Mercurial > emacs
annotate lispref/commands.texi @ 60489:7d03f539a034
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6260 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2004 |
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4 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6260 | 5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
6 @setfilename ../info/commands | |
7 @node Command Loop, Keymaps, Minibuffers, Top | |
8 @chapter Command Loop | |
9 @cindex editor command loop | |
10 @cindex command loop | |
11 | |
12 When you run Emacs, it enters the @dfn{editor command loop} almost | |
13 immediately. This loop reads key sequences, executes their definitions, | |
14 and displays the results. In this chapter, we describe how these things | |
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15 are done, and the subroutines that allow Lisp programs to do them. |
6260 | 16 |
17 @menu | |
18 * Command Overview:: How the command loop reads commands. | |
19 * Defining Commands:: Specifying how a function should read arguments. | |
20 * Interactive Call:: Calling a command, so that it will read arguments. | |
21 * Command Loop Info:: Variables set by the command loop for you to examine. | |
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22 * Adjusting Point:: Adjustment of point after a command. |
6260 | 23 * Input Events:: What input looks like when you read it. |
24 * Reading Input:: How to read input events from the keyboard or mouse. | |
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25 * Special Events:: Events processed immediately and individually. |
6260 | 26 * Waiting:: Waiting for user input or elapsed time. |
27 * Quitting:: How @kbd{C-g} works. How to catch or defer quitting. | |
28 * Prefix Command Arguments:: How the commands to set prefix args work. | |
29 * Recursive Editing:: Entering a recursive edit, | |
30 and why you usually shouldn't. | |
31 * Disabling Commands:: How the command loop handles disabled commands. | |
32 * Command History:: How the command history is set up, and how accessed. | |
33 * Keyboard Macros:: How keyboard macros are implemented. | |
34 @end menu | |
35 | |
36 @node Command Overview | |
37 @section Command Loop Overview | |
38 | |
39 The first thing the command loop must do is read a key sequence, which | |
40 is a sequence of events that translates into a command. It does this by | |
41 calling the function @code{read-key-sequence}. Your Lisp code can also | |
42 call this function (@pxref{Key Sequence Input}). Lisp programs can also | |
43 do input at a lower level with @code{read-event} (@pxref{Reading One | |
44 Event}) or discard pending input with @code{discard-input} | |
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45 (@pxref{Event Input Misc}). |
6260 | 46 |
47 The key sequence is translated into a command through the currently | |
48 active keymaps. @xref{Key Lookup}, for information on how this is done. | |
49 The result should be a keyboard macro or an interactively callable | |
50 function. If the key is @kbd{M-x}, then it reads the name of another | |
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51 command, which it then calls. This is done by the command |
6260 | 52 @code{execute-extended-command} (@pxref{Interactive Call}). |
53 | |
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54 To execute a command requires first reading the arguments for it. |
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55 This is done by calling @code{command-execute} (@pxref{Interactive |
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56 Call}). For commands written in Lisp, the @code{interactive} |
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57 specification says how to read the arguments. This may use the prefix |
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58 argument (@pxref{Prefix Command Arguments}) or may read with prompting |
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59 in the minibuffer (@pxref{Minibuffers}). For example, the command |
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60 @code{find-file} has an @code{interactive} specification which says to |
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61 read a file name using the minibuffer. The command's function body does |
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62 not use the minibuffer; if you call this command from Lisp code as a |
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63 function, you must supply the file name string as an ordinary Lisp |
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64 function argument. |
6260 | 65 |
66 If the command is a string or vector (i.e., a keyboard macro) then | |
67 @code{execute-kbd-macro} is used to execute it. You can call this | |
68 function yourself (@pxref{Keyboard Macros}). | |
69 | |
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70 To terminate the execution of a running command, type @kbd{C-g}. This |
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71 character causes @dfn{quitting} (@pxref{Quitting}). |
6260 | 72 |
73 @defvar pre-command-hook | |
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74 The editor command loop runs this normal hook before each command. At |
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75 that time, @code{this-command} contains the command that is about to |
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76 run, and @code{last-command} describes the previous command. |
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77 @xref{Command Loop Info}. |
6260 | 78 @end defvar |
79 | |
80 @defvar post-command-hook | |
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81 The editor command loop runs this normal hook after each command |
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82 (including commands terminated prematurely by quitting or by errors), |
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83 and also when the command loop is first entered. At that time, |
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84 @code{this-command} refers to the command that just ran, and |
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85 @code{last-command} refers to the command before that. |
6260 | 86 @end defvar |
87 | |
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88 Quitting is suppressed while running @code{pre-command-hook} and |
12098 | 89 @code{post-command-hook}. If an error happens while executing one of |
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90 these hooks, it terminates execution of the hook, and clears the hook |
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91 variable to @code{nil} so as to prevent an infinite loop of errors. |
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92 |
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93 A request coming into the Emacs server (@pxref{Emacs Server,,, |
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94 emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}) runs these two hooks just as a keyboard |
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95 command does. |
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96 |
6260 | 97 @node Defining Commands |
98 @section Defining Commands | |
99 @cindex defining commands | |
100 @cindex commands, defining | |
101 @cindex functions, making them interactive | |
102 @cindex interactive function | |
103 | |
104 A Lisp function becomes a command when its body contains, at top | |
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105 level, a form that calls the special form @code{interactive}. This |
6260 | 106 form does nothing when actually executed, but its presence serves as a |
107 flag to indicate that interactive calling is permitted. Its argument | |
108 controls the reading of arguments for an interactive call. | |
109 | |
110 @menu | |
111 * Using Interactive:: General rules for @code{interactive}. | |
112 * Interactive Codes:: The standard letter-codes for reading arguments | |
113 in various ways. | |
114 * Interactive Examples:: Examples of how to read interactive arguments. | |
115 @end menu | |
116 | |
117 @node Using Interactive | |
118 @subsection Using @code{interactive} | |
119 | |
120 This section describes how to write the @code{interactive} form that | |
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121 makes a Lisp function an interactively-callable command, and how to |
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122 examine a command's @code{interactive} form. |
6260 | 123 |
124 @defspec interactive arg-descriptor | |
125 @cindex argument descriptors | |
126 This special form declares that the function in which it appears is a | |
127 command, and that it may therefore be called interactively (via | |
128 @kbd{M-x} or by entering a key sequence bound to it). The argument | |
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129 @var{arg-descriptor} declares how to compute the arguments to the |
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130 command when the command is called interactively. |
6260 | 131 |
132 A command may be called from Lisp programs like any other function, but | |
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133 then the caller supplies the arguments and @var{arg-descriptor} has no |
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134 effect. |
6260 | 135 |
136 The @code{interactive} form has its effect because the command loop | |
137 (actually, its subroutine @code{call-interactively}) scans through the | |
138 function definition looking for it, before calling the function. Once | |
139 the function is called, all its body forms including the | |
140 @code{interactive} form are executed, but at this time | |
141 @code{interactive} simply returns @code{nil} without even evaluating its | |
142 argument. | |
143 @end defspec | |
144 | |
145 There are three possibilities for the argument @var{arg-descriptor}: | |
146 | |
147 @itemize @bullet | |
148 @item | |
149 It may be omitted or @code{nil}; then the command is called with no | |
150 arguments. This leads quickly to an error if the command requires one | |
151 or more arguments. | |
152 | |
153 @item | |
154 It may be a Lisp expression that is not a string; then it should be a | |
155 form that is evaluated to get a list of arguments to pass to the | |
156 command. | |
157 @cindex argument evaluation form | |
158 | |
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159 If this expression reads keyboard input (this includes using the |
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160 minibuffer), keep in mind that the integer value of point or the mark |
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161 before reading input may be incorrect after reading input. This is |
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162 because the current buffer may be receiving subprocess output; |
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163 if subprocess output arrives while the command is waiting for input, |
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164 it could relocate point and the mark. |
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165 |
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166 Here's an example of what @emph{not} to do: |
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167 |
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168 @smallexample |
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169 (interactive |
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170 (list (region-beginning) (region-end) |
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171 (read-string "Foo: " nil 'my-history))) |
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172 @end smallexample |
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173 |
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174 @noindent |
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175 Here's how to avoid the problem, by examining point and the mark only |
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176 after reading the keyboard input: |
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177 |
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178 @smallexample |
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179 (interactive |
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180 (let ((string (read-string "Foo: " nil 'my-history))) |
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181 (list (region-beginning) (region-end) string))) |
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182 @end smallexample |
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183 |
6260 | 184 @item |
185 @cindex argument prompt | |
186 It may be a string; then its contents should consist of a code character | |
187 followed by a prompt (which some code characters use and some ignore). | |
188 The prompt ends either with the end of the string or with a newline. | |
189 Here is a simple example: | |
190 | |
191 @smallexample | |
192 (interactive "bFrobnicate buffer: ") | |
193 @end smallexample | |
194 | |
195 @noindent | |
196 The code letter @samp{b} says to read the name of an existing buffer, | |
197 with completion. The buffer name is the sole argument passed to the | |
198 command. The rest of the string is a prompt. | |
199 | |
200 If there is a newline character in the string, it terminates the prompt. | |
201 If the string does not end there, then the rest of the string should | |
202 contain another code character and prompt, specifying another argument. | |
203 You can specify any number of arguments in this way. | |
204 | |
205 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
206 The prompt string can use @samp{%} to include previous argument values | |
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207 (starting with the first argument) in the prompt. This is done using |
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208 @code{format} (@pxref{Formatting Strings}). For example, here is how |
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209 you could read the name of an existing buffer followed by a new name to |
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210 give to that buffer: |
6260 | 211 |
212 @smallexample | |
213 @group | |
214 (interactive "bBuffer to rename: \nsRename buffer %s to: ") | |
215 @end group | |
216 @end smallexample | |
217 | |
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218 @cindex @samp{*} in @code{interactive} |
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219 @cindex read-only buffers in interactive |
6260 | 220 If the first character in the string is @samp{*}, then an error is |
221 signaled if the buffer is read-only. | |
222 | |
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223 @cindex @samp{@@} in @code{interactive} |
6260 | 224 @c Emacs 19 feature |
225 If the first character in the string is @samp{@@}, and if the key | |
226 sequence used to invoke the command includes any mouse events, then | |
227 the window associated with the first of those events is selected | |
228 before the command is run. | |
229 | |
230 You can use @samp{*} and @samp{@@} together; the order does not matter. | |
231 Actual reading of arguments is controlled by the rest of the prompt | |
232 string (starting with the first character that is not @samp{*} or | |
233 @samp{@@}). | |
234 @end itemize | |
235 | |
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236 @cindex examining the @code{interactive} form |
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237 @defun interactive-form function |
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238 This function returns the @code{interactive} form of @var{function}. |
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239 If @var{function} is an interactively callable function |
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240 (@pxref{Interactive Call}), the value is the command's |
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241 @code{interactive} form @code{(interactive @var{spec})}, which |
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242 specifies how to compute its arguments. Otherwise, the value is |
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243 @code{nil}. If @var{function} is a symbol, its function definition is |
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244 used. |
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245 @end defun |
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246 |
6260 | 247 @node Interactive Codes |
248 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
249 @subsection Code Characters for @code{interactive} | |
250 @cindex interactive code description | |
251 @cindex description for interactive codes | |
252 @cindex codes, interactive, description of | |
253 @cindex characters for interactive codes | |
254 | |
255 The code character descriptions below contain a number of key words, | |
256 defined here as follows: | |
257 | |
258 @table @b | |
259 @item Completion | |
260 @cindex interactive completion | |
261 Provide completion. @key{TAB}, @key{SPC}, and @key{RET} perform name | |
262 completion because the argument is read using @code{completing-read} | |
263 (@pxref{Completion}). @kbd{?} displays a list of possible completions. | |
264 | |
265 @item Existing | |
266 Require the name of an existing object. An invalid name is not | |
267 accepted; the commands to exit the minibuffer do not exit if the current | |
268 input is not valid. | |
269 | |
270 @item Default | |
271 @cindex default argument string | |
272 A default value of some sort is used if the user enters no text in the | |
273 minibuffer. The default depends on the code character. | |
274 | |
275 @item No I/O | |
276 This code letter computes an argument without reading any input. | |
277 Therefore, it does not use a prompt string, and any prompt string you | |
278 supply is ignored. | |
279 | |
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280 Even though the code letter doesn't use a prompt string, you must follow |
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281 it with a newline if it is not the last code character in the string. |
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282 |
6260 | 283 @item Prompt |
284 A prompt immediately follows the code character. The prompt ends either | |
285 with the end of the string or with a newline. | |
286 | |
287 @item Special | |
288 This code character is meaningful only at the beginning of the | |
289 interactive string, and it does not look for a prompt or a newline. | |
290 It is a single, isolated character. | |
291 @end table | |
292 | |
293 @cindex reading interactive arguments | |
294 Here are the code character descriptions for use with @code{interactive}: | |
295 | |
296 @table @samp | |
297 @item * | |
298 Signal an error if the current buffer is read-only. Special. | |
299 | |
300 @item @@ | |
301 Select the window mentioned in the first mouse event in the key | |
302 sequence that invoked this command. Special. | |
303 | |
304 @item a | |
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305 A function name (i.e., a symbol satisfying @code{fboundp}). Existing, |
6260 | 306 Completion, Prompt. |
307 | |
308 @item b | |
309 The name of an existing buffer. By default, uses the name of the | |
310 current buffer (@pxref{Buffers}). Existing, Completion, Default, | |
311 Prompt. | |
312 | |
313 @item B | |
314 A buffer name. The buffer need not exist. By default, uses the name of | |
315 a recently used buffer other than the current buffer. Completion, | |
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316 Default, Prompt. |
6260 | 317 |
318 @item c | |
319 A character. The cursor does not move into the echo area. Prompt. | |
320 | |
321 @item C | |
322 A command name (i.e., a symbol satisfying @code{commandp}). Existing, | |
323 Completion, Prompt. | |
324 | |
325 @item d | |
326 @cindex position argument | |
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327 The position of point, as an integer (@pxref{Point}). No I/O. |
6260 | 328 |
329 @item D | |
330 A directory name. The default is the current default directory of the | |
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331 current buffer, @code{default-directory} (@pxref{File Name Expansion}). |
6260 | 332 Existing, Completion, Default, Prompt. |
333 | |
334 @item e | |
335 The first or next mouse event in the key sequence that invoked the command. | |
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336 More precisely, @samp{e} gets events that are lists, so you can look at |
6260 | 337 the data in the lists. @xref{Input Events}. No I/O. |
338 | |
339 You can use @samp{e} more than once in a single command's interactive | |
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340 specification. If the key sequence that invoked the command has |
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341 @var{n} events that are lists, the @var{n}th @samp{e} provides the |
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342 @var{n}th such event. Events that are not lists, such as function keys |
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343 and @acronym{ASCII} characters, do not count where @samp{e} is concerned. |
6260 | 344 |
345 @item f | |
346 A file name of an existing file (@pxref{File Names}). The default | |
347 directory is @code{default-directory}. Existing, Completion, Default, | |
348 Prompt. | |
349 | |
350 @item F | |
351 A file name. The file need not exist. Completion, Default, Prompt. | |
352 | |
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353 @item i |
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354 An irrelevant argument. This code always supplies @code{nil} as |
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355 the argument's value. No I/O. |
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356 |
6260 | 357 @item k |
358 A key sequence (@pxref{Keymap Terminology}). This keeps reading events | |
359 until a command (or undefined command) is found in the current key | |
360 maps. The key sequence argument is represented as a string or vector. | |
361 The cursor does not move into the echo area. Prompt. | |
362 | |
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363 If the key sequence is a down-event, the following up-event is discarded, |
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364 but can be read via the @code{U} code character. |
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365 |
6260 | 366 This kind of input is used by commands such as @code{describe-key} and |
367 @code{global-set-key}. | |
368 | |
12067 | 369 @item K |
370 A key sequence, whose definition you intend to change. This works like | |
371 @samp{k}, except that it suppresses, for the last input event in the key | |
372 sequence, the conversions that are normally used (when necessary) to | |
373 convert an undefined key into a defined one. | |
374 | |
6260 | 375 @item m |
376 @cindex marker argument | |
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377 The position of the mark, as an integer. No I/O. |
6260 | 378 |
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379 @item M |
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380 Arbitrary text, read in the minibuffer using the current buffer's input |
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381 method, and returned as a string (@pxref{Input Methods,,, emacs, The GNU |
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382 Emacs Manual}). Prompt. |
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383 |
6260 | 384 @item n |
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385 A number, read with the minibuffer. If the input is not a number, the |
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386 user has to try again. @samp{n} never uses the prefix argument. |
6260 | 387 Prompt. |
388 | |
389 @item N | |
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390 The numeric prefix argument; but if there is no prefix argument, read |
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391 a number as with @kbd{n}. The value is always a number. @xref{Prefix |
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392 Command Arguments}. Prompt. |
6260 | 393 |
394 @item p | |
395 @cindex numeric prefix argument usage | |
396 The numeric prefix argument. (Note that this @samp{p} is lower case.) | |
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397 No I/O. |
6260 | 398 |
399 @item P | |
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400 @cindex raw prefix argument usage |
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401 The raw prefix argument. (Note that this @samp{P} is upper case.) No |
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402 I/O. |
6260 | 403 |
404 @item r | |
405 @cindex region argument | |
406 Point and the mark, as two numeric arguments, smallest first. This is | |
407 the only code letter that specifies two successive arguments rather than | |
408 one. No I/O. | |
409 | |
410 @item s | |
411 Arbitrary text, read in the minibuffer and returned as a string | |
412 (@pxref{Text from Minibuffer}). Terminate the input with either | |
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413 @kbd{C-j} or @key{RET}. (@kbd{C-q} may be used to include either of |
6260 | 414 these characters in the input.) Prompt. |
415 | |
416 @item S | |
417 An interned symbol whose name is read in the minibuffer. Any whitespace | |
418 character terminates the input. (Use @kbd{C-q} to include whitespace in | |
419 the string.) Other characters that normally terminate a symbol (e.g., | |
420 parentheses and brackets) do not do so here. Prompt. | |
421 | |
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422 @item U |
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423 A key sequence or @code{nil}. May be used after a @code{k} or @code{K} |
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424 argument to get the up-event that was discarded in case the key |
