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annotate man/autotype.texi @ 34250:7bfa8f9909d2
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author | Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org> |
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date | Wed, 06 Dec 2000 10:46:42 +0000 |
parents | 0da9507401c4 |
children | a16d8ed56e9c |
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26151 | 1 \input texinfo |
2 @c This is an annex of the Emacs manual. | |
25848 | 3 @c Copyright (C) 1994, 1995 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
4 @c Author: Daniel.Pfeiffer@Informatik.START.dbp.de, fax (+49 69) 7588-2389 | |
26151 | 5 @setfilename ../info/autotype |
6 @c @node Autotypist, Picture, Abbrevs, Top | |
7 @c @chapter Features for Automatic Typing | |
8 @settitle Features for Automatic Typing | |
9 @c @cindex text | |
10 @c @cindex selfinserting text | |
11 @c @cindex autotypist | |
25848 | 12 |
30009 | 13 @dircategory Emacs |
25848 | 14 @direntry |
15 * Autotype: (autotype). Convenient features for text that you enter frequently | |
16 in Emacs. | |
17 @end direntry | |
18 | |
32315 | 19 @ifnottex |
26151 | 20 Copyright @copyright{} 1994, 1995, 1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
32315 | 21 |
22 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document | |
23 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or | |
24 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the | |
25 Invariant Sections being ``The GNU Manifesto'', ``Distribution'' and | |
26 ``GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE'', with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU | |
27 Manual'', and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the | |
28 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation | |
29 License'' in the Emacs manual. | |
26151 | 30 |
32315 | 31 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify |
32 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free | |
33 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' | |
34 | |
35 This document is part of a collection distributed under the GNU Free | |
36 Documentation License. If you want to distribute this document | |
37 separately from the collection, you can do so by adding a copy of the | |
38 license to the document, as described in section 6 of the license. | |
39 @end ifnottex | |
26151 | 40 |
41 @titlepage | |
42 @sp 10 | |
43 | |
44 @center @titlefont{Autotyping} | |
45 @sp 2 | |
46 @center @subtitlefont{Convenient features for text that you enter | |
47 frequently in Emacs} | |
48 @sp 2 | |
49 @center Daniel Pfeiffer | |
50 @center additions by Dave Love | |
51 | |
52 @page | |
53 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
54 Copyright @copyright{} 1994, 1995, 1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
32315 | 55 @sp 1 |
56 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document | |
57 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or | |
58 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the | |
59 Invariant Sections being ``The GNU Manifesto'', ``Distribution'' and | |
60 ``GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE'', with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU | |
61 Manual'', and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the | |
62 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation | |
63 License'' in the Emacs manual. | |
64 | |
65 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify | |
66 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free | |
67 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' | |
68 | |
69 This document is part of a collection distributed under the GNU Free | |
70 Documentation License. If you want to distribute this document | |
71 separately from the collection, you can do so by adding a copy of the | |
72 license to the document, as described in section 6 of the license. | |
26151 | 73 @end titlepage |
74 | |
75 @node Top | |
76 @top Autotyping | |
77 | |
25848 | 78 Under certain circumstances you will find yourself typing similar things |
79 over and over again. This is especially true of form letters and programming | |
80 language constructs. Project-specific header comments, flow-control | |
81 constructs or magic numbers are essentially the same every time. Emacs has | |
26151 | 82 various features for doing tedious and repetitive typing chores for you |
