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annotate man/programs.texi @ 67236:7a5248410af9
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author | Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org> |
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date | Thu, 01 Dec 2005 19:14:15 +0000 |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2000, |
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3 @c 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node Programs, Building, Text, Top | |
6 @chapter Editing Programs | |
7 @cindex Lisp editing | |
8 @cindex C editing | |
9 @cindex program editing | |
10 | |
38867 | 11 Emacs provides many features to facilitate editing programs. Some |
12 of these features can | |
25829 | 13 |
14 @itemize @bullet | |
15 @item | |
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16 Find or move over top-level definitions (@pxref{Defuns}). |
25829 | 17 @item |
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18 Apply the usual indentation conventions of the language |
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19 (@pxref{Program Indent}). |
25829 | 20 @item |
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21 Balance parentheses (@pxref{Parentheses}). |
25829 | 22 @item |
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23 Insert, kill or align comments (@pxref{Comments}). |
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24 @item |
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25 Highlight program syntax (@pxref{Font Lock}). |
25829 | 26 @end itemize |
27 | |
38867 | 28 This chapter describes these features and many more. |
29 | |
25829 | 30 @menu |
31 * Program Modes:: Major modes for editing programs. | |
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32 * Defuns:: Commands to operate on major top-level parts |
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33 of a program. |
25829 | 34 * Program Indent:: Adjusting indentation to show the nesting. |
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35 * Parentheses:: Commands that operate on parentheses. |
25829 | 36 * Comments:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments. |
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37 * Documentation:: Getting documentation of functions you plan to call. |
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38 * Hideshow:: Displaying blocks selectively. |
25829 | 39 * Symbol Completion:: Completion on symbol names of your program or language. |
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40 * Glasses:: Making identifiersLikeThis more readable. |
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41 * Misc for Programs:: Other Emacs features useful for editing programs. |
26264 | 42 * C Modes:: Special commands of C, C++, Objective-C, |
25829 | 43 Java, and Pike modes. |
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44 * Fortran:: Fortran mode and its special features. |
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45 * Asm Mode:: Asm mode and its special features. |
25829 | 46 @end menu |
47 | |
48 @node Program Modes | |
49 @section Major Modes for Programming Languages | |
50 @cindex modes for programming languages | |
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51 |
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52 Emacs has specialized major modes for various programming languages. |
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53 @xref{Major Modes}. A programming language major mode typically |
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54 specifies the syntax of expressions, the customary rules for |
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55 indentation, how to do syntax highlighting for the language, and how |
38867 | 56 to find the beginning of a function definition. It often customizes |
57 or provides facilities for compiling and debugging programs as well. | |
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58 |
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59 Ideally, Emacs should provide a major mode for each programming |
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60 language that you might want to edit; if it doesn't have a mode for |
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61 your favorite language, you can contribute one. But often the mode |
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62 for one language can serve for other syntactically similar languages. |
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63 The major mode for language @var{l} is called @code{@var{l}-mode}, |
38867 | 64 and you can select it by typing @kbd{M-x @var{l}-mode @key{RET}}. |
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65 @xref{Choosing Modes}. |
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66 |
25829 | 67 @cindex Perl mode |
68 @cindex Icon mode | |
69 @cindex Makefile mode | |
70 @cindex Tcl mode | |
71 @cindex CPerl mode | |
26106 | 72 @cindex DSSSL mode |
73 @cindex Octave mode | |
74 @cindex Metafont mode | |
75 @cindex Modula2 mode | |
76 @cindex Prolog mode | |
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77 @cindex Python mode |
26106 | 78 @cindex Simula mode |
79 @cindex VHDL mode | |
80 @cindex M4 mode | |
81 @cindex Shell-script mode | |
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82 @cindex Delphi mode |
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83 @cindex PostScript mode |
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84 @cindex Conf mode |
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85 @cindex DNS mode |
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86 The existing programming language major modes include Lisp, Scheme (a |
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87 variant of Lisp) and the Scheme-based DSSSL expression language, Ada, |
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88 ASM, AWK, C, C++, Delphi (Object Pascal), Fortran (free format and fixed |
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89 format), Icon, IDL (CORBA), IDLWAVE, Java, Metafont (@TeX{}'s |
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90 companion for font creation), Modula2, Objective-C, Octave, Pascal, |
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91 Perl, Pike, PostScript, Prolog, Python, Simula, Tcl, and VHDL. An |
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92 alternative mode for Perl is called CPerl mode. Modes are available for |
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93 the scripting languages of the common GNU and Unix shells, VMS DCL, and |
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94 MS-DOS/MS-Windows @samp{BAT} files. There are also major modes for |
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95 editing makefiles, DNS master files, and various sorts of configuration |
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96 files. |
25829 | 97 |
98 @kindex DEL @r{(programming modes)} | |
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99 @findex c-electric-backspace |
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100 In most programming languages, indentation should vary from line to |
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101 line to illustrate the structure of the program. So the major modes |
38867 | 102 for programming languages arrange for @key{TAB} to update the |
103 indentation of the current line. They also rebind @key{DEL} to treat | |
104 a tab as if it were the equivalent number of spaces; this lets you | |
105 delete one column of indentation without worrying whether the | |
106 whitespace consists of spaces or tabs. Use @kbd{C-b C-d} to delete a | |
107 tab character before point, in these modes. | |
25829 | 108 |
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109 Separate manuals are available for the modes for Ada (@pxref{Top, , Ada |
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110 Mode, ada-mode, Ada Mode}), C/C++/Objective C/Java/Corba IDL/Pike/AWK |
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111 (@pxref{Top, , CC Mode, ccmode, CC Mode}) and the IDLWAVE modes |
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112 (@pxref{Top, , IDLWAVE, idlwave, IDLWAVE User Manual}). |
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113 |
25829 | 114 @cindex mode hook |
115 @vindex c-mode-hook | |
116 @vindex lisp-mode-hook | |
117 @vindex emacs-lisp-mode-hook | |
118 @vindex lisp-interaction-mode-hook | |
119 @vindex scheme-mode-hook | |
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120 Turning on a major mode runs a normal hook called the @dfn{mode |
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121 hook}, which is the value of a Lisp variable. Each major mode has a |
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122 mode hook, and the hook's name is always made from the mode command's |
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123 name by adding @samp{-hook}. For example, turning on C mode runs the |
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124 hook @code{c-mode-hook}, while turning on Lisp mode runs the hook |
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125 @code{lisp-mode-hook}. The purpose of the mode hook is to give you a |
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126 place to set up customizations for that major mode. @xref{Hooks}. |
25829 | 127 |
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128 @node Defuns |
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129 @section Top-Level Definitions, or Defuns |
25829 | 130 |
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131 In Emacs, a major definition at the top level in the buffer is |
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132 called a @dfn{defun}. The name comes from Lisp, but in Emacs we use |
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133 it for all languages. |
25829 | 134 |
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135 In most programming language modes, Emacs assumes that a defun is |
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136 any pair of parentheses (or braces, if the language uses braces this |
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137 way) that starts at the left margin. For example, in C, the body of a |
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138 function definition is normally a defun, because the open-brace that |
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139 begins it is normally at the left margin. A variable's initializer |
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140 can also count as a defun, if the open-brace that begins the |
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141 initializer is at the left margin. |
25829 | 142 |
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143 However, some language modes provide their own code for recognizing |
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144 defuns in a way that suits the language syntax and conventions better. |
25829 | 145 |
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146 @menu |
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147 * Left Margin Paren:: An open-paren or similar opening delimiter |
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148 starts a defun if it is at the left margin. |
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149 * Moving by Defuns:: Commands to move over or mark a major definition. |
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150 * Imenu:: Making buffer indexes as menus. |
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151 * Which Function:: Which Function mode shows which function you are in. |
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152 @end menu |
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153 |
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154 @node Left Margin Paren |
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155 @subsection Left Margin Convention |
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157 @cindex open-parenthesis in leftmost column |
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158 @cindex ( in leftmost column |
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159 In most major modes, Emacs assumes that any opening delimiter found |
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160 at the left margin is the start of a top-level definition, or defun. |
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161 Therefore, @strong{never put an opening delimiter at the left margin |
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162 unless it should have that significance.} For instance, never put an |
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163 open-parenthesis at the left margin in a Lisp file unless it is the |
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164 start of a top-level list. Never put an open-brace or other opening |
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165 delimiter at the beginning of a line of C code unless it is at top |
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166 level. |
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168 If you don't follow this convention, not only will you have trouble |
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169 when you explicitly use the commands for motion by defuns; other |
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170 features that use them will also give you trouble. This includes |
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171 the indentation commands (@pxref{Program Indent}) and Font Lock |
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172 mode (@pxref{Font Lock}). |
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174 The most likely problem case is when you want an opening delimiter |
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175 at the start of a line inside a string. To avoid trouble, put an |
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176 escape character (@samp{\}, in C and Emacs Lisp, @samp{/} in some |
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177 other Lisp dialects) before the opening delimiter. This will not |
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178 affect the contents of the string, but will prevent that opening |
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179 delimiter from starting a defun. Here's an example: |
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181 @example |
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182 (insert "Foo: |
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183 \(bar) |
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184 ") |
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185 @end example |
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187 To help you catch violations of this convention, Font Lock mode |
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188 highlights confusing opening delimiters (those that ought to be |
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189 quoted) in bold red. |
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190 |
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191 In the earliest days, the original Emacs found defuns by moving |
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192 upward a level of parentheses or braces until there were no more |
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193 levels to go up. This always required scanning all the way back to |
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194 the beginning of the buffer, even for a small function. To speed up |
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195 the operation, we changed Emacs to assume that any opening delimiter |
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196 at the left margin is the start of a defun. This heuristic is nearly |
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197 always right, and avoids the need to scan back to the beginning of the |
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198 buffer. However, it mandates following the convention described |
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199 above. |
25829 | 200 |
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201 @node Moving by Defuns |
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202 @subsection Moving by Defuns |
25829 | 203 @cindex defuns |
204 | |
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205 These commands move point or set up the region based on top-level |
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206 major definitions, also called @dfn{defuns}. |
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207 |
25829 | 208 @table @kbd |
209 @item C-M-a | |
210 Move to beginning of current or preceding defun | |
211 (@code{beginning-of-defun}). | |
212 @item C-M-e | |
213 Move to end of current or following defun (@code{end-of-defun}). | |
214 @item C-M-h | |
215 Put region around whole current or following defun (@code{mark-defun}). | |
216 @end table | |
217 | |
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218 @cindex move to beginning or end of function |
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219 @cindex function, move to beginning or end |
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220 @kindex C-M-a |
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221 @kindex C-M-e |
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222 @kindex C-M-h |
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223 @findex beginning-of-defun |
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224 @findex end-of-defun |
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225 @findex mark-defun |
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226 The commands to move to the beginning and end of the current defun |
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227 are @kbd{C-M-a} (@code{beginning-of-defun}) and @kbd{C-M-e} |
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228 (@code{end-of-defun}). If you repeat one of these commands, or use a |
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229 positive numeric argument, each repetition moves to the next defun in |
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230 the direction of motion. |
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231 |
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232 @kbd{C-M-a} with a negative argument @minus{}@var{n} moves forward |
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233 @var{n} times to the next beginning of a defun. This is not exactly |
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234 the same place that @kbd{C-M-e} with argument @var{n} would move to; |
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235 the end of this defun is not usually exactly the same place as the |
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236 beginning of the following defun. (Whitespace, comments, and perhaps |
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237 declarations can separate them.) Likewise, @kbd{C-M-e} with a |
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238 negative argument moves back to an end of a defun, which is not quite |
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239 the same as @kbd{C-M-a} with a positive argument. |
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240 |
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241 @kindex C-M-h @r{(C mode)} |
25829 | 242 @findex c-mark-function |
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243 To operate on the current defun, use @kbd{C-M-h} (@code{mark-defun}) |
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244 which puts point at the beginning and mark at the end of the current |
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245 defun. This is the easiest way to get ready to kill the defun in |
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246 order to move it to a different place in the file. If you use the |
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247 command while point is between defuns, it uses the following defun. |
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248 Successive uses of @kbd{C-M-h}, or using it in Transient Mark mode |
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249 when the mark is active, includes an additional defun in the region |
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250 each time. |
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251 |
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252 In C mode, @kbd{C-M-h} runs the function @code{c-mark-function}, |
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253 which is almost the same as @code{mark-defun}; the difference is that |
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254 it backs up over the argument declarations, function name and returned |
38867 | 255 data type so that the entire C function is inside the region. This is |
256 an example of how major modes adjust the standard key bindings so that | |
257 they do their standard jobs in a way better fitting a particular | |
258 language. Other major modes may replace any or all of these key | |
259 bindings for that purpose. | |
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260 |
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261 @node Imenu |
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262 @subsection Imenu |
38867 | 263 @cindex index of buffer definitions |
264 @cindex buffer definitions index | |
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265 @cindex tags |
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266 |
42675 | 267 The Imenu facility offers a way to find the major definitions in |
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268 a file by name. It is also useful in text formatter major modes, |
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269 where it treats each chapter, section, etc., as a definition. |
38867 | 270 (@xref{Tags}, for a more powerful feature that handles multiple files |
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271 together.) |
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272 |
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273 @findex imenu |
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274 If you type @kbd{M-x imenu}, it reads the name of a definition using |
38867 | 275 the minibuffer, then moves point to that definition. You can use |
276 completion to specify the name; the command always displays the whole | |
277 list of valid names. | |
25829 | 278 |
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279 @findex imenu-add-menubar-index |
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280 Alternatively, you can bind the command @code{imenu} to a mouse |
38867 | 281 click. Then it displays mouse menus for you to select a definition |
282 name. You can also add the buffer's index to the menu bar by calling | |
283 @code{imenu-add-menubar-index}. If you want to have this menu bar | |
284 item available for all buffers in a certain major mode, you can do | |
285 this by adding @code{imenu-add-menubar-index} to its mode hook. But | |
286 if you have done that, you will have to wait each time you visit a | |
287 file in that mode, while Emacs finds all the definitions in that | |
288 buffer. | |
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289 |
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290 @vindex imenu-auto-rescan |
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291 When you change the contents of a buffer, if you add or delete |
38867 | 292 definitions, you can update the buffer's index based on the |
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293 new contents by invoking the @samp{*Rescan*} item in the menu. |
39063 | 294 Rescanning happens automatically if you set @code{imenu-auto-rescan} to |
295 a non-@code{nil} value. There is no need to rescan because of small | |
38867 | 296 changes in the text. |
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297 |
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298 @vindex imenu-sort-function |
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299 You can customize the way the menus are sorted by setting the |
38867 | 300 variable @code{imenu-sort-function}. By default, names are ordered as |
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301 they occur in the buffer; if you want alphabetic sorting, use the |
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302 symbol @code{imenu--sort-by-name} as the value. You can also |
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303 define your own comparison function by writing Lisp code. |
25829 | 304 |
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305 Imenu provides the information to guide Which Function mode |
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306 @ifnottex |
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307 (@pxref{Which Function}). |
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308 @end ifnottex |
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309 @iftex |
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310 (see below). |
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311 @end iftex |
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312 The Speedbar can also use it (@pxref{Speedbar}). |
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313 |
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314 @node Which Function |
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315 @subsection Which Function Mode |
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316 @cindex current function name in mode line |
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317 |
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318 Which Function mode is a minor mode that displays the current |
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319 function name in the mode line, updating it as you move around in a |
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320 buffer. |
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321 |
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322 @findex which-function-mode |
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323 @vindex which-func-modes |
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324 To enable (or disable) Which Function mode, use the command @kbd{M-x |
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325 which-function-mode}. This command is global; it applies to all |
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326 buffers, both existing ones and those yet to be created. However, it |
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327 takes effect only in certain major modes, those listed in the value of |
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328 @code{which-func-modes}. If the value is @code{t}, then Which Function |
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329 mode applies to all major modes that know how to support it---in other |
