the repository---you need to merge them | |
1719 with the work file before you can check it in. | |
1720 | |
1721 @vindex vc-directory-exclusion-list | |
1722 When VC Dired displays subdirectories (in the ``full'' display mode), | |
1723 it omits some that should never contain any files under version control. | |
1724 By default, this includes Version Control subdirectories such as | |
1725 @samp{RCS} and @samp{CVS}; you can customize this by setting the | |
1726 variable @code{vc-directory-exclusion-list}. | |
1727 | |
1728 You can fine-tune VC Dired's format by typing @kbd{C-u C-x v d}---as in | |
1729 ordinary Dired, that allows you to specify additional switches for the | |
1730 @samp{ls} command. | |
1731 | |
1732 @node VC Dired Commands | |
1733 @subsubsection VC Dired Commands | |
1734 | |
1735 All the usual Dired commands work normally in VC Dired mode, except | |
1736 for @kbd{v}, which is redefined as the version control prefix. You can | |
1737 invoke VC commands such as @code{vc-diff} and @code{vc-print-log} by | |
1738 typing @kbd{v =}, or @kbd{v l}, and so on. Most of these commands apply | |
1739 to the file name on the current line. | |
1740 | |
1741 The command @kbd{v v} (@code{vc-next-action}) operates on all the | |
1742 marked files, so that you can lock or check in several files at once. | |
1743 If it operates on more than one file, it handles each file according to | |
1744 its current state; thus, it might lock one file, but check in another | |
1745 file. This could be confusing; it is up to you to avoid confusing | |
1746 behavior by marking a set of files that are in a similar state. | |
1747 | |
1748 If any files call for check-in, @kbd{v v} reads a single log entry, | |
1749 then uses it for all the files being checked in. This is convenient for | |
1750 registering or checking in several files at once, as part of the same | |
1751 change. | |
1752 | |
1753 @findex vc-dired-toggle-terse-mode | |
1754 @findex vc-dired-mark-locked | |
1755 You can toggle between terse display (only locked files, or files not | |
1756 up-to-date) and full display at any time by typing @kbd{v t} | |
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1757 (@code{vc-dired-toggle-terse-mode}). There is also a special command |
25829 | 1758 @kbd{* l} (@code{vc-dired-mark-locked}), which marks all files currently |
1759 locked (or, with CVS, all files not up-to-date). Thus, typing @kbd{* l | |
1760 t k} is another way to delete from the buffer all files except those | |
1761 currently locked. | |
1762 | |
1763 @node Branches | |
1764 @subsection Multiple Branches of a File | |
1765 @cindex branch (version control) | |
1766 @cindex trunk (version control) | |
1767 | |
1768 One use of version control is to maintain multiple ``current'' | |
1769 versions of a file. For example, you might have different versions of a | |
1770 program in which you are gradually adding various unfinished new | |
1771 features. Each such independent line of development is called a | |
1772 @dfn{branch}. VC allows you to create branches, switch between | |
1773 different branches, and merge changes from one branch to another. | |
1774 Please note, however, that branches are only supported for RCS at the | |
1775 moment. | |
1776 | |
1777 A file's main line of development is usually called the @dfn{trunk}. | |
1778 The versions on the trunk are normally numbered 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, etc. At | |
1779 any such version, you can start an independent branch. A branch | |
1780 starting at version 1.2 would have version number 1.2.1.1, and consecutive | |
1781 versions on this branch would have numbers 1.2.1.2, 1.2.1.3, 1.2.1.4, | |
1782 and so on. If there is a second branch also starting at version 1.2, it | |
1783 would consist of versions 1.2.2.1, 1.2.2.2, 1.2.2.3, etc. | |
1784 | |
1785 @cindex head version | |
1786 If you omit the final component of a version number, that is called a | |
1787 @dfn{branch number}. It refers to the highest existing version on that | |
1788 branch---the @dfn{head version} of that branch. The branches in the | |
1789 example above have branch numbers 1.2.1 and 1.2.2. | |
1790 | |
1791 @menu | |
1792 * Switching Branches:: How to get to another existing branch. | |
1793 * Creating Branches:: How to start a new branch. | |
1794 * Merging:: Transferring changes between branches. | |
1795 * Multi-User Branching:: Multiple users working at multiple branches | |
1796 in parallel. | |
1797 @end menu | |
1798 | |
1799 @node Switching Branches | |
1800 @subsubsection Switching between Branches | |
1801 | |
1802 To switch between branches, type @kbd{C-u C-x C-q} and specify the | |
1803 version number you want to select. This version is then visited | |
1804 @emph{unlocked} (write-protected), so you can examine it before locking | |
1805 it. Switching branches in this way is allowed only when the file is not | |
1806 locked. | |
1807 | |
1808 You can omit the minor version number, thus giving only the branch | |
1809 number; this takes you to the head version on the chosen branch. If you | |
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1810 only type @key{RET}, Emacs goes to the highest version on the trunk. |
25829 | 1811 |
1812 After you have switched to any branch (including the main branch), you | |
1813 stay on it for subsequent VC commands, until you explicitly select some | |
1814 other branch. | |
1815 | |
1816 @node Creating Branches | |
1817 @subsubsection Creating New Branches | |
1818 | |
1819 To create a new branch from a head version (one that is the latest in | |
1820 the branch that contains it), first select that version if necessary, | |
1821 lock it with @kbd{C-x C-q}, and make whatever changes you want. Then, | |
1822 when you check in the changes, use @kbd{C-u C-x C-q}. This lets you | |
1823 specify the version number for the new version. You should specify a | |
1824 suitable branch number for a branch starting at the current version. | |
1825 For example, if the current version is 2.5, the branch number should be | |
1826 2.5.1, 2.5.2, and so on, depending on the number of existing branches at | |
1827 that point. | |
1828 | |
1829 To create a new branch at an older version (one that is no longer the | |
1830 head of a branch), first select that version (@pxref{Switching | |
1831 Branches}), then lock it with @kbd{C-x C-q}. You'll be asked to | |
1832 confirm, when you lock the old version, that you really mean to create a | |
1833 new branch---if you say no, you'll be offered a chance to lock the | |
1834 latest version instead. | |
1835 | |
1836 Then make your changes and type @kbd{C-x C-q} again to check in a new | |
1837 version. This automatically creates a new branch starting from the | |
1838 selected version. You need not specially request a new branch, because | |
1839 that's the only way to add a new version at a point that is not the head | |
1840 of a branch. | |
1841 | |
1842 After the branch is created, you ``stay'' on it. That means that | |
1843 subsequent check-ins create new versions on that branch. To leave the | |
1844 branch, you must explicitly select a different version with @kbd{C-u C-x | |
1845 C-q}. To transfer changes from one branch to another, use the merge | |
1846 command, described in the next section. | |
1847 | |
1848 @node Merging | |
1849 @subsubsection Merging Branches | |
1850 | |
1851 @cindex merging changes | |
1852 When you have finished the changes on a certain branch, you will | |
1853 often want to incorporate them into the file's main line of development | |
1854 (the trunk). This is not a trivial operation, because development might | |
1855 also have proceeded on the trunk, so that you must @dfn{merge} the | |
1856 changes into a file that has already been changed otherwise. VC allows | |
1857 you to do this (and other things) with the @code{vc-merge} command. | |
1858 | |
1859 @table @kbd | |
1860 @item C-x v m (vc-merge) | |
1861 Merge changes into the work file. | |
1862 @end table | |
1863 | |
1864 @kindex C-x v m | |
1865 @findex vc-merge | |
1866 @kbd{C-x v m} (@code{vc-merge}) takes a set of changes and merges it | |
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1867 into the current version of the work file. It firsts asks you in the |
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1868 minibuffer where the changes should come from. If you just type |
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1869 @key{RET}, Emacs merges any changes that were made on the same branch |
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1870 since you checked the file out (we call this @dfn{merging the news}). |
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1871 This is the common way to pick up recent changes from the repository, |
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1872 regardless of whether you have already changed the file yourself. |
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1873 |
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1874 You can also enter a branch number or a pair of version numbers in |
38739 | 1875 the minibuffer. Then @kbd{C-x v m} finds the changes from that |
1876 branch, or the differences between the two versions you specified, and | |
1877 merges them into the current version of the current file. | |
25829 | 1878 |
1879 As an example, suppose that you have finished a certain feature on | |
1880 branch 1.3.1. In the meantime, development on the trunk has proceeded | |
1881 to version 1.5. To merge the changes from the branch to the trunk, | |
1882 first go to the head version of the trunk, by typing @kbd{C-u C-x C-q | |
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1883 @key{RET}}. Version 1.5 is now current. If locking is used for the file, |
25829 | 1884 type @kbd{C-x C-q} to lock version 1.5 so that you can change it. Next, |
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1885 type @kbd{C-x v m 1.3.1 @key{RET}}. This takes the entire set of changes on |
25829 | 1886 branch 1.3.1 (relative to version 1.3, where the branch started, up to |
1887 the last version on the branch) and merges it into the current version | |
1888 of the work file. You can now check in the changed file, thus creating | |
1889 version 1.6 containing the changes from the branch. | |
1890 | |
1891 It is possible to do further editing after merging the branch, before | |
1892 the next check-in. But it is usually wiser to check in the merged | |
1893 version, then lock it and make the further changes. This will keep | |
1894 a better record of the history of changes. | |
1895 | |
1896 @cindex conflicts | |
1897 @cindex resolving conflicts | |
1898 When you merge changes into a file that has itself been modified, the | |
1899 changes might overlap. We call this situation a @dfn{conflict}, and | |
1900 reconciling the conflicting changes is called @dfn{resolving a | |
1901 conflict}. | |
1902 | |
1903 Whenever conflicts occur during merging, VC detects them, tells you | |
1904 about them in the echo area, and asks whether you want help in merging. | |
1905 If you say yes, it starts an Ediff session (@pxref{Top, | |
1906 Ediff, Ediff, ediff, The Ediff Manual}). | |
1907 | |
1908 If you say no, the conflicting changes are both inserted into the | |
1909 file, surrounded by @dfn{conflict markers}. The example below shows how | |
1910 a conflict region looks; the file is called @samp{name} and the current | |
1911 master file version with user B's changes in it is 1.11. | |
1912 | |
1913 @c @w here is so CVS won't think this is a conflict. | |
1914 @smallexample | |
1915 @group | |
1916 @w{<}<<<<<< name | |
1917 @var{User A's version} | |
1918 ======= | |
1919 @var{User B's version} | |
1920 @w{>}>>>>>> 1.11 | |
1921 @end group | |
1922 @end smallexample | |
1923 | |
1924 @cindex vc-resolve-conflicts | |
1925 Then you can resolve the conflicts by editing the file manually. Or | |
1926 you can type @code{M-x vc-resolve-conflicts} after visiting the file. | |
38739 | 1927 This starts an Ediff session, as described above. Don't forget to |
1928 check in the merged version afterwards. | |
25829 | 1929 |
1930 @node Multi-User Branching | |
1931 @subsubsection Multi-User Branching | |
1932 | |
1933 It is often useful for multiple developers to work simultaneously on | |
1934 different branches of a file. CVS allows this by default; for RCS, it | |
1935 is possible if you create multiple source directories. Each source | |
1936 directory should have a link named @file{RCS} which points to a common | |
1937 directory of RCS master files. Then each source directory can have its | |
1938 own choice of selected versions, but all share the same common RCS | |
1939 records. | |
1940 | |
1941 This technique works reliably and automatically, provided that the | |
1942 source files contain RCS version headers (@pxref{Version Headers}). The | |
1943 headers enable Emacs to be sure, at all times, which version number is | |
1944 present in the work file. | |
1945 | |
1946 If the files do not have version headers, you must instead tell Emacs | |
1947 explicitly in each session which branch you are working on. To do this, | |
1948 first find the file, then type @kbd{C-u C-x C-q} and specify the correct | |
1949 branch number. This ensures that Emacs knows which branch it is using | |
1950 during this particular editing session. | |
1951 | |
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1952 @node Remote Repositories |
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1953 @subsection Remote Repositories |
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1954 @cindex remote repositories (CVS) |
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1955 |
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1956 A common way of using CVS is to set up a central CVS repository on |
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1957 some Internet host, then have each developer check out a personal |
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1958 working copy of the files on his local machine. Committing changes to |
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1959 the repository, and picking up changes from other users into one's own |
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1960 working area, then works by direct interactions with the CVS server. |
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1961 |
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1962 One difficulty is that access to the CVS server is often slow, and |
39263 | 1963 that developers might need to work off-line as well. VC is designed |
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1964 to reduce the amount of network interaction necessary. |