83 in addition to the Abbrev features (@pxref{(emacs)Abbrevs}). | |
25848 | 84 |
85 One solution is using skeletons, flexible rules that say what to | |
86 insert, and how to do it. Various programming language modes offer some | |
87 ready-to-use skeletons, and you can adapt them to suit your needs or | |
88 taste, or define new ones. | |
89 | |
90 Another feature is automatic insertion of what you want into empty files, | |
91 depending on the file-name or the mode as appropriate. You can have a file or | |
92 a skeleton inserted, or you can call a function. Then there is the | |
93 possibility to have Un*x interpreter scripts automatically take on a magic | |
94 number and be executable as soon as they are saved. Or you can have a | |
26151 | 95 copyright notice's year updated, if necessary, every time you save a |
96 file. Similarly for time stamps in the file. | |
97 | |
98 URLs can be inserted based on a word at point. Flexible templates can | |
99 be defined for inserting and navigating between text more generally. A | |
100 sort of meta-expansion facility can be used to try a set of alternative | |
101 completions and expansions of text at point. | |
25848 | 102 |
103 @menu | |
104 * Using Skeletons:: How to insert a skeleton into your text. | |
105 * Wrapping Skeletons:: Putting existing text within a skeleton. | |
106 * Skeletons as Abbrevs:: An alternative for issuing skeleton commands. | |
107 * Skeleton Language:: Making skeleton commands insert what you want. | |
26151 | 108 * Inserting Pairs:: Typing one character and getting another |
109 after point. | |
25848 | 110 * Autoinserting:: Filling up empty files as soon as you visit them. |
111 * Copyrights:: Inserting and updating copyrights. | |
112 * Executables:: Turning interpreter scripts into executables. | |
26151 | 113 * Timestamps:: Updating dates and times in modified files. |
114 * QuickURL:: Inserting URLs based on text at point. | |
115 * Tempo:: Flexible template insertion. | |
116 * Hippie Expand:: Expansion of text trying various methods. | |
117 | |
118 * Concept Index:: | |
119 * Command Index:: | |
120 * Variable Index:: | |
25848 | 121 @end menu |
122 | |
123 | |
124 | |
125 @node Using Skeletons | |
26151 | 126 @chapter Using Skeletons |
25848 | 127 @cindex skeletons |
128 @cindex using skeletons | |
129 | |
130 When you want Emacs to insert a form letter or a typical construct of the | |
131 programming language you are using, skeletons are a means of accomplishing | |
132 this. Normally skeletons each have a command of their own, that, when called, | |
133 will insert the skeleton. These commands can be issued in the usual ways | |
26463 | 134 (@pxref{(emacs)Commands}). Modes that offer various skeletons will often |
26151 | 135 bind these to key-sequences on the @kbd{C-c} prefix, as well as having |
136 an @cite{Insert} menu and maybe even predefined abbrevs for them | |
26463 | 137 (@pxref{Skeletons as Abbrevs}). |
25848 | 138 |
139 The simplest kind of skeleton will simply insert some text indented | |
140 according to the major mode and leave the cursor at a likely place in the | |
141 middle. Interactive skeletons may prompt you for a string that will be part | |
142 of the inserted text. | |
143 | |
144 Skeletons may ask for input several times. They even have a looping | |
145 mechanism in which you will be asked for input as long as you are willing to | |
146 furnish it. An example would be multiple ``else if'' conditions. You can | |
147 recognize this situation by a prompt ending in ``RET, C-g or C-h''. This | |
148 means that entering an empty string will simply assume that you are finished. | |
149 Typing quit on the other hand terminates the loop but also the rest of the | |
150 skeleton, e.g. an ``else'' clause is skipped. Only a syntactically necessary | |
151 termination still gets inserted. | |
152 | |
153 | |
154 | |
155 @node Wrapping Skeletons | |
26151 | 156 @chapter Wrapping Skeletons Around Existing Text |
25848 | 157 @cindex wrapping skeletons |
158 | |
159 Often you will find yourself with some code that for whatever reason | |
160 suddenly becomes conditional. Or you have written a bit of text and want to | |
161 put it in the middle of a form letter. Skeletons provide a means for | |
162 accomplishing this, and can even, in the case of programming languages, | |
163 reindent the wrapped code for you. | |
164 | |