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425 sequence read for that argument was a down-event. No I/O. |
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426 |
6260 | 427 @item v |
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428 A variable declared to be a user option (i.e., satisfying the |
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429 predicate @code{user-variable-p}). This reads the variable using |
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430 @code{read-variable}. @xref{Definition of read-variable}. Existing, |
6260 | 431 Completion, Prompt. |
432 | |
433 @item x | |
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434 A Lisp object, specified with its read syntax, terminated with a |
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435 @kbd{C-j} or @key{RET}. The object is not evaluated. @xref{Object from |
6260 | 436 Minibuffer}. Prompt. |
437 | |
438 @item X | |
439 @cindex evaluated expression argument | |
440 A Lisp form is read as with @kbd{x}, but then evaluated so that its | |
441 value becomes the argument for the command. Prompt. | |
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442 |
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443 @item z |
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444 A coding system name (a symbol). If the user enters null input, the |
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445 argument value is @code{nil}. @xref{Coding Systems}. Completion, |
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446 Existing, Prompt. |
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447 |
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448 @item Z |
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449 A coding system name (a symbol)---but only if this command has a prefix |
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450 argument. With no prefix argument, @samp{Z} provides @code{nil} as the |
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451 argument value. Completion, Existing, Prompt. |
6260 | 452 @end table |
453 | |
454 @node Interactive Examples | |
455 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
456 @subsection Examples of Using @code{interactive} | |
457 @cindex examples of using @code{interactive} | |
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458 @cindex @code{interactive}, examples of using |
6260 | 459 |
460 Here are some examples of @code{interactive}: | |
461 | |
462 @example | |
463 @group | |
464 (defun foo1 () ; @r{@code{foo1} takes no arguments,} | |
465 (interactive) ; @r{just moves forward two words.} | |
466 (forward-word 2)) | |
467 @result{} foo1 | |
468 @end group | |
469 | |
470 @group | |
471 (defun foo2 (n) ; @r{@code{foo2} takes one argument,} | |
472 (interactive "p") ; @r{which is the numeric prefix.} | |
473 (forward-word (* 2 n))) | |
474 @result{} foo2 | |
475 @end group | |
476 | |
477 @group | |
478 (defun foo3 (n) ; @r{@code{foo3} takes one argument,} | |
479 (interactive "nCount:") ; @r{which is read with the Minibuffer.} | |
480 (forward-word (* 2 n))) | |
481 @result{} foo3 | |
482 @end group | |
483 | |
484 @group | |
485 (defun three-b (b1 b2 b3) | |
486 "Select three existing buffers. | |
487 Put them into three windows, selecting the last one." | |
488 @end group | |
489 (interactive "bBuffer1:\nbBuffer2:\nbBuffer3:") | |
490 (delete-other-windows) | |
491 (split-window (selected-window) 8) | |
492 (switch-to-buffer b1) | |
493 (other-window 1) | |
494 (split-window (selected-window) 8) | |
495 (switch-to-buffer b2) | |
496 (other-window 1) | |
497 (switch-to-buffer b3)) | |
498 @result{} three-b | |
499 @group | |
500 (three-b "*scratch*" "declarations.texi" "*mail*") | |
501 @result{} nil | |
502 @end group | |
503 @end example | |
504 | |
505 @node Interactive Call | |
506 @section Interactive Call | |
507 @cindex interactive call | |
508 | |
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509 After the command loop has translated a key sequence into a command it |
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510 invokes that command using the function @code{command-execute}. If the |
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511 command is a function, @code{command-execute} calls |
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512 @code{call-interactively}, which reads the arguments and calls the |
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513 command. You can also call these functions yourself. |
6260 | 514 |
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515 @defun commandp object &optional for-call-interactively |
6260 | 516 Returns @code{t} if @var{object} is suitable for calling interactively; |
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517 that is, if @var{object} is a command. Otherwise, returns @code{nil}. |
6260 | 518 |
519 The interactively callable objects include strings and vectors (treated | |
520 as keyboard macros), lambda expressions that contain a top-level call to | |
12098 | 521 @code{interactive}, byte-code function objects made from such lambda |
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522 expressions, autoload objects that are declared as interactive |
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523 (non-@code{nil} fourth argument to @code{autoload}), and some of the |
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524 primitive functions. |
6260 | 525 |
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526 A symbol satisfies @code{commandp} if its function definition |
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527 satisfies @code{commandp}. Keys and keymaps are not commands. |
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528 Rather, they are used to look up commands (@pxref{Keymaps}). |
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529 |
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530 If @var{for-call-interactively} is non-@code{nil}, then |
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531 @code{commandp} returns @code{t} only for objects that |
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532 @code{call-interactively} could call---thus, not for keyboard macros. |
6260 | 533 |
534 See @code{documentation} in @ref{Accessing Documentation}, for a | |
535 realistic example of using @code{commandp}. | |
536 @end defun | |
537 | |
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538 @defun call-interactively command &optional record-flag keys |
6260 | 539 This function calls the interactively callable function @var{command}, |
540 reading arguments according to its interactive calling specifications. | |
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541 It returns whatever @var{command} returns. An error is signaled if |
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542 @var{command} is not a function or if it cannot be called |
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543 interactively (i.e., is not a command). Note that keyboard macros |
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544 (strings and vectors) are not accepted, even though they are |
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545 considered commands, because they are not functions. If @var{command} |
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546 is a symbol, then @code{call-interactively} uses its function definition. |
6260 | 547 |
548 @cindex record command history | |
549 If @var{record-flag} is non-@code{nil}, then this command and its | |
550 arguments are unconditionally added to the list @code{command-history}. | |
551 Otherwise, the command is added only if it uses the minibuffer to read | |
552 an argument. @xref{Command History}. | |
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553 |
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554 The argument @var{keys}, if given, specifies the sequence of events to |
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555 supply if the command inquires which events were used to invoke it. |
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556 If @var{keys} is omitted or @code{nil}, the return value of |
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557 @code{this-command-keys} is used. @xref{Definition of this-command-keys}. |
6260 | 558 @end defun |
559 | |
26288 | 560 @defun command-execute command &optional record-flag keys special |
6260 | 561 @cindex keyboard macro execution |
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562 This function executes @var{command}. The argument @var{command} must |
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563 satisfy the @code{commandp} predicate; i.e., it must be an interactively |
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564 callable function or a keyboard macro. |
6260 | 565 |
566 A string or vector as @var{command} is executed with | |
567 @code{execute-kbd-macro}. A function is passed to | |
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568 @code{call-interactively}, along with the optional @var{record-flag} |
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569 and @var{keys}. |
6260 | 570 |
571 A symbol is handled by using its function definition in its place. A | |
572 symbol with an @code{autoload} definition counts as a command if it was | |
573 declared to stand for an interactively callable function. Such a | |
574 definition is handled by loading the specified library and then | |
575 rechecking the definition of the symbol. | |
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576 |
26288 | 577 The argument @var{special}, if given, means to ignore the prefix |
578 argument and not clear it. This is used for executing special events | |
579 (@pxref{Special Events}). | |
6260 | 580 @end defun |
581 | |
582 @deffn Command execute-extended-command prefix-argument | |
583 @cindex read command name | |
584 This function reads a command name from the minibuffer using | |
585 @code{completing-read} (@pxref{Completion}). Then it uses | |
586 @code{command-execute} to call the specified command. Whatever that | |
587 command returns becomes the value of @code{execute-extended-command}. | |
588 | |
589 @cindex execute with prefix argument | |
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590 If the command asks for a prefix argument, it receives the value |
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591 @var{prefix-argument}. If @code{execute-extended-command} is called |
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592 interactively, the current raw prefix argument is used for |
6260 | 593 @var{prefix-argument}, and thus passed on to whatever command is run. |
594 | |
595 @c !!! Should this be @kindex? | |
596 @cindex @kbd{M-x} | |
597 @code{execute-extended-command} is the normal definition of @kbd{M-x}, | |
598 so it uses the string @w{@samp{M-x }} as a prompt. (It would be better | |
599 to take the prompt from the events used to invoke | |
600 @code{execute-extended-command}, but that is painful to implement.) A | |
601 description of the value of the prefix argument, if any, also becomes | |
602 part of the prompt. | |
603 | |
604 @example | |
605 @group | |
606 (execute-extended-command 1) | |
607 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
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608 1 M-x forward-word RET |
6260 | 609 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- |
610 @result{} t | |
611 @end group | |
612 @end example | |
613 @end deffn | |
614 | |
615 @defun interactive-p | |
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616 This function returns @code{t} if the containing function (the one |
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617 whose code includes the call to @code{interactive-p}) was called in |
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618 direct response to user input. This means that it was called with the |
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619 function @code{call-interactively}, and that a keyboard macro is |
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620 not running, and that Emacs is not running in batch mode. |
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621 |
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622 If the containing function was called by Lisp evaluation (or with |
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623 @code{apply} or @code{funcall}), then it was not called interactively. |
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624 @end defun |
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625 |
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626 The most common use of @code{interactive-p} is for deciding whether |
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627 to give the user additional visual feedback (such as by printing an |
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628 informative message). For example: |
6260 | 629 |
630 @example | |
631 @group | |
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632 ;; @r{Here's the usual way to use @code{interactive-p}.} |
6260 | 633 (defun foo () |
634 (interactive) | |
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635 (when (interactive-p) |
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636 (message "foo"))) |
6260 | 637 @result{} foo |
638 @end group | |
639 | |
640 @group | |
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641 ;; @r{This function is just to illustrate the behavior.} |
6260 | 642 (defun bar () |
643 (interactive) | |
644 (setq foobar (list (foo) (interactive-p)))) | |
645 @result{} bar | |
646 @end group | |
647 | |
648 @group | |
649 ;; @r{Type @kbd{M-x foo}.} | |
650 @print{} foo | |
651 @end group | |
652 | |
653 @group | |
654 ;; @r{Type @kbd{M-x bar}.} | |
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655 ;; @r{This does not display a message.} |
6260 | 656 @end group |
657 | |
658 @group | |
659 foobar | |
660 @result{} (nil t) | |
661 @end group | |
662 @end example | |
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663 |
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664 If you want to test @emph{only} whether the function was called |
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665 using @code{call-interactively}, add an optional argument |
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666 @code{print-message} which should be non-@code{nil} in an interactive |
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667 call, and use the @code{interactive} spec to make sure it is |
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668 non-@code{nil}. Here's an example: |
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669 |
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670 @example |
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671 (defun foo (&optional print-message) |
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672 (interactive "p") |
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673 (when print-message |
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674 (message "foo"))) |
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675 @end example |
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676 |
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677 @noindent |
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678 Defined in this way, the function does display the message when called |
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679 from a keyboard macro. We use @code{"p"} because the numeric prefix |
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680 argument is never @code{nil}. |
6260 | 681 |
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682 @defun called-interactively-p |
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683 This function returns @code{t} when the calling function was called |
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684 using @code{call-interactively}. |
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685 |
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686 When possible, instead of using this function, you should use the |
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687 method in the example above; that method makes it possible for a |
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688 caller to ``pretend'' that the function was called interactively. |
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689 @end defun |
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690 |
6260 | 691 @node Command Loop Info |
692 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
693 @section Information from the Command Loop | |
694 | |
695 The editor command loop sets several Lisp variables to keep status | |
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696 records for itself and for commands that are run. |
6260 | 697 |
698 @defvar last-command | |
699 This variable records the name of the previous command executed by the | |
700 command loop (the one before the current command). Normally the value | |
701 is a symbol with a function definition, but this is not guaranteed. | |
702 | |
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703 The value is copied from @code{this-command} when a command returns to |
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704 the command loop, except when the command has specified a prefix |
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705 argument for the following command. |
12098 | 706 |
707 This variable is always local to the current terminal and cannot be | |
708 buffer-local. @xref{Multiple Displays}. | |
6260 | 709 @end defvar |
710 | |
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711 @defvar real-last-command |
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712 This variable is set up by Emacs just like @code{last-command}, |
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713 but never altered by Lisp programs. |
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714 @end defvar |
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715 |
6260 | 716 @defvar this-command |
717 @cindex current command | |
718 This variable records the name of the command now being executed by | |
719 the editor command loop. Like @code{last-command}, it is normally a symbol | |
720 with a function definition. | |
721 | |
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722 The command loop sets this variable just before running a command, and |
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723 copies its value into @code{last-command} when the command finishes |
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724 (unless the command specified a prefix argument for the following |
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725 command). |
6260 | 726 |
727 @cindex kill command repetition | |
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728 Some commands set this variable during their execution, as a flag for |
12098 | 729 whatever command runs next. In particular, the functions for killing text |
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730 set @code{this-command} to @code{kill-region} so that any kill commands |
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731 immediately following will know to append the killed text to the |
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732 previous kill. |
6260 | 733 @end defvar |
734 | |
735 If you do not want a particular command to be recognized as the previous | |
736 command in the case where it got an error, you must code that command to | |
737 prevent this. One way is to set @code{this-command} to @code{t} at the | |
738 beginning of the command, and set @code{this-command} back to its proper | |
739 value at the end, like this: | |
740 | |
741 @example | |
742 (defun foo (args@dots{}) | |
743 (interactive @dots{}) | |
744 (let ((old-this-command this-command)) | |
745 (setq this-command t) | |
746 @r{@dots{}do the work@dots{}} | |
747 (setq this-command old-this-command))) | |
748 @end example | |
749 | |
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750 @noindent |
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751 We do not bind @code{this-command} with @code{let} because that would |
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752 restore the old value in case of error---a feature of @code{let} which |
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753 in this case does precisely what we want to avoid. |
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754 |
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755 @defvar this-original-command |
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756 This has the same value as @code{this-command} except when command |
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757 remapping occurs (@pxref{Remapping Commands}). In that case, |
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758 @code{this-command} gives the command actually run (the result of |
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759 remapping), and @code{this-original-command} gives the command that |
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760 was specified to run but remapped into another command. |
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761 @end defvar |
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762 |
6260 | 763 @defun this-command-keys |
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764 @anchor{Definition of this-command-keys} |
6260 | 765 This function returns a string or vector containing the key sequence |
766 that invoked the present command, plus any previous commands that | |
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767 generated the prefix argument for this command. However, if the |
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768 command has called @code{read-key-sequence}, it returns the last read |
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769 key sequence. @xref{Key Sequence Input}. The value is a string if |
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770 all events in the sequence were characters that fit in a string. |
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771 @xref{Input Events}. |
6260 | 772 |
773 @example | |
774 @group | |
775 (this-command-keys) | |
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776 ;; @r{Now use @kbd{C-u C-x C-e} to evaluate that.} |
6260 | 777 @result{} "^U^X^E" |
778 @end group | |
779 @end example | |
780 @end defun | |
781 | |
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782 @defun this-command-keys-vector |
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783 Like @code{this-command-keys}, except that it always returns the events |
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784 in a vector, so you don't need to deal with the complexities of storing |
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785 input events in a string (@pxref{Strings of Events}). |
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786 @end defun |
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787 |
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788 @tindex clear-this-command-keys |
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789 @defun clear-this-command-keys &optional keep-record |
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790 This function empties out the table of events for |
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791 @code{this-command-keys} to return. Unless @var{keep-record} is |
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792 non-@code{nil}, it also empties the records that the function |
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793 @code{recent-keys} (@pxref{Recording Input}) will subsequently return. |
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794 This is useful after reading a password, to prevent the password from |
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795 echoing inadvertently as part of the next command in certain cases. |
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796 @end defun |
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797 |
6260 | 798 @defvar last-nonmenu-event |
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799 This variable holds the last input event read as part of a key sequence, |
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800 not counting events resulting from mouse menus. |
6260 | 801 |
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802 One use of this variable is for telling @code{x-popup-menu} where to pop |
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803 up a menu. It is also used internally by @code{y-or-n-p} |
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804 (@pxref{Yes-or-No Queries}). |
6260 | 805 @end defvar |
806 | |
807 @defvar last-command-event | |
808 @defvarx last-command-char | |
809 This variable is set to the last input event that was read by the | |
810 command loop as part of a command. The principal use of this variable | |
811 is in @code{self-insert-command}, which uses it to decide which | |
812 character to insert. | |
813 | |
814 @example | |
815 @group | |
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816 last-command-event |
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817 ;; @r{Now use @kbd{C-u C-x C-e} to evaluate that.} |
6260 | 818 @result{} 5 |
819 @end group | |
820 @end example | |
821 | |
822 @noindent | |
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823 The value is 5 because that is the @acronym{ASCII} code for @kbd{C-e}. |
6260 | 824 |
825 The alias @code{last-command-char} exists for compatibility with | |
826 Emacs version 18. | |
827 @end defvar | |
828 | |
829 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
830 @defvar last-event-frame | |
831 This variable records which frame the last input event was directed to. | |
832 Usually this is the frame that was selected when the event was | |
833 generated, but if that frame has redirected input focus to another | |
