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annotate man/dired.texi @ 76292:81d50597174e
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author | Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org> |
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date | Sun, 04 Mar 2007 17:44:42 +0000 |
parents | 3d45362f1d38 |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001, |
75348 | 3 @c 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node Dired, Calendar/Diary, Rmail, Top | |
6 @chapter Dired, the Directory Editor | |
7 @cindex Dired | |
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8 @cindex file management |
25829 | 9 |
10 Dired makes an Emacs buffer containing a listing of a directory, and | |
11 optionally some of its subdirectories as well. You can use the normal | |
12 Emacs commands to move around in this buffer, and special Dired commands | |
13 to operate on the files listed. | |
14 | |
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15 The Dired buffer is ``read-only,'' and inserting text in it is not |
69741 | 16 useful, so ordinary printing characters such as @kbd{d} and @kbd{x} |
17 are redefined for special Dired commands. Some Dired commands | |
18 @dfn{mark} or @dfn{flag} the @dfn{current file} (that is, the file on | |
19 the current line); other commands operate on the marked files or on | |
20 the flagged files. You first mark certain files in order to operate | |
21 on all of them with on command. | |
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22 |
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23 The Dired-X package provides various extra features for Dired mode. |
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24 @xref{Top, Dired-X,,dired-x, Dired Extra Version 2 User's Manual}. |
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25 |
25829 | 26 @menu |
27 * Enter: Dired Enter. How to invoke Dired. | |
38745 | 28 * Navigation: Dired Navigation. Special motion commands in the Dired buffer. |
25829 | 29 * Deletion: Dired Deletion. Deleting files with Dired. |
30 * Flagging Many Files:: Flagging files based on their names. | |
31 * Visit: Dired Visiting. Other file operations through Dired. | |
32 * Marks vs Flags:: Flagging for deletion vs marking. | |
33 * Operating on Files:: How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc. | |
34 either one file or several files. | |
35 * Shell Commands in Dired:: Running a shell command on the marked files. | |
36 * Transforming File Names:: Using patterns to rename multiple files. | |
37 * Comparison in Dired:: Running `diff' by way of Dired. | |
38 * Subdirectories in Dired:: Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer. | |
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39 @ifnottex |
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40 * Subdir Switches:: Subdirectory switches in Dired. |
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41 @end ifnottex |
25829 | 42 * Subdirectory Motion:: Moving across subdirectories, and up and down. |
43 * Hiding Subdirectories:: Making subdirectories visible or invisible. | |
44 * Updating: Dired Updating. Discarding lines for files of no interest. | |
45 * Find: Dired and Find. Using `find' to choose the files for Dired. | |
61047 | 46 * Wdired:: Operating on files by editing the Dired buffer. |
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47 * Misc: Misc Dired Features. Various other features. |
25829 | 48 @end menu |
49 | |
50 @node Dired Enter | |
51 @section Entering Dired | |
52 | |
53 @findex dired | |
54 @kindex C-x d | |
55 @vindex dired-listing-switches | |
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56 To invoke Dired, do @kbd{C-x d} or @kbd{M-x dired}. The command |
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57 reads a directory name or wildcard file name pattern as a minibuffer |
69741 | 58 argument to specify the files to list. @kbd{C-x C-f} given a |
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59 directory name also invokes Dired. Where @code{dired} differs from |
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60 @code{list-directory} is that it puts the buffer into Dired mode, so |
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61 that the special commands of Dired are available. |
25829 | 62 |
63 The variable @code{dired-listing-switches} specifies the options to | |
69741 | 64 give to @code{ls} for listing the directory; this string @emph{must} |
65 contain @samp{-l}. If you use a numeric prefix argument with the | |
66 @code{dired} command, you can specify the @code{ls} switches with the | |
67 minibuffer before you enter the directory specification. No matter | |
68 how they are specified, the @code{ls} switches can include short | |
69 options (that is, single characters) requiring no arguments, and long | |
70 options (starting with @samp{--}) whose arguments are specified with | |
71 @samp{=}. | |
25829 | 72 |
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73 On MS-Windows and MS-DOS systems, Emacs @emph{emulates} @code{ls}; |
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74 see @ref{ls in Lisp}, for options and peculiarities of that emulation. |
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75 |
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76 |
25829 | 77 @findex dired-other-window |
78 @kindex C-x 4 d | |
79 @findex dired-other-frame | |
80 @kindex C-x 5 d | |
81 To display the Dired buffer in another window rather than in the | |
82 selected window, use @kbd{C-x 4 d} (@code{dired-other-window}) instead | |
83 of @kbd{C-x d}. @kbd{C-x 5 d} (@code{dired-other-frame}) uses a | |
84 separate frame to display the Dired buffer. | |
85 | |
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86 @node Dired Navigation |
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87 @section Navigation in the Dired Buffer |
25829 | 88 |
89 @kindex C-n @r{(Dired)} | |
90 @kindex C-p @r{(Dired)} | |
91 All the usual Emacs cursor motion commands are available in Dired | |
69741 | 92 buffers. The keys @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} are redefined to put the |
93 cursor at the beginning of the file name on the line, rather than at | |
94 the beginning of the line. | |
25829 | 95 |
96 @kindex SPC @r{(Dired)} | |
97 For extra convenience, @key{SPC} and @kbd{n} in Dired are equivalent | |
98 to @kbd{C-n}. @kbd{p} is equivalent to @kbd{C-p}. (Moving by lines is | |
99 so common in Dired that it deserves to be easy to type.) @key{DEL} | |
100 (move up and unflag) is often useful simply for moving up. | |
101 | |
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102 @findex dired-goto-file |
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103 @kindex j @r{(Dired)} |
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104 @kbd{j} (@code{dired-goto-file}) moves point to the line that |
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105 describes a specified file or directory. |
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106 |
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107 Some additional navigation commands are available when the Dired |
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108 buffer includes several directories. @xref{Subdirectory Motion}. |
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109 |
25829 | 110 @node Dired Deletion |
111 @section Deleting Files with Dired | |
112 @cindex flagging files (in Dired) | |
113 @cindex deleting files (in Dired) | |
114 | |
38745 | 115 One of the most frequent uses of Dired is to first @dfn{flag} files for |
116 deletion, then delete the files that were flagged. | |
25829 | 117 |
118 @table @kbd | |
119 @item d | |
120 Flag this file for deletion. | |
121 @item u | |
122 Remove deletion flag on this line. | |
123 @item @key{DEL} | |
124 Move point to previous line and remove the deletion flag on that line. | |
125 @item x | |
126 Delete the files that are flagged for deletion. | |
127 @end table | |
128 | |
129 @kindex d @r{(Dired)} | |
130 @findex dired-flag-file-deletion | |
69741 | 131 You can flag a file for deletion by moving to the line describing |
132 the file and typing @kbd{d} (@code{dired-flag-file-deletion}). The | |
133 deletion flag is visible as a @samp{D} at the beginning of the line. | |
134 This command moves point to the next line, so that repeated @kbd{d} | |
135 commands flag successive files. A numeric argument serves as a repeat | |
136 count. | |
25829 | 137 |
138 @kindex u @r{(Dired deletion)} | |
139 @kindex DEL @r{(Dired)} | |
69741 | 140 The reason for flagging files for deletion, rather than deleting |
141 files immediately, is to reduce the danger of deleting a file | |
142 accidentally. Until you direct Dired to delete the flagged files, you | |
143 can remove deletion flags using the commands @kbd{u} and @key{DEL}. | |
144 @kbd{u} (@code{dired-unmark}) works just like @kbd{d}, but removes | |
145 flags rather than making flags. @key{DEL} | |
146 (@code{dired-unmark-backward}) moves upward, removing flags; it is | |
147 like @kbd{u} with argument @minus{}1. | |
25829 | 148 |
149 @kindex x @r{(Dired)} | |