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330 words, all the major modes that support Imenu. |
25829 | 331 |
332 @node Program Indent | |
333 @section Indentation for Programs | |
334 @cindex indentation for programs | |
335 | |
336 The best way to keep a program properly indented is to use Emacs to | |
337 reindent it as you change it. Emacs has commands to indent properly | |
338 either a single line, a specified number of lines, or all of the lines | |
339 inside a single parenthetical grouping. | |
340 | |
341 @menu | |
342 * Basic Indent:: Indenting a single line. | |
343 * Multi-line Indent:: Commands to reindent many lines at once. | |
344 * Lisp Indent:: Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented. | |
345 * C Indent:: Extra features for indenting C and related modes. | |
346 * Custom C Indent:: Controlling indentation style for C and related modes. | |
347 @end menu | |
348 | |
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349 @cindex pretty-printer |
25829 | 350 Emacs also provides a Lisp pretty-printer in the library @code{pp}. |
351 This program reformats a Lisp object with indentation chosen to look nice. | |
352 | |
353 @node Basic Indent | |
354 @subsection Basic Program Indentation Commands | |
355 | |
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356 The basic indentation commands indent a single line according to the |
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357 usual conventions of the language you are editing. |
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358 |
25829 | 359 @table @kbd |
360 @item @key{TAB} | |
361 Adjust indentation of current line. | |
362 @item C-j | |
363 Equivalent to @key{RET} followed by @key{TAB} (@code{newline-and-indent}). | |
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364 @item @key{LINEFEED} |
38867 | 365 This key, if the keyboard has it, is another way to enter @kbd{C-j}. |
25829 | 366 @end table |
367 | |
368 @kindex TAB @r{(programming modes)} | |
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369 @findex c-indent-command |
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370 @findex indent-line-function |
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371 @findex indent-for-tab-command |
25829 | 372 The basic indentation command is @key{TAB}, which gives the current line |
373 the correct indentation as determined from the previous lines. The | |
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374 function that @key{TAB} runs depends on the major mode; it is |
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375 @code{lisp-indent-line} |
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376 in Lisp mode, @code{c-indent-command} in C mode, etc. These functions |
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377 understand the syntax and conventions of different languages, but they all do |
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378 conceptually the same job: @key{TAB} in any programming-language major mode |
25829 | 379 inserts or deletes whitespace at the beginning of the current line, |
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380 independent of where point is in the line. If point was inside the |
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381 whitespace at the beginning of the line, @key{TAB} puts it at the end of |
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382 that whitespace; otherwise, @key{TAB} keeps point fixed with respect to |
25829 | 383 the characters around it. |
384 | |
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385 Use @kbd{C-q @key{TAB}} to insert a tab character at point. |
25829 | 386 |
387 @kindex C-j | |
388 @findex newline-and-indent | |
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389 When entering lines of new code, use @kbd{C-j} |
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390 (@code{newline-and-indent}), which is equivalent to a @key{RET} |
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391 followed by a @key{TAB}. @kbd{C-j} at the end of a line creates a |
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392 blank line and then gives it the appropriate indentation. |
25829 | 393 |
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394 @key{TAB} indents a line that starts within a parenthetical grouping |
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395 under the preceding line within the grouping, or the text after the |
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396 parenthesis. Therefore, if you manually give one of these lines a |
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397 nonstandard indentation, the lines below will tend to follow it. This |
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398 behavior is convenient in cases where you have overridden the standard |
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399 result of @key{TAB} because you find it unaesthetic for a particular |
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400 line. |
25829 | 401 |
402 Remember that an open-parenthesis, open-brace or other opening delimiter | |
403 at the left margin is assumed by Emacs (including the indentation routines) | |
404 to be the start of a function. Therefore, you must never have an opening | |
405 delimiter in column zero that is not the beginning of a function, not even | |
406 inside a string. This restriction is vital for making the indentation | |
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407 commands fast; you must simply accept it. @xref{Left Margin Paren}, |
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408 for more information on this. |
25829 | 409 |
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410 Normally, lines are indented with tabs and spaces. If you want Emacs |
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411 to use spaces only, see @ref{Just Spaces}. |
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412 |
25829 | 413 @node Multi-line Indent |
414 @subsection Indenting Several Lines | |
415 | |
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416 When you wish to reindent several lines of code which have been |
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417 altered or moved to a different level in the parenthesis structure, |
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418 you have several commands available. |
25829 | 419 |
420 @table @kbd | |
421 @item C-M-q | |
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422 Reindent all the lines within one parenthetical grouping (@code{indent-pp-sexp}). |
38867 | 423 @item C-M-\ |
424 Reindent all lines in the region (@code{indent-region}). | |
25829 | 425 @item C-u @key{TAB} |
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426 Shift an entire parenthetical grouping rigidly sideways so that its |
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427 first line is properly indented. |
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428 @item M-x indent-code-rigidly |
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429 Shift all the lines in the region rigidly sideways, but do not alter |
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430 lines that start inside comments and strings. |
25829 | 431 @end table |
432 | |
433 @kindex C-M-q | |
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434 @findex indent-pp-sexp |
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435 You can reindent the contents of a single parenthetical grouping by |
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436 positioning point before the beginning of it and typing @kbd{C-M-q} |
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437 (@code{indent-pp-sexp} in Lisp mode, @code{c-indent-exp} in C mode; also |
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438 bound to other suitable commands in other modes). The indentation of |
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439 the line where the grouping starts is not changed; therefore this |
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440 changes only the relative indentation within the grouping, not its |
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441 overall indentation. To correct that as well, type @key{TAB} first. |
25829 | 442 |
38867 | 443 Another way to specify the range to be reindented is with the |
444 region. The command @kbd{C-M-\} (@code{indent-region}) applies | |
445 @key{TAB} to every line whose first character is between point and | |
446 mark. | |
447 | |
25829 | 448 @kindex C-u TAB |
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449 If you like the relative indentation within a grouping, but not the |
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450 indentation of its first line, you can type @kbd{C-u @key{TAB}} to |
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451 reindent the whole grouping as a rigid unit. (This works in Lisp |
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452 modes and C and related modes.) @key{TAB} with a numeric argument |
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453 reindents the current line as usual, then reindents by the same amount |
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454 all the lines in the parenthetical grouping starting on the current |
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455 line. It is clever, though, and does not alter lines that start |
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456 inside strings. Neither does it alter C preprocessor lines when in C |
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457 mode, but it does reindent any continuation lines that may be attached |
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458 to them. |
25829 | 459 |
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460 @findex indent-code-rigidly |
38867 | 461 You can also perform this operation on the region, using the command |
462 @kbd{M-x indent-code-rigidly}. It rigidly shifts all the lines in the | |
463 region sideways, like @code{indent-rigidly} does (@pxref{Indentation | |
464 Commands}). It doesn't alter the indentation of lines that start | |
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465 inside a string, unless the region also starts inside that string. |
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466 The prefix arg specifies the number of columns to indent. |
25829 | 467 |
468 @node Lisp Indent | |
469 @subsection Customizing Lisp Indentation | |
470 @cindex customizing Lisp indentation | |
471 | |
472 The indentation pattern for a Lisp expression can depend on the function | |
473 called by the expression. For each Lisp function, you can choose among | |
474 several predefined patterns of indentation, or define an arbitrary one with | |
475 a Lisp program. | |
476 | |
477 The standard pattern of indentation is as follows: the second line of the | |
478 expression is indented under the first argument, if that is on the same | |
479 line as the beginning of the expression; otherwise, the second line is | |
480 indented underneath the function name. Each following line is indented | |
481 under the previous line whose nesting depth is the same. | |
482 | |
483 @vindex lisp-indent-offset | |
484 If the variable @code{lisp-indent-offset} is non-@code{nil}, it overrides | |
485 the usual indentation pattern for the second line of an expression, so that | |
486 such lines are always indented @code{lisp-indent-offset} more columns than | |
487 the containing list. | |
488 | |
489 @vindex lisp-body-indent | |
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490 Certain functions override the standard pattern. Functions whose |
42675 | 491 names start with @code{def} treat the second lines as the start of |
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492 a @dfn{body}, by indenting the second line @code{lisp-body-indent} |
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493 additional columns beyond the open-parenthesis that starts the |
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494 expression. |
25829 | 495 |
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496 @cindex @code{lisp-indent-function} property |
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497 You can override the standard pattern in various ways for individual |
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498 functions, according to the @code{lisp-indent-function} property of |
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499 the function name. Normally you would use this for macro definitions |
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500 and specify it using the @code{declare} construct (@pxref{Defining |
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501 Macros,,, elisp, the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}). |
25829 | 502 |
503 @node C Indent | |
504 @subsection Commands for C Indentation | |
505 | |
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506 Here are special features for indentation in C mode and related modes: |
25829 | 507 |
508 @table @code | |
509 @item C-c C-q | |
510 @kindex C-c C-q @r{(C mode)} | |
511 @findex c-indent-defun | |
512 Reindent the current top-level function definition or aggregate type | |
513 declaration (@code{c-indent-defun}). | |
514 | |
515 @item C-M-q | |
516 @kindex C-M-q @r{(C mode)} | |
517 @findex c-indent-exp | |
518 Reindent each line in the balanced expression that follows point | |
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519 (@code{c-indent-exp}). A prefix argument inhibits warning messages |
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520 about invalid syntax. |
25829 | 521 |
522 @item @key{TAB} | |
523 @findex c-indent-command | |
524 Reindent the current line, and/or in some cases insert a tab character | |
525 (@code{c-indent-command}). | |
526 | |
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527 @vindex c-tab-always-indent |
25829 | 528 If @code{c-tab-always-indent} is @code{t}, this command always reindents |
529 the current line and does nothing else. This is the default. | |
530 | |
531 If that variable is @code{nil}, this command reindents the current line | |
532 only if point is at the left margin or in the line's indentation; | |
533 otherwise, it inserts a tab (or the equivalent number of spaces, | |
534 if @code{indent-tabs-mode} is @code{nil}). | |
535 | |
536 Any other value (not @code{nil} or @code{t}) means always reindent the | |
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537 line, and also insert a tab if within a comment or a string. |
25829 | 538 @end table |
539 | |
540 To reindent the whole current buffer, type @kbd{C-x h C-M-\}. This | |
541 first selects the whole buffer as the region, then reindents that | |
542 region. | |
543 | |
544 To reindent the current block, use @kbd{C-M-u C-M-q}. This moves | |
545 to the front of the block and then reindents it all. | |
546 | |
547 @node Custom C Indent | |
548 @subsection Customizing C Indentation | |
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549 @cindex style (for indentation) |
25829 | 550 |
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551 C mode and related modes use a flexible mechanism for customizing |
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552 indentation. C mode indents a source line in two steps: first it |
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553 classifies the line syntactically according to its contents and |
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554 context; second, it determines the indentation offset associated by |
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555 your selected @dfn{style} with the syntactic construct and adds this |
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556 onto the indentation of the @dfn{anchor statement}. |
25829 | 557 |
558 @table @kbd | |
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559 @item C-c . @key{RET} @var{style} @key{RET} |
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560 Select a predefined style @var{style} (@code{c-set-style}). |
25829 | 561 @end table |
562 | |
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563 A @dfn{style} is a named collection of customizations that can |
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564 be used in C mode and the related modes. Emacs comes with several |
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565 predefined styles, including @code{gnu}, @code{k&r}, @code{bsd}, |
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566 @code{stroustrup}, @code{linux}, @code{python}, @code{java}, |
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567 @code{whitesmith}, @code{ellemtel}, @code{cc-mode}, and @code{user}. |
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568 Some of these styles are primarily intended for one language, but any |
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569 of them can be used with any of the languages supported by these |
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570 modes. To find out what a style looks like, select it and reindent |
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571 some code, e.g., by typing @key{C-M-q} at the start of a function |
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572 definition. |
25829 | 573 |
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574 @kindex C-c . @r{(C mode)} |
25829 | 575 @findex c-set-style |
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576 To choose a style for the current buffer, use the command @kbd{C-c |
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577 .}. Specify a style name as an argument (case is not significant). |
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578 This command affects the current buffer only, and it affects only |
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579 future invocations of the indentation commands; it does not reindent |
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580 the code in the buffer. To reindent the whole buffer in the new |
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581 style, you can type @kbd{C-x h C-M-\}. |
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582 |
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583 @vindex c-default-style |
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584 You can also set the variable @code{c-default-style} to specify the |
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585 default style for various major modes. Its value should be either the |
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586 style's name (a string) or an alist, in which each element specifies |
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587 one major mode and which indentation style to use for it. For |
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588 example, |
25829 | 589 |
590 @example | |
591 (setq c-default-style | |
592 '((java-mode . "java") (other . "gnu"))) | |
593 @end example | |
594 | |
595 @noindent | |
596 specifies an explicit choice for Java mode, and the default @samp{gnu} | |
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597 style for the other C-like modes. (These settings are actually the |
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598 defaults.) This variable takes effect when you select one of the |
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599 C-like major modes; thus, if you specify a new default style for Java |
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600 mode, you can make it take effect in an existing Java mode buffer by |
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601 typing @kbd{M-x java-mode} there. |
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602 |
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603 The @code{gnu} style specifies the formatting recommended by the GNU |
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604 Project for C; it is the default, so as to encourage use of our |
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605 recommended style. |
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606 |
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607 @xref{Customizing Indentation,,, ccmode, the CC Mode Manual}, for |
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608 more information on customizing indentation for C and related modes, |
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609 including how to override parts of an existing style and how to define |
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610 your own styles. |
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611 |
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612 @node Parentheses |
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613 @section Commands for Editing with Parentheses |
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614 |
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615 @findex check-parens |
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616 @cindex unbalanced parentheses and quotes |
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617 This section describes the commands and features that take advantage |
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618 of the parenthesis structure in a program, or help you keep it |
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619 balanced. |
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620 |
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621 When talking about these facilities, the term ``parenthesis'' also |
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622 includes braces, brackets, or whatever delimiters are defined to match |
38867 | 623 in pairs. The major mode controls which delimiters are significant, |
624 through the syntax table (@pxref{Syntax}). In Lisp, only parentheses | |
625 count; in C, these commands apply to braces and brackets too. | |
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626 |
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627 You can use @kbd{M-x check-parens} to find any unbalanced |
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628 parentheses and unbalanced string quotes in the buffer. |
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629 |
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630 @menu |
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631 * Expressions:: Expressions with balanced parentheses. |
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632 * Moving by Parens:: Commands for moving up, down and across |
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633 in the structure of parentheses. |
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634 * Matching:: Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open. |
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635 @end menu |
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636 |
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637 @node Expressions |
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638 @subsection Expressions with Balanced Parentheses |
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639 |
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640 @cindex sexp |
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641 @cindex expression |
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642 @cindex balanced expression |
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643 These commands deal with balanced expressions, also called |
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644 @dfn{sexps}@footnote{The word ``sexp'' is used to refer to an |
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645 expression in Lisp.}. |
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646 |
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647 @table @kbd |
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648 @item C-M-f |
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649 Move forward over a balanced expression (@code{forward-sexp}). |
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650 @item C-M-b |
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651 Move backward over a balanced expression (@code{backward-sexp}). |
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652 @item C-M-k |
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653 Kill balanced expression forward (@code{kill-sexp}). |
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654 @item C-M-t |
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655 Transpose expressions (@code{transpose-sexps}). |
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656 @item C-M-@@ |
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657 @itemx C-M-@key{SPC} |
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658 Put mark after following expression (@code{mark-sexp}). |
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659 @end table |
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660 |
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661 Each programming language major mode customizes the definition of |
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662 balanced expressions to suit that language. Balanced expressions |
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663 typically include symbols, numbers, and string constants, as well as |
38867 | 664 any pair of matching delimiters and their contents. Some languages |
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665 have obscure forms of expression syntax that nobody has bothered to |
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666 implement in Emacs. |
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667 |
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668 @cindex Control-Meta |
38867 | 669 By convention, the keys for these commands are all Control-Meta |
670 characters. They usually act on expressions just as the corresponding | |
671 Meta characters act on words. For instance, the command @kbd{C-M-b} | |
672 moves backward over a balanced expression, just as @kbd{M-b} moves | |
673 back over a word. | |
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674 |
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675 @kindex C-M-f |
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676 @kindex C-M-b |
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677 @findex forward-sexp |
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678 @findex backward-sexp |
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679 To move forward over a balanced expression, use @kbd{C-M-f} |
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680 (@code{forward-sexp}). If the first significant character after point |
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681 is an opening delimiter (@samp{(} in Lisp; @samp{(}, @samp{[} or |
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682 @samp{@{} in C), @kbd{C-M-f} moves past the matching closing |
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683 delimiter. If the character begins a symbol, string, or number, |
