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annotate lispref/positions.texi @ 49968:80ed3e75ba10
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author | Dave Love <fx@gnu.org> |
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date | Mon, 24 Feb 2003 22:51:41 +0000 |
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6552 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 |
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4 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6552 | 5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
6 @setfilename ../info/positions | |
7 @node Positions, Markers, Frames, Top | |
8 @chapter Positions | |
9 @cindex position (in buffer) | |
10 | |
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11 A @dfn{position} is the index of a character in the text of a buffer. |
6552 | 12 More precisely, a position identifies the place between two characters |
13 (or before the first character, or after the last character), so we can | |
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14 speak of the character before or after a given position. However, we |
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15 often speak of the character ``at'' a position, meaning the character |
6552 | 16 after that position. |
17 | |
18 Positions are usually represented as integers starting from 1, but can | |
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19 also be represented as @dfn{markers}---special objects that relocate |
6552 | 20 automatically when text is inserted or deleted so they stay with the |
21 surrounding characters. @xref{Markers}. | |
22 | |
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23 See also the ``field'' feature (@pxref{Fields}), which provides |
48701 | 24 functions that are used by many cursor-motion commands. |
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25 |
6552 | 26 @menu |
27 * Point:: The special position where editing takes place. | |
28 * Motion:: Changing point. | |
29 * Excursions:: Temporary motion and buffer changes. | |
30 * Narrowing:: Restricting editing to a portion of the buffer. | |
31 @end menu | |
32 | |
33 @node Point | |
34 @section Point | |
35 @cindex point | |
36 | |
37 @dfn{Point} is a special buffer position used by many editing | |
38 commands, including the self-inserting typed characters and text | |
39 insertion functions. Other commands move point through the text | |
40 to allow editing and insertion at different places. | |
41 | |
42 Like other positions, point designates a place between two characters | |
43 (or before the first character, or after the last character), rather | |
12098 | 44 than a particular character. Usually terminals display the cursor over |
45 the character that immediately follows point; point is actually before | |
46 the character on which the cursor sits. | |
6552 | 47 |
48 @cindex point with narrowing | |
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49 The value of point is a number no less than 1, and no greater than the |
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50 buffer size plus 1. If narrowing is in effect (@pxref{Narrowing}), then |
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51 point is constrained to fall within the accessible portion of the buffer |
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52 (possibly at one end of it). |
6552 | 53 |
54 Each buffer has its own value of point, which is independent of the | |
55 value of point in other buffers. Each window also has a value of point, | |
56 which is independent of the value of point in other windows on the same | |
57 buffer. This is why point can have different values in various windows | |
58 that display the same buffer. When a buffer appears in only one window, | |
59 the buffer's point and the window's point normally have the same value, | |
60 so the distinction is rarely important. @xref{Window Point}, for more | |
61 details. | |
62 | |
63 @defun point | |
64 @cindex current buffer position | |
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65 This function returns the value of point in the current buffer, |
6552 | 66 as an integer. |
67 | |
68 @need 700 | |
69 @example | |
70 @group | |
71 (point) | |
72 @result{} 175 | |
73 @end group | |
74 @end example | |
75 @end defun | |
76 | |
77 @defun point-min | |
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78 This function returns the minimum accessible value of point in the |
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79 current buffer. This is normally 1, but if narrowing is in effect, it |
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80 is the position of the start of the region that you narrowed to. |
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81 (@xref{Narrowing}.) |
6552 | 82 @end defun |
83 | |
84 @defun point-max | |
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85 This function returns the maximum accessible value of point in the |
6552 | 86 current buffer. This is @code{(1+ (buffer-size))}, unless narrowing is |
87 in effect, in which case it is the position of the end of the region | |
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88 that you narrowed to. (@xref{Narrowing}.) |
6552 | 89 @end defun |
90 | |
91 @defun buffer-end flag | |
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92 This function returns @code{(point-min)} if @var{flag} is less than 1, |
6552 | 93 @code{(point-max)} otherwise. The argument @var{flag} must be a number. |
94 @end defun | |
95 | |
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96 @defun buffer-size &optional buffer |
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97 This function returns the total number of characters in the current |
6552 | 98 buffer. In the absence of any narrowing (@pxref{Narrowing}), |
99 @code{point-max} returns a value one larger than this. | |
100 | |
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101 If you specify a buffer, @var{buffer}, then the value is the |
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102 size of @var{buffer}. |
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103 |
6552 | 104 @example |
105 @group | |
106 (buffer-size) | |
107 @result{} 35 | |
108 @end group | |
109 @group | |
110 (point-max) | |
111 @result{} 36 | |
112 @end group | |
113 @end example | |
114 @end defun | |
115 | |
116 @node Motion | |
117 @section Motion | |
118 | |
119 Motion functions change the value of point, either relative to the | |
120 current value of point, relative to the beginning or end of the buffer, | |
121 or relative to the edges of the selected window. @xref{Point}. | |
122 | |
123 @menu | |
124 * Character Motion:: Moving in terms of characters. | |
125 * Word Motion:: Moving in terms of words. | |
126 * Buffer End Motion:: Moving to the beginning or end of the buffer. | |
127 * Text Lines:: Moving in terms of lines of text. | |
128 * Screen Lines:: Moving in terms of lines as displayed. | |
129 * List Motion:: Moving by parsing lists and sexps. | |
130 * Skipping Characters:: Skipping characters belonging to a certain set. | |
131 @end menu | |
132 | |
133 @node Character Motion | |
134 @subsection Motion by Characters | |
135 | |
136 These functions move point based on a count of characters. | |
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137 @code{goto-char} is the fundamental primitive; the other functions use |
6552 | 138 that. |
139 | |
140 @deffn Command goto-char position | |