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150 @findex dired-do-flagged-delete |
25829 | 151 @cindex expunging (Dired) |
69741 | 152 To delete the flagged files, type @kbd{x} |
153 (@code{dired-do-flagged-delete}). (This is also known as | |
154 @dfn{expunging}.) This command first displays a list of all the file | |
155 names flagged for deletion, and requests confirmation with @kbd{yes}. | |
156 If you confirm, Dired deletes the flagged files, then deletes their | |
157 lines from the text of the Dired buffer. The Dired buffer, with | |
158 somewhat fewer lines, remains selected. | |
25829 | 159 |
160 If you answer @kbd{no} or quit with @kbd{C-g} when asked to confirm, you | |
161 return immediately to Dired, with the deletion flags still present in | |
162 the buffer, and no files actually deleted. | |
163 | |
69741 | 164 @cindex recursive deletion |
165 @vindex dired-recursive-deletes | |
166 You can delete empty directories just like other files, but normally | |
167 Dired cannot delete directories that are nonempty. If the variable | |
168 @code{dired-recursive-deletes} is non-@code{nil}, then Dired can | |
169 delete nonempty directories including all their contents. That can | |
170 be somewhat risky. | |
171 | |
25829 | 172 @node Flagging Many Files |
173 @section Flagging Many Files at Once | |
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174 @cindex flagging many files for deletion (in Dired) |
25829 | 175 |
176 @table @kbd | |
177 @item # | |
178 Flag all auto-save files (files whose names start and end with @samp{#}) | |
179 for deletion (@pxref{Auto Save}). | |
180 | |
181 @item ~ | |
182 Flag all backup files (files whose names end with @samp{~}) for deletion | |
183 (@pxref{Backup}). | |
184 | |
185 @item & | |
69741 | 186 Flag for deletion all files with certain kinds of names which suggest |
187 you could easily create those files again. | |
25829 | 188 |
189 @item .@: @r{(Period)} | |
190 Flag excess numeric backup files for deletion. The oldest and newest | |
191 few backup files of any one file are exempt; the middle ones are | |
192 flagged. | |
193 | |
194 @item % d @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
195 Flag for deletion all files whose names match the regular expression | |
196 @var{regexp}. | |
197 @end table | |
198 | |
199 The @kbd{#}, @kbd{~}, @kbd{&}, and @kbd{.} commands flag many files for | |
200 deletion, based on their file names. These commands are useful | |
201 precisely because they do not themselves delete any files; you can | |
202 remove the deletion flags from any flagged files that you really wish to | |
203 keep.@refill | |
204 | |
205 @kindex & @r{(Dired)} | |
206 @findex dired-flag-garbage-files | |
207 @vindex dired-garbage-files-regexp | |
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208 @cindex deleting some backup files |
25829 | 209 @kbd{&} (@code{dired-flag-garbage-files}) flags files whose names |
210 match the regular expression specified by the variable | |
211 @code{dired-garbage-files-regexp}. By default, this matches certain | |
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212 files produced by @TeX{}, @samp{.bak} files, and the @samp{.orig} and |
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213 @samp{.rej} files produced by @code{patch}. |
25829 | 214 |
215 @kindex # @r{(Dired)} | |
216 @findex dired-flag-auto-save-files | |
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217 @cindex deleting auto-save files |
25829 | 218 @kbd{#} (@code{dired-flag-auto-save-files}) flags for deletion all |
69741 | 219 files whose names look like auto-save files---that is, files whose |
220 names begin and end with @samp{#}. @xref{Auto Save}. | |
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221 |
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222 @kindex ~ @r{(Dired)} |
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223 @findex dired-flag-backup-files |
69741 | 224 @kbd{~} (@code{dired-flag-backup-files}) flags for deletion all |
225 files whose names say they are backup files---that is, files whose | |
226 names end in @samp{~}. @xref{Backup}. | |
25829 | 227 |
228 @kindex . @r{(Dired)} | |
229 @vindex dired-kept-versions | |
230 @findex dired-clean-directory | |
231 @kbd{.} (period, @code{dired-clean-directory}) flags just some of the | |
232 backup files for deletion: all but the oldest few and newest few backups | |
233 of any one file. Normally @code{dired-kept-versions} (@strong{not} | |
234 @code{kept-new-versions}; that applies only when saving) specifies the | |
235 number of newest versions of each file to keep, and | |
236 @code{kept-old-versions} specifies the number of oldest versions to | |
237 keep. | |
238 | |
239 Period with a positive numeric argument, as in @kbd{C-u 3 .}, | |
240 specifies the number of newest versions to keep, overriding | |
241 @code{dired-kept-versions}. A negative numeric argument overrides | |
242 @code{kept-old-versions}, using minus the value of the argument to | |
243 specify the number of oldest versions of each file to keep. | |
244 | |
245 @findex dired-flag-files-regexp | |
246 @kindex % d @r{(Dired)} | |
247 The @kbd{% d} command flags all files whose names match a specified | |
248 regular expression (@code{dired-flag-files-regexp}). Only the | |
249 non-directory part of the file name is used in matching. You can use | |
69741 | 250 @samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor matches. You can exclude certain |
251 subdirectories from marking by hiding them while you use @kbd{% d}. | |
252 @xref{Hiding Subdirectories}. | |
25829 | 253 |
254 @node Dired Visiting | |
255 @section Visiting Files in Dired | |
256 | |
257 There are several Dired commands for visiting or examining the files | |
258 listed in the Dired buffer. All of them apply to the current line's | |
259 file; if that file is really a directory, these commands invoke Dired on | |
260 that subdirectory (making a separate Dired buffer). | |
261 | |
262 @table @kbd | |
263 @item f | |
264 @kindex f @r{(Dired)} | |
265 @findex dired-find-file | |
266 Visit the file described on the current line, like typing @kbd{C-x C-f} | |
267 and supplying that file name (@code{dired-find-file}). @xref{Visiting}. | |
268 | |
269 @item @key{RET} | |
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270 @itemx e |
25829 | 271 @kindex RET @r{(Dired)} |
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272 @kindex e @r{(Dired)} |
25829 | 273 Equivalent to @kbd{f}. |
274 | |
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275 @ignore @c This command seems too risky to document at all. |
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276 @item a |
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277 @kindex a @r{(Dired)} |
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278 @findex dired-find-alternate-file |
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279 Like @kbd{f}, but replaces the contents of the Dired buffer with |
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280 that of an alternate file or directory (@code{dired-find-alternate-file}). |
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281 @end ignore |
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282 |
25829 | 283 @item o |
284 @kindex o @r{(Dired)} | |
285 @findex dired-find-file-other-window | |
286 Like @kbd{f}, but uses another window to display the file's buffer | |
287 (@code{dired-find-file-other-window}). The Dired buffer remains visible | |
288 in the first window. This is like using @kbd{C-x 4 C-f} to visit the | |
289 file. @xref{Windows}. | |
290 | |
291 @item C-o | |
292 @kindex C-o @r{(Dired)} | |
293 @findex dired-display-file | |
294 Visit the file described on the current line, and display the buffer in | |
295 another window, but do not select that window (@code{dired-display-file}). | |
296 | |
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297 @item Mouse-1 |
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298 @itemx Mouse-2 |
25829 | 299 @findex dired-mouse-find-file-other-window |
300 Visit the file named by the line you click on | |
301 (@code{dired-mouse-find-file-other-window}). This uses another window | |
302 to display the file, like the @kbd{o} command. | |
303 | |
304 @item v | |
305 @kindex v @r{(Dired)} | |
306 @findex dired-view-file | |
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307 View the file described on the current line, using @kbd{M-x view-file} |
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308 (@code{dired-view-file}). Viewing a file with @code{view-file} is |
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309 like visiting it, but is slanted toward moving around in the file |
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310 conveniently and does not allow changing the file. @xref{Misc File |
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311 Ops, View File, Miscellaneous File Operations}. |
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312 |
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313 @item ^ |
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314 @kindex ^ @r{(Dired)} |
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315 @findex dired-up-directory |