834 frame, the value is the frame to which the event was redirected. | |
835 @xref{Input Focus}. | |
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836 |
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837 If the last event came from a keyboard macro, the value is @code{macro}. |
6260 | 838 @end defvar |
839 | |
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840 @node Adjusting Point |
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841 @section Adjusting Point After Commands |
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842 |
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843 It is not easy to display a value of point in the middle of a |
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844 sequence of text that has the @code{display}, @code{composition} or |
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845 @code{intangible} property, or is invisible. Therefore, after a |
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846 command finishes and returns to the command loop, if point is within |
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847 such a sequence, the command loop normally moves point to the edge of |
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848 the sequence. |
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849 |
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850 A command can inhibit this feature by setting the variable |
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851 @code{disable-point-adjustment}: |
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852 |
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853 @defvar disable-point-adjustment |
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854 @tindex disable-point-adjustment |
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855 If this variable is non-@code{nil} when a command returns to the |
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856 command loop, then the command loop does not check for those text |
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857 properties, and does not move point out of sequences that have them. |
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858 |
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859 The command loop sets this variable to @code{nil} before each command, |
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860 so if a command sets it, the effect applies only to that command. |
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861 @end defvar |
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862 |
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863 @defvar global-disable-point-adjustment |
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864 @tindex global-disable-point-adjustment |
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865 If you set this variable to a non-@code{nil} value, the feature of |
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866 moving point out of these sequences is completely turned off. |
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867 @end defvar |
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868 |
6260 | 869 @node Input Events |
870 @section Input Events | |
871 @cindex events | |
872 @cindex input events | |
873 | |
874 The Emacs command loop reads a sequence of @dfn{input events} that | |
875 represent keyboard or mouse activity. The events for keyboard activity | |
876 are characters or symbols; mouse events are always lists. This section | |
877 describes the representation and meaning of input events in detail. | |
878 | |
879 @defun eventp object | |
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880 This function returns non-@code{nil} if @var{object} is an input event |
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881 or event type. |
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882 |
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883 Note that any symbol might be used as an event or an event type. |
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884 @code{eventp} cannot distinguish whether a symbol is intended by Lisp |
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885 code to be used as an event. Instead, it distinguishes whether the |
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886 symbol has actually been used in an event that has been read as input in |
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887 the current Emacs session. If a symbol has not yet been so used, |
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888 @code{eventp} returns @code{nil}. |
6260 | 889 @end defun |
890 | |
891 @menu | |
892 * Keyboard Events:: Ordinary characters--keys with symbols on them. | |
893 * Function Keys:: Function keys--keys with names, not symbols. | |
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894 * Mouse Events:: Overview of mouse events. |
6260 | 895 * Click Events:: Pushing and releasing a mouse button. |
896 * Drag Events:: Moving the mouse before releasing the button. | |
897 * Button-Down Events:: A button was pushed and not yet released. | |
898 * Repeat Events:: Double and triple click (or drag, or down). | |
899 * Motion Events:: Just moving the mouse, not pushing a button. | |
900 * Focus Events:: Moving the mouse between frames. | |
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901 * Misc Events:: Other events the system can generate. |
6260 | 902 * Event Examples:: Examples of the lists for mouse events. |
903 * Classifying Events:: Finding the modifier keys in an event symbol. | |
904 Event types. | |
905 * Accessing Events:: Functions to extract info from events. | |
906 * Strings of Events:: Special considerations for putting | |
907 keyboard character events in a string. | |
908 @end menu | |
909 | |
910 @node Keyboard Events | |
911 @subsection Keyboard Events | |
912 | |
913 There are two kinds of input you can get from the keyboard: ordinary | |
914 keys, and function keys. Ordinary keys correspond to characters; the | |
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915 events they generate are represented in Lisp as characters. The event |
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916 type of a character event is the character itself (an integer); see |
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917 @ref{Classifying Events}. |
6260 | 918 |
919 @cindex modifier bits (of input character) | |
920 @cindex basic code (of input character) | |
921 An input character event consists of a @dfn{basic code} between 0 and | |
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922 524287, plus any or all of these @dfn{modifier bits}: |
6260 | 923 |
924 @table @asis | |
925 @item meta | |
12098 | 926 The |
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927 @tex |
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928 @math{2^{27}} |
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929 @end tex |
27193 | 930 @ifnottex |
12098 | 931 2**27 |
27193 | 932 @end ifnottex |
12098 | 933 bit in the character code indicates a character |
6260 | 934 typed with the meta key held down. |
935 | |
936 @item control | |
12098 | 937 The |
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938 @tex |
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939 @math{2^{26}} |
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940 @end tex |
27193 | 941 @ifnottex |
12098 | 942 2**26 |
27193 | 943 @end ifnottex |
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944 bit in the character code indicates a non-@acronym{ASCII} |
6260 | 945 control character. |
946 | |
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947 @sc{ascii} control characters such as @kbd{C-a} have special basic |
6260 | 948 codes of their own, so Emacs needs no special bit to indicate them. |
949 Thus, the code for @kbd{C-a} is just 1. | |
950 | |
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951 But if you type a control combination not in @acronym{ASCII}, such as |
6260 | 952 @kbd{%} with the control key, the numeric value you get is the code |
12098 | 953 for @kbd{%} plus |
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954 @tex |
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955 @math{2^{26}} |
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956 @end tex |
27193 | 957 @ifnottex |
12098 | 958 2**26 |
27193 | 959 @end ifnottex |
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960 (assuming the terminal supports non-@acronym{ASCII} |
6260 | 961 control characters). |
962 | |
963 @item shift | |
12098 | 964 The |
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965 @tex |
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966 @math{2^{25}} |
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967 @end tex |
27193 | 968 @ifnottex |
12098 | 969 2**25 |
27193 | 970 @end ifnottex |
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971 bit in the character code indicates an @acronym{ASCII} control |
6260 | 972 character typed with the shift key held down. |
973 | |
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974 For letters, the basic code itself indicates upper versus lower case; |
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975 for digits and punctuation, the shift key selects an entirely different |
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976 character with a different basic code. In order to keep within the |
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977 @acronym{ASCII} character set whenever possible, Emacs avoids using the |
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978 @tex |
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979 @math{2^{25}} |
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980 @end tex |
27193 | 981 @ifnottex |
12098 | 982 2**25 |
27193 | 983 @end ifnottex |
12098 | 984 bit for those characters. |
6260 | 985 |
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986 However, @acronym{ASCII} provides no way to distinguish @kbd{C-A} from |
12098 | 987 @kbd{C-a}, so Emacs uses the |
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988 @tex |
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989 @math{2^{25}} |
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990 @end tex |
27193 | 991 @ifnottex |
12098 | 992 2**25 |
27193 | 993 @end ifnottex |
12098 | 994 bit in @kbd{C-A} and not in |
6260 | 995 @kbd{C-a}. |
996 | |
997 @item hyper | |
12098 | 998 The |
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999 @tex |
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1000 @math{2^{24}} |
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1001 @end tex |
27193 | 1002 @ifnottex |
12098 | 1003 2**24 |
27193 | 1004 @end ifnottex |
12098 | 1005 bit in the character code indicates a character |
6260 | 1006 typed with the hyper key held down. |
1007 | |
1008 @item super | |
12098 | 1009 The |
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1010 @tex |
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1011 @math{2^{23}} |
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1012 @end tex |
27193 | 1013 @ifnottex |
12098 | 1014 2**23 |
27193 | 1015 @end ifnottex |
12098 | 1016 bit in the character code indicates a character |
6260 | 1017 typed with the super key held down. |
1018 | |
1019 @item alt | |
12098 | 1020 The |
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1021 @tex |
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1022 @math{2^{22}} |
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1023 @end tex |
27193 | 1024 @ifnottex |
12098 | 1025 2**22 |
27193 | 1026 @end ifnottex |
12098 | 1027 bit in the character code indicates a character typed with |
6260 | 1028 the alt key held down. (On some terminals, the key labeled @key{ALT} |
1029 is actually the meta key.) | |
1030 @end table | |
1031 | |
12098 | 1032 It is best to avoid mentioning specific bit numbers in your program. |
1033 To test the modifier bits of a character, use the function | |
1034 @code{event-modifiers} (@pxref{Classifying Events}). When making key | |
1035 bindings, you can use the read syntax for characters with modifier bits | |
1036 (@samp{\C-}, @samp{\M-}, and so on). For making key bindings with | |
1037 @code{define-key}, you can use lists such as @code{(control hyper ?x)} to | |
1038 specify the characters (@pxref{Changing Key Bindings}). The function | |
1039 @code{event-convert-list} converts such a list into an event type | |
1040 (@pxref{Classifying Events}). | |
6260 | 1041 |
1042 @node Function Keys | |
1043 @subsection Function Keys | |
1044 | |
1045 @cindex function keys | |
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1046 Most keyboards also have @dfn{function keys}---keys that have names or |
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1047 symbols that are not characters. Function keys are represented in Emacs |
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1048 Lisp as symbols; the symbol's name is the function key's label, in lower |
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1049 case. For example, pressing a key labeled @key{F1} places the symbol |
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1050 @code{f1} in the input stream. |
6260 | 1051 |
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1052 The event type of a function key event is the event symbol itself. |
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1053 @xref{Classifying Events}. |
6260 | 1054 |
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1055 Here are a few special cases in the symbol-naming convention for |
6260 | 1056 function keys: |
1057 | |
1058 @table @asis | |
1059 @item @code{backspace}, @code{tab}, @code{newline}, @code{return}, @code{delete} | |
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1060 These keys correspond to common @acronym{ASCII} control characters that have |
6260 | 1061 special keys on most keyboards. |
1062 | |
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1063 In @acronym{ASCII}, @kbd{C-i} and @key{TAB} are the same character. If the |
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1064 terminal can distinguish between them, Emacs conveys the distinction to |
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1065 Lisp programs by representing the former as the integer 9, and the |
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1066 latter as the symbol @code{tab}. |
6260 | 1067 |
1068 Most of the time, it's not useful to distinguish the two. So normally | |
15764 | 1069 @code{function-key-map} (@pxref{Translating Input}) is set up to map |
1070 @code{tab} into 9. Thus, a key binding for character code 9 (the | |
1071 character @kbd{C-i}) also applies to @code{tab}. Likewise for the other | |
1072 symbols in this group. The function @code{read-char} likewise converts | |
1073 these events into characters. | |
6260 | 1074 |
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1075 In @acronym{ASCII}, @key{BS} is really @kbd{C-h}. But @code{backspace} |
6260 | 1076 converts into the character code 127 (@key{DEL}), not into code 8 |
1077 (@key{BS}). This is what most users prefer. | |
1078 | |
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1079 @item @code{left}, @code{up}, @code{right}, @code{down} |
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1080 Cursor arrow keys |
6260 | 1081 @item @code{kp-add}, @code{kp-decimal}, @code{kp-divide}, @dots{} |
1082 Keypad keys (to the right of the regular keyboard). | |
1083 @item @code{kp-0}, @code{kp-1}, @dots{} | |
1084 Keypad keys with digits. | |
1085 @item @code{kp-f1}, @code{kp-f2}, @code{kp-f3}, @code{kp-f4} | |
1086 Keypad PF keys. | |
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1087 @item @code{kp-home}, @code{kp-left}, @code{kp-up}, @code{kp-right}, @code{kp-down} |
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1088 Keypad arrow keys. Emacs normally translates these into the |
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1089 corresponding non-keypad keys @code{home}, @code{left}, @dots{} |
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1090 @item @code{kp-prior}, @code{kp-next}, @code{kp-end}, @code{kp-begin}, @code{kp-insert}, @code{kp-delete} |
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1091 Additional keypad duplicates of keys ordinarily found elsewhere. Emacs |
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1092 normally translates these into the like-named non-keypad keys. |
6260 | 1093 @end table |
1094 | |
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1095 You can use the modifier keys @key{ALT}, @key{CTRL}, @key{HYPER}, |
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1096 @key{META}, @key{SHIFT}, and @key{SUPER} with function keys. The way to |
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1097 represent them is with prefixes in the symbol name: |
6260 | 1098 |
1099 @table @samp | |
1100 @item A- | |
1101 The alt modifier. | |
1102 @item C- | |
1103 The control modifier. | |
1104 @item H- | |
1105 The hyper modifier. | |
1106 @item M- | |
1107 The meta modifier. | |
1108 @item S- | |
1109 The shift modifier. | |
1110 @item s- | |
1111 The super modifier. | |
1112 @end table | |
1113 | |
1114 Thus, the symbol for the key @key{F3} with @key{META} held down is | |
8532 | 1115 @code{M-f3}. When you use more than one prefix, we recommend you |
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1116 write them in alphabetical order; but the order does not matter in |
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1117 arguments to the key-binding lookup and modification functions. |
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1118 |
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1119 @node Mouse Events |
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1120 @subsection Mouse Events |
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1121 |
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1122 Emacs supports four kinds of mouse events: click events, drag events, |
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1123 button-down events, and motion events. All mouse events are represented |
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1124 as lists. The @sc{car} of the list is the event type; this says which |
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1125 mouse button was involved, and which modifier keys were used with it. |
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1126 The event type can also distinguish double or triple button presses |
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1127 (@pxref{Repeat Events}). The rest of the list elements give position |
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1128 and time information. |
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1129 |
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1130 For key lookup, only the event type matters: two events of the same type |
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1131 necessarily run the same command. The command can access the full |
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1132 values of these events using the @samp{e} interactive code. |
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1133 @xref{Interactive Codes}. |
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1134 |
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1135 A key sequence that starts with a mouse event is read using the keymaps |
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1136 of the buffer in the window that the mouse was in, not the current |
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1137 buffer. This does not imply that clicking in a window selects that |
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1138 window or its buffer---that is entirely under the control of the command |
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1139 binding of the key sequence. |
6260 | 1140 |
1141 @node Click Events | |
1142 @subsection Click Events | |
1143 @cindex click event | |
1144 @cindex mouse click event | |
1145 | |
1146 When the user presses a mouse button and releases it at the same | |
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1147 location, that generates a @dfn{click} event. All mouse click event |
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1148 share the same format: |
6260 | 1149 |
1150 @example | |
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1151 (@var{event-type} @var{position} @var{click-count}) |
6260 | 1152 @end example |
1153 | |
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1154 @table @asis |
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1155 @item @var{event-type} |
6260 | 1156 This is a symbol that indicates which mouse button was used. It is |
1157 one of the symbols @code{mouse-1}, @code{mouse-2}, @dots{}, where the | |
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1158 buttons are numbered left to right. |
6260 | 1159 |
1160 You can also use prefixes @samp{A-}, @samp{C-}, @samp{H-}, @samp{M-}, | |
1161 @samp{S-} and @samp{s-} for modifiers alt, control, hyper, meta, shift | |
1162 and super, just as you would with function keys. | |
1163 | |
1164 This symbol also serves as the event type of the event. Key bindings | |
1165 describe events by their types; thus, if there is a key binding for | |
1166 @code{mouse-1}, that binding would apply to all events whose | |
1167 @var{event-type} is @code{mouse-1}. | |
1168 | |
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1169 @item @var{position} |
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1170 This is the position where the mouse click occurred. The actual |
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1171 format of @var{position} depends on what part of a window was clicked |
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1172 on. The various formats are described below. |
6260 | 1173 |
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1174 @item @var{click-count} |
6260 | 1175 This is the number of rapid repeated presses so far of the same mouse |
1176 button. @xref{Repeat Events}. | |
1177 @end table | |
1178 | |
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1179 For mouse click events in the text area, mode line, header line, or in |
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1180 the marginal areas, @var{position} has this form: |
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1181 |
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1182 @example |
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1183 (@var{window} @var{pos-or-area} (@var{x} . @var{y}) @var{timestamp} |
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1184 @var{object} @var{text-pos} (@var{col} . @var{row}) |
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1185 @var{image} (@var{dx} . @var{dy}) (@var{width} . @var{height})) |
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1186 @end example |
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|
1187 |
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1188 @table @asis |
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1189 @item @var{window} |
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1190 This is the window in which the click occurred. |
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1191 |
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1192 @item @var{pos-or-area} |
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1193 This is the buffer position of the character clicked on in the text |
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1194 area, or if clicked outside the text area, it is the window area in |
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1195 which the click occurred. It is one of the symbols @code{mode-line}, |
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1196 @code{header-line}, @code{vertical-line}, @code{left-margin}, |
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1197 @code{right-margin}, @code{left-fringe}, or @code{right-fringe}. |
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|
1198 |
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1199 @item @var{x}, @var{y} |
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1200 These are the pixel-denominated coordinates of the click, relative to |
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1201 the top left corner of @var{window}, which is @code{(0 . 0)}. |
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1202 For the mode or header line, @var{y} does not have meaningful data. |
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1203 For the vertical line, @var{x} does not have meaningful data. |
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|
1204 |
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|
1205 @item @var{timestamp} |
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1206 This is the time at which the event occurred, in milliseconds. |
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1207 |
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1208 @item @var{object} |
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1209 This is the object on which the click occurred. It is either |
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1210 @code{nil} if there is no string property, or it has the form |
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1211 (@var{string} . @var{string-pos}) when there is a string-type text |
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1212 property at the click position. |
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1213 |
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1214 @item @var{string} |
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1215 This is the string on which the click occurred, including any |
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1216 properties. |
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|
1217 |
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1218 @item @var{string-pos} |