141 This function sets point in the current buffer to the value | |
142 @var{position}. If @var{position} is less than 1, it moves point to the | |
143 beginning of the buffer. If @var{position} is greater than the length | |
144 of the buffer, it moves point to the end. | |
145 | |
146 If narrowing is in effect, @var{position} still counts from the | |
147 beginning of the buffer, but point cannot go outside the accessible | |
148 portion. If @var{position} is out of range, @code{goto-char} moves | |
149 point to the beginning or the end of the accessible portion. | |
150 | |
151 When this function is called interactively, @var{position} is the | |
152 numeric prefix argument, if provided; otherwise it is read from the | |
153 minibuffer. | |
154 | |
155 @code{goto-char} returns @var{position}. | |
156 @end deffn | |
157 | |
158 @deffn Command forward-char &optional count | |
159 @c @kindex beginning-of-buffer | |
160 @c @kindex end-of-buffer | |
161 This function moves point @var{count} characters forward, towards the | |
162 end of the buffer (or backward, towards the beginning of the buffer, if | |
163 @var{count} is negative). If the function attempts to move point past | |
164 the beginning or end of the buffer (or the limits of the accessible | |
165 portion, when narrowing is in effect), an error is signaled with error | |
166 code @code{beginning-of-buffer} or @code{end-of-buffer}. | |
167 | |
168 In an interactive call, @var{count} is the numeric prefix argument. | |
169 @end deffn | |
170 | |
171 @deffn Command backward-char &optional count | |
172 This function moves point @var{count} characters backward, towards the | |
173 beginning of the buffer (or forward, towards the end of the buffer, if | |
174 @var{count} is negative). If the function attempts to move point past | |
175 the beginning or end of the buffer (or the limits of the accessible | |
176 portion, when narrowing is in effect), an error is signaled with error | |
177 code @code{beginning-of-buffer} or @code{end-of-buffer}. | |
178 | |
179 In an interactive call, @var{count} is the numeric prefix argument. | |
180 @end deffn | |
181 | |
182 @node Word Motion | |
183 @subsection Motion by Words | |
184 | |
185 These functions for parsing words use the syntax table to decide | |
186 whether a given character is part of a word. @xref{Syntax Tables}. | |
187 | |
188 @deffn Command forward-word count | |
189 This function moves point forward @var{count} words (or backward if | |
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190 @var{count} is negative). ``Moving one word'' means moving until point |
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191 crosses a word-constituent character and then encounters a |
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192 word-separator character. However, this function cannot move point past |
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193 the boundary of the accessible portion of the buffer, or across a field |
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194 boundary (@pxref{Fields}). The most common case of a field boundary is |
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195 the end of the prompt in the minibuffer. |
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196 |
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197 If it is possible to move @var{count} words, without being stopped |
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198 prematurely by the buffer boundary or a field boundary, the value is |
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199 @code{t}. Otherwise, the return value is @code{nil} and point stops at |
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200 the buffer boundary or field boundary. |
6552 | 201 |
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202 If @code{inhibit-field-text-motion} is non-@code{nil}, |
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203 this function ignores field boundaries. |
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204 |
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205 In an interactive call, @var{count} is specified by the numeric prefix |
6552 | 206 argument. |
207 @end deffn | |
208 | |
209 @deffn Command backward-word count | |
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210 This function is just like @code{forward-word}, except that it moves |
6552 | 211 backward until encountering the front of a word, rather than forward. |
212 | |
213 In an interactive call, @var{count} is set to the numeric prefix | |
214 argument. | |
215 | |
33827 | 216 @c [Now optimized by compiler.] |
217 @c This function is rarely used in programs, as it is more efficient to | |
218 @c call @code{forward-word} with a negative argument. | |
6552 | 219 @end deffn |
220 | |
221 @defvar words-include-escapes | |
222 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
223 This variable affects the behavior of @code{forward-word} and everything | |
224 that uses it. If it is non-@code{nil}, then characters in the | |
225 ``escape'' and ``character quote'' syntax classes count as part of | |
226 words. Otherwise, they do not. | |
227 @end defvar | |
228 | |
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229 @defvar inhibit-field-text-motion |
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230 @tindex inhibit-field-text-motion |
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231 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, certain motion functions including |
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232 @code{forward-word}, @code{forward-sentence}, and |
27193 | 233 @code{forward-paragraph} ignore field boundaries. |
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234 @end defvar |
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235 |
6552 | 236 @node Buffer End Motion |
237 @subsection Motion to an End of the Buffer | |
238 | |
239 To move point to the beginning of the buffer, write: | |
240 | |
241 @example | |
242 @group | |
243 (goto-char (point-min)) | |
244 @end group | |
245 @end example | |
246 | |
247 @noindent | |
248 Likewise, to move to the end of the buffer, use: | |
249 | |
250 @example | |
251 @group | |
252 (goto-char (point-max)) | |
253 @end group | |
254 @end example | |
255 | |
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256 Here are two commands that users use to do these things. They are |
6552 | 257 documented here to warn you not to use them in Lisp programs, because |
258 they set the mark and display messages in the echo area. | |
259 | |
260 @deffn Command beginning-of-buffer &optional n | |
261 This function moves point to the beginning of the buffer (or the limits | |
262 of the accessible portion, when narrowing is in effect), setting the | |
263 mark at the previous position. If @var{n} is non-@code{nil}, then it | |
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264 puts point @var{n} tenths of the way from the beginning of the |
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265 accessible portion of the buffer. |
6552 | 266 |
267 In an interactive call, @var{n} is the numeric prefix argument, | |
268 if provided; otherwise @var{n} defaults to @code{nil}. | |
269 | |
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270 @strong{Warning:} Don't use this function in Lisp programs! |
6552 | 271 @end deffn |
272 | |
273 @deffn Command end-of-buffer &optional n | |
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274 This function moves point to the end of the buffer (or the limits of the |
