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annotate lispref/display.texi @ 22799:81edc8f95cd9
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author | Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org> |
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date | Wed, 22 Jul 1998 18:31:25 +0000 |
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6598 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6598 | 4 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @setfilename ../info/display | |
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6 @node Display, Calendar, Processes, Top |
6598 | 7 @chapter Emacs Display |
8 | |
9 This chapter describes a number of features related to the display | |
10 that Emacs presents to the user. | |
11 | |
12 @menu | |
13 * Refresh Screen:: Clearing the screen and redrawing everything on it. | |
14 * Truncation:: Folding or wrapping long text lines. | |
15 * The Echo Area:: Where messages are displayed. | |
12067 | 16 * Invisible Text:: Hiding part of the buffer text. |
17 * Selective Display:: Hiding part of the buffer text (the old way). | |
6598 | 18 * Overlay Arrow:: Display of an arrow to indicate position. |
19 * Temporary Displays:: Displays that go away automatically. | |
20 * Overlays:: Use overlays to highlight parts of the buffer. | |
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21 * Width:: How wide is a character or string. |
6598 | 22 * Faces:: A face defines a graphics appearance: font, color, etc. |
23 * Blinking:: How Emacs shows the matching open parenthesis. | |
24 * Inverse Video:: Specifying how the screen looks. | |
25 * Usual Display:: The usual conventions for displaying nonprinting chars. | |
26 * Display Tables:: How to specify other conventions. | |
27 * Beeping:: Audible signal to the user. | |
28 * Window Systems:: Which window system is being used. | |
29 @end menu | |
30 | |
31 @node Refresh Screen | |
32 @section Refreshing the Screen | |
33 | |
34 The function @code{redraw-frame} redisplays the entire contents of a | |
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35 given frame (@pxref{Frames}). |
6598 | 36 |
37 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
38 @defun redraw-frame frame | |
39 This function clears and redisplays frame @var{frame}. | |
40 @end defun | |
41 | |
42 Even more powerful is @code{redraw-display}: | |
43 | |
44 @deffn Command redraw-display | |
45 This function clears and redisplays all visible frames. | |
46 @end deffn | |
47 | |
12098 | 48 Processing user input takes absolute priority over redisplay. If you |
49 call these functions when input is available, they do nothing | |
50 immediately, but a full redisplay does happen eventually---after all the | |
51 input has been processed. | |
52 | |
6598 | 53 Normally, suspending and resuming Emacs also refreshes the screen. |
54 Some terminal emulators record separate contents for display-oriented | |
55 programs such as Emacs and for ordinary sequential display. If you are | |
56 using such a terminal, you might want to inhibit the redisplay on | |
9009 | 57 resumption. |
6598 | 58 |
59 @defvar no-redraw-on-reenter | |
60 @cindex suspend (cf. @code{no-redraw-on-reenter}) | |
61 @cindex resume (cf. @code{no-redraw-on-reenter}) | |
62 This variable controls whether Emacs redraws the entire screen after it | |
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63 has been suspended and resumed. Non-@code{nil} means there is no need |
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64 to redraw, @code{nil} means redrawing is needed. The default is @code{nil}. |
6598 | 65 @end defvar |
66 | |
67 @node Truncation | |
68 @section Truncation | |
69 @cindex line wrapping | |
70 @cindex continuation lines | |
71 @cindex @samp{$} in display | |
72 @cindex @samp{\} in display | |
73 | |
74 When a line of text extends beyond the right edge of a window, the | |
75 line can either be continued on the next screen line, or truncated to | |
76 one screen line. The additional screen lines used to display a long | |
77 text line are called @dfn{continuation} lines. Normally, a @samp{$} in | |
78 the rightmost column of the window indicates truncation; a @samp{\} on | |
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79 the rightmost column indicates a line that ``wraps'' onto the next line, |
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80 which is also called @dfn{continuing} the line. (The display table can |
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81 specify alternative indicators; see @ref{Display Tables}.) |
6598 | 82 |
83 Note that continuation is different from filling; continuation happens | |
84 on the screen only, not in the buffer contents, and it breaks a line | |
85 precisely at the right margin, not at a word boundary. @xref{Filling}. | |
86 | |
87 @defopt truncate-lines | |
88 This buffer-local variable controls how Emacs displays lines that extend | |
89 beyond the right edge of the window. The default is @code{nil}, which | |
90 specifies continuation. If the value is non-@code{nil}, then these | |
91 lines are truncated. | |
92 | |
93 If the variable @code{truncate-partial-width-windows} is non-@code{nil}, | |
94 then truncation is always used for side-by-side windows (within one | |
95 frame) regardless of the value of @code{truncate-lines}. | |
96 @end defopt | |
97 | |
12098 | 98 @defopt default-truncate-lines |
6598 | 99 This variable is the default value for @code{truncate-lines}, for |
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100 buffers that do not have buffer-local values for it. |
12098 | 101 @end defopt |
6598 | 102 |
103 @defopt truncate-partial-width-windows | |
104 This variable controls display of lines that extend beyond the right | |
105 edge of the window, in side-by-side windows (@pxref{Splitting Windows}). | |
106 If it is non-@code{nil}, these lines are truncated; otherwise, | |
107 @code{truncate-lines} says what to do with them. | |
108 @end defopt | |
109 | |
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110 When horizontal scrolling (@pxref{Horizontal Scrolling}) is in use in |
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111 a window, that forces truncation. |
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112 |
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113 You can override the glyphs that indicate continuation or truncation |
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114 using the display table; see @ref{Display Tables}. |
6598 | 115 |
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116 If your buffer contains @emph{very} long lines, and you use |
12067 | 117 continuation to display them, just thinking about them can make Emacs |
12098 | 118 redisplay slow. The column computation and indentation functions also |
119 become slow. Then you might find it advisable to set | |
120 @code{cache-long-line-scans} to @code{t}. | |
12067 | 121 |
122 @defvar cache-long-line-scans | |
123 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, various indentation and motion | |
12098 | 124 functions, and Emacs redisplay, cache the results of scanning the |
125 buffer, and consult the cache to avoid rescanning regions of the buffer | |
126 unless they are modified. | |
12067 | 127 |
12098 | 128 Turning on the cache slows down processing of short lines somewhat. |
12067 | 129 |
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130 This variable is automatically buffer-local in every buffer. |
12067 | 131 @end defvar |
132 | |
6598 | 133 @node The Echo Area |
134 @section The Echo Area | |
135 @cindex error display | |
136 @cindex echo area | |
137 | |
12067 | 138 The @dfn{echo area} is used for displaying messages made with the |
6598 | 139 @code{message} primitive, and for echoing keystrokes. It is not the |
140 same as the minibuffer, despite the fact that the minibuffer appears | |
141 (when active) in the same place on the screen as the echo area. The | |
142 @cite{GNU Emacs Manual} specifies the rules for resolving conflicts | |
143 between the echo area and the minibuffer for use of that screen space | |
144 (@pxref{Minibuffer,, The Minibuffer, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}). | |
145 Error messages appear in the echo area; see @ref{Errors}. | |
146 | |
147 You can write output in the echo area by using the Lisp printing | |
148 functions with @code{t} as the stream (@pxref{Output Functions}), or as | |
149 follows: | |
150 | |
151 @defun message string &rest arguments | |
12067 | 152 This function displays a one-line message in the echo area. The |
6598 | 153 argument @var{string} is similar to a C language @code{printf} control |
154 string. See @code{format} in @ref{String Conversion}, for the details | |
155 on the conversion specifications. @code{message} returns the | |
156 constructed string. | |
157 | |
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158 In batch mode, @code{message} prints the message text on the standard |
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159 error stream, followed by a newline. |
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160 |
6598 | 161 @c Emacs 19 feature |
162 If @var{string} is @code{nil}, @code{message} clears the echo area. If | |
163 the minibuffer is active, this brings the minibuffer contents back onto | |
164 the screen immediately. | |
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165 |
6598 | 166 @example |
167 @group | |
168 (message "Minibuffer depth is %d." | |
169 (minibuffer-depth)) | |
170 @print{} Minibuffer depth is 0. | |
171 @result{} "Minibuffer depth is 0." | |
172 @end group | |
173 | |
174 @group | |
175 ---------- Echo Area ---------- | |
176 Minibuffer depth is 0. | |
177 ---------- Echo Area ---------- | |
178 @end group | |
179 @end example | |
180 @end defun | |
181 | |
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182 @defun current-message |
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183 @tindex current-message |
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184 This function returns the message currently being displayed in the |
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185 echo area, or @code{nil} if there is none. |
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186 @end defun |
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187 |
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188 @defvar cursor-in-echo-area |
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189 This variable controls where the cursor appears when a message is |
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190 displayed in the echo area. If it is non-@code{nil}, then the cursor |
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191 appears at the end of the message. Otherwise, the cursor appears at |
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192 point---not in the echo area at all. |
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193 |
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194 The value is normally @code{nil}; Lisp programs bind it to @code{t} |
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195 for brief periods of time. |
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196 @end defvar |
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197 |
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198 @defvar echo-area-clear-hook |
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199 @tindex echo-area-clear-hook |
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200 This normal hook is run whenever the echo area is cleared---either by |
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201 @code{(message nil)} or for any other reason. |
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202 @end defvar |
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203 |
12067 | 204 Almost all the messages displayed in the echo area are also recorded |
205 in the @samp{*Messages*} buffer. | |
206 | |
207 @defopt message-log-max | |
208 This variable specifies how many lines to keep in the @samp{*Messages*} | |
209 buffer. The value @code{t} means there is no limit on how many lines to | |
210 keep. The value @code{nil} disables message logging entirely. Here's | |
211 how to display a message and prevent it from being logged: | |
212 | |
213 @example | |
214 (let (message-log-max) | |
215 (message @dots{})) | |
216 @end example | |
217 @end defopt | |
218 | |
12098 | 219 @defvar echo-keystrokes |
220 This variable determines how much time should elapse before command | |
221 characters echo. Its value must be an integer, which specifies the | |
222 number of seconds to wait before echoing. If the user types a prefix | |
223 key (such as @kbd{C-x}) and then delays this many seconds before | |
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224 continuing, the prefix key is echoed in the echo area. (Once echoing |
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225 begins in a key sequence, all subsequent characters in the same key |
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226 sequence are echoed immediately.) |
