annotate lispref/sequences.texi @ 15689:7f87e3c7b29c

(TEXT_START, DATA_START, DATA_SEG_BITS, UNEXEC, DATA_END): Omit these definitions if ELF. (LINUX_SBRK_BUG): Omit this if using a recent GNU library.
author Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
date Mon, 15 Jul 1996 21:48:55 +0000
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1 @c -*-texinfo-*-
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2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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4 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions.
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5 @setfilename ../info/sequences
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6 @node Sequences Arrays Vectors, Symbols, Lists, Top
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7 @chapter Sequences, Arrays, and Vectors
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8 @cindex sequence
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9
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10 Recall that the @dfn{sequence} type is the union of three other Lisp
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11 types: lists, vectors, and strings. In other words, any list is a
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12 sequence, any vector is a sequence, and any string is a sequence. The
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13 common property that all sequences have is that each is an ordered
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14 collection of elements.
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15
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16 An @dfn{array} is a single primitive object that has a slot for each
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17 elements. All the elements are accessible in constant time, but the
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18 length of an existing array cannot be changed. Strings and vectors are
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19 the two types of arrays.
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20
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21 A list is a sequence of elements, but it is not a single primitive
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22 object; it is made of cons cells, one cell per element. Finding the
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23 @var{n}th element requires looking through @var{n} cons cells, so
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24 elements farther from the beginning of the list take longer to access.
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25 But it is possible to add elements to the list, or remove elements.
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26
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27 The following diagram shows the relationship between these types:
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28
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29 @example
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30 @group
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31 ___________________________________
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32 | |
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33 | Sequence |
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34 | ______ ______________________ |
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35 | | | | | |
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36 | | List | | Array | |
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37 | | | | ________ _______ | |
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38 | |______| | | | | | | |
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39 | | | Vector | | String| | |
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40 | | |________| |_______| | |
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41 | |______________________| |
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42 |___________________________________|
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43 @end group
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44 @end example
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45
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46 The elements of vectors and lists may be any Lisp objects. The
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47 elements of strings are all characters.
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48
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49 @menu
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50 * Sequence Functions:: Functions that accept any kind of sequence.
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51 * Arrays:: Characteristics of arrays in Emacs Lisp.
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52 * Array Functions:: Functions specifically for arrays.
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53 * Vectors:: Special characteristics of Emacs Lisp vectors.
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54 * Vector Functions:: Functions specifically for vectors.
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55 @end menu
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56
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57 @node Sequence Functions
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58 @section Sequences
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59
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60 In Emacs Lisp, a @dfn{sequence} is either a list, a vector or a
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61 string. The common property that all sequences have is that each is an
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62 ordered collection of elements. This section describes functions that
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63 accept any kind of sequence.
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64
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65 @defun sequencep object
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66 Returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a list, vector, or
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67 string, @code{nil} otherwise.
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68 @end defun
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69
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70 @defun copy-sequence sequence
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71 @cindex copying sequences
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72 Returns a copy of @var{sequence}. The copy is the same type of object
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73 as the original sequence, and it has the same elements in the same order.
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74
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75 Storing a new element into the copy does not affect the original
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76 @var{sequence}, and vice versa. However, the elements of the new
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77 sequence are not copies; they are identical (@code{eq}) to the elements
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78 of the original. Therefore, changes made within these elements, as
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79 found via the copied sequence, are also visible in the original
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80 sequence.
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81
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82 If the sequence is a string with text properties, the property list in
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83 the copy is itself a copy, not shared with the original's property
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84 list. However, the actual values of the properties are shared.
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85 @xref{Text Properties}.
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86
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87 See also @code{append} in @ref{Building Lists}, @code{concat} in
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88 @ref{Creating Strings}, and @code{vconcat} in @ref{Vectors}, for others
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89 ways to copy sequences.