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1219 This is the position in the string on which the click occurred, |
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1220 relevant if properties at the click need to be looked up. |
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1221 |
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1222 @item @var{text-pos} |
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1223 For clicks on a marginal area or on a fringe, this is the buffer |
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1224 position of the first visible character in the corresponding line in |
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1225 the window. For other events, it is the current buffer position in |
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1226 the window. |
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|
1227 |
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|
1228 @item @var{col}, @var{row} |
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1229 These are the actual coordinates of the glyph under the @var{x}, |
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1230 @var{y} position, possibly padded with default character width |
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1231 glyphs if @var{x} is beyond the last glyph on the line. |
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|
1232 |
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|
1233 @item @var{image} |
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1234 This is the image object on which the click occurred. It is either |
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1235 @code{nil} if there is no image at the position clicked on, or it is |
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1236 an image object as returned by @code{find-image} if click was in an image. |
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|
1237 |
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1238 @item @var{dx}, @var{dy} |
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1239 These are the pixel-denominated coordinates of the click, relative to |
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1240 the top left corner of @var{object}, which is @code{(0 . 0)}. If |
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1241 @var{object} is @code{nil}, the coordinates are relative to the top |
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1242 left corner of the character glyph clicked on. |
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1243 @end table |
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|
1244 |
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1245 For mouse clicks on a scroll-bar, @var{position} has this form: |
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1246 |
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|
1247 @example |
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1248 (@var{window} @var{area} (@var{portion} . @var{whole}) @var{timestamp} @var{part}) |
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1249 @end example |
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|
1250 |
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1251 @table @asis |
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1252 @item @var{window} |
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1253 This is the window whose scroll-bar was clicked on. |
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|
1254 |
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1255 @item @var{area} |
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1256 This is the scroll bar where the click occurred. It is one of the |
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|
1257 symbols @code{vertical-scroll-bar} or @code{horizontal-scroll-bar}. |
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|
1258 |
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1259 @item @var{portion} |
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1260 This is the distance of the click from the top or left end of |
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|
1261 the scroll bar. |
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|
1262 |
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|
1263 @item @var{whole} |
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1264 This is the length of the entire scroll bar. |
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|
1265 |
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1266 @item @var{timestamp} |
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1267 This is the time at which the event occurred, in milliseconds. |
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|
1268 |
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1269 @item @var{part} |
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1270 This is the part of the scroll-bar which was clicked on. It is one |
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|
1271 of the symbols @code{above-handle}, @code{handle}, @code{below-handle}, |
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1272 @code{up}, @code{down}, @code{top}, @code{bottom}, and @code{end-scroll}. |
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1273 @end table |
6260 | 1274 |
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1275 In one special case, @var{buffer-pos} is a list containing a symbol (one |
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1276 of the symbols listed above) instead of just the symbol. This happens |
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1277 after the imaginary prefix keys for the event are inserted into the |
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1278 input stream. @xref{Key Sequence Input}. |
6260 | 1279 |
1280 @node Drag Events | |
1281 @subsection Drag Events | |
1282 @cindex drag event | |
1283 @cindex mouse drag event | |
1284 | |
1285 With Emacs, you can have a drag event without even changing your | |
1286 clothes. A @dfn{drag event} happens every time the user presses a mouse | |
1287 button and then moves the mouse to a different character position before | |
1288 releasing the button. Like all mouse events, drag events are | |
1289 represented in Lisp as lists. The lists record both the starting mouse | |
1290 position and the final position, like this: | |
1291 | |
1292 @example | |
1293 (@var{event-type} | |
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1294 (@var{window1} @var{buffer-pos1} (@var{x1} . @var{y1}) @var{timestamp1}) |
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1295 (@var{window2} @var{buffer-pos2} (@var{x2} . @var{y2}) @var{timestamp2}) |
6260 | 1296 @var{click-count}) |
1297 @end example | |
1298 | |
1299 For a drag event, the name of the symbol @var{event-type} contains the | |
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1300 prefix @samp{drag-}. For example, dragging the mouse with button 2 held |
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1301 down generates a @code{drag-mouse-2} event. The second and third |
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1302 elements of the event give the starting and ending position of the drag. |
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1303 Aside from that, the data have the same meanings as in a click event |
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1304 (@pxref{Click Events}). You can access the second element of any mouse |
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1305 event in the same way, with no need to distinguish drag events from |
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1306 others. |
6260 | 1307 |
1308 The @samp{drag-} prefix follows the modifier key prefixes such as | |
1309 @samp{C-} and @samp{M-}. | |
1310 | |
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1311 If @code{read-key-sequence} receives a drag event that has no key |
6260 | 1312 binding, and the corresponding click event does have a binding, it |
1313 changes the drag event into a click event at the drag's starting | |
1314 position. This means that you don't have to distinguish between click | |
1315 and drag events unless you want to. | |
1316 | |
1317 @node Button-Down Events | |
1318 @subsection Button-Down Events | |
1319 @cindex button-down event | |
1320 | |
1321 Click and drag events happen when the user releases a mouse button. | |
1322 They cannot happen earlier, because there is no way to distinguish a | |
1323 click from a drag until the button is released. | |
1324 | |
1325 If you want to take action as soon as a button is pressed, you need to | |
1326 handle @dfn{button-down} events.@footnote{Button-down is the | |
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1327 conservative antithesis of drag.} These occur as soon as a button is |
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1328 pressed. They are represented by lists that look exactly like click |
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1329 events (@pxref{Click Events}), except that the @var{event-type} symbol |
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1330 name contains the prefix @samp{down-}. The @samp{down-} prefix follows |
6260 | 1331 modifier key prefixes such as @samp{C-} and @samp{M-}. |
1332 | |
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1333 The function @code{read-key-sequence} ignores any button-down events |
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1334 that don't have command bindings; therefore, the Emacs command loop |
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1335 ignores them too. This means that you need not worry about defining |
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1336 button-down events unless you want them to do something. The usual |
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1337 reason to define a button-down event is so that you can track mouse |
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1338 motion (by reading motion events) until the button is released. |
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1339 @xref{Motion Events}. |
6260 | 1340 |
1341 @node Repeat Events | |
1342 @subsection Repeat Events | |
1343 @cindex repeat events | |
1344 @cindex double-click events | |
1345 @cindex triple-click events | |
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1346 @cindex mouse events, repeated |
6260 | 1347 |
1348 If you press the same mouse button more than once in quick succession | |
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1349 without moving the mouse, Emacs generates special @dfn{repeat} mouse |
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1350 events for the second and subsequent presses. |
6260 | 1351 |
1352 The most common repeat events are @dfn{double-click} events. Emacs | |
1353 generates a double-click event when you click a button twice; the event | |
1354 happens when you release the button (as is normal for all click | |
1355 events). | |
1356 | |
1357 The event type of a double-click event contains the prefix | |
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1358 @samp{double-}. Thus, a double click on the second mouse button with |
6260 | 1359 @key{meta} held down comes to the Lisp program as |
1360 @code{M-double-mouse-2}. If a double-click event has no binding, the | |
1361 binding of the corresponding ordinary click event is used to execute | |
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1362 it. Thus, you need not pay attention to the double click feature |
6260 | 1363 unless you really want to. |
1364 | |
1365 When the user performs a double click, Emacs generates first an ordinary | |
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1366 click event, and then a double-click event. Therefore, you must design |
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1367 the command binding of the double click event to assume that the |
6260 | 1368 single-click command has already run. It must produce the desired |
1369 results of a double click, starting from the results of a single click. | |
1370 | |
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1371 This is convenient, if the meaning of a double click somehow ``builds |
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1372 on'' the meaning of a single click---which is recommended user interface |
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1373 design practice for double clicks. |
6260 | 1374 |
1375 If you click a button, then press it down again and start moving the | |
1376 mouse with the button held down, then you get a @dfn{double-drag} event | |
1377 when you ultimately release the button. Its event type contains | |
1378 @samp{double-drag} instead of just @samp{drag}. If a double-drag event | |
1379 has no binding, Emacs looks for an alternate binding as if the event | |
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1380 were an ordinary drag. |
6260 | 1381 |
1382 Before the double-click or double-drag event, Emacs generates a | |
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1383 @dfn{double-down} event when the user presses the button down for the |
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1384 second time. Its event type contains @samp{double-down} instead of just |
6260 | 1385 @samp{down}. If a double-down event has no binding, Emacs looks for an |
1386 alternate binding as if the event were an ordinary button-down event. | |
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1387 If it finds no binding that way either, the double-down event is |
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1388 ignored. |
6260 | 1389 |
1390 To summarize, when you click a button and then press it again right | |
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1391 away, Emacs generates a down event and a click event for the first |
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1392 click, a double-down event when you press the button again, and finally |
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1393 either a double-click or a double-drag event. |
6260 | 1394 |
1395 If you click a button twice and then press it again, all in quick | |
1396 succession, Emacs generates a @dfn{triple-down} event, followed by | |
1397 either a @dfn{triple-click} or a @dfn{triple-drag}. The event types of | |
1398 these events contain @samp{triple} instead of @samp{double}. If any | |
1399 triple event has no binding, Emacs uses the binding that it would use | |
1400 for the corresponding double event. | |
1401 | |
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1402 If you click a button three or more times and then press it again, the |
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1403 events for the presses beyond the third are all triple events. Emacs |
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1404 does not have separate event types for quadruple, quintuple, etc.@: |
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1405 events. However, you can look at the event list to find out precisely |
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1406 how many times the button was pressed. |
6260 | 1407 |
1408 @defun event-click-count event | |
1409 This function returns the number of consecutive button presses that led | |
1410 up to @var{event}. If @var{event} is a double-down, double-click or | |
1411 double-drag event, the value is 2. If @var{event} is a triple event, | |
1412 the value is 3 or greater. If @var{event} is an ordinary mouse event | |
1413 (not a repeat event), the value is 1. | |
1414 @end defun | |
1415 | |
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1416 @defopt double-click-fuzz |
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1417 To generate repeat events, successive mouse button presses must be at |
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1418 approximately the same screen position. The value of |
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1419 @code{double-click-fuzz} specifies the maximum number of pixels the |
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1420 mouse may be moved (horizontally or vertically) between two successive |
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1421 clicks to make a double-click. |
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1422 |
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1423 This variable is also the threshold for motion of the mouse to count |
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1424 as a drag. |
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1425 @end defopt |
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1426 |
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1427 @defopt double-click-time |
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1428 To generate repeat events, the number of milliseconds between |
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1429 successive button presses must be less than the value of |
6260 | 1430 @code{double-click-time}. Setting @code{double-click-time} to |
1431 @code{nil} disables multi-click detection entirely. Setting it to | |
1432 @code{t} removes the time limit; Emacs then detects multi-clicks by | |
1433 position only. | |
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1434 @end defopt |
6260 | 1435 |
1436 @node Motion Events | |
1437 @subsection Motion Events | |
1438 @cindex motion event | |
1439 @cindex mouse motion events | |
1440 | |
1441 Emacs sometimes generates @dfn{mouse motion} events to describe motion | |
1442 of the mouse without any button activity. Mouse motion events are | |
1443 represented by lists that look like this: | |
1444 | |
1445 @example | |
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1446 (mouse-movement (@var{window} @var{buffer-pos} (@var{x} . @var{y}) @var{timestamp})) |
6260 | 1447 @end example |
1448 | |
1449 The second element of the list describes the current position of the | |
1450 mouse, just as in a click event (@pxref{Click Events}). | |
1451 | |
1452 The special form @code{track-mouse} enables generation of motion events | |
1453 within its body. Outside of @code{track-mouse} forms, Emacs does not | |
1454 generate events for mere motion of the mouse, and these events do not | |
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1455 appear. @xref{Mouse Tracking}. |
6260 | 1456 |
1457 @node Focus Events | |
1458 @subsection Focus Events | |
1459 @cindex focus event | |
1460 | |
1461 Window systems provide general ways for the user to control which window | |
1462 gets keyboard input. This choice of window is called the @dfn{focus}. | |
1463 When the user does something to switch between Emacs frames, that | |
1464 generates a @dfn{focus event}. The normal definition of a focus event, | |
1465 in the global keymap, is to select a new frame within Emacs, as the user | |
1466 would expect. @xref{Input Focus}. | |
1467 | |
1468 Focus events are represented in Lisp as lists that look like this: | |
1469 | |
1470 @example | |
1471 (switch-frame @var{new-frame}) | |
1472 @end example | |
1473 | |
1474 @noindent | |
1475 where @var{new-frame} is the frame switched to. | |
1476 | |
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1477 Most X window managers are set up so that just moving the mouse into a |
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1478 window is enough to set the focus there. Emacs appears to do this, |
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1479 because it changes the cursor to solid in the new frame. However, there |
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1480 is no need for the Lisp program to know about the focus change until |
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1481 some other kind of input arrives. So Emacs generates a focus event only |
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1482 when the user actually types a keyboard key or presses a mouse button in |
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1483 the new frame; just moving the mouse between frames does not generate a |
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1484 focus event. |
6260 | 1485 |
1486 A focus event in the middle of a key sequence would garble the | |
1487 sequence. So Emacs never generates a focus event in the middle of a key | |
1488 sequence. If the user changes focus in the middle of a key | |
1489 sequence---that is, after a prefix key---then Emacs reorders the events | |
1490 so that the focus event comes either before or after the multi-event key | |
1491 sequence, and not within it. | |
1492 | |
12067 | 1493 @node Misc Events |
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1494 @subsection Miscellaneous System Events |
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1495 |
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1496 A few other event types represent occurrences within the system. |
12067 | 1497 |
1498 @table @code | |
1499 @cindex @code{delete-frame} event | |
1500 @item (delete-frame (@var{frame})) | |
1501 This kind of event indicates that the user gave the window manager | |
1502 a command to delete a particular window, which happens to be an Emacs frame. | |
1503 | |
1504 The standard definition of the @code{delete-frame} event is to delete @var{frame}. | |
1505 | |
1506 @cindex @code{iconify-frame} event | |
1507 @item (iconify-frame (@var{frame})) | |
1508 This kind of event indicates that the user iconified @var{frame} using | |
13007 | 1509 the window manager. Its standard definition is @code{ignore}; since the |
1510 frame has already been iconified, Emacs has no work to do. The purpose | |
1511 of this event type is so that you can keep track of such events if you | |
1512 want to. | |
12067 | 1513 |
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1514 @cindex @code{make-frame-visible} event |
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1515 @item (make-frame-visible (@var{frame})) |
12067 | 1516 This kind of event indicates that the user deiconified @var{frame} using |
1517 the window manager. Its standard definition is @code{ignore}; since the | |
13007 | 1518 frame has already been made visible, Emacs has no work to do. |
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1519 |
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1520 @cindex @code{wheel-up} event |
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1521 @cindex @code{wheel-down} event |
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1522 @item (wheel-up @var{position}) |
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1523 @item (wheel-down @var{position}) |
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1524 These kinds of event are generated by moving a mouse wheel. Their |
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1525 usual meaning is a kind of scroll or zoom. |
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1526 |
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1527 The element @var{position} is a list describing the position of the |
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1528 event, in the same format as used in a mouse-click event. |
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1529 |
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1530 This kind of event is generated only on some kinds of systems. On some |
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1531 systems, @code{mouse-4} and @code{mouse-5} are used instead. For |
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1532 portable code, use the variables @code{mouse-wheel-up-event} and |
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1533 @code{mouse-wheel-down-event} defined in @file{mwheel.el} to determine |
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1534 what event types to expect for the mouse wheel. |
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1535 |
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1536 @cindex @code{drag-n-drop} event |
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1537 @item (drag-n-drop @var{position} @var{files}) |
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1538 This kind of event is generated when a group of files is |
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1539 selected in an application outside of Emacs, and then dragged and |
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1540 dropped onto an Emacs frame. |
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1541 |
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1542 The element @var{position} is a list describing the position of the |
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1543 event, in the same format as used in a mouse-click event, and |
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1544 @var{files} is the list of file names that were dragged and dropped. |
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1545 The usual way to handle this event is by visiting these files. |
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1546 |
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1547 This kind of event is generated, at present, only on some kinds of |
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1548 systems. |
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1549 |
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(Misc Events): Describe the help-echo event.
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|
1550 @cindex @code{help-echo} event |
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|
1551 @item help-echo |
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(Misc Events): Describe the help-echo event.
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|
1552 This kind of event is generated when a mouse pointer moves onto a |
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(Misc Events): Describe the help-echo event.
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|
1553 portion of buffer text which has a @code{help-echo} text property. |
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(Misc Events): Describe the help-echo event.