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275 accessible portion, when narrowing is in effect), setting the mark at |
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276 the previous position. If @var{n} is non-@code{nil}, then it puts point |
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277 @var{n} tenths of the way from the end of the accessible portion of the |
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278 buffer. |
6552 | 279 |
280 In an interactive call, @var{n} is the numeric prefix argument, | |
281 if provided; otherwise @var{n} defaults to @code{nil}. | |
282 | |
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283 @strong{Warning:} Don't use this function in Lisp programs! |
6552 | 284 @end deffn |
285 | |
286 @node Text Lines | |
287 @subsection Motion by Text Lines | |
288 @cindex lines | |
289 | |
290 Text lines are portions of the buffer delimited by newline characters, | |
291 which are regarded as part of the previous line. The first text line | |
292 begins at the beginning of the buffer, and the last text line ends at | |
293 the end of the buffer whether or not the last character is a newline. | |
294 The division of the buffer into text lines is not affected by the width | |
295 of the window, by line continuation in display, or by how tabs and | |
296 control characters are displayed. | |
297 | |
298 @deffn Command goto-line line | |
299 This function moves point to the front of the @var{line}th line, | |
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300 counting from line 1 at beginning of the buffer. If @var{line} is less |
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301 than 1, it moves point to the beginning of the buffer. If @var{line} is |
6552 | 302 greater than the number of lines in the buffer, it moves point to the |
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303 end of the buffer---that is, the @emph{end of the last line} of the |
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304 buffer. This is the only case in which @code{goto-line} does not |
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305 necessarily move to the beginning of a line. |
6552 | 306 |
307 If narrowing is in effect, then @var{line} still counts from the | |
308 beginning of the buffer, but point cannot go outside the accessible | |
309 portion. So @code{goto-line} moves point to the beginning or end of the | |
310 accessible portion, if the line number specifies an inaccessible | |
311 position. | |
312 | |
313 The return value of @code{goto-line} is the difference between | |
314 @var{line} and the line number of the line to which point actually was | |
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315 able to move (in the full buffer, before taking account of narrowing). |
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316 Thus, the value is positive if the scan encounters the real end of the |
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317 buffer before finding the specified line. The value is zero if scan |
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318 encounters the end of the accessible portion but not the real end of the |
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319 buffer. |
6552 | 320 |
321 In an interactive call, @var{line} is the numeric prefix argument if | |
322 one has been provided. Otherwise @var{line} is read in the minibuffer. | |
323 @end deffn | |
324 | |
325 @deffn Command beginning-of-line &optional count | |
326 This function moves point to the beginning of the current line. With an | |
327 argument @var{count} not @code{nil} or 1, it moves forward | |
328 @var{count}@minus{}1 lines and then to the beginning of the line. | |
329 | |
40066 | 330 This function does not move point across a field boundary |
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331 (@pxref{Fields}) unless doing so would move beyond there to a |
40066 | 332 different line; therefore, if @var{count} is @code{nil} or 1, and |
333 point starts at a field boundary, point does not move. To ignore | |
334 field boundaries, either bind @code{inhibit-field-text-motion} to | |
335 @code{t}, or use the @code{forward-line} function instead. For | |
336 instance, @code{(forward-line 0)} does the same thing as | |
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337 @code{(beginning-of-line)}, except that it ignores field boundaries. |
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338 |
6552 | 339 If this function reaches the end of the buffer (or of the accessible |
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340 portion, if narrowing is in effect), it positions point there. No error |
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341 is signaled. |
6552 | 342 @end deffn |
343 | |
24702 | 344 @defun line-beginning-position &optional count |
345 @tindex line-beginning-position | |
346 Return the position that @code{(beginning-of-line @var{count})} | |
347 would move to. | |
348 @end defun | |
349 | |
6552 | 350 @deffn Command end-of-line &optional count |
351 This function moves point to the end of the current line. With an | |
352 argument @var{count} not @code{nil} or 1, it moves forward | |
353 @var{count}@minus{}1 lines and then to the end of the line. | |
354 | |
40066 | 355 This function does not move point across a field boundary |
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356 (@pxref{Fields}) unless doing so would move beyond there to a |
40066 | 357 different line; therefore, if @var{count} is @code{nil} or 1, and |
358 point starts at a field boundary, point does not move. To ignore | |
359 field boundaries, bind @code{inhibit-field-text-motion} to @code{t}. | |
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360 |
6552 | 361 If this function reaches the end of the buffer (or of the accessible |
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362 portion, if narrowing is in effect), it positions point there. No error |
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363 is signaled. |
6552 | 364 @end deffn |
365 | |
24702 | 366 @defun line-end-position &optional count |
367 @tindex line-end-position | |
368 Return the position that @code{(end-of-line @var{count})} | |
369 would move to. | |
370 @end defun | |
371 | |
6552 | 372 @deffn Command forward-line &optional count |
373 @cindex beginning of line | |
374 This function moves point forward @var{count} lines, to the beginning of | |
375 the line. If @var{count} is negative, it moves point | |
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376 @minus{}@var{count} lines backward, to the beginning of a line. If |
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377 @var{count} is zero, it moves point to the beginning of the current |
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378 line. |
6552 | 379 |
380 If @code{forward-line} encounters the beginning or end of the buffer (or | |
381 of the accessible portion) before finding that many lines, it sets point | |
382 there. No error is signaled. | |
383 | |
384 @code{forward-line} returns the difference between @var{count} and the | |
385 number of lines actually moved. If you attempt to move down five lines | |
386 from the beginning of a buffer that has only three lines, point stops at | |
387 the end of the last line, and the value will be 2. | |
388 | |
389 In an interactive call, @var{count} is the numeric prefix argument. | |
390 @end deffn | |
391 | |