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316 Visit the parent directory of the current directory |
69741 | 317 (@code{dired-up-directory}). This is equivalent to moving to the line |
318 for @file{..} and typing @kbd{f} there. | |
25829 | 319 @end table |
320 | |
321 @node Marks vs Flags | |
322 @section Dired Marks vs. Flags | |
323 | |
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324 @cindex marking many files (in Dired) |
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325 Instead of flagging a file with @samp{D}, you can @dfn{mark} the |
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326 file with some other character (usually @samp{*}). Most Dired |
69741 | 327 commands to operate on files use the files marked with @samp{*}. The |
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328 only command that operates on flagged files is @kbd{x}, which expunges |
69741 | 329 them. |
25829 | 330 |
69741 | 331 Here are some commands for marking with @samp{*}, for unmarking, and |
332 for operating on marks. (@xref{Dired Deletion}, for commands to flag | |
333 and unflag files.) | |
25829 | 334 |
335 @table @kbd | |
336 @item m | |
337 @itemx * m | |
338 @kindex m @r{(Dired)} | |
339 @kindex * m @r{(Dired)} | |
340 @findex dired-mark | |
341 Mark the current file with @samp{*} (@code{dired-mark}). With a numeric | |
342 argument @var{n}, mark the next @var{n} files starting with the current | |
343 file. (If @var{n} is negative, mark the previous @minus{}@var{n} | |
344 files.) | |
345 | |
346 @item * * | |
347 @kindex * * @r{(Dired)} | |
348 @findex dired-mark-executables | |
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349 @cindex marking executable files (in Dired) |
25829 | 350 Mark all executable files with @samp{*} |
351 (@code{dired-mark-executables}). With a numeric argument, unmark all | |
352 those files. | |
353 | |
354 @item * @@ | |
355 @kindex * @@ @r{(Dired)} | |
356 @findex dired-mark-symlinks | |
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357 @cindex marking symbolic links (in Dired) |
25829 | 358 Mark all symbolic links with @samp{*} (@code{dired-mark-symlinks}). |
359 With a numeric argument, unmark all those files. | |
360 | |
361 @item * / | |
362 @kindex * / @r{(Dired)} | |
363 @findex dired-mark-directories | |
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364 @cindex marking subdirectories (in Dired) |
69741 | 365 Mark with @samp{*} all files which are directories, except for |
25829 | 366 @file{.} and @file{..} (@code{dired-mark-directories}). With a numeric |
367 argument, unmark all those files. | |
368 | |
369 @item * s | |
370 @kindex * s @r{(Dired)} | |
371 @findex dired-mark-subdir-files | |
372 Mark all the files in the current subdirectory, aside from @file{.} | |
373 and @file{..} (@code{dired-mark-subdir-files}). | |
374 | |
375 @item u | |
376 @itemx * u | |
377 @kindex u @r{(Dired)} | |
378 @kindex * u @r{(Dired)} | |
379 @findex dired-unmark | |
380 Remove any mark on this line (@code{dired-unmark}). | |
381 | |
382 @item @key{DEL} | |
383 @itemx * @key{DEL} | |
384 @kindex * DEL @r{(Dired)} | |
385 @findex dired-unmark-backward | |
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386 @cindex unmarking files (in Dired) |
25829 | 387 Move point to previous line and remove any mark on that line |
388 (@code{dired-unmark-backward}). | |
389 | |
390 @item * ! | |
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391 @itemx U |
25829 | 392 @kindex * ! @r{(Dired)} |
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393 @kindex U @r{(Dired)} |
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394 @findex dired-unmark-all-marks |
25829 | 395 Remove all marks from all the files in this Dired buffer |
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396 (@code{dired-unmark-all-marks}). |
25829 | 397 |
398 @item * ? @var{markchar} | |
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399 @itemx M-@key{DEL} |
25829 | 400 @kindex * ? @r{(Dired)} |
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401 @kindex M-DEL @r{(Dired)} |
25829 | 402 @findex dired-unmark-all-files |
403 Remove all marks that use the character @var{markchar} | |
404 (@code{dired-unmark-all-files}). The argument is a single | |
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405 character---do not use @key{RET} to terminate it. See the description |
36507 | 406 of the @kbd{* c} command below, which lets you replace one mark |
407 character with another. | |
25829 | 408 |
409 With a numeric argument, this command queries about each marked file, | |
410 asking whether to remove its mark. You can answer @kbd{y} meaning yes, | |
411 @kbd{n} meaning no, or @kbd{!} to remove the marks from the remaining | |
412 files without asking about them. | |
413 | |
414 @item * C-n | |
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415 @itemx M-@} |
25829 | 416 @findex dired-next-marked-file |
417 @kindex * C-n @r{(Dired)} | |
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418 @kindex M-@} @r{(Dired)} |
25829 | 419 Move down to the next marked file (@code{dired-next-marked-file}) |
420 A file is ``marked'' if it has any kind of mark. | |
421 | |
422 @item * C-p | |
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423 @itemx M-@{ |
25829 | 424 @findex dired-prev-marked-file |
425 @kindex * C-p @r{(Dired)} | |
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426 @kindex M-@{ @r{(Dired)} |
25829 | 427 Move up to the previous marked file (@code{dired-prev-marked-file}) |
428 | |
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429 @item t |
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430 @itemx * t |
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431 @kindex t @r{(Dired)} |
25829 | 432 @kindex * t @r{(Dired)} |
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433 @findex dired-toggle-marks |
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434 @cindex toggling marks (in Dired) |
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435 Toggle all marks (@code{dired-toggle-marks}): files marked with @samp{*} |
25829 | 436 become unmarked, and unmarked files are marked with @samp{*}. Files |
437 marked in any other way are not affected. | |
438 | |
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439 @item * c @var{old-markchar} @var{new-markchar} |
25829 | 440 @kindex * c @r{(Dired)} |
441 @findex dired-change-marks | |
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442 Replace all marks that use the character @var{old-markchar} with marks |
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443 that use the character @var{new-markchar} (@code{dired-change-marks}). |
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444 This command is the primary way to create or use marks other than |
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445 @samp{*} or @samp{D}. The arguments are single characters---do not use |
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446 @key{RET} to terminate them. |
25829 | 447 |
448 You can use almost any character as a mark character by means of this | |
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449 command, to distinguish various classes of files. If @var{old-markchar} |
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450 is a space (@samp{ }), then the command operates on all unmarked files; |
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451 if @var{new-markchar} is a space, then the command unmarks the files it |
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452 acts on. |
25829 | 453 |
454 To illustrate the power of this command, here is how to put @samp{D} | |
455 flags on all the files that have no marks, while unflagging all those | |
456 that already have @samp{D} flags: | |
457 | |
458 @example | |
459 * c D t * c SPC D * c t SPC | |
460 @end example | |
461 | |
36507 | 462 This assumes that no files were already marked with @samp{t}. |
25829 | 463 |
464 @item % m @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
465 @itemx * % @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
466 @findex dired-mark-files-regexp | |
467 @kindex % m @r{(Dired)} | |
468 @kindex * % @r{(Dired)} | |
469 Mark (with @samp{*}) all files whose names match the regular expression | |
470 @var{regexp} (@code{dired-mark-files-regexp}). This command is like | |
471 @kbd{% d}, except that it marks files with @samp{*} instead of flagging | |
69741 | 472 with @samp{D}. |
25829 | 473 |
474 Only the non-directory part of the file name is used in matching. Use | |
69741 | 475 @samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor matches. You can exclude |
476 subdirectories by temporarily hiding them (@pxref{Hiding | |
477 Subdirectories}). | |
25829 | 478 |
479 @item % g @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
480 @findex dired-mark-files-containing-regexp | |
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481 @kindex % g @r{(Dired)} |
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482 @cindex finding files containing regexp matches (in Dired) |
25829 | 483 Mark (with @samp{*}) all files whose @emph{contents} contain a match for |