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1965 |
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1966 @menu |
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1967 * Version Backups:: Keeping local copies of repository versions. |
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1968 * Local Version Control:: Using another version system for local editing. |
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1969 @end menu |
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1970 |
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1971 @node Version Backups |
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1972 @subsubsection Version Backups |
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1973 @cindex version backups |
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1974 |
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1975 @cindex automatic version backups |
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1976 When VC sees that the CVS repository for a file is on a remote |
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1977 machine, it automatically makes local backups of unmodified versions |
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1978 of the file---@dfn{automatic version backups}. This means that you |
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1979 can compare the file to the repository version (@kbd{C-x v =}), or |
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1980 revert to that version (@kbd{C-x v u}), without any network |
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1981 interactions. |
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1982 |
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1983 The local copy of the unmodified file is called a @dfn{version |
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1984 backup} to indicate that it corresponds exactly to a version that is |
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1985 stored in the repository. Note that version backups are not the same |
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1986 as ordinary Emacs backup files (@pxref{Backup}). But they follow a |
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1987 similar naming convention. |
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1988 |
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1989 For a file that comes from a remote CVS repository, VC makes a |
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1990 version backup whenever you save the first changes to the file, and |
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1991 removes it after you have committed your modified version to the |
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1992 repository. You can disable the making of automatic version backups by |
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1993 setting @code{vc-cvs-stay-local} to @code{nil} (@pxref{CVS Options}). |
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1994 |
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1995 @cindex manual version backups |
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1996 The name of the automatic version backup for version @var{version} |
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1997 of file @var{file} is @code{@var{file}.~@var{version}.~}. This is |
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1998 almost the same as the name used by @kbd{C-x v ~} (@pxref{Old |
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1999 Versions}), the only difference being the additional dot (@samp{.}) |
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2000 after the version number. This similarity is intentional, because |
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2001 both kinds of files store the same kind of information. The file made |
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2002 by @kbd{C-x v ~} acts as a @dfn{manual version backup}. |
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2003 |
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2004 All the VC commands that operate on old versions of a file can use |
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2005 both kinds of version backups. For instance, @kbd{C-x v ~} uses |
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2006 either an automatic or a manual version backup, if possible, to get |
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2007 the contents of the version you request. Likewise, @kbd{C-x v =} and |
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2008 @kbd{C-x v u} use either an automatic or a manual version backup, if |
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2009 one of them exists, to get the contents of a version to compare or |
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2010 revert to. If you changed a file outside of Emacs, so that no |
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2011 automatic version backup was created for the previous text, you can |
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2012 create a manual backup of that version using @kbd{C-x v ~}, and thus |
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2013 obtain the benefit of the local copy for Emacs commands. |
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2014 |
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2015 The only difference in Emacs's handling of manual and automatic |
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2016 version backups, once they exist, is that Emacs deletes automatic |
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2017 version backups when you commit to the repository. By contrast, |
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2018 manual version backups remain until you delete them. |
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2019 |
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2020 @node Local Version Control |
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2021 @subsubsection Local Version Control |
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2022 @cindex local version control |
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2023 @cindex local back end (version control) |
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2024 |
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2025 When you make many changes to a file that comes from a remote |
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2026 repository, it can be convenient to have version control on your local |
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2027 machine as well. You can then record intermediate versions, revert to |
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2028 a previous state, etc., before you actually commit your changes to the |
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2029 remote server. |
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2030 |
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2031 VC lets you do this by putting a file under a second, local version |
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2032 control system, so that the file is effectively registered in two |
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2033 systems at the same time. For the description here, we will assume |
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2034 that the remote system is CVS, and you use RCS locally, although the |
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2035 mechanism works with any combination of version control systems |
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2036 (@dfn{back ends}). |
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2037 |
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|
2038 To make it work with other back ends, you must make sure that the |
d7ca85bd6906
Clean up recent VC updates.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
2039 ``more local'' back end comes before the ``more remote'' back end in |
37315
702729e72132
Change @var to @code in many places.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
2040 the setting of @code{vc-handled-backends} (@pxref{Customizing VC}). By |
36385
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Clean up recent VC updates.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
2041 default, this variable is set up so that you can use remote CVS and |
d7ca85bd6906
Clean up recent VC updates.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
2042 local RCS as described here. |
d7ca85bd6906
Clean up recent VC updates.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
2043 |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
2044 To start using local RCS for a file that comes from a remote CVS |
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Clean up recent VC updates.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
2045 server, you must @emph{register the file in RCS}, by typing @kbd{C-u |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
2046 C-x v v rcs @key{RET}}. (In other words, use @code{vc-next-action} with a |
d7ca85bd6906
Clean up recent VC updates.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
2047 prefix argument, and specify RCS as the back end.) |
d7ca85bd6906
Clean up recent VC updates.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
2048 |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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2049 You can do this at any time; it does not matter whether you have |
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2050 already modified the file with respect to the version in the CVS |
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André Spiegel <spiegel@gnu.org>
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|
2051 repository. If possible, VC tries to make the RCS master start with |
38064
b8ea59337400
Proofreading fixes from Art the Lemming <lemming@gimp.shacknet.nu>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
2052 the unmodified repository version, then checks in any local changes |
36385
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Clean up recent VC updates.
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|
2053 as a new version. This works if you have not made any changes yet, or |
d7ca85bd6906
Clean up recent VC updates.
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|
2054 if the unmodified repository version exists locally as a version |
36355
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|
2055 backup (@pxref{Version Backups}). If the unmodified version is not |
d8c0e3d0f0aa
VC section updated. Added a subsection on remote repositories,
André Spiegel <spiegel@gnu.org>
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|
2056 available locally, the RCS master starts with the modified version; |
38064
b8ea59337400
Proofreading fixes from Art the Lemming <lemming@gimp.shacknet.nu>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
2057 the only drawback to this is that you cannot compare your changes |
36355
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André Spiegel <spiegel@gnu.org>
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|
2058 locally to what is stored in the repository. |
d8c0e3d0f0aa
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André Spiegel <spiegel@gnu.org>
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|
2059 |
d8c0e3d0f0aa
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André Spiegel <spiegel@gnu.org>
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|
2060 The version number of the RCS master is derived from the current CVS |
d8c0e3d0f0aa
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André Spiegel <spiegel@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
2061 version, starting a branch from it. For example, if the current CVS |
d8c0e3d0f0aa
VC section updated. Added a subsection on remote repositories,
André Spiegel <spiegel@gnu.org>
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|
2062 version is 1.23, the local RCS branch will be 1.23.1. Version 1.23 in |
d8c0e3d0f0aa
VC section updated. Added a subsection on remote repositories,
André Spiegel <spiegel@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2063 the RCS master will be identical to version 1.23 under CVS; your first |
d8c0e3d0f0aa
VC section updated. Added a subsection on remote repositories,
André Spiegel <spiegel@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
2064 changes are checked in as 1.23.1.1. (If the unmodified file is not |
36385
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Clean up recent VC updates.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
2065 available locally, VC will check in the modified file twice, both as |
36355
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André Spiegel <spiegel@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
2066 1.23 and 1.23.1.1, to make the revision numbers consistent.) |
d8c0e3d0f0aa
VC section updated. Added a subsection on remote repositories,
André Spiegel <spiegel@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
2067 |
d8c0e3d0f0aa
VC section updated. Added a subsection on remote repositories,
André Spiegel <spiegel@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
2068 If you do not use locking under CVS (the default), locking is also |
36385
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Clean up recent VC updates.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
2069 disabled for RCS, so that editing under RCS works exactly as under |
d7ca85bd6906
Clean up recent VC updates.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
2070 CVS. |
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Clean up recent VC updates.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
2071 |
36728
4906c8088ad5
Clarify C-u C-x v v cvs RET. Clarify the purpose of C-x v b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
2072 When you are done with local editing, you can commit the final version |
4906c8088ad5
Clarify C-u C-x v v cvs RET. Clarify the purpose of C-x v b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
36547
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changeset
|
2073 back to the CVS repository by typing @kbd{C-u C-x v v cvs @key{RET}}. |
4906c8088ad5
Clarify C-u C-x v v cvs RET. Clarify the purpose of C-x v b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
2074 This initializes the log entry buffer (@pxref{Log Buffer}) to contain |
4906c8088ad5
Clarify C-u C-x v v cvs RET. Clarify the purpose of C-x v b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
36547
diff