165 Skeleton commands take an optional numeric prefix argument | |
26463 | 166 (@pxref{(emacs)Arguments}). This is interpreted in two different ways depending |
25848 | 167 on whether the prefix is positive, i.e. forwards oriented or negative, |
168 i.e. backwards oriented. | |
169 | |
26151 | 170 A positive prefix means to wrap the skeleton around that many |
171 following words. This is accomplished by putting the words there where | |
26463 | 172 the point is normally left after that skeleton is inserted (@pxref{Using |
173 Skeletons}). The point (@pxref{(emacs)Point}) is left at the next | |
26151 | 174 interesting spot in the skeleton instead. |
25848 | 175 |
176 A negative prefix means to do something similar with that many precedingly | |
26463 | 177 marked interregions (@pxref{(emacs)Mark}). In the simplest case, if you type |
25848 | 178 @kbd{M--} just before issuing the skeleton command, that will wrap the |
179 skeleton around the current region, just like a positive argument would have | |
180 wrapped it around a number of words. | |
181 | |
182 Smaller negative arguments will wrap that many interregions into successive | |
183 interesting spots within the skeleton, again leaving the point at the next one. | |
184 We speak about interregions rather than regions here, because we treat them in | |
185 the order they appear in the buffer, which coincides with successive regions | |
186 only if they were marked in order. | |
187 | |
188 That is, if you marked in alphabetical order the points A B C [] (where [] | |
189 represents the point) and call a skeleton command with @kbd{M-- 3}, you will | |
190 wrap the text from A to B into the first interesting spot of the skeleton, the | |
191 text from B to C into the next one, the text from C to the point into the | |
192 third one, and leave the point in the fourth one. If there are less marks in | |
193 the buffer, or if the skeleton defines less interesting points, the surplus is | |
194 ignored. | |
195 | |
196 If, on the other hand, you marked in alphabetical order the points [] A C B, | |
197 and call a skeleton command with @kbd{M-- 3}, you will wrap the text from | |
198 point to A, then the text from A to C and finally the text from C to B. This | |
199 is done because the regions overlap and Emacs would be helplessly lost if it | |
200 tried to follow the order in which you marked these points. | |
201 | |
202 | |
203 | |
204 @node Skeletons as Abbrevs | |
26151 | 205 @chapter Skeletons as Abbrev Expansions |
25848 | 206 @cindex skeletons as abbrevs |
207 | |
26151 | 208 Rather than use a keybinding for every skeleton command, you can also |
26463 | 209 define an abbreviation (@pxref{(emacs)Defining Abbrevs}) that will expand |
210 (@pxref{(emacs)Expanding Abbrevs}) into the skeleton. | |
25848 | 211 |
212 Say you want @samp{ifst} to be an abbreviation for the C language if | |
213 statement. You will tell Emacs that @samp{ifst} expands to the empty string | |
214 and then calls the skeleton command. In Emacs-lisp you can say something like | |
215 @code{(define-abbrev c-mode-abbrev-table "ifst" "" 'c-if)}. Or you can edit | |
216 the output from @kbd{M-x list-abbrevs} to make it look like this: | |
217 | |
218 @example | |
219 (c-mode-abbrev-table) | |
220 "if" 0 "" c-if | |
221 @end example | |
222 | |
223 @noindent | |
224 (Some blank lines of no semantic significance, and other abbrev tables, | |
225 have been omitted.) | |
226 | |
227 | |
228 | |
229 @node Skeleton Language | |
26151 | 230 @chapter Skeleton Language |
25848 | 231 @cindex skeleton language |
232 | |
233 @findex skeleton-insert | |
234 Skeletons are an shorthand extension to the Lisp language, where various | |
235 atoms directly perform either actions on the current buffer or rudimentary | |
236 flow control mechanisms. Skeletons are interpreted by the function | |
237 @code{skeleton-insert}. | |
238 | |
239 A skeleton is a list starting with an interactor, which is usually a | |
240 prompt-string, or @code{nil} when not needed, but can also be a Lisp | |
241 expression for complex read functions or for returning some calculated value. | |
242 The rest of the list are any number of elements as described in the following | |
243 table: | |
244 | |
245 @table @code | |
246 @item "string", ?c, ?\c | |
247 @vindex skeleton-transformation | |
248 Insert string or character. Literal strings and characters are passed through | |