392 @defun count-lines start end | |
393 @cindex lines in region | |
394 This function returns the number of lines between the positions | |
395 @var{start} and @var{end} in the current buffer. If @var{start} and | |
396 @var{end} are equal, then it returns 0. Otherwise it returns at least | |
397 1, even if @var{start} and @var{end} are on the same line. This is | |
398 because the text between them, considered in isolation, must contain at | |
399 least one line unless it is empty. | |
400 | |
401 Here is an example of using @code{count-lines}: | |
402 | |
403 @example | |
404 @group | |
405 (defun current-line () | |
406 "Return the vertical position of point@dots{}" | |
407 (+ (count-lines (window-start) (point)) | |
408 (if (= (current-column) 0) 1 0) | |
409 -1)) | |
410 @end group | |
411 @end example | |
412 @end defun | |
413 | |
414 @ignore | |
415 @c ================ | |
416 The @code{previous-line} and @code{next-line} commands are functions | |
417 that should not be used in programs. They are for users and are | |
418 mentioned here only for completeness. | |
419 | |
420 @deffn Command previous-line count | |
421 @cindex goal column | |
422 This function moves point up @var{count} lines (down if @var{count} | |
423 is negative). In moving, it attempts to keep point in the ``goal column'' | |
424 (normally the same column that it was at the beginning of the move). | |
425 | |
426 If there is no character in the target line exactly under the current | |
427 column, point is positioned after the character in that line which | |
428 spans this column, or at the end of the line if it is not long enough. | |
429 | |
430 If it attempts to move beyond the top or bottom of the buffer (or clipped | |
431 region), then point is positioned in the goal column in the top or | |
432 bottom line. No error is signaled. | |
433 | |
434 In an interactive call, @var{count} will be the numeric | |
435 prefix argument. | |
436 | |
437 The command @code{set-goal-column} can be used to create a semipermanent | |
438 goal column to which this command always moves. Then it does not try to | |
439 move vertically. | |
440 | |
441 If you are thinking of using this in a Lisp program, consider using | |
442 @code{forward-line} with a negative argument instead. It is usually easier | |
443 to use and more reliable (no dependence on goal column, etc.). | |
444 @end deffn | |
445 | |
446 @deffn Command next-line count | |
447 This function moves point down @var{count} lines (up if @var{count} | |
448 is negative). In moving, it attempts to keep point in the ``goal column'' | |
449 (normally the same column that it was at the beginning of the move). | |
450 | |
451 If there is no character in the target line exactly under the current | |
452 column, point is positioned after the character in that line which | |
453 spans this column, or at the end of the line if it is not long enough. | |
454 | |
455 If it attempts to move beyond the top or bottom of the buffer (or clipped | |
456 region), then point is positioned in the goal column in the top or | |
457 bottom line. No error is signaled. | |
458 | |
459 In the case where the @var{count} is 1, and point is on the last | |
460 line of the buffer (or clipped region), a new empty line is inserted at the | |
461 end of the buffer (or clipped region) and point moved there. | |
462 | |
463 In an interactive call, @var{count} will be the numeric | |
464 prefix argument. | |
465 | |
466 The command @code{set-goal-column} can be used to create a semipermanent | |
467 goal column to which this command always moves. Then it does not try to | |
468 move vertically. | |
469 | |
470 If you are thinking of using this in a Lisp program, consider using | |
471 @code{forward-line} instead. It is usually easier | |
472 to use and more reliable (no dependence on goal column, etc.). | |
473 @end deffn | |
474 | |
475 @c ================ | |
476 @end ignore | |
477 | |
478 Also see the functions @code{bolp} and @code{eolp} in @ref{Near Point}. | |
479 These functions do not move point, but test whether it is already at the | |
480 beginning or end of a line. | |
481 | |
482 @node Screen Lines | |
483 @subsection Motion by Screen Lines | |
484 | |
485 The line functions in the previous section count text lines, delimited | |
486 only by newline characters. By contrast, these functions count screen | |
487 lines, which are defined by the way the text appears on the screen. A | |
488 text line is a single screen line if it is short enough to fit the width | |
489 of the selected window, but otherwise it may occupy several screen | |
490 lines. | |
491 | |
492 In some cases, text lines are truncated on the screen rather than | |
493 continued onto additional screen lines. In these cases, | |
494 @code{vertical-motion} moves point much like @code{forward-line}. | |
495 @xref{Truncation}. | |
496 | |
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497 Because the width of a given string depends on the flags that control |
6552 | 498 the appearance of certain characters, @code{vertical-motion} behaves |
499 differently, for a given piece of text, depending on the buffer it is | |
500 in, and even on the selected window (because the width, the truncation | |
501 flag, and display table may vary between windows). @xref{Usual | |
502 Display}. | |
503 | |
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504 These functions scan text to determine where screen lines break, and |
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505 thus take time proportional to the distance scanned. If you intend to |
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506 use them heavily, Emacs provides caches which may improve the |
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507 performance of your code. @xref{Truncation, cache-long-line-scans}. |
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508 |
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509 @defun vertical-motion count &optional window |
6552 | 510 This function moves point to the start of the screen line @var{count} |
511 screen lines down from the screen line containing point. If @var{count} | |
512 is negative, it moves up instead. | |
513 | |
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514 @code{vertical-motion} returns the number of screen lines over which it |
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515 moved point. The value may be less in absolute value than @var{count} |
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516 if the beginning or end of the buffer was reached. |
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517 |
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518 The window @var{window} is used for obtaining parameters such as the |
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519 width, the horizontal scrolling, and the display table. But |
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520 @code{vertical-motion} always operates on the current buffer, even if |
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521 @var{window} currently displays some other buffer. |
6552 | 522 @end defun |
523 | |
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524 @defun count-screen-lines &optional beg end count-final-newline window |
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525 This function returns the number of screen lines in the text from |
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526 @var{beg} to @var{end}. The number of screen lines may be different |