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90
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91 @example
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92 @group
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93 (setq bar '(1 2))
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94 @result{} (1 2)
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95 @end group
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96 @group
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97 (setq x (vector 'foo bar))
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98 @result{} [foo (1 2)]
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99 @end group
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100 @group
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101 (setq y (copy-sequence x))
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102 @result{} [foo (1 2)]
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103 @end group
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104
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105 @group
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106 (eq x y)
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107 @result{} nil
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108 @end group
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109 @group
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110 (equal x y)
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111 @result{} t
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112 @end group
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113 @group
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114 (eq (elt x 1) (elt y 1))
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115 @result{} t
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116 @end group
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117
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118 @group
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119 ;; @r{Replacing an element of one sequence.}
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120 (aset x 0 'quux)
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121 x @result{} [quux (1 2)]
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122 y @result{} [foo (1 2)]
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123 @end group
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124
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125 @group
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126 ;; @r{Modifying the inside of a shared element.}
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127 (setcar (aref x 1) 69)
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128 x @result{} [quux (69 2)]
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129 y @result{} [foo (69 2)]
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130 @end group
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131 @end example
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132 @end defun
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133
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134 @defun length sequence
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135 @cindex string length
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136 @cindex list length
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137 @cindex vector length
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138 @cindex sequence length
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139 Returns the number of elements in @var{sequence}. If @var{sequence} is
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140 a cons cell that is not a list (because the final @sc{cdr} is not
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141 @code{nil}), a @code{wrong-type-argument} error is signaled.
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142
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143 @example
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144 @group
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145 (length '(1 2 3))
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146 @result{} 3
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147 @end group
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148 @group
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149 (length ())
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150 @result{} 0
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151 @end group
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152 @group
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153 (length "foobar")
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154 @result{} 6
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155 @end group
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156 @group
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157 (length [1 2 3])
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158 @result{} 3
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159 @end group
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160 @end example
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161 @end defun
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162
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163 @defun elt sequence index
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164 @cindex elements of sequences
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165 This function returns the element of @var{sequence} indexed by
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166 @var{index}. Legitimate values of @var{index} are integers ranging from
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167 0 up to one less than the length of @var{sequence}. If @var{sequence}
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168 is a list, then out-of-range values of @var{index} return @code{nil};
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169 otherwise, they trigger an @code{args-out-of-range} error.
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170
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171 @example
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172 @group
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173 (elt [1 2 3 4] 2)
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174 @result{} 3
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175 @end group
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176 @group
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177 (elt '(1 2 3 4) 2)
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178 @result{} 3
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179 @end group
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180 @group
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181 (char-to-string (elt "1234" 2))
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182 @result{} "3"
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183 @end group
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184 @group
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185 (elt [1 2 3 4] 4)
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186 @error{}Args out of range: [1 2 3 4], 4
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187 @end group
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188 @group
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189 (elt [1 2 3 4] -1)
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190 @error{}Args out of range: [1 2 3 4], -1
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191 @end group
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192 @end example
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193
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194 This function generalizes @code{aref} (@pxref{Array Functions}) and
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195 @code{nth} (@pxref{List Elements}).
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196 @end defun
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197
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198 @node Arrays
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199 @section Arrays
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200 @cindex array
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201
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202 An @dfn{array} object has slots that hold a number of other Lisp
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203 objects, called the elements of the array. Any element of an array may
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204 be accessed in constant time. In contrast, an element of a list
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205 requires access time that is proportional to the position of the element
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206 in the list.
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207
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208 When you create an array, you must specify how many elements it has.
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209 The amount of space allocated depends on the number of elements.
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210 Therefore, it is impossible to change the size of an array once it is
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211 created; you cannot add or remove elements. However, you can replace an
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212 element with a different value.
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213
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214 Emacs defines two types of array, both of which are one-dimensional:
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215 @dfn{strings} and @dfn{vectors}. A vector is a general array; its
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216 elements can be any Lisp objects. A string is a specialized array; its
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217 elements must be characters (i.e., integers between 0 and 255). Each
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218 type of array has its own read syntax. @xref{String Type}, and
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219 @ref{Vector Type}.
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220
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221 Both kinds of array share these characteristics:
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222
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223 @itemize @bullet
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224 @item
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225 The first element of an array has index zero, the second element has
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226 index 1, and so on. This is called @dfn{zero-origin} indexing. For
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227 example, an array of four elements has indices 0, 1, 2, @w{and 3}.
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228
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229 @item
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230 The elements of an array may be referenced or changed with the functions
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231 @code{aref} and @code{aset}, respectively (@pxref{Array Functions}).