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|
1554 The generated event has this form: |
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|
1555 |
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|
1556 @example |
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1557 (help-echo @var{frame} @var{help} @var{window} @var{object} @var{pos}) |
59771
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|
1558 @end example |
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1559 |
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|
1560 @noindent |
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|
1561 The precise meaning of the event parameters and the way these |
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1562 parameters are used to display the help-echo text are described in |
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|
1563 @ref{Text help-echo}. |
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1564 |
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1565 @cindex @code{usr1-signal} event |
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1566 @cindex @code{usr2-signal} event |
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1567 @item usr1-signal |
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1568 @itemx usr2-signal |
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1569 These events are generated when the Emacs process receives the signals |
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1570 @code{SIGUSR1} and @code{SIGUSR2}. They contain no additional data |
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1571 because signals do not carry additional information. |
12067 | 1572 @end table |
1573 | |
12098 | 1574 If one of these events arrives in the middle of a key sequence---that |
1575 is, after a prefix key---then Emacs reorders the events so that this | |
1576 event comes either before or after the multi-event key sequence, not | |
1577 within it. | |
1578 | |
6260 | 1579 @node Event Examples |
1580 @subsection Event Examples | |
1581 | |
1582 If the user presses and releases the left mouse button over the same | |
1583 location, that generates a sequence of events like this: | |
1584 | |
1585 @smallexample | |
1586 (down-mouse-1 (#<window 18 on NEWS> 2613 (0 . 38) -864320)) | |
1587 (mouse-1 (#<window 18 on NEWS> 2613 (0 . 38) -864180)) | |
1588 @end smallexample | |
1589 | |
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1590 While holding the control key down, the user might hold down the |
6260 | 1591 second mouse button, and drag the mouse from one line to the next. |
1592 That produces two events, as shown here: | |
1593 | |
1594 @smallexample | |
1595 (C-down-mouse-2 (#<window 18 on NEWS> 3440 (0 . 27) -731219)) | |
1596 (C-drag-mouse-2 (#<window 18 on NEWS> 3440 (0 . 27) -731219) | |
1597 (#<window 18 on NEWS> 3510 (0 . 28) -729648)) | |
1598 @end smallexample | |
1599 | |
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1600 While holding down the meta and shift keys, the user might press the |
6260 | 1601 second mouse button on the window's mode line, and then drag the mouse |
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1602 into another window. That produces a pair of events like these: |
6260 | 1603 |
1604 @smallexample | |
1605 (M-S-down-mouse-2 (#<window 18 on NEWS> mode-line (33 . 31) -457844)) | |
1606 (M-S-drag-mouse-2 (#<window 18 on NEWS> mode-line (33 . 31) -457844) | |
1607 (#<window 20 on carlton-sanskrit.tex> 161 (33 . 3) | |
1608 -453816)) | |
1609 @end smallexample | |
1610 | |
1611 @node Classifying Events | |
1612 @subsection Classifying Events | |
1613 @cindex event type | |
1614 | |
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1615 Every event has an @dfn{event type}, which classifies the event for |
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1616 key binding purposes. For a keyboard event, the event type equals the |
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1617 event value; thus, the event type for a character is the character, and |
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1618 the event type for a function key symbol is the symbol itself. For |
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Replace all occurrences of @acronym{CAR} with @sc{car}, for
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1619 events that are lists, the event type is the symbol in the @sc{car} of |
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1620 the list. Thus, the event type is always a symbol or a character. |
6260 | 1621 |
1622 Two events of the same type are equivalent where key bindings are | |
1623 concerned; thus, they always run the same command. That does not | |
1624 necessarily mean they do the same things, however, as some commands look | |
1625 at the whole event to decide what to do. For example, some commands use | |
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1626 the location of a mouse event to decide where in the buffer to act. |
6260 | 1627 |
1628 Sometimes broader classifications of events are useful. For example, | |
1629 you might want to ask whether an event involved the @key{META} key, | |
1630 regardless of which other key or mouse button was used. | |
1631 | |
1632 The functions @code{event-modifiers} and @code{event-basic-type} are | |
1633 provided to get such information conveniently. | |
1634 | |
1635 @defun event-modifiers event | |
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1636 This function returns a list of the modifiers that @var{event} has. The |
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1637 modifiers are symbols; they include @code{shift}, @code{control}, |
6260 | 1638 @code{meta}, @code{alt}, @code{hyper} and @code{super}. In addition, |
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1639 the modifiers list of a mouse event symbol always contains one of |
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1640 @code{click}, @code{drag}, and @code{down}. For double or triple |
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1641 events, it also contains @code{double} or @code{triple}. |
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1642 |
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1643 The argument @var{event} may be an entire event object, or just an |
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1644 event type. If @var{event} is a symbol that has never been used in an |
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1645 event that has been read as input in the current Emacs session, then |
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1646 @code{event-modifiers} can return @code{nil}, even when @var{event} |
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1647 actually has modifiers. |
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1648 |
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1649 Here are some examples: |
6260 | 1650 |
1651 @example | |
1652 (event-modifiers ?a) | |
1653 @result{} nil | |
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1654 (event-modifiers ?A) |
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1655 @result{} (shift) |
6260 | 1656 (event-modifiers ?\C-a) |
1657 @result{} (control) | |
1658 (event-modifiers ?\C-%) | |
1659 @result{} (control) | |
1660 (event-modifiers ?\C-\S-a) | |
1661 @result{} (control shift) | |
1662 (event-modifiers 'f5) | |
1663 @result{} nil | |
1664 (event-modifiers 's-f5) | |
1665 @result{} (super) | |
1666 (event-modifiers 'M-S-f5) | |
1667 @result{} (meta shift) | |
1668 (event-modifiers 'mouse-1) | |
1669 @result{} (click) | |
1670 (event-modifiers 'down-mouse-1) | |
1671 @result{} (down) | |
1672 @end example | |
1673 | |
1674 The modifiers list for a click event explicitly contains @code{click}, | |
1675 but the event symbol name itself does not contain @samp{click}. | |
1676 @end defun | |
1677 | |
1678 @defun event-basic-type event | |
1679 This function returns the key or mouse button that @var{event} | |
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1680 describes, with all modifiers removed. The @var{event} argument is as |
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1681 in @code{event-modifiers}. For example: |
6260 | 1682 |
1683 @example | |
1684 (event-basic-type ?a) | |
1685 @result{} 97 | |
1686 (event-basic-type ?A) | |
1687 @result{} 97 | |
1688 (event-basic-type ?\C-a) | |
1689 @result{} 97 | |
1690 (event-basic-type ?\C-\S-a) | |
1691 @result{} 97 | |
1692 (event-basic-type 'f5) | |
1693 @result{} f5 | |
1694 (event-basic-type 's-f5) | |
1695 @result{} f5 | |
1696 (event-basic-type 'M-S-f5) | |
1697 @result{} f5 | |
1698 (event-basic-type 'down-mouse-1) | |
1699 @result{} mouse-1 | |
1700 @end example | |
1701 @end defun | |
1702 | |
1703 @defun mouse-movement-p object | |
1704 This function returns non-@code{nil} if @var{object} is a mouse movement | |
1705 event. | |
1706 @end defun | |
1707 | |
12098 | 1708 @defun event-convert-list list |
1709 This function converts a list of modifier names and a basic event type | |
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1710 to an event type which specifies all of them. The basic event type |
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1711 must be the last element of the list. For example, |
12098 | 1712 |
1713 @example | |
1714 (event-convert-list '(control ?a)) | |
1715 @result{} 1 | |
1716 (event-convert-list '(control meta ?a)) | |
1717 @result{} -134217727 | |
1718 (event-convert-list '(control super f1)) | |
1719 @result{} C-s-f1 | |
1720 @end example | |
1721 @end defun | |
1722 | |
6260 | 1723 @node Accessing Events |
1724 @subsection Accessing Events | |
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1725 @cindex mouse events, accessing the data |
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1726 @cindex accessing data of mouse events |
6260 | 1727 |
1728 This section describes convenient functions for accessing the data in | |
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1729 a mouse button or motion event. |
6260 | 1730 |
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1731 These two functions return the starting or ending position of a |
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1732 mouse-button event, as a list of this form: |
6260 | 1733 |
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1734 @example |
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1735 (@var{window} @var{pos-or-area} (@var{x} . @var{y}) @var{timestamp} |
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1736 @var{object} @var{text-pos} (@var{col} . @var{row}) |
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1737 @var{image} (@var{dx} . @var{dy}) (@var{width} . @var{height})) |
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1738 @end example |
6260 | 1739 |
1740 @defun event-start event | |
1741 This returns the starting position of @var{event}. | |
1742 | |
1743 If @var{event} is a click or button-down event, this returns the | |
1744 location of the event. If @var{event} is a drag event, this returns the | |
1745 drag's starting position. | |
1746 @end defun | |
1747 | |
1748 @defun event-end event | |
1749 This returns the ending position of @var{event}. | |
1750 | |
1751 If @var{event} is a drag event, this returns the position where the user | |
1752 released the mouse button. If @var{event} is a click or button-down | |
1753 event, the value is actually the starting position, which is the only | |
1754 position such events have. | |
1755 @end defun | |
1756 | |
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1757 @cindex mouse position list, accessing |
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1758 These functions take a position list as described above, and |
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1759 return various parts of it. |
6260 | 1760 |
1761 @defun posn-window position | |
1762 Return the window that @var{position} is in. | |
1763 @end defun | |
1764 | |
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1765 @defun posn-area position |
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1766 Return the window area recorded in @var{position}. It returns @code{nil} |
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1767 when the event occurred in the text area of the window; otherwise, it |
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1768 is a symbol identifying the area in which the the event occurred. |
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1769 @end defun |
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1770 |
6260 | 1771 @defun posn-point position |
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1772 Return the buffer position in @var{position}. When the event occurred |
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1773 in the text area of the window, in a marginal area, or on a fringe, |
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1774 this is an integer specifying a buffer position. Otherwise, the value |
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1775 is undefined. |
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|
1776 @end defun |
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1777 |
6260 | 1778 @defun posn-x-y position |
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1779 Return the pixel-based x and y coordinates in @var{position}, as a |
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|
1780 cons cell @code{(@var{x} . @var{y})}. These coordinates are relative |
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|
1781 to the window given by @code{posn-window}. |
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|
1782 |
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1783 This example shows how to convert these window-relative coordinates |
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|
1784 into frame-relative coordinates: |
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|
1785 |
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|
1786 @example |
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1787 (defun frame-relative-coordinates (position) |
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1788 "Return frame-relative coordinates from POSITION." |
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|
1789 (let* ((x-y (posn-x-y position)) |
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|
1790 (window (posn-window position)) |
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|
1791 (edges (window-inside-pixel-edges window))) |
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|
1792 (cons (+ (car x-y) (car edges)) |
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|
1793 (+ (cdr x-y) (cadr edges))))) |
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|
1794 @end example |
6260 | 1795 @end defun |
1796 | |
1797 @defun posn-col-row position | |
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1798 Return the row and column (in units of the frame's default character |
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1799 height and width) of @var{position}, as a cons cell @code{(@var{col} . |
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|
1800 @var{row})}. These are computed from the @var{x} and @var{y} values |
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1801 actually found in @var{position}. |
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1802 @end defun |
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1803 |
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1804 @defun posn-actual-col-row position |
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1805 Return the actual row and column in @var{position}, as a cons cell |
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1806 @code{(@var{col} . @var{row})}. The values are the actual row number |
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1807 in the window, and the actual character number in that row. It returns |
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1808 @code{nil} if @var{position} does not include actual positions values. |
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1809 You can use @code{posn-col-row} to get approximate values. |
6260 | 1810 @end defun |
1811 | |
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1812 @defun posn-string position |
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1813 Return the string object in @var{position}, either @code{nil}, or a |
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1814 cons cell @code{(@var{string} . @var{string-pos})}. |
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1815 @end defun |
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1816 |
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1817 @defun posn-image position |
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1818 Return the image object in @var{position}, either @code{nil}, or an |
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1819 image @code{(image ...)}. |
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1820 @end defun |
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1821 |
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1822 @defun posn-object position |
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1823 Return the image or string object in @var{position}, either |
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1824 @code{nil}, an image @code{(image ...)}, or a cons cell |
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1825 @code{(@var{string} . @var{string-pos})}. |
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1826 @end defun |
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1827 |
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1828 @defun posn-object-x-y position |
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1829 Return the pixel-based x and y coordinates relative to the upper left |
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1830 corner of the object in @var{position} as a cons cell @code{(@var{dx} |
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|
1831 . @var{dy})}. If the @var{position} is a buffer position, return the |
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|
1832 relative position in the character at that position. |
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1833 @end defun |
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|
1834 |
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|
1835 @defun posn-object-width-height position |
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1836 Return the pixel width and height of the object in @var{position} as a |
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1837 cons cell @code{(@var{width} . @var{height})}. If the @var{position} |
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|
1838 is a buffer position, return the size of the character at that position. |
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1839 @end defun |
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|
1840 |
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|
1841 @cindex mouse event, timestamp |
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|
1842 @cindex timestamp of a mouse event |
56607
bb747df032a9
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|
1843 @defun posn-timestamp position |
53183
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1844 Return the timestamp in @var{position}. This is the time at which the |
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|
1845 event occurred, in milliseconds. |
6260 | 1846 @end defun |
1847 | |
56232
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1848 These functions compute a position list given particular buffer |
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|
1849 position or screen position. You can access the data in this position |
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|
1850 list with the functions described above. |
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|
1851 |
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|
1852 @defun posn-at-point &optional pos window |
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|
1853 This function returns a position list for position @var{pos} in |
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|
1854 @var{window}. @var{pos} defaults to point in @var{window}; |
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1855 @var{window} defaults to the selected window. |
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|
1856 |
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1857 @code{posn-at-point} returns @code{nil} if @var{pos} is not visible in |
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|
1858 @var{window}. |
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1859 @end defun |
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1860 |
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1861 @defun posn-at-x-y x y &optional frame-or-window whole |
56232
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|
1862 This function returns position information corresponding to pixel |
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|
1863 coordinates @var{x} and @var{y} in a specified frame or window, |
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|
1864 @var{frame-or-window}, which defaults to the selected window. |
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|
1865 The coordinates @var{x} and @var{y} are relative to the |
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|
1866 frame or window used. |
59545
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|
1867 If @var{whole} is @code{nil}, the coordinates are relative |
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|
1868 to the window text area, otherwise they are relative to |
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|
1869 the entire window area including scroll bars, margins and fringes. |
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1870 @end defun |
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|
1871 |
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|
1872 These functions are useful for decoding scroll bar events. |
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1873 |
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1874 @defun scroll-bar-event-ratio event |
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1875 This function returns the fractional vertical position of a scroll bar |
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1876 event within the scroll bar. The value is a cons cell |
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1877 @code{(@var{portion} . @var{whole})} containing two integers whose ratio |
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1878 is the fractional position. |
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1879 @end defun |
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1880 |
6260 | 1881 @defun scroll-bar-scale ratio total |
7735
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|
1882 This function multiplies (in effect) @var{ratio} by @var{total}, |
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|
1883 rounding the result to an integer. The argument @var{ratio} is not a |
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1884 number, but rather a pair @code{(@var{num} . @var{denom})}---typically a |
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1885 value returned by @code{scroll-bar-event-ratio}. |
6260 | 1886 |
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1887 This function is handy for scaling a position on a scroll bar into a |
74758cf67338
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diff
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|
1888 buffer position. Here's how to do that: |
6260 | 1889 |
1890 @example | |
1891 (+ (point-min) | |
1892 (scroll-bar-scale | |
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1893 (posn-x-y (event-start event)) |
6260 | 1894 (- (point-max) (point-min)))) |
1895 @end example | |
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1896 |
22252
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1897 Recall that scroll bar events have two integers forming a ratio, in place |
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1898 of a pair of x and y coordinates. |
6260 | 1899 @end defun |
1900 | |
1901 @node Strings of Events | |
1902 @subsection Putting Keyboard Events in Strings | |
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1903 @cindex keyboard events in strings |
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|
1904 @cindex strings with keyboard events |
6260 | 1905 |
1906 In most of the places where strings are used, we conceptualize the | |
1907 string as containing text characters---the same kind of characters found | |
7735
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1908 in buffers or files. Occasionally Lisp programs use strings that |
6260 | 1909 conceptually contain keyboard characters; for example, they may be key |
21682
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1910 sequences or keyboard macro definitions. However, storing keyboard |
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1911 characters in a string is a complex matter, for reasons of historical |
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1912 compatibility, and it is not always possible. |
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1913 |
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1914 We recommend that new programs avoid dealing with these complexities |
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1915 by not storing keyboard events in strings. Here is how to do that: |
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1916 |
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1917 @itemize @bullet |
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1918 @item |
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1919 Use vectors instead of strings for key sequences, when you plan to use |
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1920 them for anything other than as arguments to @code{lookup-key} and |
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1921 @code{define-key}. For example, you can use |
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1922 @code{read-key-sequence-vector} instead of @code{read-key-sequence}, and |
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1923 @code{this-command-keys-vector} instead of @code{this-command-keys}. |
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1924 |
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1925 @item |
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1926 Use vectors to write key sequence constants containing meta characters, |
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1927 even when passing them directly to @code{define-key}. |
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1928 |
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1929 @item |
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1930 When you have to look at the contents of a key sequence that might be a |
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1931 string, use @code{listify-key-sequence} (@pxref{Event Input Misc}) |
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1932 first, to convert it to a list. |
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1933 @end itemize |
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1934 |
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1935 The complexities stem from the modifier bits that keyboard input |
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1936 characters can include. Aside from the Meta modifier, none of these |