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527 from the number of actual lines, due to line continuation, the display |
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528 table, etc. If @var{beg} and @var{end} are @code{nil} or omitted, |
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529 they default to the beginning and end of the accessible portion of the |
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530 buffer. |
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531 |
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532 If the region ends with a newline, that is ignored unless the optional |
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533 third argument @var{count-final-newline} is non-@code{nil}. |
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534 |
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535 The optional fourth argument @var{window} specifies the window for |
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536 obtaining parameters such as width, horizontal scrolling, and so on. |
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537 The default is to use the selected window's parameters. |
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538 |
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539 Like @code{vertical-motion}, @code{count-screen-lines} always uses the |
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540 current buffer, regardless of which buffer is displayed in |
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541 @var{window}. This makes possible to use @code{count-screen-lines} in |
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542 any buffer, whether or not it is currently displayed in some window. |
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543 @end defun |
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544 |
6552 | 545 @deffn Command move-to-window-line count |
546 This function moves point with respect to the text currently displayed | |
547 in the selected window. It moves point to the beginning of the screen | |
548 line @var{count} screen lines from the top of the window. If | |
549 @var{count} is negative, that specifies a position | |
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550 @w{@minus{}@var{count}} lines from the bottom (or the last line of the |
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551 buffer, if the buffer ends above the specified screen position). |
6552 | 552 |
553 If @var{count} is @code{nil}, then point moves to the beginning of the | |
554 line in the middle of the window. If the absolute value of @var{count} | |
555 is greater than the size of the window, then point moves to the place | |
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556 that would appear on that screen line if the window were tall enough. |
6552 | 557 This will probably cause the next redisplay to scroll to bring that |
558 location onto the screen. | |
559 | |
560 In an interactive call, @var{count} is the numeric prefix argument. | |
561 | |
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562 The value returned is the window line number point has moved to, with |
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563 the top line in the window numbered 0. |
6552 | 564 @end deffn |
565 | |
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566 @defun compute-motion from frompos to topos width offsets window |
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567 This function scans the current buffer, calculating screen positions. |
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568 It scans the buffer forward from position @var{from}, assuming that is |
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569 at screen coordinates @var{frompos}, to position @var{to} or coordinates |
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570 @var{topos}, whichever comes first. It returns the ending buffer |
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571 position and screen coordinates. |
6552 | 572 |
573 The coordinate arguments @var{frompos} and @var{topos} are cons cells of | |
574 the form @code{(@var{hpos} . @var{vpos})}. | |
575 | |
576 The argument @var{width} is the number of columns available to display | |
577 text; this affects handling of continuation lines. Use the value | |
12098 | 578 returned by @code{window-width} for the window of your choice; |
579 normally, use @code{(window-width @var{window})}. | |
6552 | 580 |
581 The argument @var{offsets} is either @code{nil} or a cons cell of the | |
582 form @code{(@var{hscroll} . @var{tab-offset})}. Here @var{hscroll} is | |
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583 the number of columns not being displayed at the left margin; most |
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584 callers get this by calling @code{window-hscroll}. Meanwhile, |
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585 @var{tab-offset} is the offset between column numbers on the screen and |
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586 column numbers in the buffer. This can be nonzero in a continuation |
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587 line, when the previous screen lines' widths do not add up to a multiple |
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588 of @code{tab-width}. It is always zero in a non-continuation line. |
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589 |
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590 The window @var{window} serves only to specify which display table to |
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591 use. @code{compute-motion} always operates on the current buffer, |
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592 regardless of what buffer is displayed in @var{window}. |
6552 | 593 |
594 The return value is a list of five elements: | |
595 | |
596 @example | |
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597 (@var{pos} @var{hpos} @var{vpos} @var{prevhpos} @var{contin}) |
6552 | 598 @end example |
599 | |
600 @noindent | |
601 Here @var{pos} is the buffer position where the scan stopped, @var{vpos} | |
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602 is the vertical screen position, and @var{hpos} is the horizontal screen |
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603 position. |
6552 | 604 |
605 The result @var{prevhpos} is the horizontal position one character back | |
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606 from @var{pos}. The result @var{contin} is @code{t} if the last line |
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607 was continued after (or within) the previous character. |
6552 | 608 |
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609 For example, to find the buffer position of column @var{col} of screen line |
6552 | 610 @var{line} of a certain window, pass the window's display start location |
611 as @var{from} and the window's upper-left coordinates as @var{frompos}. | |
612 Pass the buffer's @code{(point-max)} as @var{to}, to limit the scan to | |
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613 the end of the accessible portion of the buffer, and pass @var{line} and |
6552 | 614 @var{col} as @var{topos}. Here's a function that does this: |
615 | |
616 @example | |
617 (defun coordinates-of-position (col line) | |
618 (car (compute-motion (window-start) | |
619 '(0 . 0) | |
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620 (point-max) |