12098 | 227 |
228 If the value is zero, then command input is not echoed. | |
229 @end defvar | |
230 | |
12067 | 231 @node Invisible Text |
232 @section Invisible Text | |
233 | |
234 @cindex invisible text | |
235 You can make characters @dfn{invisible}, so that they do not appear on | |
236 the screen, with the @code{invisible} property. This can be either a | |
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237 text property (@pxref{Text Properties}) or a property of an overlay |
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238 (@pxref{Overlays}). |
12067 | 239 |
240 In the simplest case, any non-@code{nil} @code{invisible} property makes | |
241 a character invisible. This is the default case---if you don't alter | |
242 the default value of @code{buffer-invisibility-spec}, this is how the | |
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243 @code{invisible} property works. |
12067 | 244 |
245 More generally, you can use the variable @code{buffer-invisibility-spec} | |
246 to control which values of the @code{invisible} property make text | |
247 invisible. This permits you to classify the text into different subsets | |
248 in advance, by giving them different @code{invisible} values, and | |
249 subsequently make various subsets visible or invisible by changing the | |
250 value of @code{buffer-invisibility-spec}. | |
251 | |
252 Controlling visibility with @code{buffer-invisibility-spec} is | |
253 especially useful in a program to display the list of entries in a data | |
254 base. It permits the implementation of convenient filtering commands to | |
255 view just a part of the entries in the data base. Setting this variable | |
256 is very fast, much faster than scanning all the text in the buffer | |
12098 | 257 looking for properties to change. |
12067 | 258 |
259 @defvar buffer-invisibility-spec | |
260 This variable specifies which kinds of @code{invisible} properties | |
261 actually make a character invisible. | |
262 | |
263 @table @asis | |
264 @item @code{t} | |
265 A character is invisible if its @code{invisible} property is | |
266 non-@code{nil}. This is the default. | |
267 | |
268 @item a list | |
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269 Each element of the list specifies a criterion for invisibility; if a |
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270 character's @code{invisible} property fits any one of these criteria, |
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271 the character is invisible. The list can have two kinds of elements: |
12067 | 272 |
273 @table @code | |
274 @item @var{atom} | |
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275 A character is invisible if its @code{invisible} property value |
12067 | 276 is @var{atom} or if it is a list with @var{atom} as a member. |
277 | |
278 @item (@var{atom} . t) | |
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279 A character is invisible if its @code{invisible} property value |
12067 | 280 is @var{atom} or if it is a list with @var{atom} as a member. |
281 Moreover, if this character is at the end of a line and is followed | |
282 by a visible newline, it displays an ellipsis. | |
283 @end table | |
284 @end table | |
285 @end defvar | |
286 | |
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287 Two functions are specifically provided for adding elements to |
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288 @code{buffer-invisibility-spec} and removing elements from it. |
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289 |
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290 @defun add-to-invisibility-spec element |
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291 @tindex add-to-invisibility-spec |
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292 Add the element @var{element} to @code{buffer-invisibility-spec} |
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293 (if it is not already present in that list). |
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294 @end defun |
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295 |
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296 @defun remove-from-invisibility-spec element |
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297 @tindex remove-from-invisibility-spec |
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298 Remove the element @var{element} from @code{buffer-invisibility-spec}. |
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299 @end defun |
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300 |
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301 One convention about the use of @code{buffer-invisibility-spec} is |
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302 that a major mode should use the mode's own name as an element of |
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303 @code{buffer-invisibility-spec} and as the value of the @code{invisible} |
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304 property: |
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305 |
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306 @example |
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307 ;; @r{If you want to display an ellipsis:} |
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308 (add-to-invisibility-spec '(my-symbol . t)) |
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309 ;; @r{If you don't want ellipsis:} |
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310 (add-to-invisibility-spec 'my-symbol) |
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311 |
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312 (overlay-put (make-overlay beginning end) |
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313 'invisible 'my-symbol) |
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314 |
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315 ;; @r{When done with the overlays:} |
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316 (remove-from-invisibility-spec '(my-symbol . t)) |
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317 ;; @r{Or respectively:} |
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318 (remove-from-invisibility-spec 'my-symbol) |
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319 @end example |
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320 |
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321 @vindex line-move-ignore-invisible |
12098 | 322 Ordinarily, commands that operate on text or move point do not care |
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323 whether the text is invisible. The user-level line motion commands |
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324 explicitly ignore invisible newlines if |
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325 @code{line-move-ignore-invisible} is non-@code{nil}, but only because |
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326 they are explicitly programmed to do so. |
12098 | 327 |
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328 Incremental search can make invisible overlays visible temporarily |
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329 and/or permanently when a match includes invisible text. To enable |
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330 this, the overlay should have a non-@code{nil} |
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331 @code{isearch-open-invisible} property. The property value should be a |
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332 function to be called with the overlay as an argument. This function |
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333 should make the overlay visible permanently; it is used when the match |
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334 overlaps the overlay on exit from the search. |
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335 |
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336 During the search, such overlays are made temporarily visible by |
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337 temporarily modifying their invisible and intangible properties. If you |
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338 want this to be done differently for a certain overlay, give it an |
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339 @code{isearch-open-invisible-temporary} property which is a function. |
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340 The function is called with two arguments: the first is the overlay, and |
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341 the second is @code{t} to make the overlay visible, or @code{nil} to |
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342 make it invisible again. |
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343 |
6598 | 344 @node Selective Display |
345 @section Selective Display | |
346 @cindex selective display | |
347 | |
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348 @dfn{Selective display} refers to a pair of related features for |
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349 hiding certain lines on the screen. |
6598 | 350 |
351 The first variant, explicit selective display, is designed for use in | |
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352 a Lisp program: it controls which lines are hidden by altering the text. |
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353 The invisible text feature (@pxref{Invisible Text}) has partially |
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354 replaced this feature. |
12067 | 355 |
356 In the second variant, the choice of lines to hide is made | |
12098 | 357 automatically based on indentation. This variant is designed to be a |
12067 | 358 user-level feature. |
6598 | 359 |
360 The way you control explicit selective display is by replacing a | |
9009 | 361 newline (control-j) with a carriage return (control-m). The text that |
6598 | 362 was formerly a line following that newline is now invisible. Strictly |
363 speaking, it is temporarily no longer a line at all, since only newlines | |
364 can separate lines; it is now part of the previous line. | |
365 | |
366 Selective display does not directly affect editing commands. For | |
367 example, @kbd{C-f} (@code{forward-char}) moves point unhesitatingly into | |
368 invisible text. However, the replacement of newline characters with | |
369 carriage return characters affects some editing commands. For example, | |
370 @code{next-line} skips invisible lines, since it searches only for | |
371 newlines. Modes that use selective display can also define commands | |
372 that take account of the newlines, or that make parts of the text | |
373 visible or invisible. | |
374 | |
375 When you write a selectively displayed buffer into a file, all the | |
376 control-m's are output as newlines. This means that when you next read | |
377 in the file, it looks OK, with nothing invisible. The selective display | |
378 effect is seen only within Emacs. | |
379 | |
380 @defvar selective-display | |
381 This buffer-local variable enables selective display. This means that | |
382 lines, or portions of lines, may be made invisible. | |
383 | |
384 @itemize @bullet | |
385 @item | |
386 If the value of @code{selective-display} is @code{t}, then any portion | |
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387 of a line that follows a control-m is not displayed. This is explicit |
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388 selective display. |
6598 | 389 |
390 @item | |
391 If the value of @code{selective-display} is a positive integer, then | |
392 lines that start with more than that many columns of indentation are not | |
393 displayed. | |
394 @end itemize | |
395 | |
396 When some portion of a buffer is invisible, the vertical movement | |
397 commands operate as if that portion did not exist, allowing a single | |
398 @code{next-line} command to skip any number of invisible lines. | |
399 However, character movement commands (such as @code{forward-char}) do | |
400 not skip the invisible portion, and it is possible (if tricky) to insert | |
401 or delete text in an invisible portion. | |
402 | |
403 In the examples below, we show the @emph{display appearance} of the | |
404 buffer @code{foo}, which changes with the value of | |
405 @code{selective-display}. The @emph{contents} of the buffer do not | |
406 change. | |
407 | |
408 @example | |
409 @group | |
410 (setq selective-display nil) | |
411 @result{} nil | |
412 | |
413 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
414 1 on this column | |
415 2on this column | |
416 3n this column | |
417 3n this column | |
418 2on this column | |
419 1 on this column | |
420 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
421 @end group | |
422 | |
423 @group | |
424 (setq selective-display 2) | |
425 @result{} 2 | |
426 | |
427 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
428 1 on this column | |
429 2on this column | |
430 2on this column | |
431 1 on this column | |
432 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
433 @end group | |