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232 @end itemize
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233
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234 In principle, if you wish to have an array of text characters, you
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235 could use either a string or a vector. In practice, we always choose
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236 strings for such applications, for four reasons:
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237
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238 @itemize @bullet
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239 @item
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240 They occupy one-fourth the space of a vector of the same elements.
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241
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242 @item
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243 Strings are printed in a way that shows the contents more clearly
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244 as characters.
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245
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246 @item
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247 Strings can hold text properties. @xref{Text Properties}.
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248
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249 @item
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250 Many of the specialized editing and I/O facilities of Emacs accept only
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251 strings. For example, you cannot insert a vector of characters into a
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252 buffer the way you can insert a string. @xref{Strings and Characters}.
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253 @end itemize
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254
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255 By contrast, for an array of keyboard input characters (such as a key
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256 sequence), a vector may be necessary, because many keyboard input
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257 characters are outside the range that will fit in a string. @xref{Key
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258 Sequence Input}.
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259
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260 @node Array Functions
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261 @section Functions that Operate on Arrays
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262
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263 In this section, we describe the functions that accept both strings
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264 and vectors.
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265
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266 @defun arrayp object
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267 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is an array (i.e., either a
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268 vector or a string).
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269
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270 @example
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271 @group
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272 (arrayp [a])
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273 @result{} t
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274 (arrayp "asdf")
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275 @result{} t
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276 @end group
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277 @end example
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278 @end defun
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279
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280 @defun aref array index
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281 @cindex array elements
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282 This function returns the @var{index}th element of @var{array}. The
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283 first element is at index zero.
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284
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285 @example
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286 @group
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287 (setq primes [2 3 5 7 11 13])
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288 @result{} [2 3 5 7 11 13]
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289 (aref primes 4)
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290 @result{} 11
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291 (elt primes 4)
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292 @result{} 11
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293 @end group
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294
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295 @group
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296 (aref "abcdefg" 1)
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297 @result{} 98 ; @r{@samp{b} is @sc{ASCII} code 98.}
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298 @end group
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299 @end example
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300
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301 See also the function @code{elt}, in @ref{Sequence Functions}.
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302 @end defun
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303
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304 @defun aset array index object
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305 This function sets the @var{index}th element of @var{array} to be
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306 @var{object}. It returns @var{object}.
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307
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308 @example
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309 @group
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310 (setq w [foo bar baz])
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311 @result{} [foo bar baz]
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312 (aset w 0 'fu)
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313 @result{} fu
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314 w
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315 @result{} [fu bar baz]
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316 @end group
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317
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318 @group
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319 (setq x "asdfasfd")
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320 @result{} "asdfasfd"
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321 (aset x 3 ?Z)
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322 @result{} 90
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323 x
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324 @result{} "asdZasfd"
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325 @end group
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326 @end example
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327
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328 If @var{array} is a string and @var{object} is not a character, a
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329 @code{wrong-type-argument} error results.
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330 @end defun
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331
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332 @defun fillarray array object
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333 This function fills the array @var{array} with @var{object}, so that
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334 each element of @var{array} is @var{object}. It returns @var{array}.
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335
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336 @example
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337 @group
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338 (setq a [a b c d e f g])
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339 @result{} [a b c d e f g]
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340 (fillarray a 0)
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341 @result{} [0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
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342 a
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343 @result{} [0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
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344 @end group
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345 @group
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346 (setq s "When in the course")
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347 @result{} "When in the course"
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348 (fillarray s ?-)
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349 @result{} "------------------"
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350 @end group
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351 @end example
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352
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353 If @var{array} is a string and @var{object} is not a character, a
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354 @code{wrong-type-argument} error results.
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355 @end defun
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356
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357 The general sequence functions @code{copy-sequence} and @code{length}
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358 are often useful for objects known to be arrays. @xref{Sequence Functions}.
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359
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360 @node Vectors
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361 @section Vectors
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362 @cindex vector
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363
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364 Arrays in Lisp, like arrays in most languages, are blocks of memory
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365 whose elements can be accessed in constant time. A @dfn{vector} is a
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366 general-purpose array; its elements can be any Lisp objects. (The other
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367 kind of array in Emacs Lisp is the @dfn{string}, whose elements must be
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368 characters.) Vectors in Emacs serve as syntax tables (vectors of
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369 integers), as obarrays (vectors of symbols), and in keymaps (vectors of
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370 commands). They are also used internally as part of the representation
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371 of a byte-compiled function; if you print such a function, you will see
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372 a vector in it.