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684 @kbd{C-M-f} moves over that. |
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685 |
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686 The command @kbd{C-M-b} (@code{backward-sexp}) moves backward over a |
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687 balanced expression. The detailed rules are like those above for |
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688 @kbd{C-M-f}, but with directions reversed. If there are prefix |
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689 characters (single-quote, backquote and comma, in Lisp) preceding the |
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690 expression, @kbd{C-M-b} moves back over them as well. The balanced |
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691 expression commands move across comments as if they were whitespace, |
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692 in most modes. |
25829 | 693 |
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694 @kbd{C-M-f} or @kbd{C-M-b} with an argument repeats that operation the |
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695 specified number of times; with a negative argument, it moves in the |
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696 opposite direction. |
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697 |
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698 @cindex killing expressions |
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699 @kindex C-M-k |
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700 @findex kill-sexp |
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701 Killing a whole balanced expression can be done with @kbd{C-M-k} |
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702 (@code{kill-sexp}). @kbd{C-M-k} kills the characters that @kbd{C-M-f} |
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703 would move over. |
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704 |
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705 @cindex transposition of expressions |
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706 @kindex C-M-t |
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707 @findex transpose-sexps |
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708 A somewhat random-sounding command which is nevertheless handy is |
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709 @kbd{C-M-t} (@code{transpose-sexps}), which drags the previous |
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710 balanced expression across the next one. An argument serves as a |
38867 | 711 repeat count, and a negative argument drags the previous balanced |
712 expression backwards across those before it (thus canceling out the | |
713 effect of @kbd{C-M-t} with a positive argument). An argument of zero, | |
714 rather than doing nothing, transposes the balanced expressions ending | |
715 at or after point and the mark. | |
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716 |
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717 @kindex C-M-@@ |
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718 @kindex C-M-@key{SPC} |
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719 @findex mark-sexp |
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720 To set the region around the next balanced expression in the buffer, |
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721 use @kbd{C-M-@@} (@code{mark-sexp}), which sets mark at the same place |
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722 that @kbd{C-M-f} would move to. @kbd{C-M-@@} takes arguments like |
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723 @kbd{C-M-f}. In particular, a negative argument is useful for putting |
60112
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724 the mark at the beginning of the previous balanced expression. The |
7cb4576800fa
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725 alias @kbd{C-M-@key{SPC}} is equivalent to @kbd{C-M-@@}. If you use |
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726 this command repeatedly, or in Transient Mark mode whenever the mark |
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727 is active, it extends the region by one sexp each time. |
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728 |
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729 In languages that use infix operators, such as C, it is not possible |
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730 to recognize all balanced expressions as such because there can be |
6b14cc47a4f2
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731 multiple possibilities at a given position. For example, C mode does |
6b14cc47a4f2
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732 not treat @samp{foo + bar} as a single expression, even though it |
6b14cc47a4f2
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733 @emph{is} one C expression; instead, it recognizes @samp{foo} as one |
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734 expression and @samp{bar} as another, with the @samp{+} as punctuation |
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735 between them. Both @samp{foo + bar} and @samp{foo} are legitimate |
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736 choices for ``the expression following point'' when point is at the |
38867 | 737 @samp{f}, so the expression commands must perforce choose one or the |
738 other to operate on. Note that @samp{(foo + bar)} is recognized as a | |
739 single expression in C mode, because of the parentheses. | |
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740 |
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741 @node Moving by Parens |
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742 @subsection Moving in the Parenthesis Structure |
25829 | 743 |
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744 @cindex parenthetical groupings |
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745 @cindex parentheses, moving across |
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746 @cindex matching parenthesis and braces, moving to |
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747 @cindex braces, moving across |
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748 @cindex list commands |
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749 The Emacs commands for handling parenthetical groupings see nothing |
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750 except parentheses (or whatever characters must balance in the |
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751 language you are working with), and the escape characters that might |
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752 be used to quote those. They are mainly intended for editing |
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753 programs, but can be useful for editing any text that has parentheses. |
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754 They are sometimes called ``list'' commands because in Lisp these |
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755 groupings are lists. |
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756 |
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757 @table @kbd |
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758 @item C-M-n |
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759 Move forward over a parenthetical group (@code{forward-list}). |
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760 @item C-M-p |
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761 Move backward over a parenthetical group (@code{backward-list}). |
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762 @item C-M-u |
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763 Move up in parenthesis structure (@code{backward-up-list}). |
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764 @item C-M-d |
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765 Move down in parenthesis structure (@code{down-list}). |
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766 @end table |
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767 |
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768 @kindex C-M-n |
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769 @kindex C-M-p |
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770 @findex forward-list |
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771 @findex backward-list |
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772 The ``list'' commands @kbd{C-M-n} (@code{forward-list}) and |
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773 @kbd{C-M-p} (@code{backward-list}) move over one (or @var{n}) |
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774 parenthetical groupings, skipping blithely over any amount of text |
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775 that doesn't include meaningful parentheses (symbols, strings, etc.). |
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776 |
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777 @kindex C-M-u |
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778 @kindex C-M-d |
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779 @findex backward-up-list |
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780 @findex down-list |
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781 @kbd{C-M-n} and @kbd{C-M-p} try to stay at the same level in the |
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782 parenthesis structure. To move @emph{up} one (or @var{n}) levels, use |
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783 @kbd{C-M-u} (@code{backward-up-list}). @kbd{C-M-u} moves backward up |
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784 past one unmatched opening delimiter. A positive argument serves as a |
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785 repeat count; a negative argument reverses the direction of motion, so |
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786 that the command moves forward and up one or more levels. |
38212
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787 |
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788 To move @emph{down} in the parenthesis structure, use @kbd{C-M-d} |
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789 (@code{down-list}). In Lisp mode, where @samp{(} is the only opening |
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790 delimiter, this is nearly the same as searching for a @samp{(}. An |
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791 argument specifies the number of levels to go down. |
25829 | 792 |
793 @node Matching | |
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794 @subsection Automatic Display Of Matching Parentheses |
25829 | 795 @cindex matching parentheses |
796 @cindex parentheses, displaying matches | |
797 | |
798 The Emacs parenthesis-matching feature is designed to show | |
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799 automatically how parentheses (and other matching delimiters) match in |
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800 the text. Whenever you type a self-inserting character that is a |
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801 closing delimiter, the cursor moves momentarily to the location of the |
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802 matching opening delimiter, provided that is on the screen. If it is |
38867 | 803 not on the screen, Emacs displays some of the text near it in the echo |
804 area. Either way, you can tell which grouping you are closing off. | |
25829 | 805 |
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806 If the opening delimiter and closing delimiter are mismatched---such |
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807 as in @samp{[x)}---a warning message is displayed in the echo area. |
25829 | 808 |
809 @vindex blink-matching-paren | |
810 @vindex blink-matching-paren-distance | |
811 @vindex blink-matching-delay | |
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812 Three variables control parenthesis match display: |
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813 |
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814 @code{blink-matching-paren} turns the feature on or off: @code{nil} |
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815 disables it, but the default is @code{t} to enable match display. |
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816 |
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817 @code{blink-matching-delay} says how many seconds to leave the |
38212
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818 cursor on the matching opening delimiter, before bringing it back to |
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819 the real location of point; the default is 1, but on some systems it |
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820 is useful to specify a fraction of a second. |
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821 |
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822 @code{blink-matching-paren-distance} specifies how many characters |
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823 back to search to find the matching opening delimiter. If the match |
38287 | 824 is not found in that distance, scanning stops, and nothing is displayed. |
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825 This is to prevent the scan for the matching delimiter from wasting |
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826 lots of time when there is no match. The default is 25600. |
25829 | 827 |
828 @cindex Show Paren mode | |
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829 @cindex highlighting matching parentheses |
25829 | 830 @findex show-paren-mode |
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831 Show Paren mode provides a more powerful kind of automatic matching. |
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832 Whenever point is after a closing delimiter, that delimiter and its |
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833 matching opening delimiter are both highlighted; otherwise, if point |
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834 is before an opening delimiter, the matching closing delimiter is |
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835 highlighted. (There is no need to highlight the opening delimiter in |
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836 that case, because the cursor appears on top of that character.) Use |
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837 the command @kbd{M-x show-paren-mode} to enable or disable this mode. |
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838 |
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839 By default, @code{show-paren-mode} uses colors to highlight the |
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840 parentheses. However, if your display doesn't support colors, you can |
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841 customize the faces @code{show-paren-match-face} and |
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842 @code{show-paren-mismatch-face} to use other attributes, such as bold or |
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843 underline. @xref{Face Customization}. |
25829 | 844 |
845 @node Comments | |
846 @section Manipulating Comments | |
847 @cindex comments | |
848 | |
849 Because comments are such an important part of programming, Emacs | |
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850 provides special commands for editing and inserting comments. It can |
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851 also do spell checking on comments with Flyspell Prog mode |
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852 (@pxref{Spelling}). |
25829 | 853 |
854 @menu | |
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855 * Comment Commands:: Inserting, killing, and indenting comments. |
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856 * Multi-Line Comments:: Commands for adding and editing multi-line comments. |
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857 * Options for Comments::Customizing the comment features. |
25829 | 858 @end menu |
859 | |
860 @node Comment Commands | |
861 @subsection Comment Commands | |
862 @cindex indentation for comments | |
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863 |
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864 The comment commands in this table insert, kill and align comments. |
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865 They are described in this section and following sections. |
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866 |
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867 @table @asis |
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868 @item @kbd{M-;} |
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869 Insert or realign comment on current line; alternatively, comment or |
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870 uncomment the region (@code{comment-dwim}). |
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871 @item @kbd{C-u M-;} |
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872 Kill comment on current line (@code{comment-kill}). |
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873 @item @kbd{C-x ;} |
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874 Set comment column (@code{comment-set-column}). |
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875 @item @kbd{C-M-j} |
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876 @itemx @kbd{M-j} |
25829 | 877 Like @key{RET} followed by inserting and aligning a comment |
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878 (@code{comment-indent-new-line}). |
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879 @item @kbd{M-x comment-region} |
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880 @itemx @kbd{C-c C-c} (in C-like modes) |
25829 | 881 Add or remove comment delimiters on all the lines in the region. |
882 @end table | |
883 | |
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884 @kindex M-; |
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885 @findex comment-dwim |
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886 The command to create or align a comment is @kbd{M-;} |
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887 (@code{comment-dwim}). The word ``dwim'' is an acronym for ``Do What |
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888 I Mean''; it indicates that this command can be used for many |
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889 different jobs relating to comments, depending on the situation where |
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890 you use it. |
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891 |
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892 If there is no comment already on the line, @kbd{M-;} inserts a new |
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893 comment, aligned at a specific column called the @dfn{comment column}. |
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894 The new comment begins with the string Emacs thinks comments should |
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895 start with (the value of @code{comment-start}; see below). Point is |
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896 after that string, so you can insert the text of the comment right |
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897 away. If the major mode has specified a string to terminate comments, |
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898 @kbd{M-;} inserts that too, to keep the syntax valid. |
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899 |
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900 If the text of the line extends past the comment column, then the |
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|
901 comment start string is indented to a suitable boundary (usually, at |
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|
902 least one space is inserted). |
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|
903 |
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|
904 You can also use @kbd{M-;} to align an existing comment. If a line |
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|
905 already contains the comment-start string, @kbd{M-;} reindents it to |
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|
906 the conventional alignment and moves point after it. (Exception: |
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|
907 comments starting in column 0 are not moved.) Even when an existing |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
908 comment is properly aligned, @kbd{M-;} is still useful for moving |
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|
909 directly to the start of the text inside the comment. |
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|
910 |
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|
911 @findex comment-kill |
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|
912 @kindex C-u M-; |
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|
913 @kbd{C-u M-;} kills any comment on the current line, along with the |
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|
914 whitespace before it. To reinsert the comment on another line, move |
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|
915 to the end of that line, do @kbd{C-y}, and then do @kbd{M-;} to |
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|
916 realign it. |
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|
917 |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
918 Note that @kbd{C-u M-;} is not a distinct key; it is @kbd{M-;} |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
919 (@code{comment-dwim}) with a prefix argument. That command is |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
920 programmed so that when it receives a prefix argument it calls |
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|
921 @code{comment-kill}. However, @code{comment-kill} is a valid command |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
922 in its own right, and you can bind it directly to a key if you wish. |
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|
923 |
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924 @kbd{M-;} does two other jobs when used with an active region in |
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|
925 Transient Mark mode (@pxref{Transient Mark}). Then it either adds or |
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|
926 removes comment delimiters on each line of the region. (If every line |
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927 is a comment, it removes comment delimiters from each; otherwise, it |
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|
928 adds comment delimiters to each.) If you are not using Transient Mark |
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929 mode, then you should use the commands @code{comment-region} and |
36198 | 930 @code{uncomment-region} to do these jobs (@pxref{Multi-Line Comments}). |
36183
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931 A prefix argument used in these circumstances specifies how many |
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932 comment delimiters to add or how many to delete. |
25829 | 933 |
934 Some major modes have special rules for indenting certain kinds of | |
935 comments in certain contexts. For example, in Lisp code, comments which | |
936 start with two semicolons are indented as if they were lines of code, | |
937 instead of at the comment column. Comments which start with three | |
938 semicolons are supposed to start at the left margin. Emacs understands | |
939 these conventions by indenting a double-semicolon comment using @key{TAB}, | |
940 and by not changing the indentation of a triple-semicolon comment at all. | |
941 | |
942 @example | |
943 ;; This function is just an example | |
944 ;;; Here either two or three semicolons are appropriate. | |
945 (defun foo (x) | |
946 ;;; And now, the first part of the function: | |
947 ;; The following line adds one. | |
948 (1+ x)) ; This line adds one. | |
949 @end example | |
950 | |
951 In C code, a comment preceded on its line by nothing but whitespace | |
952 is indented like a line of code. | |
953 | |
954 @node Multi-Line Comments | |
955 @subsection Multiple Lines of Comments | |
956 | |
957 @kindex C-M-j | |
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958 @kindex M-j |
25829 | 959 @cindex blank lines in programs |
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960 @findex comment-indent-new-line |
25829 | 961 If you are typing a comment and wish to continue it on another line, |
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|
962 you can use the command @kbd{C-M-j} or @kbd{M-j} |
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963 (@code{comment-indent-new-line}). This terminates the comment you are |
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964 typing, creates a new blank line afterward, and begins a new comment |
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965 indented under the old one. When Auto Fill mode is on, going past the |
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966 fill column while typing a comment causes the comment to be continued |
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Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
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967 in just this fashion. If point is not at the end of the line when you |
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Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
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968 type the command, the text on the rest of the line becomes part of the |
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Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
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969 new comment line. |
25829 | 970 |
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971 @kindex C-c C-c (C mode) |
25829 | 972 @findex comment-region |
973 To turn existing lines into comment lines, use the @kbd{M-x | |
974 comment-region} command. It adds comment delimiters to the lines that start | |
975 in the region, thus commenting them out. With a negative argument, it | |
976 does the opposite---it deletes comment delimiters from the lines in the | |
977 region. | |
978 | |
979 With a positive argument, @code{comment-region} duplicates the last | |
980 character of the comment start sequence it adds; the argument specifies | |
981 how many copies of the character to insert. Thus, in Lisp mode, | |
982 @kbd{C-u 2 M-x comment-region} adds @samp{;;} to each line. Duplicating | |
983 the comment delimiter is a way of calling attention to the comment. It | |
984 can also affect how the comment is indented. In Lisp, for proper | |
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Update various command names and variable defaults.