484 the regular expression @var{regexp} | |
485 (@code{dired-mark-files-containing-regexp}). This command is like | |
486 @kbd{% m}, except that it searches the file contents instead of the file | |
487 name. | |
488 | |
69741 | 489 @item C-x u |
490 @itemx C-_ | |
491 @itemx C-/ | |
25829 | 492 @kindex C-_ @r{(Dired)} |
493 @findex dired-undo | |
494 Undo changes in the Dired buffer, such as adding or removing | |
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495 marks (@code{dired-undo}). @emph{This command does not revert the |
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496 actual file operations, nor recover lost files!} It just undoes |
69741 | 497 changes in the buffer itself. |
498 | |
499 In some cases, using this after commands that operate on files can | |
500 cause trouble. For example, after renaming one or more files, | |
501 @code{dired-undo} restores the original names in the Dired buffer, | |
502 which gets the Dired buffer out of sync with the actual contents of | |
503 the directory. | |
25829 | 504 @end table |
505 | |
506 @node Operating on Files | |
507 @section Operating on Files | |
508 @cindex operating on files in Dired | |
509 | |
510 This section describes the basic Dired commands to operate on one file | |
511 or several files. All of these commands are capital letters; all of | |
512 them use the minibuffer, either to read an argument or to ask for | |
69741 | 513 confirmation, before they act. All of them let you specify the |
514 files to manipulate in these ways: | |
25829 | 515 |
516 @itemize @bullet | |
517 @item | |
518 If you give the command a numeric prefix argument @var{n}, it operates | |
519 on the next @var{n} files, starting with the current file. (If @var{n} | |
520 is negative, the command operates on the @minus{}@var{n} files preceding | |
521 the current line.) | |
522 | |
523 @item | |
524 Otherwise, if some files are marked with @samp{*}, the command operates | |
525 on all those files. | |
526 | |
527 @item | |
528 Otherwise, the command operates on the current file only. | |
529 @end itemize | |
530 | |
69741 | 531 @noindent |
532 Certain other Dired commands, such as @kbd{!} and the @samp{%} | |
533 commands, use the same conventions to decide which files to work on. | |
534 | |
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535 @vindex dired-dwim-target |
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536 @cindex two directories (in Dired) |
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537 Commands which ask for a destination directory, such as those which |
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538 copy and rename files or create links for them, try to guess the default |
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539 target directory for the operation. Normally, they suggest the Dired |
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540 buffer's default directory, but if the variable @code{dired-dwim-target} |
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541 is non-@code{nil}, and if there is another Dired buffer displayed in the |
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542 next window, that other buffer's directory is suggested instead. |
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543 |
69741 | 544 Here are the file-manipulating Dired commands that operate on files. |
25829 | 545 |
546 @table @kbd | |
547 @findex dired-do-copy | |
548 @kindex C @r{(Dired)} | |
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549 @cindex copying files (in Dired) |
25829 | 550 @item C @var{new} @key{RET} |
551 Copy the specified files (@code{dired-do-copy}). The argument @var{new} | |
552 is the directory to copy into, or (if copying a single file) the new | |
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553 name. This is like the shell command @code{cp}. |
25829 | 554 |
555 @vindex dired-copy-preserve-time | |
69741 | 556 If @code{dired-copy-preserve-time} is non-@code{nil}, then copying |
557 with this command preserves the modification time of the old file in | |
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558 the copy, like @samp{cp -p}. |
25829 | 559 |
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560 @vindex dired-recursive-copies |
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561 @cindex recursive copying |
69741 | 562 The variable @code{dired-recursive-copies} controls whether to copy |
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563 directories recursively (like @samp{cp -r}). The default is |
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564 @code{nil}, which means that directories cannot be copied. |
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565 |
25829 | 566 @item D |
567 @findex dired-do-delete | |
568 @kindex D @r{(Dired)} | |
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569 Delete the specified files (@code{dired-do-delete}). This is like the |
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570 shell command @code{rm}. |
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571 |
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572 Like the other commands in this section, this command operates on the |
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573 @emph{marked} files, or the next @var{n} files. By contrast, @kbd{x} |
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574 (@code{dired-do-flagged-delete}) deletes all @dfn{flagged} files. |
25829 | 575 |
576 @findex dired-do-rename | |
577 @kindex R @r{(Dired)} | |
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578 @cindex renaming files (in Dired) |
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579 @cindex moving files (in Dired) |
25829 | 580 @item R @var{new} @key{RET} |
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581 Rename the specified files (@code{dired-do-rename}). If you rename a |
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582 single file, the argument @var{new} is the new name of the file. If |
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583 you rename several files, the argument @var{new} is the directory into |
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584 which to move the files (this is like the shell command @code{mv}). |
25829 | 585 |
586 Dired automatically changes the visited file name of buffers associated | |
587 with renamed files so that they refer to the new names. | |
588 | |
589 @findex dired-do-hardlink | |
590 @kindex H @r{(Dired)} | |
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591 @cindex hard links (in Dired) |
25829 | 592 @item H @var{new} @key{RET} |
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593 Make hard links to the specified files (@code{dired-do-hardlink}). |
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594 This is like the shell command @code{ln}. The argument @var{new} is |
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595 the directory to make the links in, or (if making just one link) the |
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596 name to give the link. |
25829 | 597 |
598 @findex dired-do-symlink | |
599 @kindex S @r{(Dired)} | |
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600 @cindex symbolic links (creation in Dired) |
25829 | 601 @item S @var{new} @key{RET} |
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602 Make symbolic links to the specified files (@code{dired-do-symlink}). |
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603 This is like @samp{ln -s}. The argument @var{new} is the directory to |
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604 make the links in, or (if making just one link) the name to give the |
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605 link. |
25829 | 606 |
607 @findex dired-do-chmod | |
608 @kindex M @r{(Dired)} | |
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609 @cindex changing file permissions (in Dired) |
25829 | 610 @item M @var{modespec} @key{RET} |
611 Change the mode (also called ``permission bits'') of the specified files | |
612 (@code{dired-do-chmod}). This uses the @code{chmod} program, so | |
613 @var{modespec} can be any argument that @code{chmod} can handle. | |
614 | |
615 @findex dired-do-chgrp | |
616 @kindex G @r{(Dired)} | |
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617 @cindex changing file group (in Dired) |
25829 | 618 @item G @var{newgroup} @key{RET} |
619 Change the group of the specified files to @var{newgroup} | |
620 (@code{dired-do-chgrp}). | |
621 | |
622 @findex dired-do-chown | |
623 @kindex O @r{(Dired)} | |
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624 @cindex changing file owner (in Dired) |
25829 | 625 @item O @var{newowner} @key{RET} |
626 Change the owner of the specified files to @var{newowner} | |
627 (@code{dired-do-chown}). (On most systems, only the superuser can do | |
628 this.) | |
629 | |
630 @vindex dired-chown-program | |
631 The variable @code{dired-chown-program} specifies the name of the | |
632 program to use to do the work (different systems put @code{chown} in | |
633 different places). | |
634 | |
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635 @findex dired-do-touch |