434 @end example | |
435 @end defvar | |
436 | |
437 @defvar selective-display-ellipses | |
438 If this buffer-local variable is non-@code{nil}, then Emacs displays | |
439 @samp{@dots{}} at the end of a line that is followed by invisible text. | |
440 This example is a continuation of the previous one. | |
441 | |
442 @example | |
443 @group | |
444 (setq selective-display-ellipses t) | |
445 @result{} t | |
446 | |
447 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
448 1 on this column | |
449 2on this column ... | |
450 2on this column | |
451 1 on this column | |
452 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
453 @end group | |
454 @end example | |
455 | |
456 You can use a display table to substitute other text for the ellipsis | |
457 (@samp{@dots{}}). @xref{Display Tables}. | |
458 @end defvar | |
459 | |
460 @node Overlay Arrow | |
461 @section The Overlay Arrow | |
462 @cindex overlay arrow | |
463 | |
464 The @dfn{overlay arrow} is useful for directing the user's attention | |
465 to a particular line in a buffer. For example, in the modes used for | |
466 interface to debuggers, the overlay arrow indicates the line of code | |
467 about to be executed. | |
468 | |
469 @defvar overlay-arrow-string | |
9009 | 470 This variable holds the string to display to call attention to a |
471 particular line, or @code{nil} if the arrow feature is not in use. | |
6598 | 472 @end defvar |
473 | |
474 @defvar overlay-arrow-position | |
9009 | 475 This variable holds a marker that indicates where to display the overlay |
476 arrow. It should point at the beginning of a line. The arrow text | |
477 appears at the beginning of that line, overlaying any text that would | |
478 otherwise appear. Since the arrow is usually short, and the line | |
479 usually begins with indentation, normally nothing significant is | |
480 overwritten. | |
6598 | 481 |
9009 | 482 The overlay string is displayed only in the buffer that this marker |
6598 | 483 points into. Thus, only one buffer can have an overlay arrow at any |
484 given time. | |
485 @c !!! overlay-arrow-position: but the overlay string may remain in the display | |
486 @c of some other buffer until an update is required. This should be fixed | |
487 @c now. Is it? | |
488 @end defvar | |
489 | |
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490 You can do a similar job by creating an overlay with a |
12067 | 491 @code{before-string} property. @xref{Overlay Properties}. |
492 | |
6598 | 493 @node Temporary Displays |
494 @section Temporary Displays | |
495 | |
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496 Temporary displays are used by Lisp programs to put output into a |
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497 buffer and then present it to the user for perusal rather than for |
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498 editing. Many help commands use this feature. |
6598 | 499 |
500 @defspec with-output-to-temp-buffer buffer-name forms@dots{} | |
501 This function executes @var{forms} while arranging to insert any | |
502 output they print into the buffer named @var{buffer-name}. The buffer | |
503 is then shown in some window for viewing, displayed but not selected. | |
504 | |
505 The string @var{buffer-name} specifies the temporary buffer, which | |
506 need not already exist. The argument must be a string, not a buffer. | |
507 The buffer is erased initially (with no questions asked), and it is | |
508 marked as unmodified after @code{with-output-to-temp-buffer} exits. | |
509 | |
510 @code{with-output-to-temp-buffer} binds @code{standard-output} to the | |
511 temporary buffer, then it evaluates the forms in @var{forms}. Output | |
512 using the Lisp output functions within @var{forms} goes by default to | |
513 that buffer (but screen display and messages in the echo area, although | |
514 they are ``output'' in the general sense of the word, are not affected). | |
515 @xref{Output Functions}. | |
516 | |
517 The value of the last form in @var{forms} is returned. | |
518 | |
519 @example | |
520 @group | |
521 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
522 This is the contents of foo. | |
523 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
524 @end group | |
525 | |
526 @group | |
527 (with-output-to-temp-buffer "foo" | |
528 (print 20) | |
529 (print standard-output)) | |
530 @result{} #<buffer foo> | |
531 | |
532 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
533 20 | |
534 | |
535 #<buffer foo> | |
536 | |
537 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
538 @end group | |
539 @end example | |
540 @end defspec | |
541 | |
542 @defvar temp-buffer-show-function | |
9009 | 543 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, @code{with-output-to-temp-buffer} |
6598 | 544 calls it as a function to do the job of displaying a help buffer. The |
545 function gets one argument, which is the buffer it should display. | |
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546 |
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547 It is a good idea for this function to run @code{temp-buffer-show-hook} |
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548 just as @code{with-output-to-temp-buffer} normally would, inside of |
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549 @code{save-window-excursion} and with the chosen window and buffer |
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550 selected. |
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551 @end defvar |
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552 |
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553 @defvar temp-buffer-show-hook |
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554 This normal hook is run by @code{with-output-to-temp-buffer} after |
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555 displaying the help buffer. When the hook runs, the help buffer is |
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556 current, and the window it was displayed in is selected. |
6598 | 557 @end defvar |
558 | |
559 @defun momentary-string-display string position &optional char message | |
560 This function momentarily displays @var{string} in the current buffer at | |
561 @var{position}. It has no effect on the undo list or on the buffer's | |
562 modification status. | |
563 | |
564 The momentary display remains until the next input event. If the next | |
565 input event is @var{char}, @code{momentary-string-display} ignores it | |
566 and returns. Otherwise, that event remains buffered for subsequent use | |
567 as input. Thus, typing @var{char} will simply remove the string from | |
568 the display, while typing (say) @kbd{C-f} will remove the string from | |
569 the display and later (presumably) move point forward. The argument | |
570 @var{char} is a space by default. | |
571 | |
572 The return value of @code{momentary-string-display} is not meaningful. | |
573 | |
12098 | 574 If the string @var{string} does not contain control characters, you can |
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575 do the same job in a more general way by creating (and then subsequently |
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576 deleting) an overlay with a @code{before-string} property. |
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577 @xref{Overlay Properties}. |
12098 | 578 |
6598 | 579 If @var{message} is non-@code{nil}, it is displayed in the echo area |
580 while @var{string} is displayed in the buffer. If it is @code{nil}, a | |
581 default message says to type @var{char} to continue. | |
582 | |
583 In this example, point is initially located at the beginning of the | |
584 second line: | |
585 | |
586 @example | |
587 @group | |
588 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
589 This is the contents of foo. | |
590 @point{}Second line. | |
591 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
592 @end group | |
593 | |
594 @group | |
595 (momentary-string-display | |
596 "**** Important Message! ****" | |
597 (point) ?\r | |
598 "Type RET when done reading") | |
599 @result{} t | |
600 @end group | |
601 | |
602 @group | |
603 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
604 This is the contents of foo. | |
605 **** Important Message! ****Second line. | |
606 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
607 | |
608 ---------- Echo Area ---------- | |
609 Type RET when done reading | |
610 ---------- Echo Area ---------- | |
611 @end group | |
612 @end example | |
613 @end defun | |
614 | |
615 @node Overlays | |
616 @section Overlays | |
617 @cindex overlays | |
618 | |
619 You can use @dfn{overlays} to alter the appearance of a buffer's text on | |
12098 | 620 the screen, for the sake of presentation features. An overlay is an |
621 object that belongs to a particular buffer, and has a specified | |
622 beginning and end. It also has properties that you can examine and set; | |
623 these affect the display of the text within the overlay. | |
6598 | 624 |
625 @menu | |
626 * Overlay Properties:: How to read and set properties. | |
627 What properties do to the screen display. | |
628 * Managing Overlays:: Creating, moving, finding overlays. | |
629 @end menu | |
630 | |
631 @node Overlay Properties | |
632 @subsection Overlay Properties | |
633 | |
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634 Overlay properties are like text properties in that the properties that |
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635 alter how a character is displayed can come from either source. But in |
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636 most respects they are different. Text properties are considered a part |
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637 of the text; overlays are specifically considered not to be part of the |
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638 text. Thus, copying text between various buffers and strings preserves |
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639 text properties, but does not try to preserve overlays. Changing a |
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640 buffer's text properties marks the buffer as modified, while moving an |
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641 overlay or changing its properties does not. Unlike text property |
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642 changes, overlay changes are not recorded in the buffer's undo list. |
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643 @xref{Text Properties}, for comparison. |
6598 | 644 |
645 @table @code | |
646 @item priority | |
647 @kindex priority @r{(overlay property)} | |
648 This property's value (which should be a nonnegative number) determines | |
649 the priority of the overlay. The priority matters when two or more | |
650 overlays cover the same character and both specify a face for display; | |
651 the one whose @code{priority} value is larger takes priority over the | |
652 other, and its face attributes override the face attributes of the lower | |
653 priority overlay. | |
654 | |
655 Currently, all overlays take priority over text properties. Please | |
656 avoid using negative priority values, as we have not yet decided just | |
657 what they should mean. | |
658 | |
659 @item window | |
660 @kindex window @r{(overlay property)} | |
661 If the @code{window} property is non-@code{nil}, then the overlay | |
662 applies only on that window. | |
663 | |
12067 | 664 @item category |
665 @kindex category @r{(overlay property)} | |
666 If an overlay has a @code{category} property, we call it the | |
12098 | 667 @dfn{category} of the overlay. It should be a symbol. The properties |
12067 | 668 of the symbol serve as defaults for the properties of the overlay. |
669 | |
6598 | 670 @item face |
671 @kindex face @r{(overlay property)} | |
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672 This property controls the way text is displayed---for example, which |
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673 font and which colors. Its value is a face name or a list of face |
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674 names. @xref{Faces}, for more information. |
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675 |
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676 If the property value is a list, elements may also have the form |
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677 @code{(foreground-color . @var{color-name})} or @code{(background-color |
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678 . @var{color-name})}. These elements specify just the foreground color |
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679 or just the background color; therefore, there is no need to create a |
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680 face for each color that you want to use. |
6598 | 681 |
682 @item mouse-face | |
683 @kindex mouse-face @r{(overlay property)} | |
684 This property is used instead of @code{face} when the mouse is within | |
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685 the range of the overlay. |