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|
985 indentation, you should use an argument of two or three, if between defuns; |
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Update various command names and variable defaults.
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|
986 if within a defun, it must be three. |
25829 | 987 |
988 @node Options for Comments | |
989 @subsection Options Controlling Comments | |
990 | |
991 @vindex comment-column | |
992 @kindex C-x ; | |
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Update various command names and variable defaults.
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|
993 @findex comment-set-column |
56086
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Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
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994 The @dfn{comment column}, the column at which Emacs tries to place |
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Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
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995 comments, is stored in the variable @code{comment-column}. You can |
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Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
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|
996 set it to a number explicitly. Alternatively, the command @kbd{C-x ;} |
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Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
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|
997 (@code{comment-set-column}) sets the comment column to the column |
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Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
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|
998 point is at. @kbd{C-u C-x ;} sets the comment column to match the |
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Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
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|
999 last comment before point in the buffer, and then does a @kbd{M-;} to |
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Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1000 align the current line's comment under the previous one. |
25829 | 1001 |
1002 The variable @code{comment-column} is per-buffer: setting the variable | |
1003 in the normal fashion affects only the current buffer, but there is a | |
1004 default value which you can change with @code{setq-default}. | |
1005 @xref{Locals}. Many major modes initialize this variable for the | |
1006 current buffer. | |
1007 | |
1008 @vindex comment-start-skip | |
1009 The comment commands recognize comments based on the regular | |
1010 expression that is the value of the variable @code{comment-start-skip}. | |
1011 Make sure this regexp does not match the null string. It may match more | |
1012 than the comment starting delimiter in the strictest sense of the word; | |
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Update various command names and variable defaults.
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|
1013 for example, in C mode the value of the variable is |
f802bdff6c2c
Update various command names and variable defaults.
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|
1014 @c This stops M-q from breaking the line inside that @code. |
56086
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|
1015 @code{@w{"/\\*+ *\\|//+ *"}}, which matches extra stars and spaces |
38018
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Update various command names and variable defaults.
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|
1016 after the @samp{/*} itself, and accepts C++ style comments also. |
25829 | 1017 (Note that @samp{\\} is needed in Lisp syntax to include a @samp{\} in |
1018 the string, which is needed to deny the first star its special meaning | |
64920
e736a91dd7b5
(Options for Comments): Fix xref.
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64890
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|
1019 in regexp syntax. @xref{Regexp Backslash}.) |
25829 | 1020 |
1021 @vindex comment-start | |
1022 @vindex comment-end | |
1023 When a comment command makes a new comment, it inserts the value of | |
1024 @code{comment-start} to begin it. The value of @code{comment-end} is | |
1025 inserted after point, so that it will follow the text that you will insert | |
1026 into the comment. In C mode, @code{comment-start} has the value | |
1027 @w{@code{"/* "}} and @code{comment-end} has the value @w{@code{" */"}}. | |
1028 | |
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1029 @vindex comment-padding |
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|
1030 The variable @code{comment-padding} specifies how many spaces |
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1031 @code{comment-region} should insert on each line between the comment |
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1032 delimiter and the line's original text. The default is 1, to insert |
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1033 one space. @code{nil} means 0. Alternatively, @code{comment-padding} |
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1034 can hold the actual string to insert. |
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|
1035 |
25829 | 1036 @vindex comment-multi-line |
1037 The variable @code{comment-multi-line} controls how @kbd{C-M-j} | |
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1038 (@code{indent-new-comment-line}) behaves when used inside a comment. |
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1039 Specifically, when @code{comment-multi-line} is @code{nil} (the |
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1040 default value), the command inserts a comment terminator, begins a new |
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1041 line, and finally inserts a comment starter. Otherwise it does not |
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1042 insert the terminator and starter, so it effectively continues the |
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1043 current comment across multiple lines. In languages that allow |
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1044 multi-line comments, the choice of value for this variable is a matter |
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1045 of taste. |
25829 | 1046 |
41495 | 1047 @vindex comment-indent-function |
25829 | 1048 The variable @code{comment-indent-function} should contain a function |
1049 that will be called to compute the indentation for a newly inserted | |
1050 comment or for aligning an existing comment. It is set differently by | |
1051 various major modes. The function is called with no arguments, but with | |
1052 point at the beginning of the comment, or at the end of a line if a new | |
1053 comment is to be inserted. It should return the column in which the | |
1054 comment ought to start. For example, in Lisp mode, the indent hook | |
1055 function bases its decision on how many semicolons begin an existing | |
1056 comment, and on the code in the preceding lines. | |
1057 | |
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1058 @node Documentation |
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1059 @section Documentation Lookup |
25829 | 1060 |
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1061 Emacs provides several features you can use to look up the |
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1062 documentation of functions, variables and commands that you plan to |
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1063 use in your program. |
25829 | 1064 |
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1065 @menu |
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1066 * Info Lookup:: Looking up library functions and commands |
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1067 in Info files. |
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1068 * Man Page:: Looking up man pages of library functions and commands. |
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1069 * Lisp Doc:: Looking up Emacs Lisp functions, etc. |
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1070 @end menu |
25829 | 1071 |
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1072 @node Info Lookup |
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1073 @subsection Info Documentation Lookup |
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1074 |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1075 @findex info-lookup-symbol |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1076 @findex info-lookup-file |
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(Info Lookup): Fix keybinding for
Jesper Harder <harder@ifa.au.dk>
parents:
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1077 @kindex C-h S |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1078 For C, Lisp, and other languages that have documentation in Info, |
56164
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Jesper Harder <harder@ifa.au.dk>
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|
1079 you can use @kbd{C-h S} (@code{info-lookup-symbol}) to view the Info |
60112
7cb4576800fa
(Program Modes): Mention Python mode.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59798
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|
1080 documentation for a symbol used in the program. You specify the |
7cb4576800fa
(Program Modes): Mention Python mode.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59798
diff
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|
1081 symbol with the minibuffer; the default is the symbol appearing in the |
7cb4576800fa
(Program Modes): Mention Python mode.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59798
diff
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|
1082 buffer at point. For example, in C mode this looks for the symbol in |
7cb4576800fa
(Program Modes): Mention Python mode.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59798
diff
changeset
|
1083 the C Library Manual. |
25829 | 1084 |
38212
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Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1085 The major mode determines where to look for documentation for the |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1086 symbol---which Info files to look in, and which indices to search. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1087 You can also use @kbd{M-x info-lookup-file} to look for documentation |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1088 for a file name. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1089 |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1090 This feature currently supports the modes AWK, Autoconf, Bison, C, |
38212
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Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1091 Emacs Lisp, LaTeX, M4, Makefile, Octave, Perl, Scheme, and Texinfo, |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1092 provided you have installed the relevant Info files, which are |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1093 typically available with the appropriate GNU package. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1094 |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1095 @node Man Page |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1096 @subsection Man Page Lookup |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1097 |
38867 | 1098 @cindex manual page |
1099 On Unix, the main form of on-line documentation was the @dfn{manual | |
1100 page} or @dfn{man page}. In the GNU operating system, we hope to | |
1101 replace man pages with better-organized manuals that you can browse | |
1102 with Info (@pxref{Misc Help}). This process is not finished, so it is | |
1103 still useful to read manual pages. | |
25829 | 1104 |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1105 @findex manual-entry |
38867 | 1106 You can read the man page for an operating system command, library |
56086
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1107 function, or system call, with the @kbd{M-x man} command. It |
38867 | 1108 runs the @code{man} program to format the man page; if the system |
1109 permits, it runs @code{man} asynchronously, so that you can keep on | |
1110 editing while the page is being formatted. (On MS-DOS and MS-Windows | |
1111 3, you cannot edit while Emacs waits for @code{man} to finish.) The | |
1112 result goes in a buffer named @samp{*Man @var{topic}*}. These buffers | |
1113 use a special major mode, Man mode, that facilitates scrolling and | |
1114 jumping to other manual pages. For details, type @kbd{C-h m} while in | |
1115 a man page buffer. | |
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|
1116 |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1117 @cindex sections of manual pages |
38867 | 1118 Each man page belongs to one of ten or more @dfn{sections}, each |
1119 named by a digit or by a digit and a letter. Sometimes there are | |
1120 multiple man pages with the same name in different sections. To read | |
1121 a man page from a specific section, type | |
38212
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1122 @samp{@var{topic}(@var{section})} or @samp{@var{section} @var{topic}} |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1123 when @kbd{M-x manual-entry} prompts for the topic. For example, to |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1124 read the man page for the C library function @code{chmod} (as opposed |
38867 | 1125 to a command of the same name), type @kbd{M-x manual-entry @key{RET} |
1126 chmod(2) @key{RET}} (@code{chmod} is a system call, so it is in | |
1127 section @samp{2}). | |
38212
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1128 |
38667
6ed2cc05e016
(Man Page): Mention the -a switch to `man' in a footnote.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1129 @vindex Man-switches |
38212
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1130 If you do not specify a section, the results depend on how the |
38667
6ed2cc05e016
(Man Page): Mention the -a switch to `man' in a footnote.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1131 @code{man} program works on your system. Some of them display only |
38212
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Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1132 the first man page they find. Others display all man pages that have |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1133 the specified name, so you can move between them with the @kbd{M-n} |
38667
6ed2cc05e016
(Man Page): Mention the -a switch to `man' in a footnote.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1134 and @kbd{M-p} keys@footnote{On some systems, the @code{man} program |
6ed2cc05e016
(Man Page): Mention the -a switch to `man' in a footnote.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
38323
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|
1135 accepts a @samp{-a} command-line option which tells it to display all |
6ed2cc05e016
(Man Page): Mention the -a switch to `man' in a footnote.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1136 the man pages for the specified topic. If you want this behavior, you |
6ed2cc05e016
(Man Page): Mention the -a switch to `man' in a footnote.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1137 can add this option to the value of the variable @code{Man-switches}.}. |
6ed2cc05e016
(Man Page): Mention the -a switch to `man' in a footnote.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1138 The mode line shows how many manual pages are present in the Man buffer. |
38212
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|
1139 |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1140 @vindex Man-fontify-manpage-flag |
38867 | 1141 By default, Emacs highlights the text in man pages. For a long man |
1142 page, highlighting can take substantial time. You can turn off | |
1143 highlighting of man pages by setting the variable | |
1144 @code{Man-fontify-manpage-flag} to @code{nil}. | |
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|
1145 |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1146 @findex Man-fontify-manpage |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1147 If you insert the text of a man page into an Emacs buffer in some |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1148 other fashion, you can use the command @kbd{M-x Man-fontify-manpage} to |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1149 perform the same conversions that @kbd{M-x manual-entry} does. |
25829 | 1150 |
38212
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1151 @findex woman |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
1152 @cindex manual pages, on MS-DOS/MS-Windows |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1153 An alternative way of reading manual pages is the @kbd{M-x woman} |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1154 command@footnote{The name of the command, @code{woman}, is an acronym |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1155 for ``w/o (without) man,'' since it doesn't use the @code{man} |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1156 program.}. Unlike @kbd{M-x man}, it does not run any external |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1157 programs to format and display the man pages; instead it does the job |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1158 in Emacs Lisp, so it works on systems such as MS-Windows, where the |
59371
364d233a8dc3
Minor typos corrected, and some small re-wording.