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|
2075 all the log entries you have recorded in the RCS master; you can edit |
4906c8088ad5
Clarify C-u C-x v v cvs RET. Clarify the purpose of C-x v b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
36547
diff
changeset
|
2076 them as you wish, and then commit in CVS by typing @kbd{C-c C-c}. If |
4906c8088ad5
Clarify C-u C-x v v cvs RET. Clarify the purpose of C-x v b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
36547
diff
changeset
|
2077 the commit is successful, VC removes the RCS master, so that the file |
4906c8088ad5
Clarify C-u C-x v v cvs RET. Clarify the purpose of C-x v b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
36547
diff
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|
2078 is once again registered under CVS only. (The RCS master is not |
4906c8088ad5
Clarify C-u C-x v v cvs RET. Clarify the purpose of C-x v b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
36547
diff
changeset
|
2079 actually deleted, just renamed by appending @samp{~} to the name, so |
4906c8088ad5
Clarify C-u C-x v v cvs RET. Clarify the purpose of C-x v b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2080 that you can refer to it later if you wish.) |
4906c8088ad5
Clarify C-u C-x v v cvs RET. Clarify the purpose of C-x v b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
2081 |
4906c8088ad5
Clarify C-u C-x v v cvs RET. Clarify the purpose of C-x v b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
2082 While using local RCS, you can pick up recent changes from the CVS |
4906c8088ad5
Clarify C-u C-x v v cvs RET. Clarify the purpose of C-x v b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2083 repository into your local file, or commit some of your changes back |
4906c8088ad5
Clarify C-u C-x v v cvs RET. Clarify the purpose of C-x v b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
36547
diff
changeset
|
2084 to CVS, without terminating local RCS version control. To do this, |
39263 | 2085 switch to the CVS back end temporarily, with the @kbd{C-x v b} command: |
36355
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VC section updated. Added a subsection on remote repositories,
André Spiegel <spiegel@gnu.org>
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|
2086 |
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parents:
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changeset
|
2087 @table @kbd |
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André Spiegel <spiegel@gnu.org>
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|
2088 @item C-x v b |
36385
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Clean up recent VC updates.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
2089 Switch to another back end that the current file is registered |
36355
d8c0e3d0f0aa
VC section updated. Added a subsection on remote repositories,
André Spiegel <spiegel@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2090 under (@code{vc-switch-backend}). |
36385
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Clean up recent VC updates.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
2091 |
d7ca85bd6906
Clean up recent VC updates.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
2092 @item C-u C-x v b @var{backend} @key{RET} |
d7ca85bd6906
Clean up recent VC updates.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
2093 Switch to @var{backend} for the current file. |
36355
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André Spiegel <spiegel@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
2094 @end table |
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André Spiegel <spiegel@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
2095 |
36360
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(Local Version Control): Fix last change.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
2096 @kindex C-x v b |
36355
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André Spiegel <spiegel@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
2097 @findex vc-switch-backend |
36385
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Clean up recent VC updates.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
2098 @kbd{C-x v b} does not change the buffer contents, or any files; it |
d7ca85bd6906
Clean up recent VC updates.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
2099 only changes VC's perspective on how to handle the file. Any |
d7ca85bd6906
Clean up recent VC updates.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
2100 subsequent VC commands for that file will operate on the back end that |
d7ca85bd6906
Clean up recent VC updates.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
36360
diff
changeset
|
2101 is currently selected. |
d7ca85bd6906
Clean up recent VC updates.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
2102 |
36355
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VC section updated. Added a subsection on remote repositories,
André Spiegel <spiegel@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
2103 If the current file is registered in more than one back end, typing |
36385
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Clean up recent VC updates.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
36360
diff
changeset
|
2104 @kbd{C-x v b} ``cycles'' through all of these back ends. With a |
d7ca85bd6906
Clean up recent VC updates.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
36360
diff
changeset
|
2105 prefix argument, it asks for the back end to use in the minibuffer. |
36355
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VC section updated. Added a subsection on remote repositories,
André Spiegel <spiegel@gnu.org>
parents:
36327
diff
changeset
|
2106 |
36728
4906c8088ad5
Clarify C-u C-x v v cvs RET. Clarify the purpose of C-x v b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
36547
diff
changeset
|
2107 Thus, if you are using local RCS, and you want to pick up some recent |
4906c8088ad5
Clarify C-u C-x v v cvs RET. Clarify the purpose of C-x v b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
36547
diff
changeset
|
2108 changes in the file from remote CVS, first visit the file, then type |
4906c8088ad5
Clarify C-u C-x v v cvs RET. Clarify the purpose of C-x v b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
36547
diff
changeset
|
2109 @kbd{C-x v b} to switch to CVS, and finally use @kbd{C-x v m |
4906c8088ad5
Clarify C-u C-x v v cvs RET. Clarify the purpose of C-x v b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2110 @key{RET}} to merge the news (@pxref{Merging}). You can then switch |
4906c8088ad5
Clarify C-u C-x v v cvs RET. Clarify the purpose of C-x v b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
36547
diff
changeset
|
2111 back to RCS by typing @kbd{C-x v b} again, and continue to edit |
4906c8088ad5
Clarify C-u C-x v v cvs RET. Clarify the purpose of C-x v b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
2112 locally. |
4906c8088ad5
Clarify C-u C-x v v cvs RET. Clarify the purpose of C-x v b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
2113 |
4906c8088ad5
Clarify C-u C-x v v cvs RET. Clarify the purpose of C-x v b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
2114 But if you do this, the revision numbers in the RCS master no longer |
4906c8088ad5
Clarify C-u C-x v v cvs RET. Clarify the purpose of C-x v b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
2115 correspond to those of CVS. Technically, this is not a problem, but |
4906c8088ad5
Clarify C-u C-x v v cvs RET. Clarify the purpose of C-x v b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
2116 it can become difficult to keep track of what is in the CVS repository |
4906c8088ad5
Clarify C-u C-x v v cvs RET. Clarify the purpose of C-x v b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
2117 and what is not. So we suggest that you return from time to time to |
4906c8088ad5
Clarify C-u C-x v v cvs RET. Clarify the purpose of C-x v b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
2118 CVS-only operation, using @kbd{C-u C-x v v cvs @key{RET}}. |
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2119 |
25829 | 2120 @node Snapshots |
2121 @subsection Snapshots | |
2122 @cindex snapshots and version control | |
2123 | |
2124 A @dfn{snapshot} is a named set of file versions (one for each | |
2125 registered file) that you can treat as a unit. One important kind of | |
2126 snapshot is a @dfn{release}, a (theoretically) stable version of the | |
2127 system that is ready for distribution to users. | |
2128 | |
2129 @menu | |
2130 * Making Snapshots:: The snapshot facilities. | |
2131 * Snapshot Caveats:: Things to be careful of when using snapshots. | |
2132 @end menu | |
2133 | |
2134 @node Making Snapshots | |
2135 @subsubsection Making and Using Snapshots | |
2136 | |
2137 There are two basic commands for snapshots; one makes a | |
2138 snapshot with a given name, the other retrieves a named snapshot. | |
2139 | |
2140 @table @code | |
2141 @kindex C-x v s | |
2142 @findex vc-create-snapshot | |
2143 @item C-x v s @var{name} @key{RET} | |
2144 Define the last saved versions of every registered file in or under the | |
2145 current directory as a snapshot named @var{name} | |
2146 (@code{vc-create-snapshot}). | |
2147 | |
2148 @kindex C-x v r | |
2149 @findex vc-retrieve-snapshot | |
2150 @item C-x v r @var{name} @key{RET} | |
2151 For all registered files at or below the current directory level, select | |
2152 whatever versions correspond to the snapshot @var{name} | |
2153 (@code{vc-retrieve-snapshot}). | |
2154 | |
2155 This command reports an error if any files are locked at or below the | |
2156 current directory, without changing anything; this is to avoid | |
2157 overwriting work in progress. | |
2158 @end table | |
2159 | |
2160 A snapshot uses a very small amount of resources---just enough to record | |
2161 the list of file names and which version belongs to the snapshot. Thus, | |
2162 you need not hesitate to create snapshots whenever they are useful. | |
2163 | |
2164 You can give a snapshot name as an argument to @kbd{C-x v =} or | |
2165 @kbd{C-x v ~} (@pxref{Old Versions}). Thus, you can use it to compare a | |
2166 snapshot against the current files, or two snapshots against each other, | |
2167 or a snapshot against a named version. | |
2168 | |
2169 @node Snapshot Caveats | |
2170 @subsubsection Snapshot Caveats | |
2171 | |
2172 @cindex named configurations (RCS) | |
2173 VC's snapshot facilities are modeled on RCS's named-configuration | |
2174 support. They use RCS's native facilities for this, so under VC | |
2175 snapshots made using RCS are visible even when you bypass VC. | |
2176 | |
2177 @c worded verbosely to avoid overfull hbox. | |
2178 For SCCS, VC implements snapshots itself. The files it uses contain | |
2179 name/file/version-number triples. These snapshots are visible only | |
2180 through VC. | |
2181 | |
2182 A snapshot is a set of checked-in versions. So make sure that all the | |
2183 files are checked in and not locked when you make a snapshot. | |
2184 | |
2185 File renaming and deletion can create some difficulties with snapshots. | |
2186 This is not a VC-specific problem, but a general design issue in version | |
2187 control systems that no one has solved very well yet. | |
2188 | |
2189 If you rename a registered file, you need to rename its master along | |
2190 with it (the command @code{vc-rename-file} does this automatically). If | |
2191 you are using SCCS, you must also update the records of the snapshot, to | |
2192 mention the file by its new name (@code{vc-rename-file} does this, | |
2193 too). An old snapshot that refers to a master file that no longer | |
2194 exists under the recorded name is invalid; VC can no longer retrieve | |
2195 it. It would be beyond the scope of this manual to explain enough about | |
2196 RCS and SCCS to explain how to update the snapshots by hand. | |
2197 | |
2198 Using @code{vc-rename-file} makes the snapshot remain valid for | |
2199 retrieval, but it does not solve all problems. For example, some of the | |
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|
2200 files in your program probably refer to others by name. At the very |
25829 | 2201 least, the makefile probably mentions the file that you renamed. If you |
2202 retrieve an old snapshot, the renamed file is retrieved under its new | |
2203 name, which is not the name that the makefile expects. So the program | |
2204 won't really work as retrieved. | |
2205 | |
2206 @node Miscellaneous VC | |
2207 @subsection Miscellaneous Commands and Features of VC | |
2208 | |
2209 This section explains the less-frequently-used features of VC. | |
2210 | |
2211 @menu | |
2212 * Change Logs and VC:: Generating a change log file from log entries. | |
2213 * Renaming and VC:: A command to rename both the source and master | |
2214 file correctly. | |
2215 * Version Headers:: Inserting version control headers into working files. | |
2216 @end menu | |
2217 | |
2218 @node Change Logs and VC | |
2219 @subsubsection Change Logs and VC | |
2220 | |
2221 If you use RCS or CVS for a program and also maintain a change log | |
2222 file for it (@pxref{Change Log}), you can generate change log entries | |
2223 automatically from the version control log entries: | |
2224 | |
2225 @table @kbd | |
2226 @item C-x v a | |
2227 @kindex C-x v a | |
2228 @findex vc-update-change-log | |
2229 Visit the current directory's change log file and, for registered files | |
2230 in that directory, create new entries for versions checked in since the | |
2231 most recent entry in the change log file. | |
2232 (@code{vc-update-change-log}). | |
2233 | |
2234 This command works with RCS or CVS only, not with SCCS. | |
2235 | |
2236 @item C-u C-x v a | |
2237 As above, but only find entries for the current buffer's file. | |
2238 | |
2239 @item M-1 C-x v a | |
2240 As above, but find entries for all the currently visited files that are | |
2241 maintained with version control. This works only with RCS, and it puts | |
2242 all entries in the log for the default directory, which may not be | |
2243 appropriate. | |
2244 @end table | |
2245 | |
2246 For example, suppose the first line of @file{ChangeLog} is dated | |
2247 1999-04-10, and that the only check-in since then was by Nathaniel | |
2248 Bowditch to @file{rcs2log} on 1999-05-22 with log text @samp{Ignore log | |
2249 messages that start with `#'.}. Then @kbd{C-x v a} visits | |
2250 @file{ChangeLog} and inserts text like this: | |
2251 | |
2252 @iftex | |
2253 @medbreak | |
2254 @end iftex | |
2255 @smallexample | |
2256 @group | |
2257 1999-05-22 Nathaniel Bowditch <nat@@apn.org> | |
2258 | |