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636 @kindex T @r{(Dired)} |
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637 @cindex changing file time (in Dired) |
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638 @item T @var{timestamp} @key{RET} |
69741 | 639 Touch the specified files (@code{dired-do-touch}). This means |
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640 updating their modification times to the present time. This is like |
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641 the shell command @code{touch}. |
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642 |
25829 | 643 @findex dired-do-print |
644 @kindex P @r{(Dired)} | |
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645 @cindex printing files (in Dired) |
25829 | 646 @item P @var{command} @key{RET} |
647 Print the specified files (@code{dired-do-print}). You must specify the | |
648 command to print them with, but the minibuffer starts out with a | |
649 suitable guess made using the variables @code{lpr-command} and | |
650 @code{lpr-switches} (the same variables that @code{lpr-buffer} uses; | |
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651 @pxref{Printing}). |
25829 | 652 |
653 @findex dired-do-compress | |
654 @kindex Z @r{(Dired)} | |
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655 @cindex compressing files (in Dired) |
25829 | 656 @item Z |
657 Compress the specified files (@code{dired-do-compress}). If the file | |
69741 | 658 appears to be a compressed file already, uncompress it instead. |
25829 | 659 |
660 @findex dired-do-load | |
661 @kindex L @r{(Dired)} | |
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662 @cindex loading several files (in Dired) |
25829 | 663 @item L |
664 Load the specified Emacs Lisp files (@code{dired-do-load}). | |
665 @xref{Lisp Libraries}. | |
666 | |
667 @findex dired-do-byte-compile | |
668 @kindex B @r{(Dired)} | |
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669 @cindex byte-compiling several files (in Dired) |
25829 | 670 @item B |
671 Byte compile the specified Emacs Lisp files | |
672 (@code{dired-do-byte-compile}). @xref{Byte Compilation,, Byte | |
673 Compilation, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
674 | |
675 @kindex A @r{(Dired)} | |
676 @findex dired-do-search | |
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677 @cindex search multiple files (in Dired) |
25829 | 678 @item A @var{regexp} @key{RET} |
679 Search all the specified files for the regular expression @var{regexp} | |
680 (@code{dired-do-search}). | |
681 | |
682 This command is a variant of @code{tags-search}. The search stops at | |
683 the first match it finds; use @kbd{M-,} to resume the search and find | |
684 the next match. @xref{Tags Search}. | |
685 | |
686 @kindex Q @r{(Dired)} | |
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687 @findex dired-do-query-replace-regexp |
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688 @cindex search and replace in multiple files (in Dired) |
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689 @item Q @var{regexp} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} |
25829 | 690 Perform @code{query-replace-regexp} on each of the specified files, |
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691 replacing matches for @var{regexp} with the string |
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692 @var{to} (@code{dired-do-query-replace-regexp}). |
25829 | 693 |
694 This command is a variant of @code{tags-query-replace}. If you exit the | |
695 query replace loop, you can use @kbd{M-,} to resume the scan and replace | |
696 more matches. @xref{Tags Search}. | |
697 @end table | |
698 | |
699 @node Shell Commands in Dired | |
700 @section Shell Commands in Dired | |
701 @cindex shell commands, Dired | |
702 | |
703 @findex dired-do-shell-command | |
704 @kindex ! @r{(Dired)} | |
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705 @kindex X @r{(Dired)} |
69741 | 706 The Dired command @kbd{!} (@code{dired-do-shell-command}) reads a |
707 shell command string in the minibuffer and runs that shell command on | |
708 all the specified files. (@kbd{X} is a synonym for @kbd{!}.) You can | |
709 specify the files to operate on in the usual ways for Dired commands | |
710 (@pxref{Operating on Files}). | |
711 | |
712 The working directory for the shell command is the top-level directory | |
713 of the Dired buffer. | |
714 | |
715 There are two ways of applying a shell command to multiple files: | |
25829 | 716 |
717 @itemize @bullet | |
718 @item | |
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719 If you use @samp{*} surrounded by whitespace in the shell command, |
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720 then the command runs just once, with the list of file names |
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721 substituted for the @samp{*}. The order of file names is the order of |
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722 appearance in the Dired buffer. |
25829 | 723 |
724 Thus, @kbd{! tar cf foo.tar * @key{RET}} runs @code{tar} on the entire | |
725 list of file names, putting them into one tar file @file{foo.tar}. | |
726 | |
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727 If you want to use @samp{*} as a shell wildcard with whitespace around |
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728 it, write @samp{*""}. In the shell, this is equivalent to @samp{*}; |
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729 but since the @samp{*} is not surrounded by whitespace, Dired does |
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730 not treat it specially. |
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731 |
25829 | 732 @item |
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733 If the command string doesn't contain @samp{*} surrounded by |
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734 whitespace, then it runs once @emph{for each file}. Normally the file |
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735 name is added at the end. |
25829 | 736 |
737 For example, @kbd{! uudecode @key{RET}} runs @code{uudecode} on each | |
738 file. | |
739 | |
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740 @item |
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741 However, if the command string contains @samp{?} surrounded by |
69741 | 742 whitespace, the current file name is substituted for @samp{?} (rather |
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743 than added at the end). You can use @samp{?} this way more than once |
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744 in the command, and the same file name replaces each occurrence. |
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745 @end itemize |
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746 |
69741 | 747 To iterate over the file names in a more complicated fashion, use an |
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748 explicit shell loop. For example, here is how to uuencode each file, |
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749 making the output file name by appending @samp{.uu} to the input file |
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750 name: |
25829 | 751 |
752 @example | |
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753 for file in * ; do uuencode "$file" "$file" >"$file".uu; done |
25829 | 754 @end example |
755 | |
69741 | 756 The @kbd{!} command does not attempt to update the Dired buffer to |
757 show new or modified files, because it doesn't understand shell | |
25829 | 758 commands, and does not know what files the shell command changed. Use |
759 the @kbd{g} command to update the Dired buffer (@pxref{Dired | |
760 Updating}). | |
761 | |
762 @node Transforming File Names | |
763 @section Transforming File Names in Dired | |
764 | |
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765 This section describes Dired commands which alter file names in a |
69741 | 766 systematic way. Each command operates on some or all of the marked |
767 files, using a new name made by transforming the existing name. | |
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768 |
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769 Like the basic Dired file-manipulation commands (@pxref{Operating on |
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770 Files}), the commands described here operate either on the next |
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771 @var{n} files, or on all files marked with @samp{*}, or on the current |
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772 file. (To mark files, use the commands described in @ref{Marks vs |
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773 Flags}.) |
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774 |
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775 All of the commands described in this section work |
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776 @emph{interactively}: they ask you to confirm the operation for each |
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777 candidate file. Thus, you can select more files than you actually |