249 @code{skeleton-transformation} when that is non-@code{nil}. | |
250 @item \n | |
251 Insert a newline and align under current line. Use newline character | |
252 @code{?\n} to prevent alignment. | |
253 @item _ | |
254 Interesting point. When wrapping skeletons around successive regions, they are | |
255 put at these places. Point is left at first @code{_} where nothing is wrapped. | |
256 @item > | |
257 Indent line according to major mode. When following element is @code{_}, and | |
258 there is a interregion that will be wrapped here, indent that interregion. | |
259 @item & | |
260 Logical and. Iff preceding element moved point, i.e. usually inserted | |
261 something, do following element. | |
262 @item | | |
263 Logical xor. Iff preceding element didn't move point, i.e. usually inserted | |
264 nothing, do following element. | |
265 @item -number | |
266 Delete preceding number characters. Depends on value of | |
267 @code{skeleton-untabify}. | |
268 @item (), nil | |
269 Ignored. | |
270 @item lisp expression | |
271 Evaluated, and the return value is again interpreted as a skeleton element. | |
272 @item str | |
273 A special variable that, when evaluated the first time, usually prompts | |
274 for input according to the skeleton's interactor. It is then set to the | |
275 return value resulting from the interactor. Each subskeleton has its local | |
276 copy of this variable. | |
277 @item v1, v2 | |
278 Skeleton-local user variables. | |
279 @item ' | |
280 Evaluate following lisp expression for its side-effect, but prevent it from | |
281 being interpreted as a skeleton element. | |
282 @item skeleton | |
283 Subskeletons are inserted recursively, not once, but as often as the user | |
284 enters something at the subskeletons interactor. Thus there must be a | |
285 @code{str} in the subskeleton. They can also be used non-interactively, when | |
286 prompt is a lisp-expression that returns successive list-elements. | |
287 @item resume: | |
288 Ignored. Execution resumes here when the user quit during skeleton | |
289 interpretation. | |
290 @item quit | |
291 A constant which is non-@code{nil} when the @code{resume:} section was entered | |
292 because the user quit. | |
293 @end table | |
294 | |
295 @findex skeleton-further-elements | |
296 Some modes also use other skeleton elements they themselves defined. For | |
297 example in shell script mode's skeletons you will find @code{<} which does a | |
298 rigid indentation backwards, or in cc-mode's skeletons you find the | |
299 self-inserting elements @code{@{} and @code{@}}. These are defined by the | |
300 buffer-local variable @code{skeleton-further-elements} which is a list of | |
301 variables bound while interpreting a skeleton. | |
302 | |
303 @findex define-skeleton | |
304 The macro @code{define-skeleton} defines a command for interpreting a | |
305 skeleton. The first argument is the command name, the second is a | |
306 documentation string, and the rest is an interactor and any number of skeleton | |
307 elements together forming a skeleton. This skeleton is assigned to a variable | |
308 of the same name as the command and can thus be overridden from your | |
26463 | 309 @file{~/.emacs} file (@pxref{(emacs)Init File}). |
25848 | 310 |
311 | |
312 | |
313 @node Inserting Pairs | |
26151 | 314 @chapter Inserting Matching Pairs of Characters |
25848 | 315 @cindex inserting pairs |
316 @cindex pairs | |
317 | |
318 Various characters usually appear in pairs. When, for example, you insert | |
319 an open parenthesis, no matter whether you are programming or writing prose, | |
320 you will surely enter a closing one later. By entering both at the same time | |
321 and leaving the cursor inbetween, Emacs can guarantee you that such | |
322 parentheses are always balanced. And if you have a non-qwerty keyboard, where | |
323 typing some of the stranger programming language symbols makes you bend your | |
324 fingers backwards, this can be quite relieving too. | |
325 | |
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326 @findex skeleton-pair-insert-maybe |
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327 @vindex skeleton-pair |
26463 | 328 This is done by binding the first key (@pxref{(emacs)Rebinding}) of the |
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329 pair to @code{skeleton-pair-insert-maybe} instead of @code{self-insert-command}. |