6552 | 621 (cons col line) |
622 (window-width) | |
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623 (cons (window-hscroll) 0) |
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624 (selected-window)))) |
6552 | 625 @end example |
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626 |
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627 When you use @code{compute-motion} for the minibuffer, you need to use |
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628 @code{minibuffer-prompt-width} to get the horizontal position of the |
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629 beginning of the first screen line. @xref{Minibuffer Misc}. |
6552 | 630 @end defun |
631 | |
632 @node List Motion | |
633 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
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634 @subsection Moving over Balanced Expressions |
6552 | 635 @cindex sexp motion |
636 @cindex Lisp expression motion | |
637 @cindex list motion | |
638 | |
639 Here are several functions concerned with balanced-parenthesis | |
640 expressions (also called @dfn{sexps} in connection with moving across | |
641 them in Emacs). The syntax table controls how these functions interpret | |
642 various characters; see @ref{Syntax Tables}. @xref{Parsing | |
643 Expressions}, for lower-level primitives for scanning sexps or parts of | |
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644 sexps. For user-level commands, see @ref{Lists Commands,,, emacs, The GNU |
6552 | 645 Emacs Manual}. |
646 | |
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647 @deffn Command forward-list &optional arg |
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648 This function moves forward across @var{arg} (default 1) balanced groups of |
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649 parentheses. (Other syntactic entities such as words or paired string |
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650 quotes are ignored.) |
6552 | 651 @end deffn |
652 | |
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653 @deffn Command backward-list &optional arg |
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654 This function moves backward across @var{arg} (default 1) balanced groups of |
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655 parentheses. (Other syntactic entities such as words or paired string |
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656 quotes are ignored.) |
6552 | 657 @end deffn |
658 | |
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659 @deffn Command up-list &optional arg |
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660 This function moves forward out of @var{arg} (default 1) levels of parentheses. |
6552 | 661 A negative argument means move backward but still to a less deep spot. |
662 @end deffn | |
663 | |
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664 @deffn Command down-list &optional arg |
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665 This function moves forward into @var{arg} (default 1) levels of parentheses. A |
7734 | 666 negative argument means move backward but still go |
667 deeper in parentheses (@minus{}@var{arg} levels). | |
6552 | 668 @end deffn |
669 | |
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670 @deffn Command forward-sexp &optional arg |
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671 This function moves forward across @var{arg} (default 1) balanced expressions. |
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672 Balanced expressions include both those delimited by parentheses and |
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673 other kinds, such as words and string constants |
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674 @xref{Parsing Expressions}. For example, |
6552 | 675 |
676 @example | |
677 @group | |
678 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
679 (concat@point{} "foo " (car x) y z) | |
680 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
681 @end group | |
682 | |
683 @group | |
684 (forward-sexp 3) | |
685 @result{} nil | |
686 | |
687 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
688 (concat "foo " (car x) y@point{} z) | |
689 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
690 @end group | |
691 @end example | |
692 @end deffn | |
693 | |
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694 @deffn Command backward-sexp &optional arg |
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695 This function moves backward across @var{arg} (default 1) balanced expressions. |
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696 @end deffn |
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697 |
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698 @deffn Command beginning-of-defun arg |
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699 This function moves back to the @var{arg}th beginning of a defun. If |
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700 @var{arg} is negative, this actually moves forward, but it still moves |
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701 to the beginning of a defun, not to the end of one. |
6552 | 702 @end deffn |
703 | |
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704 @deffn Command end-of-defun arg |
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705 This function moves forward to the @var{arg}th end of a defun. If |
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706 @var{arg} is negative, this actually moves backward, but it still moves |
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707 to the end of a defun, not to the beginning of one. |
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708 @end deffn |
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709 |
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710 @defopt defun-prompt-regexp |
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711 If non-@code{nil}, this variable holds a regular expression that |
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712 specifies what text can appear before the open-parenthesis that starts a |
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713 defun. That is to say, a defun begins on a line that starts with a |
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714 match for this regular expression, followed by a character with |
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715 open-parenthesis syntax. |
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716 @end defopt |
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717 |
39199 | 718 @defopt open-paren-in-column-0-is-defun-start |
719 If this variable's value is non-@code{nil}, an open parenthesis in | |
720 column 0 is considered to be the start of a defun. If it is | |
721 @code{nil}, an open parenthesis in column 0 has no special meaning. | |
722 The default is @code{t}. | |
723 @end defopt | |
724 | |
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725 @defvar beginning-of-defun-function |
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726 @tindex beginning-of-defun-function |
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727 If non-@code{nil}, this variable holds a function for finding the |
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728 beginning of a defun. The function @code{beginning-of-defun} |
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729 calls this function instead of using its normal method. |