6598 | 686 |
687 @item modification-hooks | |
688 @kindex modification-hooks @r{(overlay property)} | |
689 This property's value is a list of functions to be called if any | |
690 character within the overlay is changed or if text is inserted strictly | |
12067 | 691 within the overlay. |
692 | |
693 The hook functions are called both before and after each change. | |
694 If the functions save the information they receive, and compare notes | |
695 between calls, they can determine exactly what change has been made | |
696 in the buffer text. | |
697 | |
698 When called before a change, each function receives four arguments: the | |
699 overlay, @code{nil}, and the beginning and end of the text range to be | |
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700 modified. |
6598 | 701 |
12067 | 702 When called after a change, each function receives five arguments: the |
703 overlay, @code{t}, the beginning and end of the text range just | |
704 modified, and the length of the pre-change text replaced by that range. | |
705 (For an insertion, the pre-change length is zero; for a deletion, that | |
706 length is the number of characters deleted, and the post-change | |
12098 | 707 beginning and end are equal.) |
12067 | 708 |
6598 | 709 @item insert-in-front-hooks |
710 @kindex insert-in-front-hooks @r{(overlay property)} | |
12067 | 711 This property's value is a list of functions to be called before and |
712 after inserting text right at the beginning of the overlay. The calling | |
713 conventions are the same as for the @code{modification-hooks} functions. | |
6598 | 714 |
715 @item insert-behind-hooks | |
716 @kindex insert-behind-hooks @r{(overlay property)} | |
12067 | 717 This property's value is a list of functions to be called before and |
718 after inserting text right at the end of the overlay. The calling | |
719 conventions are the same as for the @code{modification-hooks} functions. | |
6598 | 720 |
721 @item invisible | |
722 @kindex invisible @r{(overlay property)} | |
12067 | 723 The @code{invisible} property can make the text in the overlay |
724 invisible, which means that it does not appear on the screen. | |
725 @xref{Invisible Text}, for details. | |
726 | |
727 @item intangible | |
728 @kindex intangible @r{(overlay property)} | |
729 The @code{intangible} property on an overlay works just like the | |
12098 | 730 @code{intangible} text property. @xref{Special Properties}, for details. |
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731 |
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732 @item isearch-open-invisible |
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733 This property tells incremental search how to make an invisible overlay |
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734 visible, permanently, if the final match overlaps it. @xref{Invisible |
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735 Text}. |
6598 | 736 |
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737 @item isearch-open-invisible-temporary |
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738 This property tells incremental search how to make an invisible overlay |
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739 visible, temporarily, during the search. @xref{Invisible Text}. |
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740 |
6598 | 741 @item before-string |
742 @kindex before-string @r{(overlay property)} | |
743 This property's value is a string to add to the display at the beginning | |
744 of the overlay. The string does not appear in the buffer in any | |
12067 | 745 sense---only on the screen. The string should contain only characters |
746 that display as a single column---control characters, including tabs or | |
747 newlines, will give strange results. | |
6598 | 748 |
749 @item after-string | |
750 @kindex after-string @r{(overlay property)} | |
751 This property's value is a string to add to the display at the end of | |
752 the overlay. The string does not appear in the buffer in any | |
12067 | 753 sense---only on the screen. The string should contain only characters |
754 that display as a single column---control characters, including tabs or | |
755 newlines, will give strange results. | |
756 | |
757 @item evaporate | |
758 @kindex evaporate @r{(overlay property)} | |
759 If this property is non-@code{nil}, the overlay is deleted automatically | |
760 if it ever becomes empty (i.e., if it spans no characters). | |
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761 |
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762 @item local-map |
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763 @cindex keymap of character (and overlays) |
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764 @kindex local-map @r{(overlay property)} |
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765 If this property is non-@code{nil}, it specifies a keymap for a portion |
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766 of the text. The property's value replaces the buffer's local map, when |
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767 the character after point is within the overlay. @xref{Active Keymaps}. |
6598 | 768 @end table |
769 | |
770 These are the functions for reading and writing the properties of an | |
771 overlay. | |
772 | |
773 @defun overlay-get overlay prop | |
774 This function returns the value of property @var{prop} recorded in | |
12067 | 775 @var{overlay}, if any. If @var{overlay} does not record any value for |
776 that property, but it does have a @code{category} property which is a | |
777 symbol, that symbol's @var{prop} property is used. Otherwise, the value | |
778 is @code{nil}. | |
6598 | 779 @end defun |
780 | |
781 @defun overlay-put overlay prop value | |
782 This function sets the value of property @var{prop} recorded in | |
783 @var{overlay} to @var{value}. It returns @var{value}. | |
784 @end defun | |
785 | |
786 See also the function @code{get-char-property} which checks both | |
787 overlay properties and text properties for a given character. | |
788 @xref{Examining Properties}. | |
789 | |
790 @node Managing Overlays | |
791 @subsection Managing Overlays | |
792 | |
793 This section describes the functions to create, delete and move | |
794 overlays, and to examine their contents. | |
795 | |
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796 @defun make-overlay start end &optional buffer front-advance rear-advance |
9009 | 797 This function creates and returns an overlay that belongs to |
6598 | 798 @var{buffer} and ranges from @var{start} to @var{end}. Both @var{start} |
799 and @var{end} must specify buffer positions; they may be integers or | |
800 markers. If @var{buffer} is omitted, the overlay is created in the | |
801 current buffer. | |
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802 |
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803 The arguments @var{front-advance} and @var{rear-advance} specify the |
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804 insertion type for the start of the overlay and for the end of the |
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805 overlay. @xref{Marker Insertion Types}. |
6598 | 806 @end defun |
807 | |
808 @defun overlay-start overlay | |
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809 This function returns the position at which @var{overlay} starts, |
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810 as an integer. |
6598 | 811 @end defun |
812 | |
813 @defun overlay-end overlay | |
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814 This function returns the position at which @var{overlay} ends, |
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815 as an integer. |
6598 | 816 @end defun |
817 | |
818 @defun overlay-buffer overlay | |
819 This function returns the buffer that @var{overlay} belongs to. | |
820 @end defun | |
821 | |
822 @defun delete-overlay overlay | |
823 This function deletes @var{overlay}. The overlay continues to exist as | |
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824 a Lisp object, but ceases to be attached to the buffer it belonged to, |
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825 and ceases to have any effect on display. |
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826 |
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827 A deleted overlay is not permanently useless. You can give it |
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828 a new buffer position by calling @code{move-overlay}. |
6598 | 829 @end defun |
830 | |
831 @defun move-overlay overlay start end &optional buffer | |
832 This function moves @var{overlay} to @var{buffer}, and places its bounds | |
833 at @var{start} and @var{end}. Both arguments @var{start} and @var{end} | |
834 must specify buffer positions; they may be integers or markers. If | |
835 @var{buffer} is omitted, the overlay stays in the same buffer. | |
836 | |
837 The return value is @var{overlay}. | |
838 | |
839 This is the only valid way to change the endpoints of an overlay. Do | |
840 not try modifying the markers in the overlay by hand, as that fails to | |
841 update other vital data structures and can cause some overlays to be | |
842 ``lost''. | |
843 @end defun | |
844 | |
845 @defun overlays-at pos | |
846 This function returns a list of all the overlays that contain position | |
847 @var{pos} in the current buffer. The list is in no particular order. | |
848 An overlay contains position @var{pos} if it begins at or before | |
849 @var{pos}, and ends after @var{pos}. | |
850 @end defun | |
851 | |
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852 @defun overlays-in beg end |
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853 @tindex overlays-in |
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854 This function returns a list of the overlays that overlap the region |
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855 @var{beg} through @var{end}. ``Overlap'' means that at least one |
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856 character is contained within the overlay and also contained within the |
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857 specified region; however, empty overlays are included in the result if |
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858 they are located at @var{beg} or between @var{beg} and @var{end}. |
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859 @end defun |
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860 |
6598 | 861 @defun next-overlay-change pos |
862 This function returns the buffer position of the next beginning or end | |
863 of an overlay, after @var{pos}. | |
864 @end defun | |
865 | |
12067 | 866 @defun previous-overlay-change pos |
867 This function returns the buffer position of the previous beginning or | |
868 end of an overlay, before @var{pos}. | |
869 @end defun | |
870 | |
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871 @node Width |
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872 @section Width |
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873 |
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874 Since not all characters have the same width, these functions let you |
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875 check the width of a character. @xref{Primitive Indent}, and |
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876 @ref{Screen Lines}, for related functions. |
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877 |
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878 @defun char-width char |
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879 @tindex char-width |
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880 This function returns the width in columns of the character @var{char}, |
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881 if it were displayed in the current buffer and the selected window. |
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882 @end defun |
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883 |
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884 @defun string-width string |
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885 @tindex string-width |
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886 This function returns the width in columns of the string @var{string}, |
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887 if it were displayed in the current buffer and the selected window. |
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888 @end defun |
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889 |
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890 @defun truncate-string-to-width string width &optional start-column padding |
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891 @tindex truncate-string-to-width |
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892 This function returns the part of @var{string} that fits within |
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893 @var{width} columns, as a new string. |