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330 The ``maybe'' comes from the fact that this at first surprising behaviour is |
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331 initially turned off. To enable it, you must set @code{skeleton-pair} to some |
26151 | 332 non-@code{nil} value. And even then, a positive argument |
26463 | 333 (@pxref{(emacs)Arguments}) will make this key behave like a self |
334 inserting key (@pxref{(emacs)Inserting Text}). | |
25848 | 335 |
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336 @vindex skeleton-pair-on-word |
25848 | 337 While this breaks with the stated intention of always balancing pairs, it |
338 turns out that one often doesn't want pairing to occur, when the following | |
339 character is part of a word. If you want pairing to occur even then, set | |
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340 @code{skeleton-pair-on-word} to some non-@code{nil} value. |
25848 | 341 |
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342 @vindex skeleton-pair-alist |
25848 | 343 Pairing is possible for all visible characters. By default the parenthesis |
344 `(', the square bracket `[', the brace `@{', the pointed bracket `<' and the | |
345 backquote ``' will all pair to the symmetrical character. All other | |
346 characters will pair themselves. This behaviour can be modified by the | |
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347 variable @code{skeleton-pair-alist}. This is in fact an alist of skeletons |
26463 | 348 (@pxref{Skeleton Language}), with the first part of each sublist matching the |
25848 | 349 typed character. This is the position of the interactor, but since pairs |
350 don't need the @code{str} element, this is ignored. | |
351 | |
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352 Some modes have bound the command @code{skeleton-pair-insert-maybe} to |
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353 relevant keys. These modes also configure the pairs as appropriate. |
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354 For example, when typing english prose, you'd expect the backquote (`) |
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355 to pair to the quote (') while in Shell script mode it must pair to |
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356 itself. They can also inhibit pairing in certain contexts. For example |
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357 an escaped character will stand for itself. |
25848 | 358 |
359 | |
360 | |
361 @node Autoinserting | |
26151 | 362 @chapter Autoinserting Text in Empty Files |
25848 | 363 @cindex autoinserting |
364 | |
365 @findex auto-insert | |
366 @kbd{M-x auto-insert} will put some predefined text at the beginning of | |
367 the buffer. The main application for this function, as its name suggests, | |
368 is to have it be called automatically every time an empty, and only an | |
369 empty file is visited. This is accomplished by putting @code{(add-hook | |
26151 | 370 'find-file-hooks 'auto-insert)} into your @file{~/.emacs} file |
26463 | 371 (@pxref{(emacs)Init File}). |
25848 | 372 |
373 @vindex auto-insert-alist | |
374 What gets inserted, if anything, is determined by the variable | |
375 @code{auto-insert-alist}. The @code{car}s of this list are each either a mode | |
376 name, making an element applicable when a buffer is in that mode. Or they | |
377 can be a string, which is a regexp matched against the buffer's file name. | |
378 In that way different kinds of files that have the same mode in Emacs can be | |
379 distinguished. The @code{car}s may also be @code{cons}-cells consisting of | |
380 mode name or regexp as above and an additional descriptive string. | |
381 | |
382 When a matching element is found, the @code{cdr} says what to do. It may | |
383 be a string, which is a file name, whose contents are to be inserted, if | |
384 that file is found in the directory @code{auto-insert-directory} or under a | |
26463 | 385 absolute file name. Or it can be a skeleton (@pxref{Skeleton Language}) to |
25848 | 386 be inserted. |
387 | |
388 It can also be a function, which allows doing various things. The function | |
26463 | 389 can simply insert some text, indeed, it can be skeleton command (@pxref{Using |
25848 | 390 Skeletons}). It can be a lambda function which will for example conditionally |