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730 @end defvar |
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731 |
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732 @defvar end-of-defun-function |
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733 @tindex end-of-defun-function |
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734 If non-@code{nil}, this variable holds a function for finding the end of |
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735 a defun. The function @code{end-of-defun} calls this function instead |
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736 of using its normal method. |
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737 @end defvar |
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738 |
6552 | 739 @node Skipping Characters |
740 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
741 @subsection Skipping Characters | |
742 @cindex skipping characters | |
743 | |
744 The following two functions move point over a specified set of | |
745 characters. For example, they are often used to skip whitespace. For | |
746 related functions, see @ref{Motion and Syntax}. | |
747 | |
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748 These functions convert the set string to multibyte if the buffer is |
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749 multibyte, and they convert it to unibyte if the buffer is unibyte, as |
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750 the search functions do (@pxref{Searching and Matching}). |
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751 |
6552 | 752 @defun skip-chars-forward character-set &optional limit |
753 This function moves point in the current buffer forward, skipping over a | |
754 given set of characters. It examines the character following point, | |
755 then advances point if the character matches @var{character-set}. This | |
756 continues until it reaches a character that does not match. The | |
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757 function returns the number of characters moved over. |
6552 | 758 |
759 The argument @var{character-set} is like the inside of a | |
760 @samp{[@dots{}]} in a regular expression except that @samp{]} is never | |
761 special and @samp{\} quotes @samp{^}, @samp{-} or @samp{\}. Thus, | |
762 @code{"a-zA-Z"} skips over all letters, stopping before the first | |
13074 | 763 nonletter, and @code{"^a-zA-Z"} skips nonletters stopping before the |
6552 | 764 first letter. @xref{Regular Expressions}. |
765 | |
766 If @var{limit} is supplied (it must be a number or a marker), it | |
767 specifies the maximum position in the buffer that point can be skipped | |
768 to. Point will stop at or before @var{limit}. | |
769 | |
770 In the following example, point is initially located directly before the | |
771 @samp{T}. After the form is evaluated, point is located at the end of | |
772 that line (between the @samp{t} of @samp{hat} and the newline). The | |
773 function skips all letters and spaces, but not newlines. | |
774 | |
775 @example | |
776 @group | |
777 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
778 I read "@point{}The cat in the hat | |
779 comes back" twice. | |
780 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
781 @end group | |
782 | |
783 @group | |
784 (skip-chars-forward "a-zA-Z ") | |
785 @result{} nil | |
786 | |
787 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
788 I read "The cat in the hat@point{} | |
789 comes back" twice. | |
790 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
791 @end group | |
792 @end example | |
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793 |
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794 Note that char classes are not currently supported in |
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795 @var{character-set}; they will be treated as literals. Thus you |
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796 cannot use @code{"[:alpha:]"} instead of @code{"a-zA-Z"} to include |
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797 non-ASCII letters. A way to skip forward over all letters is: |
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798 |
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799 @example |
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800 (re-search-forward "\\=[[:alpha:]]*" nil t) |
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801 @end example |
6552 | 802 @end defun |
803 | |
804 @defun skip-chars-backward character-set &optional limit | |
805 This function moves point backward, skipping characters that match | |
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806 @var{character-set}, until @var{limit}. It is just like |
6552 | 807 @code{skip-chars-forward} except for the direction of motion. |
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808 |
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809 The return value indicates the distance traveled. It is an integer that |
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810 is zero or less. |
6552 | 811 @end defun |
812 | |
813 @node Excursions | |
814 @section Excursions | |
815 @cindex excursion | |
816 | |
817 It is often useful to move point ``temporarily'' within a localized | |
818 portion of the program, or to switch buffers temporarily. This is | |
819 called an @dfn{excursion}, and it is done with the @code{save-excursion} | |
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820 special form. This construct initially remembers the identity of the |
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821 current buffer, and its values of point and the mark, and restores them |
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822 after the completion of the excursion. |
6552 | 823 |
824 The forms for saving and restoring the configuration of windows are | |
825 described elsewhere (see @ref{Window Configurations}, and @pxref{Frame | |
826 Configurations}). | |
827 | |
828 @defspec save-excursion forms@dots{} | |
829 @cindex mark excursion | |
830 @cindex point excursion | |
831 @cindex current buffer excursion | |
832 The @code{save-excursion} special form saves the identity of the current | |
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833 buffer and the values of point and the mark in it, evaluates |
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834 @var{forms}, and finally restores the buffer and its saved values of |
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835 point and the mark. All three saved values are restored even in case of |
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836 an abnormal exit via @code{throw} or error (@pxref{Nonlocal Exits}). |
6552 | 837 |
838 The @code{save-excursion} special form is the standard way to switch | |
839 buffers or move point within one part of a program and avoid affecting | |
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840 the rest of the program. It is used more than 4000 times in the Lisp |
6552 | 841 sources of Emacs. |
842 | |
843 @code{save-excursion} does not save the values of point and the mark for | |
844 other buffers, so changes in other buffers remain in effect after | |
845 @code{save-excursion} exits. | |
846 | |
847 @cindex window excursions | |
848 Likewise, @code{save-excursion} does not restore window-buffer | |
849 correspondences altered by functions such as @code{switch-to-buffer}. | |
850 One way to restore these correspondences, and the selected window, is to | |