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778 need to operate on (e.g., with a regexp that matches many files), and |
69741 | 779 then filter the selected names by typing @kbd{y} or @kbd{n} when the |
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780 command prompts for confirmation. |
25829 | 781 |
782 @table @kbd | |
783 @findex dired-upcase | |
784 @kindex % u @r{(Dired)} | |
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785 @cindex upcase file names |
25829 | 786 @item % u |
787 Rename each of the selected files to an upper-case name | |
788 (@code{dired-upcase}). If the old file names are @file{Foo} | |
789 and @file{bar}, the new names are @file{FOO} and @file{BAR}. | |
790 | |
791 @item % l | |
792 @findex dired-downcase | |
793 @kindex % l @r{(Dired)} | |
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794 @cindex downcase file names |
25829 | 795 Rename each of the selected files to a lower-case name |
796 (@code{dired-downcase}). If the old file names are @file{Foo} and | |
797 @file{bar}, the new names are @file{foo} and @file{bar}. | |
798 | |
799 @item % R @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} | |
800 @kindex % R @r{(Dired)} | |
801 @findex dired-do-rename-regexp | |
802 @itemx % C @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} | |
803 @kindex % C @r{(Dired)} | |
804 @findex dired-do-copy-regexp | |
805 @itemx % H @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} | |
806 @kindex % H @r{(Dired)} | |
807 @findex dired-do-hardlink-regexp | |
808 @itemx % S @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} | |
809 @kindex % S @r{(Dired)} | |
810 @findex dired-do-symlink-regexp | |
811 These four commands rename, copy, make hard links and make soft links, | |
812 in each case computing the new name by regular-expression substitution | |
813 from the name of the old file. | |
814 @end table | |
815 | |
69741 | 816 The four regular-expression substitution commands effectively |
817 perform a search-and-replace on the selected file names. They read | |
818 two arguments: a regular expression @var{from}, and a substitution | |
819 pattern @var{to}; they match each ``old'' file name against | |
820 @var{from}, and then replace the matching part with @var{to}. You can | |
821 use @samp{\&} and @samp{\@var{digit}} in @var{to} to refer to all or | |
822 part of what the pattern matched in the old file name, as in | |
823 @code{replace-regexp} (@pxref{Regexp Replace}). If the regular | |
824 expression matches more than once in a file name, only the first match | |
825 is replaced. | |
25829 | 826 |
827 For example, @kbd{% R ^.*$ @key{RET} x-\& @key{RET}} renames each | |
828 selected file by prepending @samp{x-} to its name. The inverse of this, | |
829 removing @samp{x-} from the front of each file name, is also possible: | |
830 one method is @kbd{% R ^x-\(.*\)$ @key{RET} \1 @key{RET}}; another is | |
831 @kbd{% R ^x- @key{RET} @key{RET}}. (Use @samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor | |
71580 | 832 matches that should span the whole file name.) |
25829 | 833 |
834 Normally, the replacement process does not consider the files' | |
835 directory names; it operates on the file name within the directory. If | |
836 you specify a numeric argument of zero, then replacement affects the | |
69741 | 837 entire absolute file name including directory name. (A non-zero |
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838 argument specifies the number of files to operate on.) |
25829 | 839 |
69741 | 840 You may want to select the set of files to operate on using the same |
841 regexp @var{from} that you will use to operate on them. To do this, | |
842 mark those files with @kbd{% m @var{from} @key{RET}}, then use the | |
843 same regular expression in the command to operate on the files. To | |
844 make this more convenient, the @kbd{%} commands to operate on files | |
845 use the last regular expression specified in any @kbd{%} command as a | |
846 default. | |
25829 | 847 |
848 @node Comparison in Dired | |
849 @section File Comparison with Dired | |
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850 @cindex file comparison (in Dired) |
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851 @cindex compare files (in Dired) |
25829 | 852 |
853 Here are two Dired commands that compare specified files using | |
69741 | 854 @code{diff}. They show the output in a buffer using Diff mode |
855 (@pxref{Comparing Files}). | |
25829 | 856 |
857 @table @kbd | |
858 @item = | |
859 @findex dired-diff | |
860 @kindex = @r{(Dired)} | |
69741 | 861 Compare the current file (the file at point) with another file (the |
862 file at the mark) using the @code{diff} program (@code{dired-diff}). | |
863 The file at the mark is the first argument of @code{diff}, and the | |
864 file at point is the second argument. This refers to the ordinary | |
865 Emacs mark, not Dired marks; use @kbd{C-@key{SPC}} | |
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866 (@code{set-mark-command}) to set the mark at the first file's line |
69741 | 867 (@pxref{Setting Mark}). |
25829 | 868 |
869 @findex dired-backup-diff | |
870 @kindex M-= @r{(Dired)} | |
871 @item M-= | |
872 Compare the current file with its latest backup file | |
873 (@code{dired-backup-diff}). If the current file is itself a backup, | |
874 compare it with the file it is a backup of; this way, you can compare | |
69741 | 875 a file with any one of its backups. |
25829 | 876 |
877 The backup file is the first file given to @code{diff}. | |
878 @end table | |
879 | |
880 @node Subdirectories in Dired | |
881 @section Subdirectories in Dired | |
882 @cindex subdirectories in Dired | |
883 @cindex expanding subdirectories in Dired | |
884 | |
885 A Dired buffer displays just one directory in the normal case; | |
886 but you can optionally include its subdirectories as well. | |
887 | |
888 The simplest way to include multiple directories in one Dired buffer is | |
889 to specify the options @samp{-lR} for running @code{ls}. (If you give a | |
890 numeric argument when you run Dired, then you can specify these options | |
891 in the minibuffer.) That produces a recursive directory listing showing | |
892 all subdirectories at all levels. | |
893 | |
69741 | 894 More often, you will want to show only specific subdirectories. You |
895 can do this with the @kbd{i} command: | |
25829 | 896 |
897 @table @kbd | |
898 @findex dired-maybe-insert-subdir | |
899 @kindex i @r{(Dired)} | |
900 @item i | |
901 @cindex inserted subdirectory (Dired) | |
902 @cindex in-situ subdirectory (Dired) | |
903 Insert the contents of a subdirectory later in the buffer. | |
904 @end table | |
905 | |
906 Use the @kbd{i} (@code{dired-maybe-insert-subdir}) command on a line | |
907 that describes a file which is a directory. It inserts the contents of | |
908 that directory into the same Dired buffer, and moves there. Inserted | |
909 subdirectory contents follow the top-level directory of the Dired | |
910 buffer, just as they do in @samp{ls -lR} output. | |
911 | |
912 If the subdirectory's contents are already present in the buffer, the | |
913 @kbd{i} command just moves to it. | |
914 | |
915 In either case, @kbd{i} sets the Emacs mark before moving, so @kbd{C-u | |
916 C-@key{SPC}} takes you back to the old position in the buffer (the line | |
917 describing that subdirectory). | |
918 | |
919 Use the @kbd{l} command (@code{dired-do-redisplay}) to update the | |
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920 subdirectory's contents. Use @kbd{C-u k} on the subdirectory header |
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921 line to delete the subdirectory. @xref{Dired Updating}. |
25829 | 922 |
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923 @ifnottex |
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924 @include dired-xtra.texi |
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925 @end ifnottex |
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926 |
25829 | 927 @node Subdirectory Motion |
928 @section Moving Over Subdirectories | |
929 | |
930 When a Dired buffer lists subdirectories, you can use the page motion | |
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931 commands @kbd{C-x [} and @kbd{C-x ]} to move by entire directories |
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932 (@pxref{Pages}). |
25829 | 933 |
934 @cindex header line (Dired) | |
935 @cindex directory header lines | |
936 The following commands move across, up and down in the tree of | |
937 directories within one Dired buffer. They move to @dfn{directory header | |
938 lines}, which are the lines that give a directory's name, at the | |
939 beginning of the directory's contents. | |
940 | |
941 @table @kbd | |
942 @findex dired-next-subdir | |
943 @kindex C-M-n @r{(Dired)} | |
944 @item C-M-n | |
945 Go to next subdirectory header line, regardless of level | |
946 (@code{dired-next-subdir}). | |
947 | |
948 @findex dired-prev-subdir | |
949 @kindex C-M-p @r{(Dired)} | |
950 @item C-M-p | |
951 Go to previous subdirectory header line, regardless of level | |
952 (@code{dired-prev-subdir}). | |