Stephen Eglen <stephen@gnu.org>
parents:
56809
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|
1159 @code{man} program (and other programs it uses) are not generally |
38231
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1160 available. |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1161 |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1162 @kbd{M-x woman} prompts for a name of a manual page, and provides |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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1163 completion based on the list of manual pages that are installed on |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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1164 your machine; the list of available manual pages is computed |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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1165 automatically the first time you invoke @code{woman}. The word at |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1166 point in the current buffer is used to suggest the default for the |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
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parents:
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|
1167 name the manual page. |
25829 | 1168 |
38212
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|
1169 With a numeric argument, @kbd{M-x woman} recomputes the list of the |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
1170 manual pages used for completion. This is useful if you add or delete |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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|
1171 manual pages. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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1172 |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1173 If you type a name of a manual page and @kbd{M-x woman} finds that |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1174 several manual pages by the same name exist in different sections, it |
6b14cc47a4f2
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parents:
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|
1175 pops up a window with possible candidates asking you to choose one of |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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1176 them. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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|
1177 |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1178 @vindex woman-manpath |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
1179 By default, @kbd{M-x woman} looks for manual pages in the |
6b14cc47a4f2
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1180 directories specified in the @code{MANPATH} environment variable. (If |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1181 @code{MANPATH} is not set, @code{woman} uses a suitable default value, |
6b14cc47a4f2
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1182 which can be customized.) More precisely, @code{woman} looks for |
38867 | 1183 subdirectories that match the shell wildcard pattern @file{man*} in each one |
38212
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|
1184 of these directories, and tries to find the manual pages in those |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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1185 subdirectories. When first invoked, @kbd{M-x woman} converts the |
6b14cc47a4f2
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parents:
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|
1186 value of @code{MANPATH} to a list of directory names and stores that |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1187 list in the @code{woman-manpath} variable. Changing the value of this |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1188 variable is another way to control the list of directories used. |
25829 | 1189 |
38212
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|
1190 @vindex woman-path |
6b14cc47a4f2
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1191 You can also augment the list of directories searched by |
6b14cc47a4f2
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1192 @code{woman} by setting the value of the @code{woman-path} variable. |
6b14cc47a4f2
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1193 This variable should hold a list of specific directories which |
6b14cc47a4f2
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1194 @code{woman} should search, in addition to those in |
6b14cc47a4f2
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1195 @code{woman-manpath}. Unlike @code{woman-manpath}, the directories in |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1196 @code{woman-path} are searched for the manual pages, not for |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1197 @file{man*} subdirectories. |
25829 | 1198 |
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1199 @findex woman-find-file |
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1200 Occasionally, you might need to display manual pages that are not in |
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|
1201 any of the directories listed by @code{woman-manpath} and |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1202 @code{woman-path}. The @kbd{M-x woman-find-file} command prompts for a |
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changeset
|
1203 name of a manual page file, with completion, and then formats and |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1204 displays that file like @kbd{M-x woman} does. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1205 |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1206 @vindex woman-dired-keys |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1207 The first time you invoke @kbd{M-x woman}, it defines the Dired |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1208 @kbd{W} key to run the @code{woman-find-file} command on the current |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1209 line's file. You can disable this by setting the variable |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1210 @code{woman-dired-keys} to @code{nil}. @xref{Dired}. In addition, |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1211 the Tar-mode @kbd{w} key is define to invoke @code{woman-find-file} on |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1212 the current line's archive member. |
25829 | 1213 |
38212
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1214 For more information about setting up and using @kbd{M-x woman}, see |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1215 @ref{Top, WoMan, Browse UN*X Manual Pages WithOut Man, woman, The WoMan |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1216 Manual}. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1217 |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1218 @node Lisp Doc |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1219 @subsection Emacs Lisp Documentation Lookup |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1220 |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1221 As you edit Lisp code to be run in Emacs, you can use the commands |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1222 @kbd{C-h f} (@code{describe-function}) and @kbd{C-h v} |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1223 (@code{describe-variable}) to view documentation of functions and |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1224 variables that you want to use. These commands use the minibuffer to |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1225 read the name of a function or variable to document, and display the |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1226 documentation in a window. Their default arguments are based on the |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1227 code in the neighborhood of point. For @kbd{C-h f}, the default is |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1228 the function called in the innermost list containing point. @kbd{C-h |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1229 v} uses the symbol name around or adjacent to point as its default. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1230 |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1231 @cindex Eldoc mode |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1232 @findex eldoc-mode |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1233 A more automatic but less powerful method is Eldoc mode. This minor |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1234 mode constantly displays in the echo area the argument list for the |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1235 function being called at point. (In other words, it finds the |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1236 function call that point is contained in, and displays the argument |
59461
26a204697252
Re-read for factual correctness; some lisp functions had changed, and
Stephen Eglen <stephen@gnu.org>
parents:
59371
diff
changeset
|
1237 list of that function.) If point is over a documented variable, it |
62482
8db373573379
(Lisp Doc): Eldoc mode shows only the first line of a variable's docstring.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
61133
diff
changeset
|
1238 shows the first line of the variable's docstring. Eldoc mode applies |
8db373573379
(Lisp Doc): Eldoc mode shows only the first line of a variable's docstring.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
61133
diff
changeset
|
1239 in Emacs Lisp and Lisp Interaction modes, and perhaps a few others |
8db373573379
(Lisp Doc): Eldoc mode shows only the first line of a variable's docstring.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
61133
diff
changeset
|
1240 that provide special support for looking up doc strings. Use the |
8db373573379
(Lisp Doc): Eldoc mode shows only the first line of a variable's docstring.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
61133
diff
changeset
|
1241 command @kbd{M-x eldoc-mode} to enable or disable this feature. |
25829 | 1242 |
28329
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1243 @node Hideshow |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1244 @section Hideshow minor mode |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1245 |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1246 @findex hs-minor-mode |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1247 Hideshow minor mode provides selective display of portions of a |
38212
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1248 program, known as @dfn{blocks}. You can use @kbd{M-x hs-minor-mode} |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1249 to enable or disable this mode, or add @code{hs-minor-mode} to the |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1250 mode hook for certain major modes in order to enable it automatically |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1251 for those modes. |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1252 |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1253 Just what constitutes a block depends on the major mode. In C mode |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1254 or C++ mode, they are delimited by braces, while in Lisp mode and |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1255 similar modes they are delimited by parentheses. Multi-line comments |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1256 also count as blocks. |
28329
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1257 |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1258 @findex hs-hide-all |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1259 @findex hs-hide-block |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1260 @findex hs-show-all |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1261 @findex hs-show-block |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1262 @findex hs-show-region |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1263 @findex hs-hide-level |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1264 @findex hs-minor-mode |
37997
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1265 @kindex C-c @@ C-h |
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1266 @kindex C-c @@ C-s |
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1267 @kindex C-c @@ C-M-h |
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1268 @kindex C-c @@ C-M-s |
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1269 @kindex C-c @@ C-r |
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1270 @kindex C-c @@ C-l |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1271 @kindex S-Mouse-2 |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1272 @table @kbd |
37997
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1273 @item C-c @@ C-h |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1274 Hide the current block (@code{hs-hide-block}). |
37997
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1275 @item C-c @@ C-s |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1276 Show the current block (@code{hs-show-block}). |
37997
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1277 @item C-c @@ C-c |
59371
364d233a8dc3
Minor typos corrected, and some small re-wording.
Stephen Eglen <stephen@gnu.org>
parents:
56809
diff
changeset
|
1278 Either hide or show the current block (@code{hs-toggle-hiding}). |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1279 @item S-Mouse-2 |
59371
364d233a8dc3
Minor typos corrected, and some small re-wording.
Stephen Eglen <stephen@gnu.org>
parents:
56809
diff
changeset
|
1280 Either hide or show the block you click on (@code{hs-mouse-toggle-hiding}). |
37997
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1281 @item C-c @@ C-M-h |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1282 Hide all top-level blocks (@code{hs-hide-all}). |
37997
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1283 @item C-c @@ C-M-s |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1284 Show everything in the buffer (@code{hs-show-all}). |
37997
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1285 @item C-c @@ C-l |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1286 Hide all blocks @var{n} levels below this block |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1287 (@code{hs-hide-level}). |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1288 @end table |
28329
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1289 |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1290 @vindex hs-hide-comments-when-hiding-all |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1291 @vindex hs-isearch-open |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1292 @vindex hs-special-modes-alist |
59798
0816b427495a
Don't say just "option" when talking about variables.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59475
diff
changeset
|
1293 These variables exist for customizing Hideshow mode. |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1294 |
28329
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1295 @table @code |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1296 @item hs-hide-comments-when-hiding-all |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1297 Non-@code{nil} says that @kbd{hs-hide-all} should hide comments too. |
38231
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1298 |
28329
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1299 @item hs-isearch-open |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1300 Specifies what kind of hidden blocks to open in Isearch mode. |
59371
364d233a8dc3
Minor typos corrected, and some small re-wording.
Stephen Eglen <stephen@gnu.org>
parents:
56809
diff
changeset
|
1301 The value should be one of these four symbols: |
38231
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1302 |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1303 @table @code |
38946
9a1045bcf43c
Update values of hs-isearch-open.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38871
diff
changeset
|
1304 @item code |
9a1045bcf43c
Update values of hs-isearch-open.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38871
diff
changeset
|
1305 Open only code blocks. |
38231
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1306 @item comment |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1307 Open only comments. |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1308 @item t |
38946
9a1045bcf43c
Update values of hs-isearch-open.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38871
diff
changeset
|
1309 Open both code blocks and comments. |
38231
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1310 @item nil |
38946
9a1045bcf43c
Update values of hs-isearch-open.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38871
diff
changeset
|
1311 Open neither code blocks nor comments. |
38231
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1312 @end table |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1313 |
28329
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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1314 @item hs-special-modes-alist |
38867 | 1315 A list of elements, each specifying how to initialize Hideshow |
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|
1316 variables for one major mode. See the variable's documentation string |
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|
1317 for more information. |
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|
1318 @end table |
6e740f27f255
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|
1319 |
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|
1320 @node Symbol Completion |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1321 @section Completion for Symbol Names |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1322 @cindex completion (symbol names) |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1323 |
38867 | 1324 In Emacs, completion is something you normally do in the minibuffer. |
1325 But one kind of completion is available in all buffers: completion for | |
1326 symbol names. | |
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|
1327 |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1328 @kindex M-TAB |
38867 | 1329 The character @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} runs a command to complete the |
1330 partial symbol before point against the set of meaningful symbol | |
1331 names. This command inserts at point any additional characters that | |
60112
7cb4576800fa
(Program Modes): Mention Python mode.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59798
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|
1332 it can determine from the partial name. (If your window manager |
60434
e6fb531ca25b
(Symbol Completion): C-M-i like M-TAB.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1333 defines @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} to switch windows, you can type |
e6fb531ca25b
(Symbol Completion): C-M-i like M-TAB.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1334 @kbd{@key{ESC} @key{TAB}} or @kbd{C-M-i}.) |
38212
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|
1335 |
38867 | 1336 If the partial name in the buffer has multiple possible completions |
1337 that differ in the very next character, so that it is impossible to | |
1338 complete even one more character, @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} displays a list of | |
1339 all possible completions in another window. | |
38212
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|
1340 |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1341 @cindex tags-based completion |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1342 @cindex Info index completion |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1343 @findex complete-symbol |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1344 In most programming language major modes, @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} runs the |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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parents:
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diff
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|
1345 command @code{complete-symbol}, which provides two kinds of completion. |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1346 Normally it does completion based on a tags table (@pxref{Tags}); with a |
6b14cc47a4f2
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parents:
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diff
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|
1347 numeric argument (regardless of the value), it does completion based on |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1348 the names listed in the Info file indexes for your language. Thus, to |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1349 complete the name of a symbol defined in your own program, use |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1350 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} with no argument; to complete the name of a standard |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1351 library function, use @kbd{C-u M-@key{TAB}}. Of course, Info-based |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1352 completion works only if there is an Info file for the standard library |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1353 functions of your language, and only if it is installed at your site. |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1354 |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1355 @cindex Lisp symbol completion |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1356 @cindex completion (Lisp symbols) |
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|
1357 @findex lisp-complete-symbol |
6b14cc47a4f2
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parents:
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|
1358 In Emacs-Lisp mode, the name space for completion normally consists of |
6b14cc47a4f2
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parents:
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|
1359 nontrivial symbols present in Emacs---those that have function |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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parents:
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|
1360 definitions, values or properties. However, if there is an |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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parents:
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|
1361 open-parenthesis immediately before the beginning of the partial symbol, |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1362 only symbols with function definitions are considered as completions. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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|
1363 The command which implements this is @code{lisp-complete-symbol}. |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1364 |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1365 In Text mode and related modes, @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} completes words |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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|
1366 based on the spell-checker's dictionary. @xref{Spelling}. |
6b14cc47a4f2
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parents:
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|
1367 |
30810
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Tidy up previous additions. List more languages. Glasses mode.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1368 @node Glasses |
6c6b0162bae2
Tidy up previous additions. List more languages. Glasses mode.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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|
1369 @section Glasses minor mode |
6c6b0162bae2
Tidy up previous additions. List more languages. Glasses mode.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1370 @cindex Glasses mode |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1371 @cindex identifiers, making long ones readable |
d3f65290e6b2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1372 @cindex StudlyCaps, making them readable |
30810
6c6b0162bae2
Tidy up previous additions. List more languages. Glasses mode.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1373 @findex glasses-mode |
6c6b0162bae2
Tidy up previous additions. List more languages. Glasses mode.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1374 |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1375 Glasses minor mode makes @samp{unreadableIdentifiersLikeThis} |
38867 | 1376 readable by altering the way they display. It knows two different |
1377 ways to do this: by displaying underscores between a lower-case letter | |
1378 and the following capital letter, and by emboldening the capital | |
1379 letters. It does not alter the buffer text, only the way they | |
1380 display, so you can use it even on read-only buffers. You can use the | |
1381 command @kbd{M-x glasses-mode} to enable or disable the mode in the | |
1382 current buffer; you can also add @code{glasses-mode} to the mode hook | |
1383 of the programming language major modes in which you normally want | |
49600
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Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
1384 to use Glasses mode. |
30810
6c6b0162bae2
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Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
30793
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|
1385 |
38212
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|
1386 @node Misc for Programs |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1387 @section Other Features Useful for Editing Programs |
36183
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1388 |
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|
1389 A number of Emacs commands that aren't designed specifically for |
38867 | 1390 editing programs are useful for that nonetheless. |
26292
81cd0c225dd9
Last changes for etags (I hope).
Francesco Potortì <pot@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1391 |
38212
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|
1392 The Emacs commands that operate on words, sentences and paragraphs |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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|
1393 are useful for editing code. Most symbols names contain words |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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parents:
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|
1394 (@pxref{Words}); sentences can be found in strings and comments |
38867 | 1395 (@pxref{Sentences}). Paragraphs in the strict sense can be found in |
38212
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|
1396 program code (in long comments), but the paragraph commands are useful |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1397 in other places too, because programming language major modes define |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1398 paragraphs to begin and end at blank lines (@pxref{Paragraphs}). |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
1399 Judicious use of blank lines to make the program clearer will also |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1400 provide useful chunks of text for the paragraph commands to work on. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1401 Auto Fill mode, if enabled in a programming language major mode, |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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parents:
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|
1402 indents the new lines which it creates. |
25829 | 1403 |
38212
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|
1404 The selective display feature is useful for looking at the overall |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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parents:
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diff
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|
1405 structure of a function (@pxref{Selective Display}). This feature |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1406 hides the lines that are indented more than a specified amount. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
1407 Programming modes often support Outline minor mode (@pxref{Outline |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1408 Mode}). The Foldout package provides folding-editor features |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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|
1409 (@pxref{Foldout}). |
25829 | 1410 |
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|
1411 The ``automatic typing'' features may be useful for writing programs. |
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|
1412 @xref{Top,,Autotyping, autotype, Autotyping}. |
25829 | 1413 |
1414 @node C Modes | |
1415 @section C and Related Modes | |
1416 @cindex C mode | |
1417 @cindex Java mode | |
1418 @cindex Pike mode | |
1419 @cindex IDL mode | |
1420 @cindex CORBA IDL mode | |
1421 @cindex Objective C mode | |
1422 @cindex C++ mode | |
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Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
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|
1423 @cindex AWK mode |
25829 | 1424 @cindex mode, Java |
1425 @cindex mode, C | |
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Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
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|
1426 @cindex mode, C++ |
25829 | 1427 @cindex mode, Objective C |
1428 @cindex mode, CORBA IDL | |
1429 @cindex mode, Pike | |
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|
1430 @cindex mode, AWK |
25829 | 1431 |
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|
1432 This section gives a brief description of the special features |
56086
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|
1433 available in C, C++, Objective-C, Java, CORBA IDL, Pike and AWK modes. |
53386
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(C Modes): Fix the xref.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@is.elta.co.il>
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|
1434 (These are called ``C mode and related modes.'') @xref{Top, , CC Mode, |
8bacf8f6aa0c
(C Modes): Fix the xref.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@is.elta.co.il>
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|
1435 ccmode, CC Mode}, for a more extensive description of these modes |
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|
1436 and their special features. |
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(Programs): Mention outline features.