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373
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374 In Emacs Lisp, the indices of the elements of a vector start from zero
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375 and count up from there.
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376
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377 Vectors are printed with square brackets surrounding the elements.
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378 Thus, a vector whose elements are the symbols @code{a}, @code{b} and
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379 @code{a} is printed as @code{[a b a]}. You can write vectors in the
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380 same way in Lisp input.
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381
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382 A vector, like a string or a number, is considered a constant for
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383 evaluation: the result of evaluating it is the same vector. This does
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384 not evaluate or even examine the elements of the vector.
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385 @xref{Self-Evaluating Forms}.
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386
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387 Here are examples of these principles:
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388
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389 @example
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390 @group
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391 (setq avector [1 two '(three) "four" [five]])
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392 @result{} [1 two (quote (three)) "four" [five]]
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393 (eval avector)
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394 @result{} [1 two (quote (three)) "four" [five]]
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395 (eq avector (eval avector))
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396 @result{} t
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397 @end group
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398 @end example
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399
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400 @node Vector Functions
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401 @section Functions That Operate on Vectors
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402
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403 Here are some functions that relate to vectors:
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404
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405 @defun vectorp object
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406 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a vector.
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407
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408 @example
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409 @group
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410 (vectorp [a])
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411 @result{} t
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412 (vectorp "asdf")
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413 @result{} nil
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414 @end group
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415 @end example
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416 @end defun
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417
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418 @defun vector &rest objects
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419 This function creates and returns a vector whose elements are the
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420 arguments, @var{objects}.
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421
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422 @example
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423 @group
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424 (vector 'foo 23 [bar baz] "rats")
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425 @result{} [foo 23 [bar baz] "rats"]
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426 (vector)
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427 @result{} []
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428 @end group
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429 @end example
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430 @end defun
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431
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432 @defun make-vector length object
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433 This function returns a new vector consisting of @var{length} elements,
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434 each initialized to @var{object}.
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435
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436 @example
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437 @group
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438 (setq sleepy (make-vector 9 'Z))
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439 @result{} [Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z]
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440 @end group
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441 @end example
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442 @end defun
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443
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444 @defun vconcat &rest sequences
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445 @cindex copying vectors
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446 This function returns a new vector containing all the elements of the
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447 @var{sequences}. The arguments @var{sequences} may be lists, vectors,
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448 or strings. If no @var{sequences} are given, an empty vector is
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449 returned.
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450
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451 The value is a newly constructed vector that is not @code{eq} to any
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452 existing vector.
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453
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454 @example
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455 @group
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456 (setq a (vconcat '(A B C) '(D E F)))
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457 @result{} [A B C D E F]
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458 (eq a (vconcat a))
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459 @result{} nil
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460 @end group
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461 @group
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462 (vconcat)
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463 @result{} []
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464 (vconcat [A B C] "aa" '(foo (6 7)))
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465 @result{} [A B C 97 97 foo (6 7)]
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466 @end group
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467 @end example
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468
12067
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469 The @code{vconcat} function also allows integers as arguments. It
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470 converts them to strings of digits, making up the decimal print
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471 representation of the integer, and then uses the strings instead of the
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472 original integers. @strong{Don't use this feature; we plan to eliminate
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473 it. If you already use this feature, change your programs now!} The
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474 proper way to convert an integer to a decimal number in this way is with
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475 @code{format} (@pxref{Formatting Strings}) or @code{number-to-string}
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476 (@pxref{String Conversion}).
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477
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478 For other concatenation functions, see @code{mapconcat} in @ref{Mapping
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479 Functions}, @code{concat} in @ref{Creating Strings}, and @code{append}
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480 in @ref{Building Lists}.
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481 @end defun
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482
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483 The @code{append} function provides a way to convert a vector into a
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484 list with the same elements (@pxref{Building Lists}):
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485
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486 @example
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487 @group
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488 (setq avector [1 two (quote (three)) "four" [five]])
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489 @result{} [1 two (quote (three)) "four" [five]]
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490 (append avector nil)
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491 @result{} (1 two (quote (three)) "four" [five])
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492 @end group
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493 @end example