2259 * rcs2log: Ignore log messages that start with `#'. | |
2260 @end group | |
2261 @end smallexample | |
2262 @iftex | |
2263 @medbreak | |
2264 @end iftex | |
2265 | |
2266 @noindent | |
2267 You can then edit the new change log entry further as you wish. | |
2268 | |
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|
2269 Some of the new change log entries may duplicate what's already in |
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2270 ChangeLog. You will have to remove these duplicates by hand. |
25829 | 2271 |
2272 Normally, the log entry for file @file{foo} is displayed as @samp{* | |
2273 foo: @var{text of log entry}}. The @samp{:} after @file{foo} is omitted | |
2274 if the text of the log entry starts with @w{@samp{(@var{functionname}): | |
2275 }}. For example, if the log entry for @file{vc.el} is | |
2276 @samp{(vc-do-command): Check call-process status.}, then the text in | |
2277 @file{ChangeLog} looks like this: | |
2278 | |
2279 @iftex | |
2280 @medbreak | |
2281 @end iftex | |
2282 @smallexample | |
2283 @group | |
2284 1999-05-06 Nathaniel Bowditch <nat@@apn.org> | |
2285 | |
2286 * vc.el (vc-do-command): Check call-process status. | |
2287 @end group | |
2288 @end smallexample | |
2289 @iftex | |
2290 @medbreak | |
2291 @end iftex | |
2292 | |
2293 When @kbd{C-x v a} adds several change log entries at once, it groups | |
2294 related log entries together if they all are checked in by the same | |
2295 author at nearly the same time. If the log entries for several such | |
2296 files all have the same text, it coalesces them into a single entry. | |
2297 For example, suppose the most recent check-ins have the following log | |
2298 entries: | |
2299 | |
2300 @flushleft | |
2301 @bullet{} For @file{vc.texinfo}: @samp{Fix expansion typos.} | |
2302 @bullet{} For @file{vc.el}: @samp{Don't call expand-file-name.} | |
2303 @bullet{} For @file{vc-hooks.el}: @samp{Don't call expand-file-name.} | |
2304 @end flushleft | |
2305 | |
2306 @noindent | |
2307 They appear like this in @file{ChangeLog}: | |
2308 | |
2309 @iftex | |
2310 @medbreak | |
2311 @end iftex | |
2312 @smallexample | |
2313 @group | |
2314 1999-04-01 Nathaniel Bowditch <nat@@apn.org> | |
2315 | |
2316 * vc.texinfo: Fix expansion typos. | |
2317 | |
2318 * vc.el, vc-hooks.el: Don't call expand-file-name. | |
2319 @end group | |
2320 @end smallexample | |
2321 @iftex | |
2322 @medbreak | |
2323 @end iftex | |
2324 | |
2325 Normally, @kbd{C-x v a} separates log entries by a blank line, but you | |
2326 can mark several related log entries to be clumped together (without an | |
2327 intervening blank line) by starting the text of each related log entry | |
2328 with a label of the form @w{@samp{@{@var{clumpname}@} }}. The label | |
2329 itself is not copied to @file{ChangeLog}. For example, suppose the log | |
2330 entries are: | |
2331 | |
2332 @flushleft | |
2333 @bullet{} For @file{vc.texinfo}: @samp{@{expand@} Fix expansion typos.} | |
2334 @bullet{} For @file{vc.el}: @samp{@{expand@} Don't call expand-file-name.} | |
2335 @bullet{} For @file{vc-hooks.el}: @samp{@{expand@} Don't call expand-file-name.} | |
2336 @end flushleft | |
2337 | |
2338 @noindent | |
2339 Then the text in @file{ChangeLog} looks like this: | |
2340 | |
2341 @iftex | |
2342 @medbreak | |
2343 @end iftex | |
2344 @smallexample | |
2345 @group | |
2346 1999-04-01 Nathaniel Bowditch <nat@@apn.org> | |
2347 | |
2348 * vc.texinfo: Fix expansion typos. | |
2349 * vc.el, vc-hooks.el: Don't call expand-file-name. | |
2350 @end group | |
2351 @end smallexample | |
2352 @iftex | |
2353 @medbreak | |
2354 @end iftex | |
2355 | |
2356 A log entry whose text begins with @samp{#} is not copied to | |
2357 @file{ChangeLog}. For example, if you merely fix some misspellings in | |
2358 comments, you can log the change with an entry beginning with @samp{#} | |
2359 to avoid putting such trivia into @file{ChangeLog}. | |
2360 | |
2361 @node Renaming and VC | |
2362 @subsubsection Renaming VC Work Files and Master Files | |
2363 | |
2364 @findex vc-rename-file | |
2365 When you rename a registered file, you must also rename its master | |
2366 file correspondingly to get proper results. Use @code{vc-rename-file} | |
2367 to rename the source file as you specify, and rename its master file | |
2368 accordingly. It also updates any snapshots (@pxref{Snapshots}) that | |
2369 mention the file, so that they use the new name; despite this, the | |
2370 snapshot thus modified may not completely work (@pxref{Snapshot | |
2371 Caveats}). | |
2372 | |
2373 You cannot use @code{vc-rename-file} on a file that is locked by | |
2374 someone else. | |
2375 | |
2376 @node Version Headers | |
2377 @subsubsection Inserting Version Control Headers | |
2378 | |
2379 Sometimes it is convenient to put version identification strings | |
2380 directly into working files. Certain special strings called | |
2381 @dfn{version headers} are replaced in each successive version by the | |
2382 number of that version. | |
2383 | |
2384 If you are using RCS, and version headers are present in your working | |
2385 files, Emacs can use them to determine the current version and the | |
2386 locking state of the files. This is more reliable than referring to the | |
2387 master files, which is done when there are no version headers. Note | |
2388 that in a multi-branch environment, version headers are necessary to | |
2389 make VC behave correctly (@pxref{Multi-User Branching}). | |
2390 | |
2391 Searching for version headers is controlled by the variable | |
38739 | 2392 @code{vc-consult-headers}. If it is non-@code{nil} (the default), |
2393 Emacs searches for headers to determine the version number you are | |
2394 editing. Setting it to @code{nil} disables this feature. | |
25829 | 2395 |
2396 @kindex C-x v h | |
2397 @findex vc-insert-headers | |
2398 You can use the @kbd{C-x v h} command (@code{vc-insert-headers}) to | |
2399 insert a suitable header string. | |
2400 | |
2401 @table @kbd | |
2402 @item C-x v h | |
2403 Insert headers in a file for use with your version-control system. | |
2404 @end table | |
2405 | |
2406 @vindex vc-header-alist | |
2407 The default header string is @samp{@w{$}Id$} for RCS and | |
2408 @samp{@w{%}W%} for SCCS. You can specify other headers to insert by | |
2409 setting the variable @code{vc-header-alist}. Its value is a list of | |
2410 elements of the form @code{(@var{program} . @var{string})} where | |
2411 @var{program} is @code{RCS} or @code{SCCS} and @var{string} is the | |
2412 string to use. | |
2413 | |
2414 Instead of a single string, you can specify a list of strings; then | |
2415 each string in the list is inserted as a separate header on a line of | |
2416 its own. | |
2417 | |
38739 | 2418 It is often necessary to use ``superfluous'' backslashes when |
2419 writing the strings that you put in this variable. For instance, you | |
2420 might write @code{"$Id\$"} rather than @code{"$Id@w{$}"}. The extra | |
2421 backslash prevents the string constant from being interpreted as a | |
2422 header, if the Emacs Lisp file containing it is maintained with | |
2423 version control. | |
25829 | 2424 |
2425 @vindex vc-comment-alist | |
2426 Each header is inserted surrounded by tabs, inside comment delimiters, | |
2427 on a new line at point. Normally the ordinary comment | |
2428 start and comment end strings of the current mode are used, but for | |
2429 certain modes, there are special comment delimiters for this purpose; | |
2430 the variable @code{vc-comment-alist} specifies them. Each element of | |
2431 this list has the form @code{(@var{mode} @var{starter} @var{ender})}. | |
2432 | |
2433 @vindex vc-static-header-alist | |
2434 The variable @code{vc-static-header-alist} specifies further strings | |
2435 to add based on the name of the buffer. Its value should be a list of | |
2436 elements of the form @code{(@var{regexp} . @var{format})}. Whenever | |
2437 @var{regexp} matches the buffer name, @var{format} is inserted as part | |
2438 of the header. A header line is inserted for each element that matches | |
2439 the buffer name, and for each string specified by | |
2440 @code{vc-header-alist}. The header line is made by processing the | |
2441 string from @code{vc-header-alist} with the format taken from the | |
2442 element. The default value for @code{vc-static-header-alist} is as follows: | |
2443 | |
2444 @example | |
2445 @group | |
2446 (("\\.c$" . | |
2447 "\n#ifndef lint\nstatic char vcid[] = \"\%s\";\n\ | |
2448 #endif /* lint */\n")) | |
2449 @end group | |
2450 @end example | |
2451 | |
2452 @noindent | |
2453 It specifies insertion of text of this form: | |
2454 | |
2455 @example | |
2456 @group | |
2457 | |
2458 #ifndef lint | |
2459 static char vcid[] = "@var{string}"; | |
2460 #endif /* lint */ | |
2461 @end group | |
2462 @end example | |
2463 | |
2464 @noindent | |
2465 Note that the text above starts with a blank line. | |
2466 | |
2467 If you use more than one version header in a file, put them close | |
2468 together in the file. The mechanism in @code{revert-buffer} that | |
2469 preserves markers may not handle markers positioned between two version | |
2470 headers. | |
2471 | |
2472 @node Customizing VC | |
2473 @subsection Customizing VC | |
2474 | |
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2475 @vindex vc-handled-backends |
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2476 The variable @code{vc-handled-backends} determines which version |
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|
2477 control systems VC should handle. The default value is @code{(RCS CVS |
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|
2478 SCCS)}, so it contains all three version systems that are currently |
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|
2479 supported. If you want VC to ignore one or more of these systems, |
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|
2480 exclude its name from the list. |
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|
2481 |
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|
2482 The order of systems in the list is significant: when you visit a file |
37315
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|
2483 registered in more than one system (@pxref{Local Version Control}), |
702729e72132
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|
2484 VC uses the system that comes first in @code{vc-handled-backends} by |
36355
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|
2485 default. The order is also significant when you register a file for |
d8c0e3d0f0aa
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|
2486 the first time, @pxref{Registering} for details. |
25829 | 2487 |
2488 @menu | |
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2489 * General VC Options:: Options that apply to multiple back ends. |
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|
2490 * RCS and SCCS:: Options for RCS and SCCS. |
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2491 * CVS Options:: Options for CVS. |
25829 | 2492 @end menu |
2493 | |
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2494 @node General VC Options |
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2495 @subsubsection General Options |
25829 | 2496 |
2497 @vindex vc-make-backup-files | |
2498 Emacs normally does not save backup files for source files that are | |
2499 maintained with version control. If you want to make backup files even | |
2500 for files that use version control, set the variable | |
2501 @code{vc-make-backup-files} to a non-@code{nil} value. | |
2502 | |
2503 @vindex vc-keep-workfiles | |
2504 Normally the work file exists all the time, whether it is locked or | |
2505 not. If you set @code{vc-keep-workfiles} to @code{nil}, then checking | |
2506 in a new version with @kbd{C-x C-q} deletes the work file; but any | |
2507 attempt to visit the file with Emacs creates it again. (With CVS, work | |
2508 files are always kept.) | |
2509 | |
2510 @vindex vc-follow-symlinks | |
2511 Editing a version-controlled file through a symbolic link can be | |
2512 dangerous. It bypasses the version control system---you can edit the | |
2513 file without locking it, and fail to check your changes in. Also, | |
2514 your changes might overwrite those of another user. To protect against | |
2515 this, VC checks each symbolic link that you visit, to see if it points | |
2516 to a file under version control. | |
2517 | |
2518 The variable @code{vc-follow-symlinks} controls what to do when a | |
2519 symbolic link points to a version-controlled file. If it is @code{nil}, | |
2520 VC only displays a warning message. If it is @code{t}, VC automatically | |
2521 follows the link, and visits the real file instead, telling you about | |
2522 this in the echo area. If the value is @code{ask} (the default), VC | |
2523 asks you each time whether to follow the link. | |
2524 | |
2525 @vindex vc-suppress-confirm | |
2526 If @code{vc-suppress-confirm} is non-@code{nil}, then @kbd{C-x C-q} | |
2527 and @kbd{C-x v i} can save the current buffer without asking, and | |
2528 @kbd{C-x v u} also operates without asking for confirmation. (This | |
2529 variable does not affect @kbd{C-x v c}; that operation is so drastic | |
2530 that it should always ask for confirmation.) | |
2531 | |
2532 @vindex vc-command-messages | |
2533 VC mode does much of its work by running the shell commands for RCS, | |
2534 CVS and SCCS. If @code{vc-command-messages} is non-@code{nil}, VC | |
2535 displays messages to indicate which shell commands it runs, and | |
2536 additional messages when the commands finish. | |
2537 | |
2538 @vindex vc-path | |
2539 You can specify additional directories to search for version control | |
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2540 programs by setting the variable @code{vc-path}. These directories |
d7ca85bd6906
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2541 are searched before the usual search path. It is rarely necessary to |
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2542 set this variable, because VC normally finds the proper files |
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|
2543 automatically. |
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2544 |
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2545 @node RCS and SCCS |
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2546 @subsubsection Options for RCS and SCCS |
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2547 |
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2548 @cindex non-strict locking (RCS) |
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2549 @cindex locking, non-strict (RCS) |