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|
1437 |
25829 | 1438 @menu |
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|
1439 * Motion in C:: Commands to move by C statements, etc. |
c5c08e52e9d6
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1440 * Electric C:: Colon and other chars can automatically reindent. |
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|
1441 * Hungry Delete:: A more powerful DEL command. |
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|
1442 * Other C Commands:: Filling comments, viewing expansion of macros, |
c5c08e52e9d6
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|
1443 and other neat features. |
25829 | 1444 @end menu |
1445 | |
1446 @node Motion in C | |
1447 @subsection C Mode Motion Commands | |
1448 | |
1449 This section describes commands for moving point, in C mode and | |
1450 related modes. | |
1451 | |
1452 @table @code | |
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|
1453 @item M-x c-beginning-of-defun |
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1454 @itemx M-x c-end-of-defun |
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1455 @findex c-beginning-of-defun |
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|
1456 @findex c-end-of-defun |
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|
1457 Move point to the beginning or end of the current function or |
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|
1458 top-level definition. These are found by searching for the least |
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1459 enclosing braces. (By contrast, @code{beginning-of-defun} and |
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1460 @code{end-of-defun} search for braces in column zero.) If you are |
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1461 editing code where the opening brace of a function isn't placed in |
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1462 column zero, you may wish to bind @code{C-M-a} and @code{C-M-e} to |
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1463 these commands. @xref{Moving by Defuns}. |
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1464 |
25829 | 1465 @item C-c C-u |
1466 @kindex C-c C-u @r{(C mode)} | |
1467 @findex c-up-conditional | |
1468 Move point back to the containing preprocessor conditional, leaving the | |
1469 mark behind. A prefix argument acts as a repeat count. With a negative | |
1470 argument, move point forward to the end of the containing | |
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1471 preprocessor conditional. |
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1472 |
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1473 @samp{#elif} is equivalent to @samp{#else} followed by @samp{#if}, so |
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1474 the function will stop at a @samp{#elif} when going backward, but not |
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1475 when going forward. |
25829 | 1476 |
1477 @item C-c C-p | |
1478 @kindex C-c C-p @r{(C mode)} | |
1479 @findex c-backward-conditional | |
1480 Move point back over a preprocessor conditional, leaving the mark | |
1481 behind. A prefix argument acts as a repeat count. With a negative | |
1482 argument, move forward. | |
1483 | |
1484 @item C-c C-n | |
1485 @kindex C-c C-n @r{(C mode)} | |
1486 @findex c-forward-conditional | |
1487 Move point forward across a preprocessor conditional, leaving the mark | |
1488 behind. A prefix argument acts as a repeat count. With a negative | |
1489 argument, move backward. | |
1490 | |
1491 @item M-a | |
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1492 @kindex M-a (C mode) |
25829 | 1493 @findex c-beginning-of-statement |
1494 Move point to the beginning of the innermost C statement | |
1495 (@code{c-beginning-of-statement}). If point is already at the beginning | |
1496 of a statement, move to the beginning of the preceding statement. With | |
1497 prefix argument @var{n}, move back @var{n} @minus{} 1 statements. | |
1498 | |
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1499 In comments or in strings which span more than one line, this command |
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1500 moves by sentences instead of statements. |
25829 | 1501 |
1502 @item M-e | |
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1503 @kindex M-e (C mode) |
25829 | 1504 @findex c-end-of-statement |
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1505 Move point to the end of the innermost C statement or sentence; like |
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1506 @kbd{M-a} except that it moves in the other direction |
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1507 (@code{c-end-of-statement}). |
25829 | 1508 |
1509 @item M-x c-backward-into-nomenclature | |
1510 @findex c-backward-into-nomenclature | |
1511 Move point backward to beginning of a C++ nomenclature section or word. | |
1512 With prefix argument @var{n}, move @var{n} times. If @var{n} is | |
1513 negative, move forward. C++ nomenclature means a symbol name in the | |
1514 style of NamingSymbolsWithMixedCaseAndNoUnderlines; each capital letter | |
1515 begins a section or word. | |
1516 | |
1517 In the GNU project, we recommend using underscores to separate words | |
1518 within an identifier in C or C++, rather than using case distinctions. | |
1519 | |
1520 @item M-x c-forward-into-nomenclature | |
1521 @findex c-forward-into-nomenclature | |
1522 Move point forward to end of a C++ nomenclature section or word. | |
1523 With prefix argument @var{n}, move @var{n} times. | |
1524 @end table | |
1525 | |
1526 @node Electric C | |
1527 @subsection Electric C Characters | |
1528 | |
1529 In C mode and related modes, certain printing characters are | |
1530 ``electric''---in addition to inserting themselves, they also reindent | |
60112
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1531 the current line, and optionally also insert newlines. The |
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1532 ``electric'' characters are @kbd{@{}, @kbd{@}}, @kbd{:}, @kbd{#}, |
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1533 @kbd{;}, @kbd{,}, @kbd{<}, @kbd{>}, @kbd{/}, @kbd{*}, @kbd{(}, and |
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1534 @kbd{)}. |
25829 | 1535 |
1536 Electric characters insert newlines only when the @dfn{auto-newline} | |
1537 feature is enabled (indicated by @samp{/a} in the mode line after the | |
1538 mode name). This feature is controlled by the variable | |
1539 @code{c-auto-newline}. You can turn this feature on or off with the | |
1540 command @kbd{C-c C-a}: | |
1541 | |
1542 @table @kbd | |
1543 @item C-c C-a | |
1544 @kindex C-c C-a @r{(C mode)} | |
1545 @findex c-toggle-auto-state | |
1546 Toggle the auto-newline feature (@code{c-toggle-auto-state}). With a | |
1547 prefix argument, this command turns the auto-newline feature on if the | |
1548 argument is positive, and off if it is negative. | |
1549 @end table | |
1550 | |
1551 The colon character is electric because that is appropriate for a | |
1552 single colon. But when you want to insert a double colon in C++, the | |
1553 electric behavior of colon is inconvenient. You can insert a double | |
1554 colon with no reindentation or newlines by typing @kbd{C-c :}: | |
1555 | |
1556 @table @kbd | |
1557 @item C-c : | |
44088
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1558 @ifinfo |
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1559 @c This uses ``colon'' instead of a literal `:' because Info cannot |
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1560 @c cope with a `:' in a menu |
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1561 @kindex C-c @key{colon} @r{(C mode)} |
44088
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1562 @end ifinfo |
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1563 @ifnotinfo |
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1564 @kindex C-c : @r{(C mode)} |
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1565 @end ifnotinfo |
25829 | 1566 @findex c-scope-operator |
1567 Insert a double colon scope operator at point, without reindenting the | |
1568 line or adding any newlines (@code{c-scope-operator}). | |
1569 @end table | |
1570 | |
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1571 @vindex c-electric-pound-behavior |
25829 | 1572 The electric @kbd{#} key reindents the line if it appears to be the |
1573 beginning of a preprocessor directive. This happens when the value of | |
1574 @code{c-electric-pound-behavior} is @code{(alignleft)}. You can turn | |
1575 this feature off by setting @code{c-electric-pound-behavior} to | |
1576 @code{nil}. | |
1577 | |
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1578 @vindex c-hanging-braces-alist |
25829 | 1579 The variable @code{c-hanging-braces-alist} controls the insertion of |
1580 newlines before and after inserted braces. It is an association list | |
1581 with elements of the following form: @code{(@var{syntactic-symbol} | |
1582 . @var{nl-list})}. Most of the syntactic symbols that appear in | |
1583 @code{c-offsets-alist} are meaningful here as well. | |
1584 | |
1585 The list @var{nl-list} may contain either of the symbols | |
1586 @code{before} or @code{after}, or both; or it may be @code{nil}. When a | |
1587 brace is inserted, the syntactic context it defines is looked up in | |
1588 @code{c-hanging-braces-alist}; if it is found, the @var{nl-list} is used | |
1589 to determine where newlines are inserted: either before the brace, | |
1590 after, or both. If not found, the default is to insert a newline both | |
1591 before and after braces. | |
1592 | |
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1593 @vindex c-hanging-colons-alist |
25829 | 1594 The variable @code{c-hanging-colons-alist} controls the insertion of |
1595 newlines before and after inserted colons. It is an association list | |
1596 with elements of the following form: @code{(@var{syntactic-symbol} | |
1597 . @var{nl-list})}. The list @var{nl-list} may contain either of the | |
1598 symbols @code{before} or @code{after}, or both; or it may be @code{nil}. | |
1599 | |
1600 When a colon is inserted, the syntactic symbol it defines is looked | |
1601 up in this list, and if found, the @var{nl-list} is used to determine | |
1602 where newlines are inserted: either before the brace, after, or both. | |
1603 If the syntactic symbol is not found in this list, no newlines are | |
1604 inserted. | |
1605 | |
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1606 @vindex c-cleanup-list |
25829 | 1607 Electric characters can also delete newlines automatically when the |
1608 auto-newline feature is enabled. This feature makes auto-newline more | |
1609 acceptable, by deleting the newlines in the most common cases where you | |
1610 do not want them. Emacs can recognize several cases in which deleting a | |
1611 newline might be desirable; by setting the variable | |
1612 @code{c-cleanup-list}, you can specify @emph{which} of these cases that | |
1613 should happen. The variable's value is a list of symbols, each | |
1614 describing one case for possible deletion of a newline. Here are the | |
1615 meaningful symbols, and their meanings: | |
1616 | |
1617 @table @code | |
1618 @item brace-catch-brace | |
1619 Clean up @samp{@} catch (@var{condition}) @{} constructs by placing the | |
1620 entire construct on a single line. The clean-up occurs when you type | |
1621 the @samp{@{}, if there is nothing between the braces aside from | |
1622 @code{catch} and @var{condition}. | |
1623 | |
1624 @item brace-else-brace | |
1625 Clean up @samp{@} else @{} constructs by placing the entire construct on | |
1626 a single line. The clean-up occurs when you type the @samp{@{} after | |
1627 the @code{else}, but only if there is nothing but white space between | |
1628 the braces and the @code{else}. | |
1629 | |
1630 @item brace-elseif-brace | |
1631 Clean up @samp{@} else if (@dots{}) @{} constructs by placing the entire | |
1632 construct on a single line. The clean-up occurs when you type the | |
1633 @samp{@{}, if there is nothing but white space between the @samp{@}} and | |
1634 @samp{@{} aside from the keywords and the @code{if}-condition. | |
1635 | |
1636 @item empty-defun-braces | |
1637 Clean up empty defun braces by placing the braces on the same | |
1638 line. Clean-up occurs when you type the closing brace. | |
1639 | |
1640 @item defun-close-semi | |
1641 Clean up the semicolon after a @code{struct} or similar type | |
1642 declaration, by placing the semicolon on the same line as the closing | |
1643 brace. Clean-up occurs when you type the semicolon. | |
1644 | |
1645 @item list-close-comma | |
1646 Clean up commas following braces in array and aggregate | |
1647 initializers. Clean-up occurs when you type the comma. | |
1648 | |
1649 @item scope-operator | |
1650 Clean up double colons which may designate a C++ scope operator, by | |
1651 placing the colons together. Clean-up occurs when you type the second | |
1652 colon, but only when the two colons are separated by nothing but | |
1653 whitespace. | |
1654 @end table | |
1655 | |
1656 @node Hungry Delete | |
1657 @subsection Hungry Delete Feature in C | |
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1658 @cindex hungry deletion (C Mode) |
25829 | 1659 |
1660 When the @dfn{hungry-delete} feature is enabled (indicated by | |
1661 @samp{/h} or @samp{/ah} in the mode line after the mode name), a single | |
1662 @key{DEL} command deletes all preceding whitespace, not just one space. | |
1663 To turn this feature on or off, use @kbd{C-c C-d}: | |
1664 | |
1665 @table @kbd | |
1666 @item C-c C-d | |
1667 @kindex C-c C-d @r{(C mode)} | |
1668 @findex c-toggle-hungry-state | |
1669 Toggle the hungry-delete feature (@code{c-toggle-hungry-state}). With a | |
1670 prefix argument, this command turns the hungry-delete feature on if the | |
1671 argument is positive, and off if it is negative. | |
1672 | |
1673 @item C-c C-t | |
1674 @kindex C-c C-t @r{(C mode)} | |
1675 @findex c-toggle-auto-hungry-state | |
1676 Toggle the auto-newline and hungry-delete features, both at once | |
1677 (@code{c-toggle-auto-hungry-state}). | |
1678 @end table | |
1679 | |
1680 @vindex c-hungry-delete-key | |
1681 The variable @code{c-hungry-delete-key} controls whether the | |
1682 hungry-delete feature is enabled. | |
1683 | |
1684 @node Other C Commands | |
1685 @subsection Other Commands for C Mode | |
1686 | |
1687 @table @kbd | |
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1688 @item M-x c-context-line-break |
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1689 @findex c-context-line-break |
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1690 This command inserts a line break and indents the new line in a manner |
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1691 appropriate to the context. In normal code, it does the work of |
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1692 @kbd{C-j} (@code{newline-and-indent}), in a C preprocessor line it |
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1693 additionally inserts a @samp{\} at the line break, and within comments |
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1694 it's like @kbd{M-j} (@code{c-indent-new-comment-line}). |
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1695 |
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1696 @code{c-context-line-break} isn't bound to a key by default, but it |
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1697 needs a binding to be useful. The following code will bind it to |
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1698 @kbd{C-j}. |
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1699 @example |
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1700 (define-key c-mode-base-map "\C-j" 'c-context-line-break) |
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1701 @end example |
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1702 |
25829 | 1703 @item C-M-h |
1704 Put mark at the end of a function definition, and put point at the | |
1705 beginning (@code{c-mark-function}). | |
1706 | |
1707 @item M-q | |
1708 @kindex M-q @r{(C mode)} | |
1709 @findex c-fill-paragraph | |
1710 Fill a paragraph, handling C and C++ comments (@code{c-fill-paragraph}). | |
1711 If any part of the current line is a comment or within a comment, this | |
1712 command fills the comment or the paragraph of it that point is in, | |
1713 preserving the comment indentation and comment delimiters. | |
1714 | |
1715 @item C-c C-e | |
1716 @cindex macro expansion in C | |
1717 @cindex expansion of C macros | |
1718 @findex c-macro-expand | |
1719 @kindex C-c C-e @r{(C mode)} | |
1720 Run the C preprocessor on the text in the region, and show the result, | |
1721 which includes the expansion of all the macro calls | |
1722 (@code{c-macro-expand}). The buffer text before the region is also | |
1723 included in preprocessing, for the sake of macros defined there, but the | |
1724 output from this part isn't shown. | |
1725 | |
1726 When you are debugging C code that uses macros, sometimes it is hard to | |
1727 figure out precisely how the macros expand. With this command, you | |
1728 don't have to figure it out; you can see the expansions. | |
1729 | |
1730 @item C-c C-\ | |
1731 @findex c-backslash-region | |
1732 @kindex C-c C-\ @r{(C mode)} | |
1733 Insert or align @samp{\} characters at the ends of the lines of the | |
1734 region (@code{c-backslash-region}). This is useful after writing or | |
1735 editing a C macro definition. | |
1736 | |
1737 If a line already ends in @samp{\}, this command adjusts the amount of | |
1738 whitespace before it. Otherwise, it inserts a new @samp{\}. However, | |
1739 the last line in the region is treated specially; no @samp{\} is | |
1740 inserted on that line, and any @samp{\} there is deleted. | |
1741 | |
1742 @item M-x cpp-highlight-buffer | |
1743 @cindex preprocessor highlighting | |
1744 @findex cpp-highlight-buffer | |
1745 Highlight parts of the text according to its preprocessor conditionals. | |
1746 This command displays another buffer named @samp{*CPP Edit*}, which | |
1747 serves as a graphic menu for selecting how to display particular kinds | |
1748 of conditionals and their contents. After changing various settings, | |
1749 click on @samp{[A]pply these settings} (or go to that buffer and type | |
1750 @kbd{a}) to rehighlight the C mode buffer accordingly. | |
1751 | |
1752 @item C-c C-s | |
1753 @findex c-show-syntactic-information | |
1754 @kindex C-c C-s @r{(C mode)} | |
1755 Display the syntactic information about the current source line | |
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1756 (@code{c-show-syntactic-information}). This information directs how |
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1757 the line is indented. |
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1758 |
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changeset
|
1759 @item M-x cwarn-mode |
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diff
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|
1760 @itemx M-x global-cwarn-mode |
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diff
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|
1761 @findex cwarn-mode |
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|
1762 @findex global-cwarn-mode |
56086
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Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1763 @vindex global-cwarn-mode |
30810
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|
1764 @cindex CWarn mode |
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diff
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|
1765 @cindex suspicious constructions in C, C++ |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
1766 CWarn minor mode highlights certain suspicious C and C++ constructions: |
30810
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diff
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|
1767 |
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|
1768 @itemize @bullet{} |
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|
1769 @item |
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|
1770 Assignments inside expressions. |
30810
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|
1771 @item |
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|
1772 Semicolon following immediately after @samp{if}, @samp{for}, and @samp{while} |
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|
1773 (except after a @samp{do @dots{} while} statement); |
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|
1774 @item |
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|
1775 C++ functions with reference parameters. |
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|
1776 @end itemize |
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|
1777 |
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|
1778 @noindent |
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|
1779 You can enable the mode for one buffer with the command @kbd{M-x |
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|
1780 cwarn-mode}, or for all suitable buffers with the command @kbd{M-x |
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|
1781 global-cwarn-mode} or by customizing the variable |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
1782 @code{global-cwarn-mode}. You must also enable Font Lock mode to make |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
1783 it work. |
30810
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|
1784 |
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|
1785 @item M-x hide-ifdef-mode |
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|
1786 @findex hide-ifdef-mode |
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|
1787 @cindex Hide-ifdef mode |
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|
1788 Hide-ifdef minor mode hides selected code within @samp{#if} and |
36183
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|
1789 @samp{#ifdef} preprocessor blocks. See the documentation string of |
d3f65290e6b2
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|
1790 @code{hide-ifdef-mode} for more information. |
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|
1791 |
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|
1792 @item M-x ff-find-related-file |
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|
1793 @cindex related files |
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|
1794 @findex ff-find-related-file |
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|
1795 @vindex ff-related-file-alist |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1796 Find a file ``related'' in a special way to the file visited by the |
d3f65290e6b2
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|
1797 current buffer. Typically this will be the header file corresponding |
d3f65290e6b2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1798 to a C/C++ source file, or vice versa. The variable |
d3f65290e6b2
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|
1799 @code{ff-related-file-alist} specifies how to compute related file |
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|
1800 names. |
25829 | 1801 @end table |
1802 | |
1803 @node Fortran | |
1804 @section Fortran Mode | |
1805 @cindex Fortran mode | |
1806 @cindex mode, Fortran | |
1807 | |
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|
1808 Fortran mode provides special motion commands for Fortran statements |
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|
1809 and subprograms, and indentation commands that understand Fortran |
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Reformat and update copyright years.