953 | |
954 @findex dired-tree-up | |
955 @kindex C-M-u @r{(Dired)} | |
956 @item C-M-u | |
957 Go up to the parent directory's header line (@code{dired-tree-up}). | |
958 | |
959 @findex dired-tree-down | |
960 @kindex C-M-d @r{(Dired)} | |
961 @item C-M-d | |
962 Go down in the directory tree, to the first subdirectory's header line | |
963 (@code{dired-tree-down}). | |
964 | |
965 @findex dired-prev-dirline | |
966 @kindex < @r{(Dired)} | |
967 @item < | |
968 Move up to the previous directory-file line (@code{dired-prev-dirline}). | |
969 These lines are the ones that describe a directory as a file in its | |
970 parent directory. | |
971 | |
972 @findex dired-next-dirline | |
973 @kindex > @r{(Dired)} | |
974 @item > | |
975 Move down to the next directory-file line (@code{dired-prev-dirline}). | |
976 @end table | |
977 | |
978 @node Hiding Subdirectories | |
979 @section Hiding Subdirectories | |
980 | |
981 @cindex hiding in Dired (Dired) | |
982 @dfn{Hiding} a subdirectory means to make it invisible, except for its | |
69741 | 983 header line. |
25829 | 984 |
985 @table @kbd | |
986 @item $ | |
987 @findex dired-hide-subdir | |
988 @kindex $ @r{(Dired)} | |
989 Hide or reveal the subdirectory that point is in, and move point to the | |
990 next subdirectory (@code{dired-hide-subdir}). A numeric argument serves | |
991 as a repeat count. | |
992 | |
993 @item M-$ | |
994 @findex dired-hide-all | |
995 @kindex M-$ @r{(Dired)} | |
996 Hide all subdirectories in this Dired buffer, leaving only their header | |
997 lines (@code{dired-hide-all}). Or, if any subdirectory is currently | |
998 hidden, make all subdirectories visible again. You can use this command | |
999 to get an overview in very deep directory trees or to move quickly to | |
1000 subdirectories far away. | |
1001 @end table | |
1002 | |
1003 Ordinary Dired commands never consider files inside a hidden | |
1004 subdirectory. For example, the commands to operate on marked files | |
1005 ignore files in hidden directories even if they are marked. Thus you | |
1006 can use hiding to temporarily exclude subdirectories from operations | |
69741 | 1007 without having to remove the Dired marks on files in those |
1008 subdirectories. | |
25829 | 1009 |
1010 @node Dired Updating | |
1011 @section Updating the Dired Buffer | |
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1012 @cindex updating Dired buffer |
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1013 @cindex refreshing displayed files |
25829 | 1014 |
1015 This section describes commands to update the Dired buffer to reflect | |
1016 outside (non-Dired) changes in the directories and files, and to delete | |
1017 part of the Dired buffer. | |
1018 | |
1019 @table @kbd | |
1020 @item g | |
1021 Update the entire contents of the Dired buffer (@code{revert-buffer}). | |
1022 | |
1023 @item l | |
69741 | 1024 Update the specified files (@code{dired-do-redisplay}). You specify the |
1025 files for @kbd{l} in the same way as for file operations. | |
25829 | 1026 |
1027 @item k | |
1028 Delete the specified @emph{file lines}---not the files, just the lines | |
1029 (@code{dired-do-kill-lines}). | |
1030 | |
1031 @item s | |
1032 Toggle between alphabetical order and date/time order | |
1033 (@code{dired-sort-toggle-or-edit}). | |
1034 | |
1035 @item C-u s @var{switches} @key{RET} | |
1036 Refresh the Dired buffer using @var{switches} as | |
1037 @code{dired-listing-switches}. | |
1038 @end table | |
1039 | |
1040 @kindex g @r{(Dired)} | |
1041 @findex revert-buffer @r{(Dired)} | |
1042 Type @kbd{g} (@code{revert-buffer}) to update the contents of the | |
1043 Dired buffer, based on changes in the files and directories listed. | |
1044 This preserves all marks except for those on files that have vanished. | |
1045 Hidden subdirectories are updated but remain hidden. | |
1046 | |
1047 @kindex l @r{(Dired)} | |
1048 @findex dired-do-redisplay | |
1049 To update only some of the files, type @kbd{l} | |
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1050 (@code{dired-do-redisplay}). Like the Dired file-operating commands, |
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1051 this command operates on the next @var{n} files (or previous |
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1052 @minus{}@var{n} files), or on the marked files if any, or on the |
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1053 current file. Updating the files means reading their current status, |
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1054 then updating their lines in the buffer to indicate that status. |
25829 | 1055 |
1056 If you use @kbd{l} on a subdirectory header line, it updates the | |
1057 contents of the corresponding subdirectory. | |
1058 | |
1059 @kindex k @r{(Dired)} | |
1060 @findex dired-do-kill-lines | |
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1061 To delete the specified @emph{file lines} from the buffer---not |
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1062 delete the files---type @kbd{k} (@code{dired-do-kill-lines}). Like |
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1063 the file-operating commands, this command operates on the next @var{n} |
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1064 files, or on the marked files if any; but it does not operate on the |
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1065 current file as a last resort. |
25829 | 1066 |
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1067 If you use @kbd{k} with a numeric prefix argument to kill the line |
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1068 for a file that is a directory, which you have inserted in the Dired |
69741 | 1069 buffer as a subdirectory, it deletes that subdirectory from the buffer |
1070 as well. Typing @kbd{C-u k} on the header line for a subdirectory | |
1071 also deletes the subdirectory from the Dired buffer. | |
25829 | 1072 |
1073 The @kbd{g} command brings back any individual lines that you have | |
1074 killed in this way, but not subdirectories---you must use @kbd{i} to | |
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1075 reinsert a subdirectory. |
25829 | 1076 |
1077 @cindex Dired sorting | |
1078 @cindex sorting Dired buffer | |
1079 @kindex s @r{(Dired)} | |
1080 @findex dired-sort-toggle-or-edit | |
1081 The files in a Dired buffers are normally listed in alphabetical order | |
1082 by file names. Alternatively Dired can sort them by date/time. The | |
1083 Dired command @kbd{s} (@code{dired-sort-toggle-or-edit}) switches | |
1084 between these two sorting modes. The mode line in a Dired buffer | |
1085 indicates which way it is currently sorted---by name, or by date. | |
1086 | |
1087 @kbd{C-u s @var{switches} @key{RET}} lets you specify a new value for | |
1088 @code{dired-listing-switches}. | |
1089 | |
1090 @node Dired and Find | |
1091 @section Dired and @code{find} | |
1092 @cindex @code{find} and Dired | |
1093 | |
1094 You can select a set of files for display in a Dired buffer more | |
1095 flexibly by using the @code{find} utility to choose the files. | |
1096 | |
1097 @findex find-name-dired | |
1098 To search for files with names matching a wildcard pattern use | |
1099 @kbd{M-x find-name-dired}. It reads arguments @var{directory} and | |
1100 @var{pattern}, and chooses all the files in @var{directory} or its | |
1101 subdirectories whose individual names match @var{pattern}. | |
1102 | |
69741 | 1103 The files thus chosen are displayed in a Dired buffer, in which the |
25829 | 1104 ordinary Dired commands are available. |
1105 | |
1106 @findex find-grep-dired | |
1107 If you want to test the contents of files, rather than their names, | |
1108 use @kbd{M-x find-grep-dired}. This command reads two minibuffer | |
1109 arguments, @var{directory} and @var{regexp}; it chooses all the files in | |
1110 @var{directory} or its subdirectories that contain a match for | |
1111 @var{regexp}. It works by running the programs @code{find} and | |
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1112 @code{grep}. See also @kbd{M-x grep-find}, in @ref{Grep Searching}. |
25829 | 1113 Remember to write the regular expression for @code{grep}, not for Emacs. |
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1114 (An alternative method of showing files whose contents match a given |
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1115 regexp is the @kbd{% g @var{regexp}} command, see @ref{Marks vs Flags}.) |
25829 | 1116 |
1117 @findex find-dired | |
1118 The most general command in this series is @kbd{M-x find-dired}, which | |
1119 lets you specify any condition that @code{find} can test. It takes two | |
1120 minibuffer arguments, @var{directory} and @var{find-args}; it runs | |
1121 @code{find} in @var{directory}, passing @var{find-args} to tell | |
1122 @code{find} what condition to test. To use this command, you need to | |
1123 know how to use @code{find}. | |
1124 | |
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1125 @vindex find-ls-option |
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1126 The format of listing produced by these commands is controlled by the |