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894 |
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895 If @var{string} does not reach @var{width}, then the result ends where |
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896 @var{string} ends. If one multi-column character in @var{string} |
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897 extends across the column @var{width}, that character is not included in |
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898 the result. Thus, the result can fall short of @var{width} but cannot |
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899 go beyond it. |
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900 |
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901 The optional argument @var{start-column} specifies the starting column. |
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902 If this is non-@code{nil}, then the first @var{start-column} columns of |
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903 the string are omitted from the value. If one multi-column character in |
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904 @var{string} extends across the column @var{start-column}, that |
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905 character is not included. |
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906 |
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907 The optional argument @var{padding}, if non-@code{nil}, is a padding |
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908 character added at the beginning and end of the result string, to extend |
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909 it to exactly @var{width} columns. The padding character is used at the |
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910 end of the result if it falls short of @var{width}. It is also used at |
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911 the beginning of the result if one multi-column character in |
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912 @var{string} extends across the column @var{start-column}. |
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913 |
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914 @example |
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915 (truncate-string-to-width "\tab\t" 12 4) |
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916 @result{} "ab" |
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917 (truncate-string-to-width "\tab\t" 12 4 ?\ ) |
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918 @result{} " ab " |
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919 @end example |
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920 @end defun |
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921 |
6598 | 922 @node Faces |
923 @section Faces | |
924 @cindex face | |
925 | |
926 A @dfn{face} is a named collection of graphical attributes: font, | |
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927 foreground color, background color, and optional underlining. Faces |
6598 | 928 control the display of text on the screen. |
929 | |
930 @cindex face id | |
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931 Each face has its own @dfn{face number}, which distinguishes faces at |
6598 | 932 low levels within Emacs. However, for most purposes, you can refer to |
933 faces in Lisp programs by their names. | |
934 | |
12067 | 935 @defun facep object |
936 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a face name symbol (or | |
937 if it is a vector of the kind used internally to record face data). It | |
938 returns @code{nil} otherwise. | |
939 @end defun | |
940 | |
6598 | 941 Each face name is meaningful for all frames, and by default it has the |
942 same meaning in all frames. But you can arrange to give a particular | |
943 face name a special meaning in one frame if you wish. | |
944 | |
945 @menu | |
946 * Standard Faces:: The faces Emacs normally comes with. | |
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947 * Defining Faces:: How to define a face with @code{defface}. |
6598 | 948 * Merging Faces:: How Emacs decides which face to use for a character. |
949 * Face Functions:: How to define and examine faces. | |
950 @end menu | |
951 | |
952 @node Standard Faces | |
953 @subsection Standard Faces | |
954 | |
955 This table lists all the standard faces and their uses. | |
956 | |
957 @table @code | |
958 @item default | |
959 @kindex default @r{(face name)} | |
960 This face is used for ordinary text. | |
961 | |
962 @item modeline | |
963 @kindex modeline @r{(face name)} | |
964 This face is used for mode lines and menu bars. | |
965 | |
966 @item region | |
967 @kindex region @r{(face name)} | |
968 This face is used for highlighting the region in Transient Mark mode. | |
969 | |
970 @item secondary-selection | |
971 @kindex secondary-selection @r{(face name)} | |
972 This face is used to show any secondary selection you have made. | |
973 | |
974 @item highlight | |
975 @kindex highlight @r{(face name)} | |
976 This face is meant to be used for highlighting for various purposes. | |
977 | |
978 @item underline | |
979 @kindex underline @r{(face name)} | |
980 This face underlines text. | |
981 | |
982 @item bold | |
983 @kindex bold @r{(face name)} | |
984 This face uses a bold font, if possible. It uses the bold variant of | |
985 the frame's font, if it has one. It's up to you to choose a default | |
986 font that has a bold variant, if you want to use one. | |
987 | |
988 @item italic | |
989 @kindex italic @r{(face name)} | |
990 This face uses the italic variant of the frame's font, if it has one. | |
991 | |
992 @item bold-italic | |
993 @kindex bold-italic @r{(face name)} | |
994 This face uses the bold italic variant of the frame's font, if it has | |
995 one. | |
996 @end table | |
997 | |
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998 @node Defining Faces |
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999 @subsection Defining Faces |
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1000 |
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1001 The way to define a new face is with @code{defface}. This creates a |
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1002 kind of customization item (@pxref{Customization}) which the user can |
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1003 customize using the Customization buffer (@pxref{Easy Customization,,, |
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1004 emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}). |
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1005 |
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1006 @defmac defface face spec doc [keyword value]... |
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1007 @tindex defface |
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1008 Declare @var{face} as a customizable face that defaults according to |
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1009 @var{spec}. Do not quote the symbol @var{face}. The argument @var{doc} |
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1010 specifies the face documentation. |
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1011 |
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1012 When @code{defface} executes, it defines the face according to |
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1013 @var{spec}, then uses any customizations that were read from the |
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1014 @file{.emacs} file to override that specification. |
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1015 |
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1016 The purpose of @var{spec} is to specify how the face should appear on |
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1017 different kinds of terminals. It should be an alist whose elements have |
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1018 the form @code{(@var{display} @var{atts})}. The element's @sc{car}, |
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1019 @var{display}, specifies a class of terminals. The @sc{cdr}, |
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1020 @var{atts}, is a list of face attributes and their values; it specifies |
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1021 what the face should look like on that kind of terminal. The possible |
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1022 attributes are defined in the value of @code{custom-face-attributes}. |
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1023 |
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1024 The @var{display} part of an element of @var{spec} determines which |
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1025 frames the element applies to. If more than one element of @var{spec} |
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1026 matches a given frame, the first matching element is the only one used |
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1027 for that frame. There are two possibilities for @var{display}: |
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1028 |
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1029 @table @asis |
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1030 @item @code{t} |
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1031 This element of @var{spec} matches all frames. Therefore, any |
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1032 subsequent elements of @var{spec} are never used. Normally |
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1033 @code{t} is used in the last (or only) element of @var{spec}. |
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1034 |
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1035 @item a list |
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1036 If @var{display} is a list, each element should have the form |
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1037 @code{(@var{characteristic} @var{value}@dots{})}. Here |
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1038 @var{characteristic} specifies a way of classifying frames, and the |
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1039 @var{value}s are possible classifications which @var{display} should |
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1040 apply to. Here are the possible values of @var{characteristic}: |
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1041 |
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1042 @table @code |
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1043 @item type |
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1044 The kind of window system the frame uses---either @code{x}, @code{pc} |
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1045 (for the MS-DOS console), @code{w32} (for MS Windows 9X/NT), or |
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1046 @code{tty}. |
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1047 |
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1048 @item class |
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1049 What kinds of colors the frame supports---either @code{color}, |
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1050 @code{grayscale}, or @code{mono}. |
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1051 |
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1052 @item background |
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1053 The kind of background---either @code{light} or @code{dark}. |
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1054 @end table |
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1055 |
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1056 If an element of @var{display} specifies more than one @var{value} for a |
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1057 given @var{characteristic}, any of those values is acceptable. If |
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1058 @var{display} has more than one element, each element should specify a |
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1059 different @var{characteristic}; then @emph{each} characteristic of the |
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1060 frame must match one of the @var{value}s specified for it in |
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1061 @var{display}. |
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1062 @end table |
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1063 @end defmac |
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1064 |
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1065 Here's how the standard face @code{region} could be defined |
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1066 with @code{defface}: |
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1067 |
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1068 @example |
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1069 (defface region |
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1070 ((((class color) (background dark)) |