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1937 modifier bits can be included in a string, and the Meta modifier is |
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1938 allowed only in special cases. |
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1939 |
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1940 The earliest GNU Emacs versions represented meta characters as codes |
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1941 in the range of 128 to 255. At that time, the basic character codes |
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1942 ranged from 0 to 127, so all keyboard character codes did fit in a |
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1943 string. Many Lisp programs used @samp{\M-} in string constants to stand |
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1944 for meta characters, especially in arguments to @code{define-key} and |
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1945 similar functions, and key sequences and sequences of events were always |
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1946 represented as strings. |
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1947 |
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1948 When we added support for larger basic character codes beyond 127, and |
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1949 additional modifier bits, we had to change the representation of meta |
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1950 characters. Now the flag that represents the Meta modifier in a |
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1951 character is |
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1952 @tex |
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1953 @math{2^{27}} |
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1954 @end tex |
27193 | 1955 @ifnottex |
12098 | 1956 2**27 |
27193 | 1957 @end ifnottex |
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1958 and such numbers cannot be included in a string. |
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1959 |
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1960 To support programs with @samp{\M-} in string constants, there are |
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1961 special rules for including certain meta characters in a string. |
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1962 Here are the rules for interpreting a string as a sequence of input |
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1963 characters: |
6260 | 1964 |
1965 @itemize @bullet | |
1966 @item | |
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1967 If the keyboard character value is in the range of 0 to 127, it can go |
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1968 in the string unchanged. |
6260 | 1969 |
1970 @item | |
12098 | 1971 The meta variants of those characters, with codes in the range of |
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1972 @tex |
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1973 @math{2^{27}} |
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1974 @end tex |
27193 | 1975 @ifnottex |
12098 | 1976 2**27 |
27193 | 1977 @end ifnottex |
12098 | 1978 to |
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1979 @tex |
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1980 @math{2^{27} + 127}, |
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1981 @end tex |
27193 | 1982 @ifnottex |
12098 | 1983 2**27+127, |
27193 | 1984 @end ifnottex |
12098 | 1985 can also go in the string, but you must change their |
1986 numeric values. You must set the | |
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1987 @tex |
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1988 @math{2^{7}} |
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1989 @end tex |
27193 | 1990 @ifnottex |
12098 | 1991 2**7 |
27193 | 1992 @end ifnottex |
12098 | 1993 bit instead of the |
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1994 @tex |
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1995 @math{2^{27}} |
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1996 @end tex |
27193 | 1997 @ifnottex |
12098 | 1998 2**27 |
27193 | 1999 @end ifnottex |
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2000 bit, resulting in a value between 128 and 255. Only a unibyte string |
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2001 can include these codes. |
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2002 |
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2003 @item |
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2004 Non-@acronym{ASCII} characters above 256 can be included in a multibyte string. |
6260 | 2005 |
2006 @item | |
2007 Other keyboard character events cannot fit in a string. This includes | |
2008 keyboard events in the range of 128 to 255. | |
2009 @end itemize | |
2010 | |
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2011 Functions such as @code{read-key-sequence} that construct strings of |
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2012 keyboard input characters follow these rules: they construct vectors |
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2013 instead of strings, when the events won't fit in a string. |
6260 | 2014 |
2015 When you use the read syntax @samp{\M-} in a string, it produces a | |
2016 code in the range of 128 to 255---the same code that you get if you | |
2017 modify the corresponding keyboard event to put it in the string. Thus, | |
2018 meta events in strings work consistently regardless of how they get into | |
2019 the strings. | |
2020 | |
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2021 However, most programs would do well to avoid these issues by |
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2022 following the recommendations at the beginning of this section. |
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2023 |
6260 | 2024 @node Reading Input |
2025 @section Reading Input | |
2026 | |
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2027 The editor command loop reads key sequences using the function |
6260 | 2028 @code{read-key-sequence}, which uses @code{read-event}. These and other |
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2029 functions for event input are also available for use in Lisp programs. |
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2030 See also @code{momentary-string-display} in @ref{Temporary Displays}, |
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2031 and @code{sit-for} in @ref{Waiting}. @xref{Terminal Input}, for |
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2032 functions and variables for controlling terminal input modes and |
15764 | 2033 debugging terminal input. @xref{Translating Input}, for features you |
2034 can use for translating or modifying input events while reading them. | |
6260 | 2035 |
2036 For higher-level input facilities, see @ref{Minibuffers}. | |
2037 | |
2038 @menu | |
2039 * Key Sequence Input:: How to read one key sequence. | |
2040 * Reading One Event:: How to read just one event. | |
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2041 * Invoking the Input Method:: How reading an event uses the input method. |
6260 | 2042 * Quoted Character Input:: Asking the user to specify a character. |
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2043 * Event Input Misc:: How to reread or throw away input events. |
6260 | 2044 @end menu |
2045 | |
2046 @node Key Sequence Input | |
2047 @subsection Key Sequence Input | |
2048 @cindex key sequence input | |
2049 | |
2050 The command loop reads input a key sequence at a time, by calling | |
2051 @code{read-key-sequence}. Lisp programs can also call this function; | |
2052 for example, @code{describe-key} uses it to read the key to describe. | |
2053 | |
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2054 @defun read-key-sequence prompt &optional continue-echo dont-downcase-last switch-frame-ok command-loop |
6260 | 2055 @cindex key sequence |
2056 This function reads a key sequence and returns it as a string or | |
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2057 vector. It keeps reading events until it has accumulated a complete key |
6260 | 2058 sequence; that is, enough to specify a non-prefix command using the |
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2059 currently active keymaps. (Remember that a key sequence that starts |
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2060 with a mouse event is read using the keymaps of the buffer in the |
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2061 window that the mouse was in, not the current buffer.) |
6260 | 2062 |
2063 If the events are all characters and all can fit in a string, then | |
2064 @code{read-key-sequence} returns a string (@pxref{Strings of Events}). | |
2065 Otherwise, it returns a vector, since a vector can hold all kinds of | |
2066 events---characters, symbols, and lists. The elements of the string or | |
2067 vector are the events in the key sequence. | |
2068 | |
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2069 The argument @var{prompt} is either a string to be displayed in the |
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2070 echo area as a prompt, or @code{nil}, meaning not to display a prompt. |
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2071 The argument @var{continue-echo}, if non-@code{nil}, means to echo |
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2072 this key as a continuation of the previous key. |
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2073 |
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2074 Normally any upper case event is converted to lower case if the |
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2075 original event is undefined and the lower case equivalent is defined. |
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2076 The argument @var{dont-downcase-last}, if non-@code{nil}, means do not |
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2077 convert the last event to lower case. This is appropriate for reading |
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2078 a key sequence to be defined. |
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2079 |
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2080 The argument @var{switch-frame-ok}, if non-@code{nil}, means that this |
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2081 function should process a @code{switch-frame} event if the user |
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2082 switches frames before typing anything. If the user switches frames |
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2083 in the middle of a key sequence, or at the start of the sequence but |
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2084 @var{switch-frame-ok} is @code{nil}, then the event will be put off |
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2085 until after the current key sequence. |
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2086 |
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2087 The argument @var{command-loop}, if non-@code{nil}, means that this |
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2088 key sequence is being read by something that will read commands one |
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2089 after another. It should be @code{nil} if the caller will read just |
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2090 one key sequence. |
6260 | 2091 |
2092 In the example below, the prompt @samp{?} is displayed in the echo area, | |
2093 and the user types @kbd{C-x C-f}. | |
2094 | |
2095 @example | |
2096 (read-key-sequence "?") | |
2097 | |
2098 @group | |
2099 ---------- Echo Area ---------- | |
2100 ?@kbd{C-x C-f} | |
2101 ---------- Echo Area ---------- | |
2102 | |
2103 @result{} "^X^F" | |
2104 @end group | |
2105 @end example | |
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2106 |
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2107 The function @code{read-key-sequence} suppresses quitting: @kbd{C-g} |
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2108 typed while reading with this function works like any other character, |
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2109 and does not set @code{quit-flag}. @xref{Quitting}. |
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2110 @end defun |
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2111 |
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2112 @defun read-key-sequence-vector prompt &optional continue-echo dont-downcase-last switch-frame-ok command-loop |
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2113 This is like @code{read-key-sequence} except that it always |
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2114 returns the key sequence as a vector, never as a string. |
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2115 @xref{Strings of Events}. |
6260 | 2116 @end defun |
2117 | |
2118 @cindex upper case key sequence | |
2119 @cindex downcasing in @code{lookup-key} | |
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2120 If an input character is upper-case (or has the shift modifier) and |
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2121 has no key binding, but its lower-case equivalent has one, then |
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2122 @code{read-key-sequence} converts the character to lower case. Note |
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2123 that @code{lookup-key} does not perform case conversion in this way. |
6260 | 2124 |
2125 The function @code{read-key-sequence} also transforms some mouse events. | |
2126 It converts unbound drag events into click events, and discards unbound | |
12098 | 2127 button-down events entirely. It also reshuffles focus events and |
2128 miscellaneous window events so that they never appear in a key sequence | |
2129 with any other events. | |
6260 | 2130 |
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2131 @cindex @code{header-line} prefix key |
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2132 @cindex @code{mode-line} prefix key |
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2133 @cindex @code{vertical-line} prefix key |
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2134 @cindex @code{horizontal-scroll-bar} prefix key |
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2135 @cindex @code{vertical-scroll-bar} prefix key |
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2136 @cindex @code{menu-bar} prefix key |
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2137 @cindex mouse events, in special parts of frame |
6260 | 2138 When mouse events occur in special parts of a window, such as a mode |
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2139 line or a scroll bar, the event type shows nothing special---it is the |
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2140 same symbol that would normally represent that combination of mouse |
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2141 button and modifier keys. The information about the window part is kept |
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2142 elsewhere in the event---in the coordinates. But |
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2143 @code{read-key-sequence} translates this information into imaginary |
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2144 ``prefix keys'', all of which are symbols: @code{header-line}, |
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2145 @code{horizontal-scroll-bar}, @code{menu-bar}, @code{mode-line}, |
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2146 @code{vertical-line}, and @code{vertical-scroll-bar}. You can define |
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2147 meanings for mouse clicks in special window parts by defining key |
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2148 sequences using these imaginary prefix keys. |
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2149 |
6260 | 2150 For example, if you call @code{read-key-sequence} and then click the |
12098 | 2151 mouse on the window's mode line, you get two events, like this: |
6260 | 2152 |
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2153 @example |
6260 | 2154 (read-key-sequence "Click on the mode line: ") |
2155 @result{} [mode-line | |
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2156 (mouse-1 |
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2157 (#<window 6 on NEWS> mode-line |
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2158 (40 . 63) 5959987))] |
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2159 @end example |
6260 | 2160 |
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2161 @defvar num-input-keys |
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2162 @c Emacs 19 feature |
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2163 This variable's value is the number of key sequences processed so far in |
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2164 this Emacs session. This includes key sequences read from the terminal |
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2165 and key sequences read from keyboard macros being executed. |
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2166 @end defvar |
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2167 |
22138
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2168 @defvar num-nonmacro-input-events |
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2169 This variable holds the total number of input events received so far |
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2170 from the terminal---not counting those generated by keyboard macros. |
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2171 @end defvar |
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2172 |
6260 | 2173 @node Reading One Event |
2174 @subsection Reading One Event | |
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2175 @cindex reading a single event |
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2176 @cindex event, reading only one |
6260 | 2177 |
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2178 The lowest level functions for command input are those that read a |
6260 | 2179 single event. |
2180 | |
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2181 None of the three functions below suppresses quitting. |
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2182 |
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2183 @defun read-event &optional prompt inherit-input-method |
6260 | 2184 This function reads and returns the next event of command input, waiting |
2185 if necessary until an event is available. Events can come directly from | |
2186 the user or from a keyboard macro. | |
2187 | |
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2188 If the optional argument @var{prompt} is non-@code{nil}, it should be a |
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2189 string to display in the echo area as a prompt. Otherwise, |
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2190 @code{read-event} does not display any message to indicate it is waiting |
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2191 for input; instead, it prompts by echoing: it displays descriptions of |
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2192 the events that led to or were read by the current command. @xref{The |
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2193 Echo Area}. |
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2194 |
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2195 If @var{inherit-input-method} is non-@code{nil}, then the current input |
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2196 method (if any) is employed to make it possible to enter a |
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2197 non-@acronym{ASCII} character. Otherwise, input method handling is disabled |
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2198 for reading this event. |
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2199 |
6260 | 2200 If @code{cursor-in-echo-area} is non-@code{nil}, then @code{read-event} |
2201 moves the cursor temporarily to the echo area, to the end of any message | |
2202 displayed there. Otherwise @code{read-event} does not move the cursor. | |
2203 | |
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2204 If @code{read-event} gets an event that is defined as a help character, |
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2205 then in some cases @code{read-event} processes the event directly without |
22138
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2206 returning. @xref{Help Functions}. Certain other events, called |
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2207 @dfn{special events}, are also processed directly within |
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2208 @code{read-event} (@pxref{Special Events}). |
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2209 |
6260 | 2210 Here is what happens if you call @code{read-event} and then press the |
2211 right-arrow function key: | |
2212 | |
2213 @example | |
2214 @group | |
2215 (read-event) | |
2216 @result{} right | |
2217 @end group | |
2218 @end example | |
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2219 @end defun |
6260 | 2220 |
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2221 @defun read-char &optional prompt inherit-input-method |
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2222 This function reads and returns a character of command input. If the |
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2223 user generates an event which is not a character (i.e. a mouse click or |
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2224 function key event), @code{read-char} signals an error. The arguments |
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2225 work as in @code{read-event}. |
6260 | 2226 |
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2227 In the first example, the user types the character @kbd{1} (@acronym{ASCII} |
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2228 code 49). The second example shows a keyboard macro definition that |
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2229 calls @code{read-char} from the minibuffer using @code{eval-expression}. |
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2230 @code{read-char} reads the keyboard macro's very next character, which |
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2231 is @kbd{1}. Then @code{eval-expression} displays its return value in |
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2232 the echo area. |
6260 | 2233 |
2234 @example | |
2235 @group | |
2236 (read-char) | |
2237 @result{} 49 | |
2238 @end group | |
2239 | |
2240 @group | |
12098 | 2241 ;; @r{We assume here you use @kbd{M-:} to evaluate this.} |
6260 | 2242 (symbol-function 'foo) |
12098 | 2243 @result{} "^[:(read-char)^M1" |
6260 | 2244 @end group |
2245 @group | |
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2246 (execute-kbd-macro 'foo) |
6260 | 2247 @print{} 49 |
2248 @result{} nil | |
2249 @end group | |
2250 @end example | |
2251 @end defun | |
2252 | |
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2253 @defun read-char-exclusive &optional prompt inherit-input-method |
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2254 This function reads and returns a character of command input. If the |
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2255 user generates an event which is not a character, |
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2256 @code{read-char-exclusive} ignores it and reads another event, until it |
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2257 gets a character. The arguments work as in @code{read-event}. |
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2258 @end defun |
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2259 |
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2260 @node Invoking the Input Method |
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2261 @subsection Invoking the Input Method |
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2262 |
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2263 The event-reading functions invoke the current input method, if any |
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2264 (@pxref{Input Methods}). If the value of @code{input-method-function} |
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2265 is non-@code{nil}, it should be a function; when @code{read-event} reads |
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2266 a printing character (including @key{SPC}) with no modifier bits, it |
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2267 calls that function, passing the character as an argument. |
22843
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2268 |
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2269 @defvar input-method-function |
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2270 If this is non-@code{nil}, its value specifies the current input method |
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2271 function. |
23110
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2272 |
52626 | 2273 @strong{Warning:} don't bind this variable with @code{let}. It is often |
23110
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2274 buffer-local, and if you bind it around reading input (which is exactly |
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2275 when you @emph{would} bind it), switching buffers asynchronously while |
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2276 Emacs is waiting will cause the value to be restored in the wrong |
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2277 buffer. |
22843
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2278 @end defvar |
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2279 |
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2280 The input method function should return a list of events which should |
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2281 be used as input. (If the list is @code{nil}, that means there is no |
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2282 input, so @code{read-event} waits for another event.) These events are |
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2283 processed before the events in @code{unread-command-events} |
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2284 (@pxref{Event Input Misc}). Events |
22843
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2285 returned by the input method function are not passed to the input method |
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2286 function again, even if they are printing characters with no modifier |
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2287 bits. |
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2288 |
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2289 If the input method function calls @code{read-event} or |
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2290 @code{read-key-sequence}, it should bind @code{input-method-function} to |
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2291 @code{nil} first, to prevent recursion. |
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2292 |
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2293 The input method function is not called when reading the second and |
24951
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2294 subsequent events of a key sequence. Thus, these characters are not |
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2295 subject to input method processing. The input method function should |
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2296 test the values of @code{overriding-local-map} and |