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2550 By default, RCS uses locking to coordinate the activities of several |
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2551 users, but there is a mode called @dfn{non-strict locking} in which |
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2552 you can check-in changes without locking the file first. Use |
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2553 @samp{rcs -U} to switch to non-strict locking for a particular file, |
39263 | 2554 see the @code{rcs} manual page for details. |
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2555 |
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2556 When deducing the version control state of an RCS file, VC first |
d7ca85bd6906
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2557 looks for an RCS version header string in the file (@pxref{Version |
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2558 Headers}). If there is no header string, VC normally looks at the |
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2559 file permissions of the work file; this is fast. But there might be |
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2560 situations when the file permissions cannot be trusted. In this case |
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|
2561 the master file has to be consulted, which is rather expensive. Also |
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2562 the master file can only tell you @emph{if} there's any lock on the |
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2563 file, but not whether your work file really contains that locked |
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2564 version. |
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|
2565 |
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2566 @vindex vc-consult-headers |
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2567 You can tell VC not to use version headers to determine the file |
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2568 status by setting @code{vc-consult-headers} to @code{nil}. VC then |
36385
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|
2569 always uses the file permissions (if it is supposed to trust them), or |
d7ca85bd6906
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|
2570 else checks the master file. |
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|
2571 |
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|
2572 @vindex vc-mistrust-permissions |
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2573 You can specify the criterion for whether to trust the file |
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|
2574 permissions by setting the variable @code{vc-mistrust-permissions}. |
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|
2575 Its value can be @code{t} (always mistrust the file permissions and |
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VC section updated. Added a subsection on remote repositories,
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|
2576 check the master file), @code{nil} (always trust the file |
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|
2577 permissions), or a function of one argument which makes the decision. |
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|
2578 The argument is the directory name of the @file{RCS} subdirectory. A |
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VC section updated. Added a subsection on remote repositories,
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|
2579 non-@code{nil} value from the function says to mistrust the file |
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|
2580 permissions. If you find that the file permissions of work files are |
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VC section updated. Added a subsection on remote repositories,
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|
2581 changed erroneously, set @code{vc-mistrust-permissions} to @code{t}. |
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|
2582 Then VC always checks the master file to determine the file's status. |
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|
2583 |
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Clean up recent VC updates.
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2584 VC determines the version control state of files under SCCS much as |
d7ca85bd6906
Clean up recent VC updates.
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|
2585 with RCS. It does not consider SCCS version headers, though. Thus, |
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Change @var to @code in many places.
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|
2586 the variable @code{vc-mistrust-permissions} affects SCCS use, but |
702729e72132
Change @var to @code in many places.
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|
2587 @code{vc-consult-headers} does not. |
36385
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|
2588 |
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2589 @node CVS Options |
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|
2590 @subsubsection Options specific for CVS |
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|
2591 |
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VC section updated. Added a subsection on remote repositories,
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|
2592 @cindex locking (CVS) |
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|
2593 By default, CVS does not use locking to coordinate the activities of |
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|
2594 several users; anyone can change a work file at any time. However, |
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VC section updated. Added a subsection on remote repositories,
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2595 there are ways to restrict this, resulting in behavior that resembles |
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VC section updated. Added a subsection on remote repositories,
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|
2596 locking. |
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|
2597 |
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|
2598 @cindex CVSREAD environment variable (CVS) |
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2599 For one thing, you can set the @env{CVSREAD} environment variable |
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Clean up recent VC updates.
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2600 (the value you use makes no difference). If this variable is defined, |
d7ca85bd6906
Clean up recent VC updates.
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2601 CVS makes your work files read-only by default. In Emacs, you must |
39263 | 2602 type @kbd{C-x C-q} to make the file writable, so that editing works |
36385
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Clean up recent VC updates.
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2603 in fact similar as if locking was used. Note however, that no actual |
39263 | 2604 locking is performed, so several users can make their files writable |
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Clean up recent VC updates.
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|
2605 at the same time. When setting @env{CVSREAD} for the first time, make |
d7ca85bd6906
Clean up recent VC updates.
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|
2606 sure to check out all your modules anew, so that the file protections |
d7ca85bd6906
Clean up recent VC updates.
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|
2607 are set correctly. |
36355
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|
2608 |
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2609 @cindex cvs watch feature |
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2610 @cindex watching files (CVS) |
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2611 Another way to achieve something similar to locking is to use the |
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2612 @dfn{watch} feature of CVS. If a file is being watched, CVS makes it |
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2613 read-only by default, and you must also use @kbd{C-x C-q} in Emacs to |
39263 | 2614 make it writable. VC calls @code{cvs edit} to make the file writable, |
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2615 and CVS takes care to notify other developers of the fact that you |
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2616 intend to change the file. See the CVS documentation for details on |
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|
2617 using the watch feature. |
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|
2618 |
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|
2619 @vindex vc-cvs-stay-local |
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2620 @cindex remote repositories (CVS) |
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2621 When a file's repository is on a remote machine, VC tries to keep |
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|
2622 network interactions to a minimum. This is controlled by the variable |
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|
2623 @code{vc-cvs-stay-local}. If it is @code{t} (the default), then VC uses |
36356
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(CVS Options): Mention that t is the default for vc-cvs-stay-local.
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|
2624 only the entry in the local CVS subdirectory to determine the file's |
a10bf38295d2
(CVS Options): Mention that t is the default for vc-cvs-stay-local.
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|
2625 state (and possibly information returned by previous CVS commands). One |
a10bf38295d2
(CVS Options): Mention that t is the default for vc-cvs-stay-local.
André Spiegel <spiegel@gnu.org>
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|
2626 consequence of this is that when you have modified a file, and somebody |
a10bf38295d2
(CVS Options): Mention that t is the default for vc-cvs-stay-local.
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|
2627 else has already checked in other changes to the file, you are not |
a10bf38295d2
(CVS Options): Mention that t is the default for vc-cvs-stay-local.
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|
2628 notified of it until you actually try to commit. (But you can try to |
a10bf38295d2
(CVS Options): Mention that t is the default for vc-cvs-stay-local.
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|
2629 pick up any recent changes from the repository first, using @kbd{C-x v m |
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|
2630 @key{RET}}, @pxref{Merging}). |
36355
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|
2631 |
37315
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Change @var to @code in many places.
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2632 When @code{vc-cvs-stay-local} is @code{t}, VC also makes local |
36355
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|
2633 version backups, so that simple diff and revert operations are |
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|
2634 completely local (@pxref{Version Backups}). |
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|
2635 |
37315
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|
2636 On the other hand, if you set @code{vc-cvs-stay-local} to @code{nil}, |
36355
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|
2637 then VC queries the remote repository @emph{before} it decides what to |
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|
2638 do in @code{vc-next-action} (@kbd{C-x v v}), just as it does for local |
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VC section updated. Added a subsection on remote repositories,
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parents:
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|
2639 repositories. It also does not make any version backups. |
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VC section updated. Added a subsection on remote repositories,
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parents:
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|
2640 |
37315
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|
2641 You can also set @code{vc-cvs-stay-local} to a regular expression |
39263 | 2642 that is matched against the repository host name; VC then stays local |
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Clean up recent VC updates.
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|
2643 only for repositories from hosts that match the pattern. |
36355
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|
2644 |
25829 | 2645 @node Directories |
2646 @section File Directories | |
2647 | |
2648 @cindex file directory | |
2649 @cindex directory listing | |
2650 The file system groups files into @dfn{directories}. A @dfn{directory | |
2651 listing} is a list of all the files in a directory. Emacs provides | |
2652 commands to create and delete directories, and to make directory | |
2653 listings in brief format (file names only) and verbose format (sizes, | |
2654 dates, and authors included). There is also a directory browser called | |
2655 Dired; see @ref{Dired}. | |
2656 | |
2657 @table @kbd | |
2658 @item C-x C-d @var{dir-or-pattern} @key{RET} | |
2659 Display a brief directory listing (@code{list-directory}). | |
2660 @item C-u C-x C-d @var{dir-or-pattern} @key{RET} | |
2661 Display a verbose directory listing. | |
2662 @item M-x make-directory @key{RET} @var{dirname} @key{RET} | |
2663 Create a new directory named @var{dirname}. | |
2664 @item M-x delete-directory @key{RET} @var{dirname} @key{RET} | |
2665 Delete the directory named @var{dirname}. It must be empty, | |
2666 or you get an error. | |
2667 @end table | |
2668 | |
2669 @findex list-directory | |
2670 @kindex C-x C-d | |
2671 The command to display a directory listing is @kbd{C-x C-d} | |
2672 (@code{list-directory}). It reads using the minibuffer a file name | |
2673 which is either a directory to be listed or a wildcard-containing | |
2674 pattern for the files to be listed. For example, | |
2675 | |
2676 @example | |
2677 C-x C-d /u2/emacs/etc @key{RET} | |
2678 @end example | |
2679 | |
2680 @noindent | |
2681 lists all the files in directory @file{/u2/emacs/etc}. Here is an | |
2682 example of specifying a file name pattern: | |
2683 | |
2684 @example | |
2685 C-x C-d /u2/emacs/src/*.c @key{RET} | |
2686 @end example | |
2687 | |
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Don't use "print" for displaying a message.