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1071 (:background "blue")) |
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1072 (t (:background "gray"))) |
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1073 "Used for displaying the region.") |
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1074 @end example |
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1075 |
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1076 Internally, @code{defface} uses the symbol property |
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1077 @code{face-defface-spec} to record the face attributes specified in |
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1078 @code{defface}, @code{saved-face} for the attributes saved by the user |
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1079 with the customization buffer, and @code{face-documentation} for the |
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1080 documentation string. |
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1081 |
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1082 @tindex frame-background-mode |
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1083 @defopt frame-background-mode |
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1084 This option, if non-@code{nil}, specifies the background type to use for |
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1085 interpreting face definitions. If it is @code{dark}, then Emacs treats |
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1086 all frames as if they had a dark background, regardless of their actual |
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1087 background colors. If it is @code{light}, then Emacs treats all frames |
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1088 as if they had a light background. |
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1089 @end defopt |
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1090 |
6598 | 1091 @node Merging Faces |
1092 @subsection Merging Faces for Display | |
1093 | |
1094 Here are all the ways to specify which face to use for display of text: | |
1095 | |
1096 @itemize @bullet | |
1097 @item | |
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1098 With defaults. Each frame has a @dfn{default face}, which is used for |
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1099 all text that doesn't somehow specify another face. (We may change this |
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1100 in a forthcoming Emacs version to serve as a default for all text.) |
6598 | 1101 |
1102 @item | |
1103 With text properties. A character may have a @code{face} property; if so, | |
9009 | 1104 it is displayed with that face. @xref{Special Properties}. |
6598 | 1105 |
1106 If the character has a @code{mouse-face} property, that is used instead | |
1107 of the @code{face} property when the mouse is ``near enough'' to the | |
1108 character. | |
1109 | |
1110 @item | |
1111 With overlays. An overlay may have @code{face} and @code{mouse-face} | |
1112 properties too; they apply to all the text covered by the overlay. | |
1113 | |
1114 @item | |
12098 | 1115 With a region that is active. In Transient Mark mode, the region is |
1116 highlighted with a particular face (see @code{region-face}, below). | |
1117 | |
1118 @item | |
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1119 With special glyphs. Each glyph can specify a particular face |
6598 | 1120 number. @xref{Glyphs}. |
1121 @end itemize | |
1122 | |
1123 If these various sources together specify more than one face for a | |
1124 particular character, Emacs merges the attributes of the various faces | |
1125 specified. The attributes of the faces of special glyphs come first; | |
12098 | 1126 then comes the face for region highlighting, if appropriate; |
6598 | 1127 then come attributes of faces from overlays, followed by those from text |
1128 properties, and last the default face. | |
1129 | |
1130 When multiple overlays cover one character, an overlay with higher | |
1131 priority overrides those with lower priority. @xref{Overlays}. | |
1132 | |
1133 If an attribute such as the font or a color is not specified in any of | |
1134 the above ways, the frame's own font or color is used. | |
1135 | |
1136 @node Face Functions | |
1137 @subsection Functions for Working with Faces | |
1138 | |
1139 The attributes a face can specify include the font, the foreground | |
1140 color, the background color, and underlining. The face can also leave | |
1141 these unspecified by giving the value @code{nil} for them. | |
1142 | |
1143 Here are the primitives for creating and changing faces. | |
1144 | |
1145 @defun make-face name | |
1146 This function defines a new face named @var{name}, initially with all | |
1147 attributes @code{nil}. It does nothing if there is already a face named | |
1148 @var{name}. | |
1149 @end defun | |
1150 | |
1151 @defun face-list | |
1152 This function returns a list of all defined face names. | |
1153 @end defun | |
1154 | |
1155 @defun copy-face old-face new-name &optional frame new-frame | |
1156 This function defines the face @var{new-name} as a copy of the existing | |
1157 face named @var{old-face}. It creates the face @var{new-name} if that | |
1158 doesn't already exist. | |
1159 | |
1160 If the optional argument @var{frame} is given, this function applies | |
1161 only to that frame. Otherwise it applies to each frame individually, | |
1162 copying attributes from @var{old-face} in each frame to @var{new-face} | |
1163 in the same frame. | |
1164 | |
1165 If the optional argument @var{new-frame} is given, then @code{copy-face} | |
1166 copies the attributes of @var{old-face} in @var{frame} to @var{new-name} | |
1167 in @var{new-frame}. | |
1168 @end defun | |
1169 | |
1170 You can modify the attributes of an existing face with the following | |
1171 functions. If you specify @var{frame}, they affect just that frame; | |
1172 otherwise, they affect all frames as well as the defaults that apply to | |
1173 new frames. | |
1174 | |
1175 @defun set-face-foreground face color &optional frame | |
1176 @defunx set-face-background face color &optional frame | |
9009 | 1177 These functions set the foreground (or background, respectively) color |
1178 of face @var{face} to @var{color}. The argument @var{color} should be a | |
6598 | 1179 string, the name of a color. |
12098 | 1180 |
1181 Certain shades of gray are implemented by stipple patterns on | |
1182 black-and-white screens. | |
1183 @end defun | |
1184 | |
1185 @defun set-face-stipple face pattern &optional frame | |
1186 This function sets the background stipple pattern of face @var{face} to | |
1187 @var{pattern}. The argument @var{pattern} should be the name of a | |
1188 stipple pattern defined by the X server, or @code{nil} meaning don't use | |
1189 stipple. | |
1190 | |
1191 Normally there is no need to pay attention to stipple patterns, because | |
1192 they are used automatically to handle certain shades of gray. | |
6598 | 1193 @end defun |
1194 | |
1195 @defun set-face-font face font &optional frame | |
1196 This function sets the font of face @var{face}. The argument @var{font} | |
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1197 should be a string, either a valid font name for your system or the name |
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1198 of an Emacs fontset (@pxref{Fontsets}). Note that if you set the font |
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1199 explicitly, the bold and italic attributes cease to have any effect, |
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1200 because the precise font that you specified is always used. |
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1201 @end defun |
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1202 |
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1203 @defun set-face-bold-p face bold-p &optional frame |
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1204 @tindex set-face-bold-p |
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1205 This function sets the bold attribute of face @var{face}. |
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1206 Non-@code{nil} means bold; @code{nil} means non-bold. |
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1207 @end defun |
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1208 |
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1209 @defun set-face-italic-p face italic-p &optional frame |
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1210 @tindex set-face-italic-p |
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1211 This function sets the italic attribute of face @var{face}. |
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1212 Non-@code{nil} means italic; @code{nil} means non-italic. |
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1213 @end defun |
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1214 |
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1215 @defun set-face-underline-p face underline-p &optional frame |
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1216 This function sets the underline attribute of face @var{face}. |
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1217 Non-@code{nil} means do underline; @code{nil} means don't. |
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1218 @end defun |
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1219 |
6598 | 1220 @defun invert-face face &optional frame |
1221 Swap the foreground and background colors of face @var{face}. If the | |
1222 face doesn't specify both foreground and background, then its foreground | |
9009 | 1223 and background are set to the default background and foreground, |
1224 respectively. | |
6598 | 1225 @end defun |
1226 | |
1227 These functions examine the attributes of a face. If you don't | |
1228 specify @var{frame}, they refer to the default data for new frames. | |
1229 | |
1230 @defun face-foreground face &optional frame | |
1231 @defunx face-background face &optional frame | |
9009 | 1232 These functions return the foreground color (or background color, |
1233 respectively) of face @var{face}, as a string. | |
6598 | 1234 @end defun |
1235 | |
12098 | 1236 @defun face-stipple face &optional frame |
1237 This function returns the name of the background stipple pattern of face | |
1238 @var{face}, or @code{nil} if it doesn't have one. | |
1239 @end defun | |
1240 | |
6598 | 1241 @defun face-font face &optional frame |
1242 This function returns the name of the font of face @var{face}. | |
1243 @end defun | |
1244 | |
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1245 @defun face-bold-p face &optional frame |
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1246 @tindex face-bold-p |
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1247 This function returns the bold attribute of face @var{face}. |
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1248 @end defun |
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1249 |
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1250 @defun face-italic-p face &optional frame |
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1251 @tindex face-italic-p |
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1252 This function returns the italic attribute of face @var{face}. |
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1253 @end defun |
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1254 |
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1255 @defun face-underline-p face &optional frame |
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1256 This function returns the underline attribute of face @var{face}. |
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1257 @end defun |
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1258 |
12098 | 1259 @defun face-id face |
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1260 This function returns the face number of face @var{face}. |
6598 | 1261 @end defun |
1262 | |
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1263 @defun face-documentation face |
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1264 @tindex face-documentation |
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1265 This function returns the documentation string of face @var{face}, or |
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1266 @code{nil} if none was specified for it. |
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1267 @end defun |
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1268 |
6598 | 1269 @defun face-equal face1 face2 &optional frame |
1270 This returns @code{t} if the faces @var{face1} and @var{face2} have the | |
1271 same attributes for display. | |
1272 @end defun | |
1273 | |
1274 @defun face-differs-from-default-p face &optional frame | |
1275 This returns @code{t} if the face @var{face} displays differently from | |
1276 the default face. A face is considered to be ``the same'' as the normal | |
1277 face if each attribute is either the same as that of the default face or | |
1278 @code{nil} (meaning to inherit from the default). | |