851 use @code{save-window-excursion} inside @code{save-excursion} | |
852 (@pxref{Window Configurations}). | |
853 | |
854 The value returned by @code{save-excursion} is the result of the last of | |
855 @var{forms}, or @code{nil} if no @var{forms} are given. | |
856 | |
857 @example | |
858 @group | |
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859 (save-excursion @var{forms}) |
6552 | 860 @equiv{} |
861 (let ((old-buf (current-buffer)) | |
862 (old-pnt (point-marker)) | |
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863 @end group |
6552 | 864 (old-mark (copy-marker (mark-marker)))) |
865 (unwind-protect | |
866 (progn @var{forms}) | |
867 (set-buffer old-buf) | |
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868 @group |
6552 | 869 (goto-char old-pnt) |
870 (set-marker (mark-marker) old-mark))) | |
871 @end group | |
872 @end example | |
873 @end defspec | |
874 | |
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875 @strong{Warning:} Ordinary insertion of text adjacent to the saved |
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876 point value relocates the saved value, just as it relocates all markers. |
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877 Therefore, when the saved point value is restored, it normally comes |
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878 before the inserted text. |
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879 |
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880 Although @code{save-excursion} saves the location of the mark, it does |
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881 not prevent functions which modify the buffer from setting |
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882 @code{deactivate-mark}, and thus causing the deactivation of the mark |
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883 after the command finishes. @xref{The Mark}. |
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884 |
6552 | 885 @node Narrowing |
886 @section Narrowing | |
887 @cindex narrowing | |
888 @cindex restriction (in a buffer) | |
889 @cindex accessible portion (of a buffer) | |
890 | |
891 @dfn{Narrowing} means limiting the text addressable by Emacs editing | |
892 commands to a limited range of characters in a buffer. The text that | |
893 remains addressable is called the @dfn{accessible portion} of the | |
894 buffer. | |
895 | |
896 Narrowing is specified with two buffer positions which become the | |
897 beginning and end of the accessible portion. For most editing commands | |
898 and most Emacs primitives, these positions replace the values of the | |
899 beginning and end of the buffer. While narrowing is in effect, no text | |
900 outside the accessible portion is displayed, and point cannot move | |
901 outside the accessible portion. | |
902 | |
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903 Values such as positions or line numbers, which usually count from the |
6552 | 904 beginning of the buffer, do so despite narrowing, but the functions |
905 which use them refuse to operate on text that is inaccessible. | |
906 | |
907 The commands for saving buffers are unaffected by narrowing; they save | |
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908 the entire buffer regardless of any narrowing. |
6552 | 909 |
910 @deffn Command narrow-to-region start end | |
911 This function sets the accessible portion of the current buffer to start | |
912 at @var{start} and end at @var{end}. Both arguments should be character | |
913 positions. | |
914 | |
915 In an interactive call, @var{start} and @var{end} are set to the bounds | |
916 of the current region (point and the mark, with the smallest first). | |
917 @end deffn | |
918 | |
919 @deffn Command narrow-to-page move-count | |
920 This function sets the accessible portion of the current buffer to | |
921 include just the current page. An optional first argument | |
922 @var{move-count} non-@code{nil} means to move forward or backward by | |
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923 @var{move-count} pages and then narrow to one page. The variable |
6552 | 924 @code{page-delimiter} specifies where pages start and end |
925 (@pxref{Standard Regexps}). | |
926 | |
927 In an interactive call, @var{move-count} is set to the numeric prefix | |
928 argument. | |
929 @end deffn | |
930 | |
931 @deffn Command widen | |
932 @cindex widening | |
933 This function cancels any narrowing in the current buffer, so that the | |
934 entire contents are accessible. This is called @dfn{widening}. | |
935 It is equivalent to the following expression: | |
936 | |
937 @example | |
938 (narrow-to-region 1 (1+ (buffer-size))) | |
939 @end example | |
940 @end deffn | |
941 | |
942 @defspec save-restriction body@dots{} | |
943 This special form saves the current bounds of the accessible portion, | |
944 evaluates the @var{body} forms, and finally restores the saved bounds, | |
945 thus restoring the same state of narrowing (or absence thereof) formerly | |
946 in effect. The state of narrowing is restored even in the event of an | |
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947 abnormal exit via @code{throw} or error (@pxref{Nonlocal Exits}). |
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948 Therefore, this construct is a clean way to narrow a buffer temporarily. |
6552 | 949 |
950 The value returned by @code{save-restriction} is that returned by the | |
951 last form in @var{body}, or @code{nil} if no body forms were given. | |
952 | |
953 @c Wordy to avoid overfull hbox. --rjc 16mar92 | |
954 @strong{Caution:} it is easy to make a mistake when using the | |
955 @code{save-restriction} construct. Read the entire description here | |
956 before you try it. | |
957 | |
958 If @var{body} changes the current buffer, @code{save-restriction} still | |
959 restores the restrictions on the original buffer (the buffer whose | |
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960 restrictions it saved from), but it does not restore the identity of the |
6552 | 961 current buffer. |
962 | |
963 @code{save-restriction} does @emph{not} restore point and the mark; use | |
964 @code{save-excursion} for that. If you use both @code{save-restriction} | |
965 and @code{save-excursion} together, @code{save-excursion} should come | |
966 first (on the outside). Otherwise, the old point value would be | |
967 restored with temporary narrowing still in effect. If the old point | |
968 value were outside the limits of the temporary narrowing, this would | |
969 fail to restore it accurately. | |
970 | |
971 Here is a simple example of correct use of @code{save-restriction}: | |
972 | |
973 @example | |
974 @group | |
975 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
976 This is the contents of foo | |
977 This is the contents of foo | |
978 This is the contents of foo@point{} | |
979 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
980 @end group | |
981 | |
982 @group | |
983 (save-excursion | |
984 (save-restriction | |
985 (goto-char 1) | |
986 (forward-line 2) | |
987 (narrow-to-region 1 (point)) | |
988 (goto-char (point-min)) | |
989 (replace-string "foo" "bar"))) | |
990 | |
991 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
992 This is the contents of bar | |
993 This is the contents of bar | |
994 This is the contents of foo@point{} | |
995 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
996 @end group | |
997 @end example | |
998 @end defspec |