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2688 Normally, @kbd{C-x C-d} displays a brief directory listing containing |
25829 | 2689 just file names. A numeric argument (regardless of value) tells it to |
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|
2690 make a verbose listing including sizes, dates, and owners (like |
25829 | 2691 @samp{ls -l}). |
2692 | |
2693 @vindex list-directory-brief-switches | |
2694 @vindex list-directory-verbose-switches | |
2695 The text of a directory listing is obtained by running @code{ls} in an | |
2696 inferior process. Two Emacs variables control the switches passed to | |
2697 @code{ls}: @code{list-directory-brief-switches} is a string giving the | |
2698 switches to use in brief listings (@code{"-CF"} by default), and | |
2699 @code{list-directory-verbose-switches} is a string giving the switches to | |
2700 use in a verbose listing (@code{"-l"} by default). | |
2701 | |
2702 @node Comparing Files | |
2703 @section Comparing Files | |
2704 @cindex comparing files | |
2705 | |
2706 @findex diff | |
2707 @vindex diff-switches | |
2708 The command @kbd{M-x diff} compares two files, displaying the | |
38739 | 2709 differences in an Emacs buffer named @samp{*diff*}. It works by |
2710 running the @code{diff} program, using options taken from the variable | |
2711 @code{diff-switches}. The value of @code{diff-switches} should be a | |
2712 string; the default is @code{"-c"} to specify a context diff. | |
25829 | 2713 |
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2714 The buffer @samp{*diff*} has Compilation mode as its major mode, so |
25829 | 2715 you can use @kbd{C-x `} to visit successive changed locations in the two |
2716 source files. You can also move to a particular hunk of changes and | |
2717 type @key{RET} or @kbd{C-c C-c}, or click @kbd{Mouse-2} on it, to move | |
2718 to the corresponding source location. You can also use the other | |
2719 special commands of Compilation mode: @key{SPC} and @key{DEL} for | |
2720 scrolling, and @kbd{M-p} and @kbd{M-n} for cursor motion. | |
2721 @xref{Compilation}. | |
2722 | |
2723 @findex diff-backup | |
2724 The command @kbd{M-x diff-backup} compares a specified file with its most | |
2725 recent backup. If you specify the name of a backup file, | |
2726 @code{diff-backup} compares it with the source file that it is a backup | |
2727 of. | |
2728 | |
2729 @findex compare-windows | |
2730 The command @kbd{M-x compare-windows} compares the text in the current | |
2731 window with that in the next window. Comparison starts at point in each | |
2732 window, and each starting position is pushed on the mark ring in its | |
2733 respective buffer. Then point moves forward in each window, a character | |
2734 at a time, until a mismatch between the two windows is reached. Then | |
2735 the command is finished. For more information about windows in Emacs, | |
2736 @ref{Windows}. | |
2737 | |
2738 @vindex compare-ignore-case | |
2739 With a numeric argument, @code{compare-windows} ignores changes in | |
2740 whitespace. If the variable @code{compare-ignore-case} is | |
2741 non-@code{nil}, it ignores differences in case as well. | |
2742 | |
31076 | 2743 @findex diff-mode |
2744 @cindex diffs | |
2745 @cindex patches | |
2746 @cindex Diff mode | |
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2747 Differences between versions of files are often distributed as |
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2748 @dfn{patches}, which are the output from @command{diff} or a version |
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2749 control system that uses @command{diff}. @kbd{M-x diff-mode} turns on |
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Many small clarifications.
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2750 Diff mode, a major mode for viewing and editing patches, either as |
a5ae50ec6fe7
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2751 ``unified diffs'' or ``context diffs.'' |
31076 | 2752 |
2753 @cindex Smerge mode | |
2754 @findex smerge-mode | |
2755 @cindex failed merges | |
2756 @cindex merges, failed | |
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|
2757 @cindex comparing 3 files (@code{diff3}) |
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2758 You can use @kbd{M-x smerge-mode} to turn on Smerge mode, a minor |
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|
2759 mode for editing output from the @command{diff3} program. This is |
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|
2760 typically the result of a failed merge from a version control system |
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|
2761 ``update'' outside VC, due to conflicting changes to a file. Smerge |
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2762 mode provides commands to resolve conflicts by selecting specific |
a5ae50ec6fe7
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diff
changeset
|
2763 changes. |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
2764 |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
2765 See also @ref{Emerge}, and @ref{Top,,, ediff, The Ediff Manual}, for |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
2766 convenient facilities for merging two similar files. |
25829 | 2767 |
2768 @node Misc File Ops | |
2769 @section Miscellaneous File Operations | |
2770 | |
2771 Emacs has commands for performing many other operations on files. | |
2772 All operate on one file; they do not accept wildcard file names. | |
2773 | |
2774 @findex view-file | |
2775 @cindex viewing | |
2776 @cindex View mode | |
2777 @cindex mode, View | |
2778 @kbd{M-x view-file} allows you to scan or read a file by sequential | |
2779 screenfuls. It reads a file name argument using the minibuffer. After | |
2780 reading the file into an Emacs buffer, @code{view-file} displays the | |
2781 beginning. You can then type @key{SPC} to scroll forward one windowful, | |
2782 or @key{DEL} to scroll backward. Various other commands are provided | |
2783 for moving around in the file, but none for changing it; type @kbd{?} | |
2784 while viewing for a list of them. They are mostly the same as normal | |
2785 Emacs cursor motion commands. To exit from viewing, type @kbd{q}. | |
2786 The commands for viewing are defined by a special major mode called View | |
2787 mode. | |
2788 | |
2789 A related command, @kbd{M-x view-buffer}, views a buffer already present | |
2790 in Emacs. @xref{Misc Buffer}. | |
2791 | |
38739 | 2792 @kindex C-x i |
25829 | 2793 @findex insert-file |
38739 | 2794 @kbd{M-x insert-file} (also @kbd{C-x i}) inserts a copy of the |
2795 contents of the specified file into the current buffer at point, | |
2796 leaving point unchanged before the contents and the mark after them. | |
25829 | 2797 |
2798 @findex write-region | |
2799 @kbd{M-x write-region} is the inverse of @kbd{M-x insert-file}; it | |
2800 copies the contents of the region into the specified file. @kbd{M-x | |
2801 append-to-file} adds the text of the region to the end of the specified | |
2802 file. @xref{Accumulating Text}. | |
2803 | |
2804 @findex delete-file | |
2805 @cindex deletion (of files) | |
2806 @kbd{M-x delete-file} deletes the specified file, like the @code{rm} | |
2807 command in the shell. If you are deleting many files in one directory, it | |
2808 may be more convenient to use Dired (@pxref{Dired}). | |
2809 | |
2810 @findex rename-file | |
2811 @kbd{M-x rename-file} reads two file names @var{old} and @var{new} using | |
38739 | 2812 the minibuffer, then renames file @var{old} as @var{new}. If the file name |
25829 | 2813 @var{new} already exists, you must confirm with @kbd{yes} or renaming is not |
2814 done; this is because renaming causes the old meaning of the name @var{new} | |
2815 to be lost. If @var{old} and @var{new} are on different file systems, the | |
2816 file @var{old} is copied and deleted. | |
2817 | |
2818 @findex add-name-to-file | |
38739 | 2819 @cindex hard links (creation) |
25829 | 2820 The similar command @kbd{M-x add-name-to-file} is used to add an |
2821 additional name to an existing file without removing its old name. | |
38739 | 2822 The new name is created as a ``hard link'' to the existing file. |
25829 | 2823 The new name must belong on the same file system that the file is on. |
37349
9aada84f08c8
Clarify link commands for MS systems.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
37315
diff
changeset
|
2824 On Windows, this command works only if the file resides in an NTFS |
9aada84f08c8
Clarify link commands for MS systems.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
37315
diff
changeset
|
2825 file system. On MS-DOS, it works by copying the file. |
25829 | 2826 |
2827 @findex copy-file | |
2828 @cindex copying files | |
2829 @kbd{M-x copy-file} reads the file @var{old} and writes a new file named | |
2830 @var{new} with the same contents. Confirmation is required if a file named | |
2831 @var{new} already exists, because copying has the consequence of overwriting | |
2832 the old contents of the file @var{new}. | |
2833 | |
2834 @findex make-symbolic-link | |
2835 @kbd{M-x make-symbolic-link} reads two file names @var{target} and | |
38064
b8ea59337400
Proofreading fixes from Art the Lemming <lemming@gimp.shacknet.nu>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
38020
diff
changeset
|
2836 @var{linkname}, then creates a symbolic link named @var{linkname}, which |
b8ea59337400
Proofreading fixes from Art the Lemming <lemming@gimp.shacknet.nu>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
38020
diff
changeset
|
2837 points at @var{target}. The effect is that future attempts to open file |
25829 | 2838 @var{linkname} will refer to whatever file is named @var{target} at the |
2839 time the opening is done, or will get an error if the name @var{target} is | |
2840 not in use at that time. This command does not expand the argument | |
2841 @var{target}, so that it allows you to specify a relative name | |
2842 as the target of the link. | |
2843 | |
2844 Confirmation is required when creating the link if @var{linkname} is | |
37349
9aada84f08c8
Clarify link commands for MS systems.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
37315
diff
changeset
|
2845 in use. Note that not all systems support symbolic links; on systems |
9aada84f08c8
Clarify link commands for MS systems.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
37315
diff
changeset
|
2846 that don't support them, this command is not defined. |
25829 | 2847 |
2848 @node Compressed Files | |
2849 @section Accessing Compressed Files | |
2850 @cindex compression | |
2851 @cindex uncompression | |
2852 @cindex Auto Compression mode | |
2853 @cindex mode, Auto Compression | |
2854 @pindex gzip | |
2855 | |
2856 @findex auto-compression-mode | |
28123
6e2e72ee55a6
(Compressed Files): Note custom option.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
26105
diff
changeset
|
2857 @vindex auto-compression-mode |
25829 | 2858 Emacs comes with a library that can automatically uncompress |
2859 compressed files when you visit them, and automatically recompress them | |
2860 if you alter them and save them. To enable this feature, type the | |
28123
6e2e72ee55a6
(Compressed Files): Note custom option.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
26105
diff
changeset
|
2861 command @kbd{M-x auto-compression-mode}. You can enable it permanently |
37315
702729e72132
Change @var to @code in many places.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
37090
diff
changeset
|
2862 by customizing the option @code{auto-compression-mode}. |
25829 | 2863 |
2864 When automatic compression (which implies automatic uncompression as | |
2865 well) is enabled, Emacs recognizes compressed files by their file names. | |
2866 File names ending in @samp{.gz} indicate a file compressed with | |
2867 @code{gzip}. Other endings indicate other compression programs. | |
2868 | |
2869 Automatic uncompression and compression apply to all the operations in | |
2870 which Emacs uses the contents of a file. This includes visiting it, | |
2871 saving it, inserting its contents into a buffer, loading it, and byte | |
2872 compiling it. | |
2873 | |
28123
6e2e72ee55a6
(Compressed Files): Note custom option.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
26105
diff
changeset
|
2874 @node File Archives |
6e2e72ee55a6
(Compressed Files): Note custom option.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
26105
diff
changeset
|
2875 @section File Archives |
6e2e72ee55a6
(Compressed Files): Note custom option.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
26105
diff
changeset
|
2876 @cindex mode, tar |
6e2e72ee55a6
(Compressed Files): Note custom option.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
26105
diff
changeset
|
2877 @cindex Tar mode |
36274
91f2160d4468
Remove two more redundant index entries.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
36263
diff
changeset
|
2878 @cindex file archives |
29683
324386e590b7
(File Archives): Remove redundant index entries. Add some more Tar
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
29556
diff
changeset
|
2879 |
36136
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
2880 A file whose name ends in @samp{.tar} is normally an @dfn{archive} |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
2881 made by the @code{tar} program. Emacs views these files in a special |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
2882 mode called Tar mode which provides a Dired-like list of the contents |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
2883 (@pxref{Dired}). You can move around through the list just as you |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
2884 would in Dired, and visit the subfiles contained in the archive. |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
2885 However, not all Dired commands are available in Tar mode. |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
2886 |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
2887 If you enable Auto Compression mode (@pxref{Compressed Files}), then |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
2888 Tar mode is used also for compressed archives---files with extensions |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
2889 @samp{.tgz}, @code{.tar.Z} and @code{.tar.gz}. |
29683
324386e590b7