1279 @end defun | |
1280 | |
1281 @defvar region-face | |
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1282 This variable's value specifies the face number to use to display characters |
6598 | 1283 in the region when it is active (in Transient Mark mode only). The face |
1284 thus specified takes precedence over all faces that come from text | |
1285 properties and overlays, for characters in the region. @xref{The Mark}, | |
1286 for more information about Transient Mark mode. | |
1287 | |
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1288 Normally, the value is the face number of the face named @code{region}. |
6598 | 1289 @end defvar |
1290 | |
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1291 @tindex frame-update-face-colors |
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1292 @defun frame-update-face-colors frame |
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1293 This function updates the way faces display on @var{frame}, for a change |
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1294 in @var{frame}'s foreground or background color. |
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1295 @end defun |
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1296 |
6598 | 1297 @node Blinking |
1298 @section Blinking Parentheses | |
1299 @cindex parenthesis matching | |
1300 @cindex blinking | |
1301 @cindex balancing parentheses | |
1302 @cindex close parenthesis | |
1303 | |
1304 This section describes the mechanism by which Emacs shows a matching | |
1305 open parenthesis when the user inserts a close parenthesis. | |
1306 | |
1307 @defvar blink-paren-function | |
1308 The value of this variable should be a function (of no arguments) to | |
1309 be called whenever a character with close parenthesis syntax is inserted. | |
1310 The value of @code{blink-paren-function} may be @code{nil}, in which | |
1311 case nothing is done. | |
1312 @end defvar | |
1313 | |
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1314 @defopt blink-matching-paren |
6598 | 1315 If this variable is @code{nil}, then @code{blink-matching-open} does |
1316 nothing. | |
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1317 @end defopt |
6598 | 1318 |
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1319 @defopt blink-matching-paren-distance |
6598 | 1320 This variable specifies the maximum distance to scan for a matching |
1321 parenthesis before giving up. | |
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1322 @end defopt |
6598 | 1323 |
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1324 @defopt blink-matching-delay |
12098 | 1325 This variable specifies the number of seconds for the cursor to remain |
1326 at the matching parenthesis. A fraction of a second often gives | |
1327 good results, but the default is 1, which works on all systems. | |
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1328 @end defopt |
12098 | 1329 |
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1330 @deffn Command blink-matching-open |
6598 | 1331 This function is the default value of @code{blink-paren-function}. It |
1332 assumes that point follows a character with close parenthesis syntax and | |
1333 moves the cursor momentarily to the matching opening character. If that | |
1334 character is not already on the screen, it displays the character's | |
1335 context in the echo area. To avoid long delays, this function does not | |
1336 search farther than @code{blink-matching-paren-distance} characters. | |
1337 | |
1338 Here is an example of calling this function explicitly. | |
1339 | |
1340 @smallexample | |
1341 @group | |
1342 (defun interactive-blink-matching-open () | |
1343 @c Do not break this line! -- rms. | |
1344 @c The first line of a doc string | |
1345 @c must stand alone. | |
1346 "Indicate momentarily the start of sexp before point." | |
1347 (interactive) | |
1348 @end group | |
1349 @group | |
1350 (let ((blink-matching-paren-distance | |
1351 (buffer-size)) | |
1352 (blink-matching-paren t)) | |
1353 (blink-matching-open))) | |
1354 @end group | |
1355 @end smallexample | |
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1356 @end deffn |
6598 | 1357 |
1358 @node Inverse Video | |
1359 @section Inverse Video | |
1360 @cindex Inverse Video | |
1361 | |
1362 @defopt inverse-video | |
1363 @cindex highlighting | |
1364 This variable controls whether Emacs uses inverse video for all text | |
1365 on the screen. Non-@code{nil} means yes, @code{nil} means no. The | |
1366 default is @code{nil}. | |
1367 @end defopt | |
1368 | |
1369 @defopt mode-line-inverse-video | |
1370 This variable controls the use of inverse video for mode lines. If it | |
12098 | 1371 is non-@code{nil}, then mode lines are displayed in inverse video. |
1372 Otherwise, mode lines are displayed normally, just like text. The | |
1373 default is @code{t}. | |
1374 | |
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1375 For window frames, this displays mode lines using the face named |
12098 | 1376 @code{modeline}, which is normally the inverse of the default face |
1377 unless you change it. | |
6598 | 1378 @end defopt |
1379 | |
1380 @node Usual Display | |
1381 @section Usual Display Conventions | |
1382 | |
1383 The usual display conventions define how to display each character | |
1384 code. You can override these conventions by setting up a display table | |
1385 (@pxref{Display Tables}). Here are the usual display conventions: | |
1386 | |
1387 @itemize @bullet | |
1388 @item | |
1389 Character codes 32 through 126 map to glyph codes 32 through 126. | |
1390 Normally this means they display as themselves. | |
1391 | |
1392 @item | |
1393 Character code 9 is a horizontal tab. It displays as whitespace | |
1394 up to a position determined by @code{tab-width}. | |
1395 | |
1396 @item | |
1397 Character code 10 is a newline. | |
1398 | |
1399 @item | |
1400 All other codes in the range 0 through 31, and code 127, display in one | |
9009 | 1401 of two ways according to the value of @code{ctl-arrow}. If it is |
6598 | 1402 non-@code{nil}, these codes map to sequences of two glyphs, where the |
1403 first glyph is the @sc{ASCII} code for @samp{^}. (A display table can | |
1404 specify a glyph to use instead of @samp{^}.) Otherwise, these codes map | |
1405 just like the codes in the range 128 to 255. | |
1406 | |
1407 @item | |
1408 Character codes 128 through 255 map to sequences of four glyphs, where | |
1409 the first glyph is the @sc{ASCII} code for @samp{\}, and the others are | |
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1410 digit characters representing the character code in octal. (A display |
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1411 table can specify a glyph to use instead of @samp{\}.) |
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1412 |
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1413 @item |
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1414 Multibyte character codes above 256 are displayed as themselves, or as a |
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1415 question mark or empty box if the terminal cannot display that |
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1416 character. |
6598 | 1417 @end itemize |
1418 | |
1419 The usual display conventions apply even when there is a display | |
1420 table, for any character whose entry in the active display table is | |
1421 @code{nil}. Thus, when you set up a display table, you need only | |
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1422 specify the characters for which you want special behavior. |
6598 | 1423 |
1424 These variables affect the way certain characters are displayed on the | |
1425 screen. Since they change the number of columns the characters occupy, | |
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1426 they also affect the indentation functions. These variables also affect |
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1427 how the mode line is displayed; if you want to force redisplay of the |
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1428 mode line using the new values, call the function |
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1429 @code{force-mode-line-update} (@pxref{Mode Line Format}). |
6598 | 1430 |
1431 @defopt ctl-arrow | |
1432 @cindex control characters in display | |
1433 This buffer-local variable controls how control characters are | |
1434 displayed. If it is non-@code{nil}, they are displayed as a caret | |
1435 followed by the character: @samp{^A}. If it is @code{nil}, they are | |
1436 displayed as a backslash followed by three octal digits: @samp{\001}. | |
1437 @end defopt | |
1438 | |
1439 @c Following may have overfull hbox. | |
1440 @defvar default-ctl-arrow | |
1441 The value of this variable is the default value for @code{ctl-arrow} in | |
1442 buffers that do not override it. @xref{Default Value}. | |
1443 @end defvar | |
1444 | |
1445 @defopt tab-width | |
1446 The value of this variable is the spacing between tab stops used for | |
1447 displaying tab characters in Emacs buffers. The default is 8. Note | |
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1448 that this feature is completely independent of the user-settable tab |
6598 | 1449 stops used by the command @code{tab-to-tab-stop}. @xref{Indent Tabs}. |
1450 @end defopt | |
1451 | |
1452 @node Display Tables | |
1453 @section Display Tables | |
1454 | |
1455 @cindex display table | |
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1456 You can use the @dfn{display table} feature to control how all possible |
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1457 character codes display on the screen. This is useful for displaying |
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1458 European languages that have letters not in the @sc{ASCII} character |
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1459 set. |
6598 | 1460 |
1461 The display table maps each character code into a sequence of | |
1462 @dfn{glyphs}, each glyph being an image that takes up one character | |
1463 position on the screen. You can also define how to display each glyph | |
1464 on your terminal, using the @dfn{glyph table}. | |
1465 | |
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1466 Display tables affect how the mode line is displayed; if you want to |
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1467 force redisplay of the mode line using a new display table, call |
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1468 @code{force-mode-line-update} (@pxref{Mode Line Format}). |
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1469 |
6598 | 1470 @menu |
1471 * Display Table Format:: What a display table consists of. | |
1472 * Active Display Table:: How Emacs selects a display table to use. | |
1473 * Glyphs:: How to define a glyph, and what glyphs mean. | |
1474 @end menu | |
1475 | |
1476 @node Display Table Format | |
1477 @subsection Display Table Format | |
1478 | |
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1479 A display table is actually a char-table (@pxref{Char-Tables}) with |
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1480 @code{display-table} as its subtype. |
6598 | 1481 |
1482 @defun make-display-table | |
1483 This creates and returns a display table. The table initially has | |
1484 @code{nil} in all elements. | |
1485 @end defun | |
1486 | |
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1487 The ordinary elements of the display table are indexed by character |
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1488 codes; the element at index @var{c} says how to display the character |
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1489 code @var{c}. The value should be @code{nil} or a vector of glyph |
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1490 values (@pxref{Glyphs}). If an element is @code{nil}, it says to |
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1491 display that character according to the usual display conventions |
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1492 (@pxref{Usual Display}). |
12067 | 1493 |
1494 If you use the display table to change the display of newline | |
1495 characters, the whole buffer will be displayed as one long ``line.'' | |
6598 | 1496 |
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1497 The display table also has six ``extra slots'' which serve special |
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1498 purposes. Here is a table of their meanings; @code{nil} in any slot |
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1499 means to use the default for that slot, as stated below. |
6598 | 1500 |
1501 @table @asis | |
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1502 @item 0 |
6598 | 1503 The glyph for the end of a truncated screen line (the default for this |
1504 is @samp{$}). @xref{Glyphs}. | |
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1505 @item 1 |
6598 | 1506 The glyph for the end of a continued line (the default is @samp{\}). |
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1507 @item 2 |