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|
1810 conventions of nesting, line numbers and continuation statements. |
6fb8ff7dc693
Reformat and update copyright years.
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|
1811 Fortran mode has support for Auto Fill mode that breaks long lines into |
6fb8ff7dc693
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|
1812 proper Fortran continuation lines. |
25829 | 1813 |
1814 Special commands for comments are provided because Fortran comments | |
1815 are unlike those of other languages. Built-in abbrevs optionally save | |
1816 typing when you insert Fortran keywords. | |
1817 | |
1818 Use @kbd{M-x fortran-mode} to switch to this major mode. This command | |
1819 runs the hook @code{fortran-mode-hook} (@pxref{Hooks}). | |
1820 | |
36263
11db0318031d
Remove redundant index entries.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
36198
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|
1821 @cindex Fortran77 and Fortran90 |
26106 | 1822 @findex f90-mode |
1823 @findex fortran-mode | |
61021
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|
1824 Fortran mode is meant for editing Fortran77 ``fixed format'' (and also |
6fb8ff7dc693
Reformat and update copyright years.
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1825 ``tab format'') source code. For editing the modern Fortran90 or |
6fb8ff7dc693
Reformat and update copyright years.
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
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|
1826 Fortran95 ``free format'' source code, use F90 mode (@code{f90-mode}). |
6fb8ff7dc693
Reformat and update copyright years.
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
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|
1827 Emacs normally uses Fortran mode for files with extension @samp{.f}, |
6fb8ff7dc693
Reformat and update copyright years.
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|
1828 @samp{.F} or @samp{.for}, and F90 mode for the extension @samp{.f90} and |
6fb8ff7dc693
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|
1829 @samp{.f95}. GNU Fortran supports both kinds of format. |
26106 | 1830 |
25829 | 1831 @menu |
1832 * Motion: Fortran Motion. Moving point by statements or subprograms. | |
1833 * Indent: Fortran Indent. Indentation commands for Fortran. | |
1834 * Comments: Fortran Comments. Inserting and aligning comments. | |
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|
1835 * Autofill: Fortran Autofill. Auto fill support for Fortran. |
25829 | 1836 * Columns: Fortran Columns. Measuring columns for valid Fortran. |
1837 * Abbrev: Fortran Abbrev. Built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords. | |
1838 @end menu | |
1839 | |
1840 @node Fortran Motion | |
1841 @subsection Motion Commands | |
1842 | |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
1843 In addition to the normal commands for moving by and operating on |
61021
6fb8ff7dc693
Reformat and update copyright years.
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
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|
1844 ``defuns'' (Fortran subprograms---functions and subroutines, as well as |
6fb8ff7dc693
Reformat and update copyright years.
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
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|
1845 modules for F90 mode), Fortran mode provides special commands to move by |
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|
1846 statements and other program units. |
25829 | 1847 |
1848 @table @kbd | |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1849 @kindex C-c C-n @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
1850 @findex fortran-next-statement |
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(Fortran Motion): Document f90-next-statement,
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|
1851 @findex f90-next-statement |
25829 | 1852 @item C-c C-n |
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(Fortran Motion): Document f90-next-statement,
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|
1853 Move to the beginning of the next statement |
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(Fortran Motion): Document f90-next-statement,
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|
1854 (@code{fortran-next-statement}/@code{f90-next-statement}). |
36183
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|
1855 |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
1856 @kindex C-c C-p @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
1857 @findex fortran-previous-statement |
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(Fortran Motion): Document f90-next-statement,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1858 @findex f90-previous-statement |
25829 | 1859 @item C-c C-p |
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(Fortran Motion): Document f90-next-statement,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1860 Move to the beginning of the previous statement |
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(Fortran Motion): Document f90-next-statement,
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|
1861 (@code{fortran-previous-statement}/@code{f90-previous-statement}). |
3b533b854268
(Fortran Motion): Document f90-next-statement,
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|
1862 If there is no previous statement (i.e. if called from the first |
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(Fortran Motion): Document f90-next-statement,
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|
1863 statement in the buffer), move to the start of the buffer. |
3b533b854268
(Fortran Motion): Document f90-next-statement,
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|
1864 |
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(Fortran Motion): Document f90-next-statement,
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|
1865 @kindex C-c C-e @r{(F90 mode)} |
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(Fortran Motion): Document f90-next-statement,
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|
1866 @findex f90-next-block |
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(Fortran Motion): Document f90-next-statement,
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|
1867 @item C-c C-e |
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|
1868 Move point forward to the start of the next code block |
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(Fortran Motion): Document f90-next-statement,
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|
1869 (@code{f90-next-block}). A code block is a subroutine, |
3b533b854268
(Fortran Motion): Document f90-next-statement,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1870 @code{if}--@code{endif} statement, and so forth. This command exists |
3b533b854268
(Fortran Motion): Document f90-next-statement,
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|
1871 for F90 mode only, not Fortran mode. With a numeric argument, this |
3b533b854268
(Fortran Motion): Document f90-next-statement,
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|
1872 moves forward that many blocks. |
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(Fortran Motion): Document f90-next-statement,
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|
1873 |
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(Fortran Motion): Document f90-next-statement,
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|
1874 @kindex C-c C-a @r{(F90 mode)} |
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(Fortran Motion): Document f90-next-statement,
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|
1875 @findex f90-previous-block |
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(Fortran Motion): Document f90-next-statement,
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|
1876 @item C-c C-a |
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(Fortran Motion): Document f90-next-statement,
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|
1877 Move point backward to the previous code block |
3b533b854268
(Fortran Motion): Document f90-next-statement,
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|
1878 (@code{f90-previous-block}). This is like @code{f90-next-block}, but |
3b533b854268
(Fortran Motion): Document f90-next-statement,
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|
1879 moves backwards. |
3b533b854268
(Fortran Motion): Document f90-next-statement,
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|
1880 |
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1881 @kindex C-M-n @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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|
1882 @findex fortran-end-of-block |
60801
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1883 @findex f90-end-of-block |
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(Fortran Motion): Document f90-next-statement,
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|
1884 @item C-M-n |
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|
1885 Move to the end of the current code block |
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(Fortran Motion): Fix previous change.
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|
1886 (@code{fortran-end-of-block}/@code{f90-end-of-block}). With a numeric |
2338a101c46a
(Fortran Motion): Fix previous change.
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|
1887 agument, move forward that number of blocks. The mark is set before |
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(Fortran Motion): Fix previous change.
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|
1888 moving point. The F90 mode version of this command checks for |
2338a101c46a
(Fortran Motion): Fix previous change.
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|
1889 consistency of block types and labels (if present), but it does not |
2338a101c46a
(Fortran Motion): Fix previous change.
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|
1890 check the outermost block since that may be incomplete. |
60801
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(Fortran Motion): Document f90-next-statement,
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|
1891 |
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|
1892 @kindex C-M-p @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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|
1893 @findex fortran-beginning-of-block |
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|
1894 @findex f90-beginning-of-block |
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1895 @item C-M-p |
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1896 Move to the start of the current code block |
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1897 (@code{fortran-beginning-of-block}/@code{f90-beginning-of-block}). This |
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1898 is like @code{fortran-end-of-block}, but moves backwards. |
25829 | 1899 @end table |
1900 | |
1901 @node Fortran Indent | |
1902 @subsection Fortran Indentation | |
1903 | |
1904 Special commands and features are needed for indenting Fortran code in | |
1905 order to make sure various syntactic entities (line numbers, comment line | |
1906 indicators and continuation line flags) appear in the columns that are | |
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1907 required for standard, fixed (or tab) format Fortran. |
25829 | 1908 |
1909 @menu | |
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1910 * Commands: ForIndent Commands. Commands for indenting and filling Fortran. |
25829 | 1911 * Contline: ForIndent Cont. How continuation lines indent. |
1912 * Numbers: ForIndent Num. How line numbers auto-indent. | |
1913 * Conv: ForIndent Conv. Conventions you must obey to avoid trouble. | |
1914 * Vars: ForIndent Vars. Variables controlling Fortran indent style. | |
1915 @end menu | |
1916 | |
1917 @node ForIndent Commands | |
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1918 @subsubsection Fortran Indentation and Filling Commands |
25829 | 1919 |
1920 @table @kbd | |
1921 @item C-M-j | |
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1922 Break the current line at point and set up a continuation line |
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1923 (@code{fortran-split-line}). |
25829 | 1924 @item M-^ |
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1925 Join this line to the previous line (@code{fortran-join-line}). |
25829 | 1926 @item C-M-q |
1927 Indent all the lines of the subprogram point is in | |
1928 (@code{fortran-indent-subprogram}). | |
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1929 @item M-q |
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1930 Fill a comment block or statement. |
25829 | 1931 @end table |
1932 | |
1933 @kindex C-M-q @r{(Fortran mode)} | |
1934 @findex fortran-indent-subprogram | |
1935 The key @kbd{C-M-q} runs @code{fortran-indent-subprogram}, a command | |
1936 to reindent all the lines of the Fortran subprogram (function or | |
1937 subroutine) containing point. | |
1938 | |
1939 @kindex C-M-j @r{(Fortran mode)} | |
1940 @findex fortran-split-line | |
1941 The key @kbd{C-M-j} runs @code{fortran-split-line}, which splits | |
1942 a line in the appropriate fashion for Fortran. In a non-comment line, | |
1943 the second half becomes a continuation line and is indented | |
1944 accordingly. In a comment line, both halves become separate comment | |
1945 lines. | |
1946 | |
1947 @kindex M-^ @r{(Fortran mode)} | |
26106 | 1948 @kindex C-c C-d @r{(Fortran mode)} |
1949 @findex fortran-join-line | |
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1950 @kbd{M-^} or @kbd{C-c C-d} runs the command @code{fortran-join-line}, |
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1951 which joins a continuation line back to the previous line, roughly as |
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1952 the inverse of @code{fortran-split-line}. The point must be on a |
26106 | 1953 continuation line when this command is invoked. |
1954 | |
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1955 @kindex M-q @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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1956 @kbd{M-q} in Fortran mode fills the comment block or statement that |
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1957 point is in. This removes any excess statement continuations. |
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1958 |
25829 | 1959 @node ForIndent Cont |
1960 @subsubsection Continuation Lines | |
1961 @cindex Fortran continuation lines | |
1962 | |
1963 @vindex fortran-continuation-string | |
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1964 Most Fortran77 compilers allow two ways of writing continuation lines. |
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1965 If the first non-space character on a line is in column 5, then that |
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1966 line is a continuation of the previous line. We call this @dfn{fixed |
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1967 format}. (In GNU Emacs we always count columns from 0; but note that |
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1968 the Fortran standard counts from 1.) The variable |
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1969 @code{fortran-continuation-string} specifies what character to put in |
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1970 column 5. A line that starts with a tab character followed by any digit |
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1971 except @samp{0} is also a continuation line. We call this style of |
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1972 continuation @dfn{tab format}. (Fortran90 introduced ``free format'', |
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1973 with another style of continuation lines). |
25829 | 1974 |
1975 @vindex indent-tabs-mode @r{(Fortran mode)} | |
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1976 @vindex fortran-analyze-depth |
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1977 @vindex fortran-tab-mode-default |
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1978 Fortran mode can use either style of continuation line. When you |
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1979 enter Fortran mode, it tries to deduce the proper continuation style |
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1980 automatically from the buffer contents. It does this by scanning up to |
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1981 @code{fortran-analyze-depth} (default 100) lines from the start of the |
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1982 buffer. The first line that begins with either a tab character or six |
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1983 spaces determines the choice. If the scan fails (for example, if the |
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1984 buffer is new and therefore empty), the value of |
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1985 @code{fortran-tab-mode-default} (@code{nil} for fixed format, and |
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1986 non-@code{nil} for tab format) is used. @samp{/t} in the mode line |
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1987 indicates tab format is selected. Fortran mode sets the value of |
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1988 @code{indent-tabs-mode} accordingly (@pxref{Just Spaces}). |
25829 | 1989 |
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1990 If the text on a line starts with the Fortran continuation marker |
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1991 @samp{$}, or if it begins with any non-whitespace character in column |
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1992 5, Fortran mode treats it as a continuation line. When you indent a |
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1993 continuation line with @key{TAB}, it converts the line to the current |
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1994 continuation style. When you split a Fortran statement with |
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1995 @kbd{C-M-j}, the continuation marker on the newline is created according |
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1996 to the continuation style. |
25829 | 1997 |
1998 The setting of continuation style affects several other aspects of | |
1999 editing in Fortran mode. In fixed format mode, the minimum column | |
2000 number for the body of a statement is 6. Lines inside of Fortran | |
2001 blocks that are indented to larger column numbers always use only the | |
2002 space character for whitespace. In tab format mode, the minimum | |
2003 column number for the statement body is 8, and the whitespace before | |
2004 column 8 must always consist of one tab character. | |
2005 | |
2006 @node ForIndent Num | |
2007 @subsubsection Line Numbers | |
2008 | |
2009 If a number is the first non-whitespace in the line, Fortran | |
2010 indentation assumes it is a line number and moves it to columns 0 | |
2011 through 4. (Columns always count from 0 in GNU Emacs.) | |
2012 | |
2013 @vindex fortran-line-number-indent | |
2014 Line numbers of four digits or less are normally indented one space. | |
2015 The variable @code{fortran-line-number-indent} controls this; it | |
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2016 specifies the maximum indentation a line number can have. The default |
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2017 value of the variable is 1. Fortran mode tries to prevent line number |
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2018 digits passing column 4, reducing the indentation below the specified |
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2019 maximum if necessary. If @code{fortran-line-number-indent} has the |
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2020 value 5, line numbers are right-justified to end in column 4. |
25829 | 2021 |
2022 @vindex fortran-electric-line-number | |
2023 Simply inserting a line number is enough to indent it according to | |