391 call another function. Or it can even reset the mode for the buffer. If you | |
392 want to perform several such actions in order, you use a vector, i.e. several | |
393 of the above elements between square brackets ([...]). | |
394 | |
395 By default C and C++ headers insert a definition of a symbol derived from | |
396 the filename to prevent multiple inclusions. C and C++ sources insert an | |
397 include of the header. Makefiles insert the file makefile.inc if it exists. | |
398 | |
399 TeX and bibTeX mode files insert the file tex-insert.tex if it exists, while | |
400 LaTeX mode files insert insert a typical @code{\documentclass} frame. Html | |
401 files insert a skeleton with the usual frame. | |
402 | |
403 Ada mode files call the Ada header skeleton command. Emacs lisp source | |
404 files insert the usual header, with a copyright of your environment variable | |
405 @code{$ORGANIZATION} or else the FSF, and prompt for valid keywords describing | |
406 the contents. Files in a @code{bin/} directory for which Emacs could | |
26463 | 407 determine no specialised mode (@pxref{(emacs)Choosing Modes}) are set to Shell script |
25848 | 408 mode. |
409 | |
410 @findex define-auto-insert | |
26463 | 411 In Lisp (@pxref{(emacs)Init File}) you can use the function @code{define-auto-insert} |
25848 | 412 to add to or modify @code{auto-insert-alist}. See its documentation with |
413 @kbd{C-h f auto-insert-alist}. | |
414 | |
415 @vindex auto-insert | |
416 The variable @code{auto-insert} says what to do when @code{auto-insert} is | |
417 called non-interactively, e.g. when a newly found file is empty (see above): | |
418 @table @code | |
419 @item nil | |
420 Do nothing. | |
421 @item t | |
422 Insert something if possible, i.e. there is a matching entry in | |
423 @code{auto-insert-alist}. | |
424 @item other | |
425 Insert something if possible, but mark as unmodified. | |
426 @end table | |
427 | |
428 @vindex auto-insert-query | |
429 The variable @code{auto-insert-query} controls whether to ask about | |
430 inserting something. When this is @code{nil} inserting is only done with | |
431 @kbd{M-x auto-insert}. When this is @code{'function} you are queried | |
432 whenever @code{auto-insert} is called as a function, such as when Emacs | |
433 visits an empty file and you have set the above-mentioned hook. Otherwise | |
434 you are alway queried. | |
435 | |
436 @vindex auto-insert-prompt | |
437 When querying, the variable @code{auto-insert-prompt}'s value is used as a | |
438 prompt for a y-or-n-type question. If this includes a @code{%s} construct, | |
439 that is replaced by what caused the insertion rule to be chosen. This is | |
440 either a descriptive text, the mode-name of the buffer or the regular | |
441 expression that matched the filename. | |
442 | |
443 | |
444 | |
445 @node Copyrights | |
26151 | 446 @chapter Inserting and Updating Copyrights |
25848 | 447 @cindex copyrights |
448 | |
449 @findex copyright | |
450 @kbd{M-x copyright} is a skeleton inserting command, that adds a copyright | |
451 notice at the point. The ``by'' part is taken from your environment variable | |
452 @code{$ORGANIZATION} or if that isn't set you are prompted for it. If the | |
26463 | 453 buffer has a comment syntax (@pxref{(emacs)Comments}), this is inserted as a comment. |
25848 | 454 |
455 @findex copyright-update | |
456 @vindex copyright-limit | |
457 @vindex copyright-current-year | |
458 @kbd{M-x copyright-update} looks for a copyright notice in the first | |
459 @code{copyright-limit} characters of the buffer and updates it when necessary. | |
460 The current year (variable @code{copyright-current-year}) is added to the | |
461 existing ones, in the same format as the preceding year, i.e. 1994, '94 or 94. | |
462 If a dash-separated year list up to last year is found, that is extended to | |
463 current year, else the year is added separated by a comma. Or it replaces | |
464 them when this is called with a prefix argument. If a header referring to a | |
26463 | 465 wrong version of the GNU General Public License (@pxref{(emacs)Copying}) is found, |
25848 | 466 that is updated too. |
467 | |
468 An interesting application for this function is to have it be called | |
469 automatically every time a file is saved. This is accomplished by putting | |
470 @code{(add-hook 'write-file-hooks 'copyright-update)} into your @file{~/.emacs} | |