(File Archives): Remove redundant index entries. Add some more Tar
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
29556
diff
changeset
|
2890 |
36385
d7ca85bd6906
Clean up recent VC updates.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
36360
diff
changeset
|
2891 The keys @kbd{e}, @kbd{f} and @key{RET} all extract a component file |
29683
324386e590b7
(File Archives): Remove redundant index entries. Add some more Tar
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
29556
diff
changeset
|
2892 into its own buffer. You can edit it there and when you save the buffer |
324386e590b7
(File Archives): Remove redundant index entries. Add some more Tar
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
29556
diff
changeset
|
2893 the edited version will replace the version in the Tar buffer. @kbd{v} |
324386e590b7
(File Archives): Remove redundant index entries. Add some more Tar
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
29556
diff
changeset
|
2894 extracts a file into a buffer in View mode. @kbd{o} extracts the file |
324386e590b7
(File Archives): Remove redundant index entries. Add some more Tar
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
29556
diff
changeset
|
2895 and displays it in another window, so you could edit the file and |
324386e590b7
(File Archives): Remove redundant index entries. Add some more Tar
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
29556
diff
changeset
|
2896 operate on the archive simultaneously. @kbd{d} marks a file for |
324386e590b7
(File Archives): Remove redundant index entries. Add some more Tar
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
29556
diff
changeset
|
2897 deletion when you later use @kbd{x}, and @kbd{u} unmarks a file, as in |
324386e590b7
(File Archives): Remove redundant index entries. Add some more Tar
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
29556
diff
changeset
|
2898 Dired. @kbd{C} copies a file from the archive to disk and @kbd{R} |
324386e590b7
(File Archives): Remove redundant index entries. Add some more Tar
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
29556
diff
changeset
|
2899 renames a file. @kbd{g} reverts the buffer from the archive on disk. |
324386e590b7
(File Archives): Remove redundant index entries. Add some more Tar
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
29556
diff
changeset
|
2900 |
324386e590b7
(File Archives): Remove redundant index entries. Add some more Tar
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
29556
diff
changeset
|
2901 The keys @kbd{M}, @kbd{G}, and @kbd{O} change the file's permission |
324386e590b7
(File Archives): Remove redundant index entries. Add some more Tar
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
29556
diff
changeset
|
2902 bits, group, and owner, respectively. |
324386e590b7
(File Archives): Remove redundant index entries. Add some more Tar
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
29556
diff
changeset
|
2903 |
324386e590b7
(File Archives): Remove redundant index entries. Add some more Tar
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
29556
diff
changeset
|
2904 If your display supports colors and the mouse, moving the mouse |
324386e590b7
(File Archives): Remove redundant index entries. Add some more Tar
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
29556
diff
changeset
|
2905 pointer across a file name highlights that file name, indicating that |
324386e590b7
(File Archives): Remove redundant index entries. Add some more Tar
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
29556
diff
changeset
|
2906 you can click on it. Clicking @kbd{Mouse-2} on the highlighted file |
324386e590b7
(File Archives): Remove redundant index entries. Add some more Tar
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
29556
diff
changeset
|
2907 name extracts the file into a buffer and displays that buffer. |
324386e590b7
(File Archives): Remove redundant index entries. Add some more Tar
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
29556
diff
changeset
|
2908 |
324386e590b7
(File Archives): Remove redundant index entries. Add some more Tar
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
29556
diff
changeset
|
2909 Saving the Tar buffer writes a new version of the archive to disk with |
324386e590b7
(File Archives): Remove redundant index entries. Add some more Tar
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
29556
diff
changeset
|
2910 the changes you made to the components. |
324386e590b7
(File Archives): Remove redundant index entries. Add some more Tar
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
29556
diff
changeset
|
2911 |
36136
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
2912 You don't need the @code{tar} program to use Tar mode---Emacs reads |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
2913 the archives directly. However, accessing compressed archives |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
2914 requires the appropriate uncompression program. |
31076 | 2915 |
28123
6e2e72ee55a6
(Compressed Files): Note custom option.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
26105
diff
changeset
|
2916 @cindex Archive mode |
6e2e72ee55a6
(Compressed Files): Note custom option.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
26105
diff
changeset
|
2917 @cindex mode, archive |
6e2e72ee55a6
(Compressed Files): Note custom option.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
26105
diff
changeset
|
2918 @cindex @code{arc} |
6e2e72ee55a6
(Compressed Files): Note custom option.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
26105
diff
changeset
|
2919 @cindex @code{jar} |
6e2e72ee55a6
(Compressed Files): Note custom option.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
26105
diff
changeset
|
2920 @cindex @code{zip} |
6e2e72ee55a6
(Compressed Files): Note custom option.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
26105
diff
changeset
|
2921 @cindex @code{lzh} |
6e2e72ee55a6
(Compressed Files): Note custom option.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
26105
diff
changeset
|
2922 @cindex @code{zoo} |
6e2e72ee55a6
(Compressed Files): Note custom option.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
26105
diff
changeset
|
2923 @pindex arc |
6e2e72ee55a6
(Compressed Files): Note custom option.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
26105
diff
changeset
|
2924 @pindex jar |
6e2e72ee55a6
(Compressed Files): Note custom option.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
26105
diff
changeset
|
2925 @pindex zip |
6e2e72ee55a6
(Compressed Files): Note custom option.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
26105
diff
changeset
|
2926 @pindex lzh |
6e2e72ee55a6
(Compressed Files): Note custom option.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
26105
diff
changeset
|
2927 @pindex zoo |
6e2e72ee55a6
(Compressed Files): Note custom option.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
26105
diff
changeset
|
2928 @cindex Java class archives |
29683
324386e590b7
(File Archives): Remove redundant index entries. Add some more Tar
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
29556
diff
changeset
|
2929 @cindex unzip archives |
324386e590b7
(File Archives): Remove redundant index entries. Add some more Tar
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
29556
diff
changeset
|
2930 A separate but similar Archive mode is used for archives produced by |
36136
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
2931 the programs @code{arc}, @code{jar}, @code{lzh}, @code{zip}, and |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
2932 @code{zoo}, which have extensions corresponding to the program names. |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
2933 |
39263 | 2934 The key bindings of Archive mode are similar to those in Tar mode, |
36136
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
2935 with the addition of the @kbd{m} key which marks a file for subsequent |
29683
324386e590b7
(File Archives): Remove redundant index entries. Add some more Tar
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
29556
diff
changeset
|
2936 operations, and @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} which unmarks all the marked files. |
36136
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
2937 Also, the @kbd{a} key toggles the display of detailed file |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
2938 information, for those archive types where it won't fit in a single |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
2939 line. Operations such as renaming a subfile, or changing its mode or |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
2940 owner, are supported only for some of the archive formats. |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
2941 |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
2942 Unlike Tar mode, Archive mode runs the archiving program to unpack |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
2943 and repack archives. Details of the program names and their options |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
2944 can be set in the @samp{Archive} Customize group. However, you don't |
37315
702729e72132
Change @var to @code in many places.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
37090
diff
changeset
|
2945 need these programs to look at the archive table of contents, only to |
702729e72132
Change @var to @code in many places.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
37090
diff
changeset
|
2946 extract or manipulate the subfiles in the archive. |
28123
6e2e72ee55a6
(Compressed Files): Note custom option.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
26105
diff
changeset
|
2947 |
25829 | 2948 @node Remote Files |
2949 @section Remote Files | |
2950 | |
2951 @cindex FTP | |
2952 @cindex remote file access | |
2953 You can refer to files on other machines using a special file name syntax: | |
2954 | |
2955 @example | |
2956 @group | |
2957 /@var{host}:@var{filename} | |
2958 /@var{user}@@@var{host}:@var{filename} | |
26105 | 2959 /@var{user}@@@var{host}#@var{port}:@var{filename} |
25829 | 2960 @end group |
2961 @end example | |
2962 | |
2963 @noindent | |
2964 When you do this, Emacs uses the FTP program to read and write files on | |
2965 the specified host. It logs in through FTP using your user name or the | |
2966 name @var{user}. It may ask you for a password from time to time; this | |
26105 | 2967 is used for logging in on @var{host}. The form using @var{port} allows |
2968 you to access servers running on a non-default TCP port. | |
25829 | 2969 |
35908
4ba2a6029c03
(Remote Files): Explain how to use ange-ftp behind firewalls. Add a
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
35731
diff
changeset
|
2970 @cindex backups for remote files |
4ba2a6029c03
(Remote Files): Explain how to use ange-ftp behind firewalls. Add a
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
35731
diff
changeset
|
2971 @vindex ange-ftp-make-backup-files |
4ba2a6029c03
(Remote Files): Explain how to use ange-ftp behind firewalls. Add a
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
35731
diff
changeset
|
2972 If you want to disable backups for remote files, set the variable |
4ba2a6029c03
(Remote Files): Explain how to use ange-ftp behind firewalls. Add a
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
35731
diff
changeset
|
2973 @code{ange-ftp-make-backup-files} to @code{nil}. |
4ba2a6029c03
(Remote Files): Explain how to use ange-ftp behind firewalls. Add a
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
35731
diff
changeset
|
2974 |
25829 | 2975 @cindex ange-ftp |
2976 @vindex ange-ftp-default-user | |
35908
4ba2a6029c03
(Remote Files): Explain how to use ange-ftp behind firewalls. Add a
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
35731
diff
changeset
|
2977 @cindex user name for remote file access |
25829 | 2978 Normally, if you do not specify a user name in a remote file name, |
2979 that means to use your own user name. But if you set the variable | |
2980 @code{ange-ftp-default-user} to a string, that string is used instead. | |
2981 (The Emacs package that implements FTP file access is called | |
2982 @code{ange-ftp}.) | |
2983 | |
35908
4ba2a6029c03
(Remote Files): Explain how to use ange-ftp behind firewalls. Add a
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
35731
diff
changeset
|
2984 @cindex anonymous FTP |
4ba2a6029c03
(Remote Files): Explain how to use ange-ftp behind firewalls. Add a
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
35731
diff
changeset
|
2985 @vindex ange-ftp-generate-anonymous-password |
4ba2a6029c03
(Remote Files): Explain how to use ange-ftp behind firewalls. Add a
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
35731
diff
changeset
|
2986 To visit files accessible by anonymous FTP, you use special user |
36155
3594ca3f5f64
Fix some Texinfo usage.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
36136
diff
changeset
|
2987 names @samp{anonymous} or @samp{ftp}. Passwords for these user names |
3594ca3f5f64
Fix some Texinfo usage.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
36136
diff
changeset
|
2988 are handled specially. The variable |
35908
4ba2a6029c03
(Remote Files): Explain how to use ange-ftp behind firewalls. Add a
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
35731
diff
changeset
|
2989 @code{ange-ftp-generate-anonymous-password} controls what happens: if |
4ba2a6029c03
(Remote Files): Explain how to use ange-ftp behind firewalls. Add a
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
35731
diff
changeset
|
2990 the value of this variable is a string, then that string is used as |
4ba2a6029c03
(Remote Files): Explain how to use ange-ftp behind firewalls. Add a
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
35731
diff
changeset
|
2991 the password; if non-@code{nil} (the default), then the value of |
4ba2a6029c03
(Remote Files): Explain how to use ange-ftp behind firewalls. Add a
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
35731
diff
changeset
|
2992 @code{user-mail-address} is used; if @code{nil}, the user is prompted |
4ba2a6029c03
(Remote Files): Explain how to use ange-ftp behind firewalls. Add a
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
35731
diff
changeset
|
2993 for a password as normal. |
4ba2a6029c03