2024 these rules. As each digit is inserted, the indentation is recomputed. | |
2025 To turn off this feature, set the variable | |
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2026 @code{fortran-electric-line-number} to @code{nil}. |
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2027 |
25829 | 2028 |
2029 @node ForIndent Conv | |
2030 @subsubsection Syntactic Conventions | |
2031 | |
2032 Fortran mode assumes that you follow certain conventions that simplify | |
2033 the task of understanding a Fortran program well enough to indent it | |
2034 properly: | |
2035 | |
2036 @itemize @bullet | |
2037 @item | |
2038 Two nested @samp{do} loops never share a @samp{continue} statement. | |
2039 | |
2040 @item | |
2041 Fortran keywords such as @samp{if}, @samp{else}, @samp{then}, @samp{do} | |
2042 and others are written without embedded whitespace or line breaks. | |
2043 | |
2044 Fortran compilers generally ignore whitespace outside of string | |
2045 constants, but Fortran mode does not recognize these keywords if they | |
2046 are not contiguous. Constructs such as @samp{else if} or @samp{end do} | |
2047 are acceptable, but the second word should be on the same line as the | |
2048 first and not on a continuation line. | |
2049 @end itemize | |
2050 | |
2051 @noindent | |
2052 If you fail to follow these conventions, the indentation commands may | |
2053 indent some lines unaesthetically. However, a correct Fortran program | |
2054 retains its meaning when reindented even if the conventions are not | |
2055 followed. | |
2056 | |
2057 @node ForIndent Vars | |
2058 @subsubsection Variables for Fortran Indentation | |
2059 | |
2060 @vindex fortran-do-indent | |
2061 @vindex fortran-if-indent | |
2062 @vindex fortran-structure-indent | |
2063 @vindex fortran-continuation-indent | |
2064 @vindex fortran-check-all-num@dots{} | |
2065 @vindex fortran-minimum-statement-indent@dots{} | |
2066 Several additional variables control how Fortran indentation works: | |
2067 | |
2068 @table @code | |
2069 @item fortran-do-indent | |
2070 Extra indentation within each level of @samp{do} statement (default 3). | |
2071 | |
2072 @item fortran-if-indent | |
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2073 Extra indentation within each level of @samp{if}, @samp{select case}, or |
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2074 @samp{where} statements (default 3). |
25829 | 2075 |
2076 @item fortran-structure-indent | |
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2077 Extra indentation within each level of @samp{structure}, @samp{union}, |
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2078 @samp{map}, or @samp{interface} statements (default 3). |
25829 | 2079 |
2080 @item fortran-continuation-indent | |
2081 Extra indentation for bodies of continuation lines (default 5). | |
2082 | |
2083 @item fortran-check-all-num-for-matching-do | |
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2084 In Fortran77, a numbered @samp{do} statement is ended by any statement |
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2085 with a matching line number. It is common (but not compulsory) to use a |
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2086 @samp{continue} statement for this purpose. If this variable has a |
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2087 non-@code{nil} value, indenting any numbered statement must check for a |
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2088 @samp{do} that ends there. If you always end @samp{do} statements with |
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2089 a @samp{continue} line (or if you use the more modern @samp{enddo}), |
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2090 then you can speed up indentation by setting this variable to |
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2091 @code{nil}. The default is @code{nil}. |
25829 | 2092 |
2093 @item fortran-blink-matching-if | |
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2094 If this is @code{t}, indenting an @samp{endif} (or @samp{enddo} |
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2095 statement moves the cursor momentarily to the matching @samp{if} (or |
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2096 @samp{do}) statement to show where it is. The default is @code{nil}. |
25829 | 2097 |
2098 @item fortran-minimum-statement-indent-fixed | |
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2099 Minimum indentation for Fortran statements when using fixed format |
25829 | 2100 continuation line style. Statement bodies are never indented less than |
2101 this much. The default is 6. | |
2102 | |
2103 @item fortran-minimum-statement-indent-tab | |
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2104 Minimum indentation for Fortran statements for tab format continuation line |
25829 | 2105 style. Statement bodies are never indented less than this much. The |
2106 default is 8. | |
2107 @end table | |
2108 | |
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2109 The variables controlling the indentation of comments are described in |
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2110 the following section. |
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2111 |
25829 | 2112 @node Fortran Comments |
2113 @subsection Fortran Comments | |
2114 | |
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2115 The usual Emacs comment commands assume that a comment can follow a |
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2116 line of code. In Fortran77, the standard comment syntax requires an |
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2117 entire line to be just a comment. Therefore, Fortran mode replaces the |
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2118 standard Emacs comment commands and defines some new variables. |
25829 | 2119 |
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2120 @vindex fortran-comment-line-start |
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2121 Fortran mode can also handle the Fortran90 comment syntax where comments |
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2122 start with @samp{!} and can follow other text. Because only some Fortran77 |
25829 | 2123 compilers accept this syntax, Fortran mode will not insert such comments |
2124 unless you have said in advance to do so. To do this, set the variable | |
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2125 @code{fortran-comment-line-start} to @samp{"!"}. |
25829 | 2126 |
2127 @table @kbd | |
2128 @item M-; | |
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2129 Align comment or insert new comment (@code{fortran-indent-comment}). |
25829 | 2130 |
2131 @item C-x ; | |
2132 Applies to nonstandard @samp{!} comments only. | |
2133 | |
2134 @item C-c ; | |
2135 Turn all lines of the region into comments, or (with argument) turn them back | |
2136 into real code (@code{fortran-comment-region}). | |
2137 @end table | |
2138 | |
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2139 @findex fortran-indent-comment |
25829 | 2140 @kbd{M-;} in Fortran mode is redefined as the command |
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2141 @code{fortran-indent-comment}. Like the usual @kbd{M-;} command, this |
25829 | 2142 recognizes any kind of existing comment and aligns its text appropriately; |
2143 if there is no existing comment, a comment is inserted and aligned. But | |
2144 inserting and aligning comments are not the same in Fortran mode as in | |
2145 other modes. | |
2146 | |
2147 When a new comment must be inserted, if the current line is blank, a | |
2148 full-line comment is inserted. On a non-blank line, a nonstandard @samp{!} | |
2149 comment is inserted if you have said you want to use them. Otherwise a | |
2150 full-line comment is inserted on a new line before the current line. | |
2151 | |
2152 Nonstandard @samp{!} comments are aligned like comments in other | |
2153 languages, but full-line comments are different. In a standard full-line | |
2154 comment, the comment delimiter itself must always appear in column zero. | |
2155 What can be aligned is the text within the comment. You can choose from | |
2156 three styles of alignment by setting the variable | |
2157 @code{fortran-comment-indent-style} to one of these values: | |
2158 | |
2159 @vindex fortran-comment-indent-style | |
2160 @vindex fortran-comment-line-extra-indent | |
2161 @table @code | |
2162 @item fixed | |
2163 Align the text at a fixed column, which is the sum of | |
2164 @code{fortran-comment-line-extra-indent} and the minimum statement | |
2165 indentation. This is the default. | |
2166 | |
2167 The minimum statement indentation is | |
2168 @code{fortran-minimum-statement-indent-fixed} for fixed format | |
2169 continuation line style and @code{fortran-minimum-statement-indent-tab} | |
2170 for tab format style. | |
2171 | |
2172 @item relative | |
2173 Align the text as if it were a line of code, but with an additional | |
2174 @code{fortran-comment-line-extra-indent} columns of indentation. | |
2175 | |
2176 @item nil | |
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2177 Don't move text in full-line comments automatically. |
25829 | 2178 @end table |
2179 | |
2180 @vindex fortran-comment-indent-char | |
2181 In addition, you can specify the character to be used to indent within | |
2182 full-line comments by setting the variable | |
2183 @code{fortran-comment-indent-char} to the single-character string you want | |
2184 to use. | |
2185 | |
45997 | 2186 @vindex fortran-directive-re |
2187 Compiler directive lines, or preprocessor lines, have much the same | |
2188 appearance as comment lines. It is important, though, that such lines | |
2189 never be indented at all, no matter what the value of | |
2190 @code{fortran-comment-indent-style}. The variable | |
2191 @code{fortran-directive-re} is a regular expression that specifies which | |
2192 lines are directives. Matching lines are never indented, and receive | |
2193 distinctive font-locking. | |
2194 | |
25829 | 2195 The normal Emacs comment command @kbd{C-x ;} has not been redefined. If |
2196 you use @samp{!} comments, this command can be used with them. Otherwise | |
2197 it is useless in Fortran mode. | |
2198 | |
2199 @kindex C-c ; @r{(Fortran mode)} | |
2200 @findex fortran-comment-region | |
2201 @vindex fortran-comment-region | |
2202 The command @kbd{C-c ;} (@code{fortran-comment-region}) turns all the | |
2203 lines of the region into comments by inserting the string @samp{C$$$} at | |
2204 the front of each one. With a numeric argument, it turns the region | |
2205 back into live code by deleting @samp{C$$$} from the front of each line | |
2206 in it. The string used for these comments can be controlled by setting | |
2207 the variable @code{fortran-comment-region}. Note that here we have an | |
2208 example of a command and a variable with the same name; these two uses | |
2209 of the name never conflict because in Lisp and in Emacs it is always | |
2210 clear from the context which one is meant. | |
2211 | |
2212 @node Fortran Autofill | |
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2213 @subsection Auto Fill in Fortran Mode |
25829 | 2214 |
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2215 Fortran mode has specialized support for Auto Fill mode, which is a |
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2216 minor mode that automatically splits statements as you insert them when |
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2217 they become too wide. Splitting a statement involves making |
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2218 continuation lines using @code{fortran-continuation-string} |
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2219 (@pxref{ForIndent Cont}). This splitting happens when you type |
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2220 @key{SPC}, @key{RET}, or @key{TAB}, and also in the Fortran indentation |
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2221 commands. You activate Auto Fill in Fortran mode in the normal way |
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2222 (@pxref{Auto Fill}). |
25829 | 2223 |
2224 @vindex fortran-break-before-delimiters | |
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2225 Auto Fill breaks lines at spaces or delimiters when the lines get |
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2226 longer than the desired width (the value of @code{fill-column}). The |
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2227 delimiters (besides whitespace) that Auto Fill can break at are |
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2228 @samp{+}, @samp{-}, @samp{/}, @samp{*}, @samp{=}, @samp{<}, @samp{>}, |
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2229 and @samp{,}. The line break comes after the delimiter if the |
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2230 variable @code{fortran-break-before-delimiters} is @code{nil}. |
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2231 Otherwise (and by default), the break comes before the delimiter. |
25829 | 2232 |
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2233 To enable Auto Fill in all Fortran buffers, add |
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2234 @code{turn-on-auto-fill} to @code{fortran-mode-hook}. @xref{Hooks}. |
25829 | 2235 |
2236 @node Fortran Columns | |
2237 @subsection Checking Columns in Fortran | |
2238 | |
2239 @table @kbd | |
2240 @item C-c C-r | |
2241 Display a ``column ruler'' momentarily above the current line | |
2242 (@code{fortran-column-ruler}). | |
2243 @item C-c C-w | |
2244 Split the current window horizontally temporarily so that it is 72 | |
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2245 columns wide (@code{fortran-window-create-momentarily}). This may |
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2246 help you avoid making lines longer than the 72-character limit that |
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2247 some Fortran compilers impose. |
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2248 @item C-u C-c C-w |
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2249 Split the current window horizontally so that it is 72 columns wide |
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2250 (@code{fortran-window-create}). You can then continue editing. |
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2251 @item M-x fortran-strip-sequence-nos |
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2252 Delete all text in column 72 and beyond. |
25829 | 2253 @end table |
2254 | |
2255 @kindex C-c C-r @r{(Fortran mode)} | |
2256 @findex fortran-column-ruler | |
2257 The command @kbd{C-c C-r} (@code{fortran-column-ruler}) shows a column | |
2258 ruler momentarily above the current line. The comment ruler is two lines | |
2259 of text that show you the locations of columns with special significance in | |
2260 Fortran programs. Square brackets show the limits of the columns for line | |
2261 numbers, and curly brackets show the limits of the columns for the | |
2262 statement body. Column numbers appear above them. | |
2263 | |
2264 Note that the column numbers count from zero, as always in GNU Emacs. | |
2265 As a result, the numbers may be one less than those you are familiar | |
2266 with; but the positions they indicate in the line are standard for | |
2267 Fortran. | |
2268 | |
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2269 @vindex fortran-column-ruler-fixed |
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2270 @vindex fortran-column-ruler-tabs |
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2271 The text used to display the column ruler depends on the value of the |
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2272 variable @code{indent-tabs-mode}. If @code{indent-tabs-mode} is |
25829 | 2273 @code{nil}, then the value of the variable |
2274 @code{fortran-column-ruler-fixed} is used as the column ruler. | |
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2275 Otherwise, the value of the variable @code{fortran-column-ruler-tab} is |
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2276 displayed. By changing these variables, you can change the column ruler |
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2277 display. |
25829 | 2278 |
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2279 @kindex C-c C-w @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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2280 @findex fortran-window-create-momentarily |
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2281 @kbd{C-c C-w} (@code{fortran-window-create-momentarily}) temporarily |
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2282 splits the current window horizontally, making a window 72 columns |
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2283 wide, so you can see any lines that are too long. Type a space to |
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2284 restore the normal width. |
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2285 |
26106 | 2286 @kindex C-u C-c C-w @r{(Fortran mode)} |
25829 | 2287 @findex fortran-window-create |
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2288 You can also split the window horizontally and continue editing with |
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2289 the split in place. To do this, use @kbd{C-u C-c C-w} (@code{M-x |
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2290 fortran-window-create}). By editing in this window you can |
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2291 immediately see when you make a line too wide to be correct Fortran. |
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2292 |
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2293 @findex fortran-strip-sequence-nos |
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2294 The command @kbd{M-x fortran-strip-sequence-nos} deletes all text in |
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2295 column 72 and beyond, on all lines in the current buffer. This is the |
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2296 easiest way to get rid of old sequence numbers. |
26106 | 2297 |
25829 | 2298 @node Fortran Abbrev |
2299 @subsection Fortran Keyword Abbrevs | |
2300 | |
2301 Fortran mode provides many built-in abbrevs for common keywords and | |
2302 declarations. These are the same sort of abbrev that you can define | |
2303 yourself. To use them, you must turn on Abbrev mode. @xref{Abbrevs}. | |
2304 | |
2305 The built-in abbrevs are unusual in one way: they all start with a | |
2306 semicolon. You cannot normally use semicolon in an abbrev, but Fortran | |
2307 mode makes this possible by changing the syntax of semicolon to ``word | |
2308 constituent.'' | |
2309 | |
2310 For example, one built-in Fortran abbrev is @samp{;c} for | |
2311 @samp{continue}. If you insert @samp{;c} and then insert a punctuation | |
2312 character such as a space or a newline, the @samp{;c} expands automatically | |
2313 to @samp{continue}, provided Abbrev mode is enabled.@refill | |
2314 | |
2315 Type @samp{;?} or @samp{;C-h} to display a list of all the built-in | |
2316 Fortran abbrevs and what they stand for. | |
2317 | |
2318 @node Asm Mode | |
2319 @section Asm Mode | |
2320 | |
2321 @cindex Asm mode | |
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2322 @cindex assembler mode |
25829 | 2323 Asm mode is a major mode for editing files of assembler code. It |
2324 defines these commands: | |
2325 | |
2326 @table @kbd | |
2327 @item @key{TAB} | |
2328 @code{tab-to-tab-stop}. | |
2329 @item C-j | |
2330 Insert a newline and then indent using @code{tab-to-tab-stop}. | |
2331 @item : | |
2332 Insert a colon and then remove the indentation from before the label | |
2333 preceding colon. Then do @code{tab-to-tab-stop}. | |
2334 @item ; | |
2335 Insert or align a comment. | |
2336 @end table | |
2337 | |
2338 The variable @code{asm-comment-char} specifies which character | |
2339 starts comments in assembler syntax. | |
52401 | 2340 |
2341 @ignore | |
2342 arch-tag: c7ee7409-40a4-45c7-bfb7-ae7f2c74d0c0 | |
2343 @end ignore |