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2297 @code{overriding-terminal-local-map}; if either of these variables is |
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2298 non-@code{nil}, the input method should put its argument into a list and |
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2299 return that list with no further processing. |
22843
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2300 |
6260 | 2301 @node Quoted Character Input |
2302 @subsection Quoted Character Input | |
2303 @cindex quoted character input | |
2304 | |
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2305 You can use the function @code{read-quoted-char} to ask the user to |
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2306 specify a character, and allow the user to specify a control or meta |
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2307 character conveniently, either literally or as an octal character code. |
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2308 The command @code{quoted-insert} uses this function. |
6260 | 2309 |
2310 @defun read-quoted-char &optional prompt | |
2311 @cindex octal character input | |
2312 @cindex control characters, reading | |
2313 @cindex nonprinting characters, reading | |
2314 This function is like @code{read-char}, except that if the first | |
21682
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2315 character read is an octal digit (0-7), it reads any number of octal |
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2316 digits (but stopping if a non-octal digit is found), and returns the |
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2317 character represented by that numeric character code. If the |
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2318 character that terminates the sequence of octal digits is @key{RET}, |
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2319 it is discarded. Any other terminating character is used as input |
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2320 after this function returns. |
6260 | 2321 |
2322 Quitting is suppressed when the first character is read, so that the | |
2323 user can enter a @kbd{C-g}. @xref{Quitting}. | |
2324 | |
2325 If @var{prompt} is supplied, it specifies a string for prompting the | |
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2326 user. The prompt string is always displayed in the echo area, followed |
6260 | 2327 by a single @samp{-}. |
2328 | |
2329 In the following example, the user types in the octal number 177 (which | |
2330 is 127 in decimal). | |
2331 | |
2332 @example | |
2333 (read-quoted-char "What character") | |
2334 | |
2335 @group | |
2336 ---------- Echo Area ---------- | |
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2337 What character @kbd{1 7 7}- |
6260 | 2338 ---------- Echo Area ---------- |
2339 | |
2340 @result{} 127 | |
2341 @end group | |
2342 @end example | |
2343 @end defun | |
2344 | |
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2345 @need 2000 |
6557
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2346 @node Event Input Misc |
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2347 @subsection Miscellaneous Event Input Features |
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2348 |
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2349 This section describes how to ``peek ahead'' at events without using |
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2350 them up, how to check for pending input, and how to discard pending |
22252
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2351 input. See also the function @code{read-passwd} (@pxref{Reading a |
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2352 Password}). |
6260 | 2353 |
2354 @defvar unread-command-events | |
2355 @cindex next input | |
2356 @cindex peeking at input | |
2357 This variable holds a list of events waiting to be read as command | |
6557
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2358 input. The events are used in the order they appear in the list, and |
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2359 removed one by one as they are used. |
6260 | 2360 |
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2361 The variable is needed because in some cases a function reads an event |
6557
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2362 and then decides not to use it. Storing the event in this variable |
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2363 causes it to be processed normally, by the command loop or by the |
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2364 functions to read command input. |
6260 | 2365 |
2366 @cindex prefix argument unreading | |
2367 For example, the function that implements numeric prefix arguments reads | |
2368 any number of digits. When it finds a non-digit event, it must unread | |
2369 the event so that it can be read normally by the command loop. | |
49600
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2370 Likewise, incremental search uses this feature to unread events with no |
6557
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2371 special meaning in a search, because these events should exit the search |
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2372 and then execute normally. |
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2373 |
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2374 The reliable and easy way to extract events from a key sequence so as to |
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2375 put them in @code{unread-command-events} is to use |
6557
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2376 @code{listify-key-sequence} (@pxref{Strings of Events}). |
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2377 |
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2378 Normally you add events to the front of this list, so that the events |
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2379 most recently unread will be reread first. |
6260 | 2380 @end defvar |
2381 | |
21682
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2382 @defun listify-key-sequence key |
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2383 This function converts the string or vector @var{key} to a list of |
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2384 individual events, which you can put in @code{unread-command-events}. |
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2385 @end defun |
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2386 |
6260 | 2387 @defvar unread-command-char |
2388 This variable holds a character to be read as command input. | |
2389 A value of -1 means ``empty''. | |
2390 | |
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2391 This variable is mostly obsolete now that you can use |
6260 | 2392 @code{unread-command-events} instead; it exists only to support programs |
2393 written for Emacs versions 18 and earlier. | |
2394 @end defvar | |
2395 | |
2396 @defun input-pending-p | |
2397 @cindex waiting for command key input | |
2398 This function determines whether any command input is currently | |
2399 available to be read. It returns immediately, with value @code{t} if | |
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2400 there is available input, @code{nil} otherwise. On rare occasions it |
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2401 may return @code{t} when no input is available. |
6260 | 2402 @end defun |
2403 | |
2404 @defvar last-input-event | |
21682
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2405 @defvarx last-input-char |
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2406 This variable records the last terminal input event read, whether |
6260 | 2407 as part of a command or explicitly by a Lisp program. |
2408 | |
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2409 In the example below, the Lisp program reads the character @kbd{1}, |
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2410 @acronym{ASCII} code 49. It becomes the value of @code{last-input-event}, |
12098 | 2411 while @kbd{C-e} (we assume @kbd{C-x C-e} command is used to evaluate |
2412 this expression) remains the value of @code{last-command-event}. | |
6260 | 2413 |
2414 @example | |
2415 @group | |
2416 (progn (print (read-char)) | |
6557
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2417 (print last-command-event) |
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2418 last-input-event) |
6260 | 2419 @print{} 49 |
2420 @print{} 5 | |
2421 @result{} 49 | |
2422 @end group | |
2423 @end example | |
2424 | |
2425 The alias @code{last-input-char} exists for compatibility with | |
2426 Emacs version 18. | |
2427 @end defvar | |
2428 | |
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2429 @defmac while-no-input body... |
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2430 This construct runs the @var{body} forms and returns the value |
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2431 of the last one---but only if no input arrives. If any input |
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2432 arrives during the execution of the @var{body} forms, it aborts |
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2433 them (working much like a quit), and the @code{while-no-input} |
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2434 form returns @code{nil}. |
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2435 |
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2436 If a part of @var{body} binds @code{inhibit-quit} to non-@code{nil}, |
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2437 arrival of input during those parts won't cause an abort until |
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2438 the end of that part. |
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2439 @end defmac |
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2440 |
6260 | 2441 @defun discard-input |
2442 @cindex flush input | |
2443 @cindex discard input | |
2444 @cindex terminate keyboard macro | |
2445 This function discards the contents of the terminal input buffer and | |
2446 cancels any keyboard macro that might be in the process of definition. | |
2447 It returns @code{nil}. | |
2448 | |
2449 In the following example, the user may type a number of characters right | |
2450 after starting the evaluation of the form. After the @code{sleep-for} | |
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2451 finishes sleeping, @code{discard-input} discards any characters typed |
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2452 during the sleep. |
6260 | 2453 |
2454 @example | |
2455 (progn (sleep-for 2) | |
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2456 (discard-input)) |
6260 | 2457 @result{} nil |
2458 @end example | |
2459 @end defun | |
2460 | |
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2461 @node Special Events |
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2462 @section Special Events |
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2463 |
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2464 @cindex special events |
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2465 Special events are handled at a very low level---as soon as they are |
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2466 read. The @code{read-event} function processes these events itself, and |
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2467 never returns them. Instead, it keeps waiting for the first event |
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2468 that is not special and returns that one. |
21007
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2469 |
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2470 Events that are handled in this way do not echo, they are never grouped |
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2471 into key sequences, and they never appear in the value of |
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2472 @code{last-command-event} or @code{(this-command-keys)}. They do not |
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2473 discard a numeric argument, they cannot be unread with |
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2474 @code{unread-command-events}, they may not appear in a keyboard macro, |
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2475 and they are not recorded in a keyboard macro while you are defining |
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2476 one. |
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2477 |
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2478 These events do, however, appear in @code{last-input-event} immediately |
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2479 after they are read, and this is the way for the event's definition to |
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2480 find the actual event. |
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2481 |
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2482 The events types @code{iconify-frame}, @code{make-frame-visible} and |
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2483 @code{delete-frame} are normally handled in this way. The keymap which |
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2484 defines how to handle special events---and which events are special---is |
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2485 in the variable @code{special-event-map} (@pxref{Active Keymaps}). |
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2486 |
6260 | 2487 @node Waiting |
2488 @section Waiting for Elapsed Time or Input | |
2489 @cindex pausing | |
2490 @cindex waiting | |
2491 | |
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2492 The wait functions are designed to wait for a certain amount of time |
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2493 to pass or until there is input. For example, you may wish to pause in |
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2494 the middle of a computation to allow the user time to view the display. |
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2495 @code{sit-for} pauses and updates the screen, and returns immediately if |
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2496 input comes in, while @code{sleep-for} pauses without updating the |
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2497 screen. |
6260 | 2498 |
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2499 @defun sit-for seconds &optional nodisp |
6260 | 2500 This function performs redisplay (provided there is no pending input |
2501 from the user), then waits @var{seconds} seconds, or until input is | |
6557
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2502 available. The value is @code{t} if @code{sit-for} waited the full |
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2503 time with no input arriving (see @code{input-pending-p} in @ref{Event |
6557
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2504 Input Misc}). Otherwise, the value is @code{nil}. |
6260 | 2505 |
12098 | 2506 The argument @var{seconds} need not be an integer. If it is a floating |
2507 point number, @code{sit-for} waits for a fractional number of seconds. | |
2508 Some systems support only a whole number of seconds; on these systems, | |
2509 @var{seconds} is rounded down. | |
2510 | |
25751
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2511 The expression @code{(sit-for 0)} is a convenient way to request a |
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2512 redisplay, without any delay. @xref{Forcing Redisplay}. |
6260 | 2513 |
2514 If @var{nodisp} is non-@code{nil}, then @code{sit-for} does not | |
2515 redisplay, but it still returns as soon as input is available (or when | |
2516 the timeout elapses). | |
2517 | |
12067 | 2518 Iconifying or deiconifying a frame makes @code{sit-for} return, because |
2519 that generates an event. @xref{Misc Events}. | |
2520 | |
6260 | 2521 The usual purpose of @code{sit-for} is to give the user time to read |
2522 text that you display. | |
51912
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2523 |
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2524 It is also possible to call @code{sit-for} with three arguments, |
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2525 as @code{(sit-for @var{seconds} @var{millisec} @var{nodisp})}, |
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2526 but that is considered obsolete. |
6260 | 2527 @end defun |
2528 | |
2529 @defun sleep-for seconds &optional millisec | |
2530 This function simply pauses for @var{seconds} seconds without updating | |
2531 the display. It pays no attention to available input. It returns | |
2532 @code{nil}. | |
2533 | |
12098 | 2534 The argument @var{seconds} need not be an integer. If it is a floating |
2535 point number, @code{sleep-for} waits for a fractional number of seconds. | |
2536 Some systems support only a whole number of seconds; on these systems, | |
2537 @var{seconds} is rounded down. | |
2538 | |
6260 | 2539 The optional argument @var{millisec} specifies an additional waiting |
2540 period measured in milliseconds. This adds to the period specified by | |
12098 | 2541 @var{seconds}. If the system doesn't support waiting fractions of a |
2542 second, you get an error if you specify nonzero @var{millisec}. | |
6260 | 2543 |
2544 Use @code{sleep-for} when you wish to guarantee a delay. | |
2545 @end defun | |
2546 | |
2547 @xref{Time of Day}, for functions to get the current time. | |
2548 | |
2549 @node Quitting | |
2550 @section Quitting | |
2551 @cindex @kbd{C-g} | |
2552 @cindex quitting | |
45191
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2553 @cindex interrupt Lisp functions |
6260 | 2554 |
7735
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2555 Typing @kbd{C-g} while a Lisp function is running causes Emacs to |
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2556 @dfn{quit} whatever it is doing. This means that control returns to the |
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2557 innermost active command loop. |
6260 | 2558 |
2559 Typing @kbd{C-g} while the command loop is waiting for keyboard input | |
2560 does not cause a quit; it acts as an ordinary input character. In the | |
2561 simplest case, you cannot tell the difference, because @kbd{C-g} | |
2562 normally runs the command @code{keyboard-quit}, whose effect is to quit. | |
21682
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2563 However, when @kbd{C-g} follows a prefix key, they combine to form an |
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2564 undefined key. The effect is to cancel the prefix key as well as any |
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2565 prefix argument. |
6260 | 2566 |
2567 In the minibuffer, @kbd{C-g} has a different definition: it aborts out | |
2568 of the minibuffer. This means, in effect, that it exits the minibuffer | |
2569 and then quits. (Simply quitting would return to the command loop | |
2570 @emph{within} the minibuffer.) The reason why @kbd{C-g} does not quit | |
2571 directly when the command reader is reading input is so that its meaning | |
2572 can be redefined in the minibuffer in this way. @kbd{C-g} following a | |
2573 prefix key is not redefined in the minibuffer, and it has its normal | |
2574 effect of canceling the prefix key and prefix argument. This too | |
6557
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2575 would not be possible if @kbd{C-g} always quit directly. |
6260 | 2576 |
7735
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2577 When @kbd{C-g} does directly quit, it does so by setting the variable |
6557
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2578 @code{quit-flag} to @code{t}. Emacs checks this variable at appropriate |
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2579 times and quits if it is not @code{nil}. Setting @code{quit-flag} |
6260 | 2580 non-@code{nil} in any way thus causes a quit. |
2581 | |
6557
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2582 At the level of C code, quitting cannot happen just anywhere; only at the |
7735
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2583 special places that check @code{quit-flag}. The reason for this is |
6260 | 2584 that quitting at other places might leave an inconsistency in Emacs's |
49600
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2585 internal state. Because quitting is delayed until a safe place, quitting |
6260 | 2586 cannot make Emacs crash. |
2587 | |
2588 Certain functions such as @code{read-key-sequence} or | |
2589 @code{read-quoted-char} prevent quitting entirely even though they wait | |
2590 for input. Instead of quitting, @kbd{C-g} serves as the requested | |
2591 input. In the case of @code{read-key-sequence}, this serves to bring | |
2592 about the special behavior of @kbd{C-g} in the command loop. In the | |
2593 case of @code{read-quoted-char}, this is so that @kbd{C-q} can be used | |
49600
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2594 to quote a @kbd{C-g}. |
6260 | 2595 |
45191
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2596 @cindex prevent quitting |
6260 | 2597 You can prevent quitting for a portion of a Lisp function by binding |
2598 the variable @code{inhibit-quit} to a non-@code{nil} value. Then, | |
2599 although @kbd{C-g} still sets @code{quit-flag} to @code{t} as usual, the | |
2600 usual result of this---a quit---is prevented. Eventually, | |
2601 @code{inhibit-quit} will become @code{nil} again, such as when its | |
2602 binding is unwound at the end of a @code{let} form. At that time, if | |
2603 @code{quit-flag} is still non-@code{nil}, the requested quit happens | |
7735
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2604 immediately. This behavior is ideal when you wish to make sure that |
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2605 quitting does not happen within a ``critical section'' of the program. |
6260 | 2606 |
2607 @cindex @code{read-quoted-char} quitting | |
2608 In some functions (such as @code{read-quoted-char}), @kbd{C-g} is | |
7735
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2609 handled in a special way that does not involve quitting. This is done |
6557
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2610 by reading the input with @code{inhibit-quit} bound to @code{t}, and |
6260 | 2611 setting @code{quit-flag} to @code{nil} before @code{inhibit-quit} |
2612 becomes @code{nil} again. This excerpt from the definition of | |
2613 @code{read-quoted-char} shows how this is done; it also shows that | |
2614 normal quitting is permitted after the first character of input. | |
2615 | |
2616 @example | |
2617 (defun read-quoted-char (&optional prompt) | |
2618 "@dots{}@var{documentation}@dots{}" | |
21682
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2619 (let ((message-log-max nil) done (first t) (code 0) char) |
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2620 (while (not done) |
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2621 (let ((inhibit-quit first) |
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2622 @dots{}) |
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2623 (and prompt (message "%s-" prompt)) |
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2624 (setq char (read-event)) |
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2625 (if inhibit-quit (setq quit-flag nil))) |
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2626 @r{@dots{}set the variable @code{code}@dots{}}) |
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2627 code)) |
6260 | 2628 @end example |
2629 | |
2630 @defvar quit-flag | |
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2631 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, then Emacs quits immediately, unless |
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2632 @code{inhibit-quit} is non-@code{nil}. Typing @kbd{C-g} ordinarily sets |
6260 | 2633 @code{quit-flag} non-@code{nil}, regardless of @code{inhibit-quit}. |
2634 @end defvar | |
2635 | |
2636 @defvar inhibit-quit | |
2637 This variable determines whether Emacs should quit when @code{quit-flag} | |
2638 is set to a value other than @code{nil}. If @code{inhibit-quit} is | |
2639 non-@code{nil}, then @code{quit-flag} has no special effect. | |
2640 @end defvar | |
2641 | |
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2642 @defmac with-local-quit forms@dots{} |
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2643 This macro executes @var{forms} in sequence, but allows quitting, at |
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2644 least locally, within @var{body} even if @code{inhibit-quit} was |
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2645 non-@code{nil} outside this construct. It returns the value of the |
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2646 last form in @var{forms}, unless exited by quitting, in which case |
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2647 it returns @code{nil}. |
56607
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2648 |
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2649 If @code{inhibit-quit} is @code{nil} on entry to @code{with-local-quit}, |
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2650 it only executes the @var{forms}, and setting @code{quit-flag} causes |
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2651 a normal quit. However, if @code{inhibit-quit} is non-@code{nil} so |
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2652 that ordinary quitting is delayed, a non-@code{nil} @code{quit-flag} |
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2653 triggers a special kind of local quit. This ends the execution of |
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2654 @var{forms} and exits the @code{with-local-quit} form with |
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2655 @code{quit-flag} still non-@code{nil}, so that another (ordinary) quit |
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2656 will happen as soon as that is allowed. If @code{quit-flag} is |
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|
2657 already non-@code{nil} at the beginning of @var{forms}, the local quit |
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2658 happens immediately and they don't execute at all. |
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|
2659 |
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2660 This macro is mainly useful in functions that can be called from |
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|
2661 timers, @code{pre-command-hook}, @code{post-command-hook} and other |
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|
2662 places where @code{inhibit-quit} is normally bound to @code{t}. |
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2663 @end defmac |
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2664 |
6260 | 2665 @deffn Command keyboard-quit |
2666 This function signals the @code{quit} condition with @code{(signal 'quit | |
2667 nil)}. This is the same thing that quitting does. (See @code{signal} | |
2668 in @ref{Errors}.) | |
2669 @end deffn | |
2670 | |
2671 You can specify a character other than @kbd{C-g} to use for quitting. | |
2672 See the function @code{set-input-mode} in @ref{Terminal Input}. | |
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2673 |
6260 | 2674 @node Prefix Command Arguments |
2675 @section Prefix Command Arguments | |
2676 @cindex prefix argument | |
2677 @cindex raw prefix argument | |
2678 @cindex numeric prefix argument | |
2679 | |
2680 Most Emacs commands can use a @dfn{prefix argument}, a number | |
2681 specified before the command itself. (Don't confuse prefix arguments | |