26463 | 471 file (@pxref{(emacs)Init File}). |
25848 | 472 |
473 @vindex copyright-query | |
474 The variable @code{copyright-query} controls whether to update the | |
475 copyright or whether to ask about it. When this is @code{nil} updating is | |
476 only done with @kbd{M-x copyright-update}. When this is @code{'function} | |
477 you are queried whenever @code{copyright-update} is called as a function, | |
478 such as in the @code{write-file-hooks} feature mentioned above. Otherwise | |
479 you are always queried. | |
480 | |
481 | |
482 | |
483 @node Executables | |
26151 | 484 @chapter Making Interpreter Scripts Executable |
25848 | 485 @cindex executables |
486 | |
487 @vindex executable-prefix | |
488 @vindex executable-chmod | |
489 Various Un*x interpreter modes such as Shell script mode or AWK mode | |
490 will automatically insert or update the buffer's magic number, a special | |
491 comment on the first line that makes the @code{exec()} systemcall know how | |
492 to execute the script. To this end the script is automatically made | |
493 executable upon saving, with @code{executable-chmod} as argument to the | |
494 system @code{chmod} command. The magic number is prefixed by the value of | |
495 @code{executable-prefix}. | |
496 | |
497 @vindex executable-magicless-file-regexp | |
26151 | 498 Any file whose name matches @code{executable-magicless-file-regexp} is not |
25848 | 499 furnished with a magic number, nor is it made executable. This is mainly |
500 intended for resource files, which are only meant to be read in. | |
501 | |
502 @vindex executable-insert | |
503 The variable @code{executable-insert} says what to do when | |
504 @code{executable-set-magic} is called non-interactively, e.g. when file has no | |
505 or the wrong magic number: | |
506 @table @code | |
507 @item nil | |
508 Do nothing. | |
509 @item t | |
510 Insert or update magic number. | |
511 @item other | |
512 Insert or update magic number, but mark as unmodified. | |
513 @end table | |
514 | |
515 @findex executable-set-magic | |
516 @vindex executable-query | |
517 The variable @code{executable-query} controls whether to ask about | |
518 inserting or updating the magic number. When this is @code{nil} updating | |
519 is only done with @kbd{M-x executable-set-magic}. When this is | |
520 @code{'function} you are queried whenever @code{executable-set-magic} is | |
521 called as a function, such as when Emacs puts a buffer in Shell script | |
522 mode. Otherwise you are alway queried. | |
523 | |
524 @findex executable-self-display | |
525 @kbd{M-x executable-self-display} adds a magic number to the buffer, which | |
526 will turn it into a self displaying text file, when called as a Un*x command. | |
527 The ``interpreter'' used is @code{executable-self-display} with argument | |
528 @code{+2}. | |
26151 | 529 |
530 @node Timestamps | |
531 @chapter Maintaining Timestamps in Modified Files | |
532 @cindex timestamps | |
533 | |
534 @findex time-stamp | |
535 @vindex write-file-hooks | |
536 The @code{time-stamp} command can be used to update automatically a | |
537 template in a file with a new time stamp every time you save the file. | |
538 Customize the hook @code{write-file-hooks} to add the function | |
539 @code{time-stamp} to arrange this. | |
540 | |
541 @vindex time-stamp-active | |
542 @vindex time-stamp-format | |
543 @vindex time-stamp-start | |
544 The time stamp is updated only if the customizable variable | |
545 @code{time-stamp-active} is on, which it is by default; the command | |
546 @code{time-stamp-toggle-active} can be used to toggle it. The format of | |
547 the time stamp is set by the customizable variable | |
548 @code{time-stamp-format}. | |
549 | |
550 @vindex time-stamp-line-limit | |
551 @vindex time-stamp-end | |
552 @vindex time-stamp-count | |
553 @vindex time-stamp-inserts-lines | |
554 The variables @code{time-stamp-line-limit}, @code{time-stamp-start}, | |
555 @code{time-stamp-end}, @code{time-stamp-count}, and | |
556 @code{time-stamp-inserts-lines} control finding the template. Do not | |
557 change these in your init file or you will be incompatible with other | |
558 people's files. If you must change them, do so only in the local | |
559 variables section of the file itself. | |
560 | |
561 Normally the template must appear in the first 8 lines of a file and | |
562 look like one of the following: | |
563 | |
564 @example | |