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1127 variable @code{find-ls-option}, whose default value specifies using |
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1128 options @samp{-ld} for @code{ls}. If your listings are corrupted, you |
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1129 may need to change the value of this variable. |
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1130 |
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1131 @findex locate |
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1132 @findex locate-with-filter |
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1133 @cindex file database (locate) |
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1134 @vindex locate-command |
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1135 @kbd{M-x locate} provides a similar interface to the @code{locate} |
69741 | 1136 program. @kbd{M-x locate-with-filter} is similar, but keeps only files |
1137 whose names match a given regular expression. | |
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1138 |
69741 | 1139 These buffers don't work entirely like ordinary Dired buffers: file |
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1140 operations work, but do not always automatically update the buffer. |
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1141 Reverting the buffer with @kbd{g} deletes all inserted subdirectories, |
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1142 and erases all flags and marks. |
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1143 |
61047 | 1144 @node Wdired |
1145 @section Editing the Dired Buffer | |
1146 | |
1147 @cindex wdired mode | |
1148 @findex wdired-change-to-wdired-mode | |
1149 Wdired is a special mode that allows you to perform file operations | |
1150 by editing the Dired buffer directly (the ``W'' in ``Wdired'' stands | |
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1151 for ``writable.'') To enter Wdired mode, type @kbd{M-x |
61047 | 1152 wdired-change-to-wdired-mode} while in a Dired buffer. Alternatively, |
1153 use @samp{Edit File Names} in the @samp{Immediate} menu bar menu. | |
1154 | |
1155 @findex wdired-finish-edit | |
1156 While in Wdired mode, you can rename files by editing the file names | |
1157 displayed in the Dired buffer. All the ordinary Emacs editing | |
1158 commands, including rectangle operations and @code{query-replace}, are | |
1159 available for this. Once you are done editing, type @kbd{C-c C-c} | |
1160 (@code{wdired-finish-edit}). This applies your changes and switches | |
1161 back to ordinary Dired mode. | |
1162 | |
1163 Apart from simply renaming files, you can move a file to another | |
1164 directory by typing in the new file name (either absolute or | |
71580 | 1165 relative). To mark a file for deletion, delete the entire file name. |
69741 | 1166 To change the target of a symbolic link, edit the link target name |
1167 which appears next to the link name. | |
61047 | 1168 |
1169 The rest of the text in the buffer, such as the file sizes and | |
1170 modification dates, is marked read-only, so you can't edit it. | |
1171 However, if you set @code{wdired-allow-to-change-permissions} to | |
69741 | 1172 @code{t}, you can edit the file permissions. For example, you can |
1173 change @samp{-rw-r--r--} to @samp{-rw-rw-rw-} to make a file | |
61047 | 1174 world-writable. These changes also take effect when you type @kbd{C-c |
1175 C-c}. | |
1176 | |
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1177 @node Misc Dired Features |
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1178 @section Other Dired Features |
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1179 |
69741 | 1180 @kindex + @r{(Dired)} |
1181 @findex dired-create-directory | |
1182 An unusual Dired file-operation command is @kbd{+} | |
1183 (@code{dired-create-directory}). This command reads a directory name, | |
1184 and creates the directory if it does not already exist. | |
1185 | |
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1186 @cindex Adding to the kill ring in Dired. |
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1187 @kindex w @r{(Dired)} |
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1188 @findex dired-copy-filename-as-kill |
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1189 The @kbd{w} command (@code{dired-copy-filename-as-kill}) puts the |
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1190 names of the marked (or next @var{n}) files into the kill ring, as if |
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1191 you had killed them with @kbd{C-w}. The names are separated by a space. |
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1192 |
69741 | 1193 With a zero prefix argument, this uses the absolute file name of |
1194 each marked file. With just @kbd{C-u} as the prefix argument, it uses | |
1195 file names relative to the Dired buffer's default directory. (This | |
1196 can still contain slashes if in a subdirectory.) As a special case, | |
1197 if point is on a directory headerline, @kbd{w} gives you the absolute | |
1198 name of that directory. Any prefix argument or marked files are | |
1199 ignored in this case. | |
1200 | |
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1201 The main purpose of this command is so that you can yank the file |
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1202 names into arguments for other Emacs commands. It also displays what |
69741 | 1203 it added to the kill ring, so you can use it to display the list of |
1204 currently marked files in the echo area. | |
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1205 |
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1206 @findex dired-compare-directories |
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1207 The command @kbd{M-x dired-compare-directories} is used to compare |
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1208 the current Dired buffer with another directory. It marks all the files |
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1209 that are ``different'' between the two directories. It puts these marks |
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1210 in all Dired buffers where these files are listed, which of course includes |
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1211 the current buffer. |
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1212 |
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1213 The default comparison method (used if you type @key{RET} at the |
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1214 prompt) is to compare just the file names---each file name that does |
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1215 not appear in the other directory is ``different.'' You can specify |
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1216 more stringent comparisons by entering a Lisp expression, which can |
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1217 refer to the variables @code{size1} and @code{size2}, the respective |
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1218 file sizes; @code{mtime1} and @code{mtime2}, the last modification |
70485 | 1219 times in seconds, as floating point numbers; and @code{fa1} and |
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1220 @code{fa2}, the respective file attribute lists (as returned by the |
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1221 function @code{file-attributes}). This expression is evaluated for |
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1222 each pair of like-named files, and if the expression's value is |
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1223 non-@code{nil}, those files are considered ``different.'' |
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1224 |
71593 | 1225 For instance, the sequence @code{M-x dired-compare-directories |
1226 @key{RET} (> mtime1 mtime2) @key{RET}} marks files newer in this | |
1227 directory than in the other, and marks files older in the other | |
1228 directory than in this one. It also marks files with no counterpart, | |
1229 in both directories, as always. | |
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1230 |
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1231 @cindex drag and drop, Dired |
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1232 On the X window system, Emacs supports the ``drag and drop'' |
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1233 protocol. You can drag a file object from another program, and drop |
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1234 it onto a Dired buffer; this either moves, copies, or creates a link |
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1235 to the file in that directory. Precisely which action is taken is |
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1236 determined by the originating program. Dragging files out of a Dired |
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1237 buffer is currently not supported. |
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1238 |
52401 | 1239 @ignore |
1240 arch-tag: d105f9b9-fc1b-4c5f-a949-9b2cf3ca2fc1 | |
1241 @end ignore |