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2682 with prefix keys.) The prefix argument is at all times represented by a |
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2683 value, which may be @code{nil}, meaning there is currently no prefix |
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2684 argument. Each command may use the prefix argument or ignore it. |
6260 | 2685 |
2686 There are two representations of the prefix argument: @dfn{raw} and | |
2687 @dfn{numeric}. The editor command loop uses the raw representation | |
2688 internally, and so do the Lisp variables that store the information, but | |
2689 commands can request either representation. | |
2690 | |
2691 Here are the possible values of a raw prefix argument: | |
2692 | |
2693 @itemize @bullet | |
2694 @item | |
2695 @code{nil}, meaning there is no prefix argument. Its numeric value is | |
2696 1, but numerous commands make a distinction between @code{nil} and the | |
2697 integer 1. | |
2698 | |
2699 @item | |
2700 An integer, which stands for itself. | |
2701 | |
2702 @item | |
2703 A list of one element, which is an integer. This form of prefix | |
2704 argument results from one or a succession of @kbd{C-u}'s with no | |
2705 digits. The numeric value is the integer in the list, but some | |
2706 commands make a distinction between such a list and an integer alone. | |
2707 | |
2708 @item | |
2709 The symbol @code{-}. This indicates that @kbd{M--} or @kbd{C-u -} was | |
2710 typed, without following digits. The equivalent numeric value is | |
2711 @minus{}1, but some commands make a distinction between the integer | |
2712 @minus{}1 and the symbol @code{-}. | |
2713 @end itemize | |
2714 | |
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2715 We illustrate these possibilities by calling the following function with |
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2716 various prefixes: |
6260 | 2717 |
2718 @example | |
2719 @group | |
2720 (defun display-prefix (arg) | |
2721 "Display the value of the raw prefix arg." | |
2722 (interactive "P") | |
2723 (message "%s" arg)) | |
2724 @end group | |
2725 @end example | |
2726 | |
2727 @noindent | |
2728 Here are the results of calling @code{display-prefix} with various | |
2729 raw prefix arguments: | |
2730 | |
2731 @example | |
2732 M-x display-prefix @print{} nil | |
2733 | |
2734 C-u M-x display-prefix @print{} (4) | |
2735 | |
2736 C-u C-u M-x display-prefix @print{} (16) | |
2737 | |
2738 C-u 3 M-x display-prefix @print{} 3 | |
2739 | |
2740 M-3 M-x display-prefix @print{} 3 ; @r{(Same as @code{C-u 3}.)} | |
2741 | |
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2742 C-u - M-x display-prefix @print{} - |
6260 | 2743 |
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2744 M-- M-x display-prefix @print{} - ; @r{(Same as @code{C-u -}.)} |
6260 | 2745 |
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2746 C-u - 7 M-x display-prefix @print{} -7 |
6260 | 2747 |
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2748 M-- 7 M-x display-prefix @print{} -7 ; @r{(Same as @code{C-u -7}.)} |
6260 | 2749 @end example |
2750 | |
2751 Emacs uses two variables to store the prefix argument: | |
2752 @code{prefix-arg} and @code{current-prefix-arg}. Commands such as | |
2753 @code{universal-argument} that set up prefix arguments for other | |
2754 commands store them in @code{prefix-arg}. In contrast, | |
2755 @code{current-prefix-arg} conveys the prefix argument to the current | |
2756 command, so setting it has no effect on the prefix arguments for future | |
2757 commands. | |
2758 | |
2759 Normally, commands specify which representation to use for the prefix | |
2760 argument, either numeric or raw, in the @code{interactive} declaration. | |
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2761 (@xref{Using Interactive}.) Alternatively, functions may look at the |
6260 | 2762 value of the prefix argument directly in the variable |
2763 @code{current-prefix-arg}, but this is less clean. | |
2764 | |
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2765 @defun prefix-numeric-value arg |
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2766 This function returns the numeric meaning of a valid raw prefix argument |
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2767 value, @var{arg}. The argument may be a symbol, a number, or a list. |
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2768 If it is @code{nil}, the value 1 is returned; if it is @code{-}, the |
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2769 value @minus{}1 is returned; if it is a number, that number is returned; |
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2770 if it is a list, the @sc{car} of that list (which should be a number) is |
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2771 returned. |
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2772 @end defun |
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2773 |
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2774 @defvar current-prefix-arg |
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2775 This variable holds the raw prefix argument for the @emph{current} |
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2776 command. Commands may examine it directly, but the usual method for |
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2777 accessing it is with @code{(interactive "P")}. |
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2778 @end defvar |
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2779 |
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2780 @defvar prefix-arg |
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2781 The value of this variable is the raw prefix argument for the |
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2782 @emph{next} editing command. Commands such as @code{universal-argument} |
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2783 that specify prefix arguments for the following command work by setting |
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2784 this variable. |
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2785 @end defvar |
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2786 |
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2787 @defvar last-prefix-arg |
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2788 The raw prefix argument value used by the previous command. |
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2789 @end defvar |
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2790 |
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2791 The following commands exist to set up prefix arguments for the |
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2792 following command. Do not call them for any other reason. |
6260 | 2793 |
2794 @deffn Command universal-argument | |
2795 This command reads input and specifies a prefix argument for the | |
2796 following command. Don't call this command yourself unless you know | |
2797 what you are doing. | |
2798 @end deffn | |
2799 | |
2800 @deffn Command digit-argument arg | |
2801 This command adds to the prefix argument for the following command. The | |
2802 argument @var{arg} is the raw prefix argument as it was before this | |
2803 command; it is used to compute the updated prefix argument. Don't call | |
2804 this command yourself unless you know what you are doing. | |
2805 @end deffn | |
2806 | |
2807 @deffn Command negative-argument arg | |
2808 This command adds to the numeric argument for the next command. The | |
2809 argument @var{arg} is the raw prefix argument as it was before this | |
2810 command; its value is negated to form the new prefix argument. Don't | |
2811 call this command yourself unless you know what you are doing. | |
2812 @end deffn | |
2813 | |
2814 @node Recursive Editing | |
2815 @section Recursive Editing | |
2816 @cindex recursive command loop | |
2817 @cindex recursive editing level | |
2818 @cindex command loop, recursive | |
2819 | |
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2820 The Emacs command loop is entered automatically when Emacs starts up. |
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2821 This top-level invocation of the command loop never exits; it keeps |
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2822 running as long as Emacs does. Lisp programs can also invoke the |
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2823 command loop. Since this makes more than one activation of the command |
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2824 loop, we call it @dfn{recursive editing}. A recursive editing level has |
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2825 the effect of suspending whatever command invoked it and permitting the |
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2826 user to do arbitrary editing before resuming that command. |
6260 | 2827 |
2828 The commands available during recursive editing are the same ones | |
2829 available in the top-level editing loop and defined in the keymaps. | |
2830 Only a few special commands exit the recursive editing level; the others | |
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2831 return to the recursive editing level when they finish. (The special |
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2832 commands for exiting are always available, but they do nothing when |
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2833 recursive editing is not in progress.) |
6260 | 2834 |
2835 All command loops, including recursive ones, set up all-purpose error | |
2836 handlers so that an error in a command run from the command loop will | |
2837 not exit the loop. | |
2838 | |
2839 @cindex minibuffer input | |
2840 Minibuffer input is a special kind of recursive editing. It has a few | |
2841 special wrinkles, such as enabling display of the minibuffer and the | |
2842 minibuffer window, but fewer than you might suppose. Certain keys | |
2843 behave differently in the minibuffer, but that is only because of the | |
2844 minibuffer's local map; if you switch windows, you get the usual Emacs | |
2845 commands. | |
2846 | |
2847 @cindex @code{throw} example | |
2848 @kindex exit | |
2849 @cindex exit recursive editing | |
2850 @cindex aborting | |
2851 To invoke a recursive editing level, call the function | |
2852 @code{recursive-edit}. This function contains the command loop; it also | |
2853 contains a call to @code{catch} with tag @code{exit}, which makes it | |
2854 possible to exit the recursive editing level by throwing to @code{exit} | |
2855 (@pxref{Catch and Throw}). If you throw a value other than @code{t}, | |
2856 then @code{recursive-edit} returns normally to the function that called | |
2857 it. The command @kbd{C-M-c} (@code{exit-recursive-edit}) does this. | |
2858 Throwing a @code{t} value causes @code{recursive-edit} to quit, so that | |
2859 control returns to the command loop one level up. This is called | |
2860 @dfn{aborting}, and is done by @kbd{C-]} (@code{abort-recursive-edit}). | |
2861 | |
2862 Most applications should not use recursive editing, except as part of | |
2863 using the minibuffer. Usually it is more convenient for the user if you | |
2864 change the major mode of the current buffer temporarily to a special | |
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2865 major mode, which should have a command to go back to the previous mode. |
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2866 (The @kbd{e} command in Rmail uses this technique.) Or, if you wish to |
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2867 give the user different text to edit ``recursively'', create and select |
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2868 a new buffer in a special mode. In this mode, define a command to |
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2869 complete the processing and go back to the previous buffer. (The |
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2870 @kbd{m} command in Rmail does this.) |
6260 | 2871 |
2872 Recursive edits are useful in debugging. You can insert a call to | |
2873 @code{debug} into a function definition as a sort of breakpoint, so that | |
2874 you can look around when the function gets there. @code{debug} invokes | |
2875 a recursive edit but also provides the other features of the debugger. | |
2876 | |
2877 Recursive editing levels are also used when you type @kbd{C-r} in | |
2878 @code{query-replace} or use @kbd{C-x q} (@code{kbd-macro-query}). | |
2879 | |
2880 @defun recursive-edit | |
2881 @cindex suspend evaluation | |
2882 This function invokes the editor command loop. It is called | |
2883 automatically by the initialization of Emacs, to let the user begin | |
2884 editing. When called from a Lisp program, it enters a recursive editing | |
2885 level. | |
2886 | |
2887 In the following example, the function @code{simple-rec} first | |
2888 advances point one word, then enters a recursive edit, printing out a | |
2889 message in the echo area. The user can then do any editing desired, and | |
2890 then type @kbd{C-M-c} to exit and continue executing @code{simple-rec}. | |
2891 | |
2892 @example | |
2893 (defun simple-rec () | |
2894 (forward-word 1) | |
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2895 (message "Recursive edit in progress") |
6260 | 2896 (recursive-edit) |
2897 (forward-word 1)) | |
2898 @result{} simple-rec | |
2899 (simple-rec) | |
2900 @result{} nil | |
2901 @end example | |
2902 @end defun | |
2903 | |
2904 @deffn Command exit-recursive-edit | |
2905 This function exits from the innermost recursive edit (including | |
2906 minibuffer input). Its definition is effectively @code{(throw 'exit | |
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2907 nil)}. |
6260 | 2908 @end deffn |
2909 | |
2910 @deffn Command abort-recursive-edit | |
2911 This function aborts the command that requested the innermost recursive | |
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2912 edit (including minibuffer input), by signaling @code{quit} |
6260 | 2913 after exiting the recursive edit. Its definition is effectively |
2914 @code{(throw 'exit t)}. @xref{Quitting}. | |
2915 @end deffn | |
2916 | |
2917 @deffn Command top-level | |
2918 This function exits all recursive editing levels; it does not return a | |
2919 value, as it jumps completely out of any computation directly back to | |
2920 the main command loop. | |
2921 @end deffn | |
2922 | |
2923 @defun recursion-depth | |
2924 This function returns the current depth of recursive edits. When no | |
2925 recursive edit is active, it returns 0. | |
2926 @end defun | |
2927 | |
2928 @node Disabling Commands | |
2929 @section Disabling Commands | |
2930 @cindex disabled command | |
2931 | |
2932 @dfn{Disabling a command} marks the command as requiring user | |
2933 confirmation before it can be executed. Disabling is used for commands | |
2934 which might be confusing to beginning users, to prevent them from using | |
2935 the commands by accident. | |
2936 | |
2937 @kindex disabled | |
2938 The low-level mechanism for disabling a command is to put a | |
2939 non-@code{nil} @code{disabled} property on the Lisp symbol for the | |
2940 command. These properties are normally set up by the user's | |
25875 | 2941 init file (@pxref{Init File}) with Lisp expressions such as this: |
6260 | 2942 |
2943 @example | |
2944 (put 'upcase-region 'disabled t) | |
2945 @end example | |
2946 | |
2947 @noindent | |
25875 | 2948 For a few commands, these properties are present by default (you can |
2949 remove them in your init file if you wish). | |
6260 | 2950 |
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2951 If the value of the @code{disabled} property is a string, the message |
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2952 saying the command is disabled includes that string. For example: |
6260 | 2953 |
2954 @example | |
2955 (put 'delete-region 'disabled | |
2956 "Text deleted this way cannot be yanked back!\n") | |
2957 @end example | |
2958 | |
2959 @xref{Disabling,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, for the details on | |
2960 what happens when a disabled command is invoked interactively. | |
2961 Disabling a command has no effect on calling it as a function from Lisp | |
2962 programs. | |
2963 | |
2964 @deffn Command enable-command command | |
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2965 Allow @var{command} (a symbol) to be executed without special |
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2966 confirmation from now on, and alter the user's init file (@pxref{Init |
25875 | 2967 File}) so that this will apply to future sessions. |
6260 | 2968 @end deffn |
2969 | |
2970 @deffn Command disable-command command | |
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2971 Require special confirmation to execute @var{command} from now on, and |
56607
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2972 alter the user's init file so that this will apply to future sessions. |
6260 | 2973 @end deffn |
2974 | |
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2975 @defvar disabled-command-function |
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2976 The value of this variable should be a function. When the user |
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(Key Sequence Input): Remove unnecessary anchor,
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2977 invokes a disabled command interactively, this function is called |
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(Key Sequence Input): Remove unnecessary anchor,
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2978 instead of the disabled command. It can use @code{this-command-keys} |
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(Key Sequence Input): Remove unnecessary anchor,
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2979 to determine what the user typed to run the command, and thus find the |
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(Key Sequence Input): Remove unnecessary anchor,
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2980 command itself. |
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|
2981 |
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2982 The value may also be @code{nil}. Then all commands work normally, |
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(Key Sequence Input): Remove unnecessary anchor,
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2983 even disabled ones. |
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|
2984 |
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2985 By default, the value is a function that asks the user whether to |
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2986 proceed. |
6260 | 2987 @end defvar |
2988 | |
2989 @node Command History | |
2990 @section Command History | |
2991 @cindex command history | |
2992 @cindex complex command | |
2993 @cindex history of commands | |
2994 | |
2995 The command loop keeps a history of the complex commands that have | |
2996 been executed, to make it convenient to repeat these commands. A | |
2997 @dfn{complex command} is one for which the interactive argument reading | |
2998 uses the minibuffer. This includes any @kbd{M-x} command, any | |
12098 | 2999 @kbd{M-:} command, and any command whose @code{interactive} |
6260 | 3000 specification reads an argument from the minibuffer. Explicit use of |
3001 the minibuffer during the execution of the command itself does not cause | |
3002 the command to be considered complex. | |
3003 | |
3004 @defvar command-history | |
3005 This variable's value is a list of recent complex commands, each | |
3006 represented as a form to evaluate. It continues to accumulate all | |
22138
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3007 complex commands for the duration of the editing session, but when it |
48731
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Use xref for history list truncation.
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3008 reaches the maximum size (@pxref{Minibuffer History}), the oldest |
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Use xref for history list truncation.
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3009 elements are deleted as new ones are added. |
6260 | 3010 |
3011 @example | |
3012 @group | |
3013 command-history | |
3014 @result{} ((switch-to-buffer "chistory.texi") | |
3015 (describe-key "^X^[") | |
3016 (visit-tags-table "~/emacs/src/") | |
3017 (find-tag "repeat-complex-command")) | |
3018 @end group | |
3019 @end example | |
3020 @end defvar | |
3021 | |
3022 This history list is actually a special case of minibuffer history | |
3023 (@pxref{Minibuffer History}), with one special twist: the elements are | |
3024 expressions rather than strings. | |
3025 | |
3026 There are a number of commands devoted to the editing and recall of | |
3027 previous commands. The commands @code{repeat-complex-command}, and | |
3028 @code{list-command-history} are described in the user manual | |
3029 (@pxref{Repetition,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}). Within the | |
21007
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3030 minibuffer, the usual minibuffer history commands are available. |
6260 | 3031 |
3032 @node Keyboard Macros | |
3033 @section Keyboard Macros | |
3034 @cindex keyboard macros | |
3035 | |
3036 A @dfn{keyboard macro} is a canned sequence of input events that can | |
6557
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3037 be considered a command and made the definition of a key. The Lisp |
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3038 representation of a keyboard macro is a string or vector containing the |
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3039 events. Don't confuse keyboard macros with Lisp macros |
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3040 (@pxref{Macros}). |
6260 | 3041 |
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3042 @defun execute-kbd-macro kbdmacro &optional count loopfunc |
21007
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3043 This function executes @var{kbdmacro} as a sequence of events. If |
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3044 @var{kbdmacro} is a string or vector, then the events in it are executed |
6260 | 3045 exactly as if they had been input by the user. The sequence is |
3046 @emph{not} expected to be a single key sequence; normally a keyboard | |
3047 macro definition consists of several key sequences concatenated. | |
3048 | |
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3049 If @var{kbdmacro} is a symbol, then its function definition is used in |
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3050 place of @var{kbdmacro}. If that is another symbol, this process repeats. |
6260 | 3051 Eventually the result should be a string or vector. If the result is |
3052 not a symbol, string, or vector, an error is signaled. | |
3053 | |
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3054 The argument @var{count} is a repeat count; @var{kbdmacro} is executed that |
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3055 many times. If @var{count} is omitted or @code{nil}, @var{kbdmacro} is |
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3056 executed once. If it is 0, @var{kbdmacro} is executed over and over until it |
49600
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Trailing whitespace deleted.
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3057 encounters an error or a failing search. |
21007
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3058 |
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3059 If @var{loopfunc} is non-@code{nil}, it is a function that is called, |
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3060 without arguments, prior to each iteration of the macro. If |
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|
3061 @var{loopfunc} returns @code{nil}, then this stops execution of the macro. |
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|
3062 |
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3063 @xref{Reading One Event}, for an example of using @code{execute-kbd-macro}. |
6260 | 3064 @end defun |
3065 | |
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3066 @defvar executing-kbd-macro |
6260 | 3067 This variable contains the string or vector that defines the keyboard |
3068 macro that is currently executing. It is @code{nil} if no macro is | |
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3069 currently executing. A command can test this variable so as to behave |
6557
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3070 differently when run from an executing macro. Do not set this variable |
6260 | 3071 yourself. |
3072 @end defvar | |
3073 | |
6557
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3074 @defvar defining-kbd-macro |
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|
3075 This variable is non-@code{nil} if and only if a keyboard macro is |
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|
3076 being defined. A command can test this variable so as to behave |
57963
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(Keyboard Macros): Document `append' return value of `defining-kbd-macro'.
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|
3077 differently while a macro is being defined. The value is |
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(Keyboard Macros): Document `append' return value of `defining-kbd-macro'.
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|
3078 @code{append} while appending to the definition of an existing macro. |
fc5eb4553f2f
(Keyboard Macros): Document `append' return value of `defining-kbd-macro'.
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|
3079 The commands @code{start-kbd-macro}, @code{kmacro-start-macro} and |
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(Keyboard Macros): Document `append' return value of `defining-kbd-macro'.
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|
3080 @code{end-kbd-macro} set this variable---do not set it yourself. |
12067 | 3081 |
12098 | 3082 The variable is always local to the current terminal and cannot be |
12067 | 3083 buffer-local. @xref{Multiple Displays}. |
6557
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3084 @end defvar |
6260 | 3085 |
12098 | 3086 @defvar last-kbd-macro |
3087 This variable is the definition of the most recently defined keyboard | |
3088 macro. Its value is a string or vector, or @code{nil}. | |
3089 | |
3090 The variable is always local to the current terminal and cannot be | |
3091 buffer-local. @xref{Multiple Displays}. | |
3092 @end defvar | |
3093 | |
39210
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changeset
|
3094 @defvar kbd-macro-termination-hook |
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(Using Interactive): Document interactive-form.
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diff
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|
3095 This normal hook (@pxref{Standard Hooks}) is run when a keyboard |
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(Using Interactive): Document interactive-form.
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changeset
|
3096 macro terminates, regardless of what caused it to terminate (reaching |
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(Using Interactive): Document interactive-form.
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|
3097 the macro end or an error which ended the macro prematurely). |
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(Using Interactive): Document interactive-form.
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|
3098 @end defvar |
52401 | 3099 |
3100 @ignore | |
3101 arch-tag: e34944ad-7d5c-4980-be00-36a5fe54d4b1 | |
3102 @end ignore |