(Remote Files): Explain how to use ange-ftp behind firewalls. Add a
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
35731
diff
changeset
|
2994 |
4ba2a6029c03
(Remote Files): Explain how to use ange-ftp behind firewalls. Add a
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
35731
diff
changeset
|
2995 @cindex firewall, and accessing remote files |
4ba2a6029c03
(Remote Files): Explain how to use ange-ftp behind firewalls. Add a
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
35731
diff
changeset
|
2996 @cindex gateway, and remote file access with @code{ange-ftp} |
4ba2a6029c03
(Remote Files): Explain how to use ange-ftp behind firewalls. Add a
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
35731
diff
changeset
|
2997 @vindex ange-ftp-smart-gateway |
4ba2a6029c03
(Remote Files): Explain how to use ange-ftp behind firewalls. Add a
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
35731
diff
changeset
|
2998 @vindex ange-ftp-gateway-host |
4ba2a6029c03
(Remote Files): Explain how to use ange-ftp behind firewalls. Add a
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
35731
diff
changeset
|
2999 Sometimes you may be unable to access files on a remote machine |
36136
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3000 because a @dfn{firewall} in between blocks the connection for security |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3001 reasons. If you can log in on a @dfn{gateway} machine from which the |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3002 target files @emph{are} accessible, and whose FTP server supports |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3003 gatewaying features, you can still use remote file names; all you have |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3004 to do is specify the name of the gateway machine by setting the |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3005 variable @code{ange-ftp-gateway-host}, and set |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3006 @code{ange-ftp-smart-gateway} to @code{t}. Otherwise you may be able |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3007 to make remote file names work, but the procedure is complex. You can |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3008 read the instructions by typing @kbd{M-x finder-commentary @key{RET} |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3009 ange-ftp @key{RET}}. |
35908
4ba2a6029c03
(Remote Files): Explain how to use ange-ftp behind firewalls. Add a
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
35731
diff
changeset
|
3010 |
25829 | 3011 @vindex file-name-handler-alist |
36136
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3012 @cindex disabling remote files |
26105 | 3013 You can entirely turn off the FTP file name feature by removing the |
37315
702729e72132
Change @var to @code in many places.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
37090
diff
changeset
|
3014 entries @code{ange-ftp-completion-hook-function} and |
702729e72132
Change @var to @code in many places.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
37090
diff
changeset
|
3015 @code{ange-ftp-hook-function} from the variable |
28327
f7b17a6af3db
(Visiting): List wildcard chars. Mention find-file-wildcards.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
28123
diff
changeset
|
3016 @code{file-name-handler-alist}. You can turn off the feature in |
f7b17a6af3db
(Visiting): List wildcard chars. Mention find-file-wildcards.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
28123
diff
changeset
|
3017 individual cases by quoting the file name with @samp{/:} (@pxref{Quoted |
f7b17a6af3db
(Visiting): List wildcard chars. Mention find-file-wildcards.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
28123
diff
changeset
|
3018 File Names}). |
25829 | 3019 |
3020 @node Quoted File Names | |
3021 @section Quoted File Names | |
3022 | |
3023 @cindex quoting file names | |
3024 You can @dfn{quote} an absolute file name to prevent special | |
3025 characters and syntax in it from having their special effects. | |
3026 The way to do this is to add @samp{/:} at the beginning. | |
3027 | |
3028 For example, you can quote a local file name which appears remote, to | |
3029 prevent it from being treated as a remote file name. Thus, if you have | |
3030 a directory named @file{/foo:} and a file named @file{bar} in it, you | |
3031 can refer to that file in Emacs as @samp{/:/foo:/bar}. | |
3032 | |
3033 @samp{/:} can also prevent @samp{~} from being treated as a special | |
3034 character for a user's home directory. For example, @file{/:/tmp/~hack} | |
3035 refers to a file whose name is @file{~hack} in directory @file{/tmp}. | |
3036 | |
44143
f7a64b7a993d
(Quoted File Names): Minor clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
44086
diff
changeset
|
3037 Quoting with @samp{/:} is also a way to enter in the minibuffer a |
f7a64b7a993d
(Quoted File Names): Minor clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
44086
diff
changeset
|
3038 file name that contains @samp{$}. In order for this to work, the |
f7a64b7a993d
(Quoted File Names): Minor clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
44086
diff
changeset
|
3039 @samp{/:} must be at the beginning of the minibuffer contents. (You |
f7a64b7a993d
(Quoted File Names): Minor clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
44086
diff
changeset
|
3040 can also double each @samp{$}; see @ref{File Names with @samp{$}}.) |
25829 | 3041 |
3042 You can also quote wildcard characters with @samp{/:}, for visiting. | |
44143
f7a64b7a993d
(Quoted File Names): Minor clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
44086
diff
changeset
|
3043 For example, @file{/:/tmp/foo*bar} visits the file |
f7a64b7a993d
(Quoted File Names): Minor clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
44086
diff
changeset
|
3044 @file{/tmp/foo*bar}. |
f7a64b7a993d
(Quoted File Names): Minor clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
44086
diff
changeset
|
3045 |
f7a64b7a993d
(Quoted File Names): Minor clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
44086
diff
changeset
|
3046 Another method of getting the same result is to enter |
f7a64b7a993d
(Quoted File Names): Minor clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
44086
diff
changeset
|
3047 @file{/tmp/foo[*]bar}, which is a wildcard specification that matches |
f7a64b7a993d
(Quoted File Names): Minor clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
44086
diff
changeset
|
3048 only @file{/tmp/foo*bar}. However, in many cases there is no need to |
f7a64b7a993d
(Quoted File Names): Minor clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
44086
diff
changeset
|
3049 quote the wildcard characters because even unquoted they give the |
f7a64b7a993d
(Quoted File Names): Minor clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
44086
diff
changeset
|
3050 right result. For example, if the only file name in @file{/tmp} that |
f7a64b7a993d
(Quoted File Names): Minor clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
44086
diff
changeset
|
3051 starts with @samp{foo} and ends with @samp{bar} is @file{foo*bar}, |
f7a64b7a993d
(Quoted File Names): Minor clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
44086
diff
changeset
|
3052 then specifying @file{/tmp/foo*bar} will visit only |
f7a64b7a993d
(Quoted File Names): Minor clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
44086
diff
changeset
|
3053 @file{/tmp/foo*bar}. |
28526
297e03ccd7e6
(Backup): backup-enable-predicate.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
28327
diff
changeset
|
3054 |
36136
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3055 @node File Name Cache |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3056 @section File Name Cache |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3057 |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3058 @cindex file name caching |
28671 | 3059 @cindex cache of file names |
3060 @pindex find | |
36136
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3061 @kindex C-@key{TAB} |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3062 @findex file-cache-minibuffer-complete |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3063 You can use the @dfn{file name cache} to make it easy to locate a |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3064 file by name, without having to remember exactly where it is located. |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3065 When typing a file name in the minibuffer, @kbd{C-@key{tab}} |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3066 (@code{file-cache-minibuffer-complete}) completes it using the file |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3067 name cache. If you repeat @kbd{C-@key{tab}}, that cycles through the |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3068 possible completions of what you had originally typed. Note that the |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3069 @kbd{C-@key{tab}} character cannot be typed on most text-only |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3070 terminals. |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3071 |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3072 The file name cache does not fill up automatically. Instead, you |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3073 load file names into the cache using these commands: |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3074 |
31076 | 3075 @findex file-cache-add-directory |
36136
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3076 @table @kbd |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3077 @item M-x file-cache-add-directory @key{RET} @var{directory} @key{RET} |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3078 Add each file name in @var{directory} to the file name cache. |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3079 @item M-x file-cache-add-directory-using-find @key{RET} @var{directory} @key{RET} |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3080 Add each file name in @var{directory} and all of its nested |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3081 subdirectories to the file name cache. |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3082 @item M-x file-cache-add-directory-using-locate @key{RET} @var{directory} @key{RET} |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3083 Add each file name in @var{directory} and all of its nested |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3084 subdirectories to the file name cache, using @command{locate} to find |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3085 them all. |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3086 @item M-x file-cache-add-directory-list @key{RET} @var{variable} @key{RET} |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3087 Add each file name in each directory listed in @var{variable} |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3088 to the file name cache. @var{variable} should be a Lisp variable |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3089 such as @code{load-path} or @code{exec-path}, whose value is a list |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3090 of directory names. |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3091 @item M-x file-cache-clear-cache @key{RET} |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3092 Clear the cache; that is, remove all file names from it. |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3093 @end table |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3094 |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3095 @node File Conveniences |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3096 @section Convenience Features for Finding Files |
31076 | 3097 |
3098 @findex recentf-mode | |
3099 @vindex recentf-mode | |
3100 @findex recentf-save-list | |
3101 @findex recentf-edit-list | |
36136
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3102 If you enable Recentf mode, with @kbd{M-x recentf-mode}, the |
37315
702729e72132
Change @var to @code in many places.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
37090
diff
changeset
|
3103 @samp{File} menu includes a submenu containing a list of recently |
36136
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3104 opened files. @kbd{M-x recentf-save-list} saves the current |
37315
702729e72132
Change @var to @code in many places.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
37090
diff
changeset
|
3105 @code{recent-file-list} to a file, and @kbd{M-x recentf-edit-list} |
702729e72132
Change @var to @code in many places.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
37090
diff
changeset
|
3106 edits it. |
32221 | 3107 |
3108 @findex auto-image-file-mode | |
3109 @findex mode, auto-image-file | |
3110 @cindex images, visiting | |
3111 @cindex visiting image files | |
3112 @vindex image-file-name-regexps | |
3113 @vindex image-file-name-extensions | |
36136
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3114 When Auto-image-file minor mode is enabled, visiting an image file |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3115 displays it as an image, not as text. Likewise, inserting an image |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3116 file into a buffer inserts it as an image. This works only when Emacs |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3117 can display the relevant image type. The variables |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3118 @code{image-file-name-extensions} or @code{image-file-name-regexps} |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3119 control which file names are recognized as containing images. |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3120 |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3121 The @kbd{M-x ffap} command generalizes @code{find-file} with more |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3122 powerful heuristic defaults (@pxref{FFAP}), often based on the text at |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3123 point. Partial Completion mode offers other features extending |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3124 @code{find-file}, which can be used with @code{ffap}. |
a5ae50ec6fe7
Many small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35919
diff
changeset
|
3125 @xref{Completion Options}. |