565 Time-stamp: <> | |
566 Time-stamp: " " | |
567 @end example | |
568 | |
569 The time stamp is written between the brackets or quotes: | |
570 | |
571 @example | |
572 Time-stamp: <1998-02-18 10:20:51 gildea> | |
573 @end example | |
574 | |
575 @node QuickURL | |
576 @chapter QuickURL: Inserting URLs Based on Text at Point | |
577 | |
578 @vindex quickurl-url-file | |
579 @findex quickurl | |
580 @cindex URLs | |
581 @kbd{M-x quickurl} can be used to insert a URL into a buffer based on | |
582 the text at point. The URLs are stored in an external file defined by | |
583 the variable @code{quickurl-url-file} as a list of either cons cells of | |
584 the form @code{(@var{key} . @var{URL})} or | |
585 lists of the form @code{(@var{key} @var{URL} @var{comment})}. These | |
586 specify that @kbd{M-x quickurl} should insert @var{URL} if the word | |
587 @var{key} is at point, for example: | |
588 | |
589 @example | |
590 (("FSF" "http://www.fsf.org/" "The Free Software Foundation") | |
591 ("emacs" . "http://www.emacs.org/") | |
592 ("hagbard" "http://www.hagbard.demon.co.uk" "Hagbard's World")) | |
593 @end example | |
594 | |
595 @findex quickurl-add-url | |
596 @findex quickurl-list | |
597 @kbd{M-x quickurl-add-url} can be used to add a new @var{key}/@var{URL} | |
598 pair. @kbd{M-x quickurl-list} provides interactive editing of the URL | |
599 list. | |
600 | |
601 @node Tempo | |
602 @chapter Tempo: Flexible Template Insertion | |
603 | |
604 @cindex templates | |
605 The Tempo package provides a simple way to define powerful templates, or | |
606 macros, if you wish. It is mainly intended for, but not limited to, | |
30870 | 607 programmers to be used for creating shortcuts for editing |
26151 | 608 certain kinds of documents. |
609 | |
610 @findex tempo-backward-mark | |
611 @findex tempo-forward-mark | |
612 A template is defined as a list of items to be inserted in the current | |
613 buffer at point. Some can be simple strings, while others can control | |
614 formatting or define special points of interest in the inserted text. | |
615 @kbd{M-x tempo-backward-mark} and @kbd{M-x tempo-forward-mark} can be | |
616 used to jump between such points. | |
617 | |
618 More flexible templates can be created by including lisp symbols, which | |
619 will be evaluated as variables, or lists, which will will be evaluated | |
620 as lisp expressions. Automatic completion of specified tags to expanded | |
621 templates can be provided. | |
622 | |
623 @findex tempo-define-template | |
624 See the documentation for @code{tempo-define-template} for the different | |
625 items that can be used to define a tempo template with a command for | |
626 inserting it. | |
627 | |
628 See the commentary in @file{tempo.el} for more information on using the | |
629 Tempo package. | |
630 | |
631 @node Hippie Expand | |
632 @chapter `Hippie' Expansion | |
633 | |
634 @findex hippie-expand | |
635 @kindex M-/ | |
636 @vindex hippie-expand-try-functions-list | |
637 @kbd{M-x hippie-expand} is a single command providing a variety of | |
638 completions and expansions. Called repeatedly, it tries all possible | |
639 completions in succession. | |
640 | |
641 Which ones to try, and in which order, is determined by the contents of | |
642 the customizable option @code{hippie-expand-try-functions-list}. Much | |
643 customization of the expansion behaviour can be made by changing the | |
644 order of, removing, or inserting new functions in this list. Given a | |
645 positive numeric argument, @kbd{M-x hippie-expand} jumps directly that | |
646 number of functions forward in this list. Given some other argument (a | |
647 negative argument or just @kbd{C-u}) it undoes the tried completion. | |
648 | |
649 See the commentary in @file{hippie-exp.el} for more information on the | |
650 possibilities. | |
651 | |
652 Typically you would bind @code{hippie-expand} to @kbd{M-/} with | |
653 @code{dabbrev-expand}, the standard binding of @kbd{M-/}, providing one | |
654 of the expansion possibilities. | |
655 | |
656 | |
657 @node Concept Index | |
658 @unnumbered Concept Index | |
659 @printindex cp | |
660 | |
661 @node Command Index | |
662 @unnumbered Command Index | |
663 @printindex fn | |
664 | |
665 @node Variable Index | |
666 @unnumbered Variable Index | |
667 @printindex vr | |
668 | |
29713 | 669 @setchapternewpage odd |
26151 | 670 @contents |
671 @bye |