6598 | 1508 The glyph for indicating a character displayed as an octal character |
1509 code (the default is @samp{\}). | |
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1510 @item 3 |
6598 | 1511 The glyph for indicating a control character (the default is @samp{^}). |
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1512 @item 4 |
6598 | 1513 A vector of glyphs for indicating the presence of invisible lines (the |
1514 default is @samp{...}). @xref{Selective Display}. | |
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1515 @item 5 |
8925 | 1516 The glyph used to draw the border between side-by-side windows (the |
1517 default is @samp{|}). @xref{Splitting Windows}. | |
6598 | 1518 @end table |
1519 | |
1520 For example, here is how to construct a display table that mimics the | |
1521 effect of setting @code{ctl-arrow} to a non-@code{nil} value: | |
1522 | |
1523 @example | |
1524 (setq disptab (make-display-table)) | |
1525 (let ((i 0)) | |
1526 (while (< i 32) | |
1527 (or (= i ?\t) (= i ?\n) | |
1528 (aset disptab i (vector ?^ (+ i 64)))) | |
1529 (setq i (1+ i))) | |
1530 (aset disptab 127 (vector ?^ ??))) | |
1531 @end example | |
1532 | |
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1533 @defun display-table-slot display-table slot |
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1534 @tindex display-table-slot |
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1535 This function returns the value of the extra slot @var{slot} of |
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1536 @var{display-table}. The argument @var{slot} may be a number from 0 to |
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1537 5 inclusive, or a slot name (symbol). Valid symbols are |
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1538 @code{truncation}, @code{wrap}, @code{escape}, @code{control}, |
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1539 @code{selective-display}, and @code{vertical-border}. |
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1540 @end defun |
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1541 |
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1542 @defun set-display-table-slot display-table slot value |
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1543 @tindex set-display-table-slot |
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1544 This function stores @var{value} in the extra slot @var{slot} of |
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1545 @var{display-table}. The argument @var{slot} may be a number from 0 to |
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1546 5 inclusive, or a slot name (symbol). Valid symbols are |
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1547 @code{truncation}, @code{wrap}, @code{escape}, @code{control}, |
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1548 @code{selective-display}, and @code{vertical-border}. |
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1549 @end defun |
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1550 |
6598 | 1551 @node Active Display Table |
1552 @subsection Active Display Table | |
1553 @cindex active display table | |
1554 | |
1555 Each window can specify a display table, and so can each buffer. When | |
1556 a buffer @var{b} is displayed in window @var{w}, display uses the | |
1557 display table for window @var{w} if it has one; otherwise, the display | |
1558 table for buffer @var{b} if it has one; otherwise, the standard display | |
1559 table if any. The display table chosen is called the @dfn{active} | |
1560 display table. | |
1561 | |
1562 @defun window-display-table window | |
1563 This function returns @var{window}'s display table, or @code{nil} | |
1564 if @var{window} does not have an assigned display table. | |
1565 @end defun | |
1566 | |
1567 @defun set-window-display-table window table | |
1568 This function sets the display table of @var{window} to @var{table}. | |
1569 The argument @var{table} should be either a display table or | |
1570 @code{nil}. | |
1571 @end defun | |
1572 | |
1573 @defvar buffer-display-table | |
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1574 This variable is automatically buffer-local in all buffers; its value in |
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1575 a particular buffer specifies the display table for that buffer. If it |
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1576 is @code{nil}, that means the buffer does not have an assigned display |
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1577 table. |
6598 | 1578 @end defvar |
1579 | |
1580 @defvar standard-display-table | |
1581 This variable's value is the default display table, used whenever a | |
1582 window has no display table and neither does the buffer displayed in | |
1583 that window. This variable is @code{nil} by default. | |
1584 @end defvar | |
1585 | |
1586 If there is no display table to use for a particular window---that is, | |
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1587 if the window specifies none, its buffer specifies none, and |
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1588 @code{standard-display-table} is @code{nil}---then Emacs uses the usual |
6598 | 1589 display conventions for all character codes in that window. @xref{Usual |
1590 Display}. | |
1591 | |
1592 @node Glyphs | |
1593 @subsection Glyphs | |
1594 | |
1595 @cindex glyph | |
1596 A @dfn{glyph} is a generalization of a character; it stands for an | |
1597 image that takes up a single character position on the screen. Glyphs | |
1598 are represented in Lisp as integers, just as characters are. | |
1599 | |
1600 @cindex glyph table | |
1601 The meaning of each integer, as a glyph, is defined by the glyph | |
1602 table, which is the value of the variable @code{glyph-table}. | |
1603 | |
1604 @defvar glyph-table | |
1605 The value of this variable is the current glyph table. It should be a | |
1606 vector; the @var{g}th element defines glyph code @var{g}. If the value | |
1607 is @code{nil} instead of a vector, then all glyphs are simple (see | |
1608 below). | |
1609 @end defvar | |
1610 | |
1611 Here are the possible types of elements in the glyph table: | |
1612 | |
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1613 @table @asis |
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1614 @item @var{string} |
6598 | 1615 Send the characters in @var{string} to the terminal to output |
1616 this glyph. This alternative is available on character terminals, | |
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1617 but not under a window system. |
6598 | 1618 |
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1619 @item @var{integer} |
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1620 Define this glyph code as an alias for glyph code @var{integer}. You |
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1621 can use an alias to specify a face code for the glyph; see below. |
6598 | 1622 |
1623 @item @code{nil} | |
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1624 This glyph is simple. On an ordinary terminal, the glyph code mod |
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1625 524288 is the character to output. In a window system, the glyph code |
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1626 mod 524288 is the character to output, and the glyph code divided by |
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1627 524288 specifies the face number (@pxref{Face Functions}) to use while |
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1628 outputting it. (524288 is |
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1629 @ifinfo |
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1630 2**19.) |
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1631 @end ifinfo |
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1632 @tex |
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1633 $2^{19}$.) |
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1634 @end tex |
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1635 @xref{Faces}. |
6598 | 1636 @end table |
1637 | |
1638 If a glyph code is greater than or equal to the length of the glyph | |
1639 table, that code is automatically simple. | |
1640 | |
1641 @node Beeping | |
1642 @section Beeping | |
1643 @cindex beeping | |
1644 @cindex bell | |
1645 | |
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1646 This section describes how to make Emacs ring the bell (or blink the |
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1647 screen) to attract the user's attention. Be conservative about how |
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1648 often you do this; frequent bells can become irritating. Also be |
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1649 careful not to use just beeping when signaling an error is more |
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1650 appropriate. (@xref{Errors}.) |
6598 | 1651 |
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1652 @defun ding &optional do-not-terminate |
6598 | 1653 @cindex keyboard macro termination |
1654 This function beeps, or flashes the screen (see @code{visible-bell} below). | |
1655 It also terminates any keyboard macro currently executing unless | |
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1656 @var{do-not-terminate} is non-@code{nil}. |
6598 | 1657 @end defun |
1658 | |
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1659 @defun beep &optional do-not-terminate |
6598 | 1660 This is a synonym for @code{ding}. |
1661 @end defun | |
1662 | |
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1663 @defopt visible-bell |
6598 | 1664 This variable determines whether Emacs should flash the screen to |
1665 represent a bell. Non-@code{nil} means yes, @code{nil} means no. This | |
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1666 is effective on a window system, and on a character-only terminal |
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1667 provided the terminal's Termcap entry defines the visible bell |
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1668 capability (@samp{vb}). |
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1669 @end defopt |
6598 | 1670 |
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1671 @defvar ring-bell-function |
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1672 @tindex ring-bell-function |
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1673 If this is non-@code{nil}, it specifies how Emacs should ``ring the |
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1674 bell.'' Its value should be a function of no arguments. |
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1675 @end defvar |
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1676 |
6598 | 1677 @node Window Systems |
1678 @section Window Systems | |
1679 | |
1680 Emacs works with several window systems, most notably the X Window | |
1681 System. Both Emacs and X use the term ``window'', but use it | |
1682 differently. An Emacs frame is a single window as far as X is | |
1683 concerned; the individual Emacs windows are not known to X at all. | |
1684 | |
1685 @defvar window-system | |
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1686 This variable tells Lisp programs what window system Emacs is running |
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1687 under. The possible values are |
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1688 |
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1689 @table @code |
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1690 @item x |
6598 | 1691 @cindex X Window System |
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1692 Emacs is displaying using X. |
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1693 @item pc |
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1694 Emacs is displaying using MSDOS. |
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1695 @item w32 |
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1696 Emacs is displaying using Windows NT or Windows 95. |
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1697 @item nil |
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1698 Emacs is using a character-based terminal. |
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1699 @end table |
6598 | 1700 @end defvar |
1701 | |
1702 @defvar window-setup-hook | |
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1703 This variable is a normal hook which Emacs runs after handling the |
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1704 initialization files. Emacs runs this hook after it has completed |
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1705 loading your @file{.emacs} file, the default initialization file (if |
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1706 any), and the terminal-specific Lisp code, and running the hook |
6598 | 1707 @code{term-setup-hook}. |
1708 | |
1709 This hook is used for internal purposes: setting up communication with | |
1710 the window system, and creating the initial window. Users should not | |
1711 interfere with it. | |
1712 @end defvar |