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annotate lispref/vol1.texi @ 79382:820780e0ccd1
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author | Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com> |
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date | Tue, 13 Nov 2007 13:01:40 +0000 |
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rev | line source |
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1 \input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*- |
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2 @c This file is used for printing the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual |
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3 @c in two volumes. It is a modified version of elisp.texi. |
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4 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2001, |
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5 @c 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
41130 | 6 @c %**start of header |
7 @setfilename elisp | |
8 @settitle GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual: Volume 1 | |
9 @c %**end of header | |
10 | |
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11 @c See two-volume-cross-refs.txt. |
41130 | 12 @tex |
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13 \message{Formatting for two volume edition...Volume 1...} |
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14 % |
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15 % Read special toc file, set up in two-volume.make. |
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16 \gdef\tocreadfilename{elisp1-toc-ready.toc} |
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17 % |
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18 % Don't make outlines, they're not needed and \readdatafile can't pay |
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19 % attention to the special definition above. |
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20 \global\let\pdfmakeoutlines=\relax |
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21 % |
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22 % Start volume 1 chapter numbering at 1; this must be listed as chapno0. |
41130 | 23 \global\chapno=0 |
24 @end tex | |
25 | |
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26 @c Version of the manual and of Emacs. |
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27 @c Please remember to update the edition number in README as well. |
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28 @set VERSION 2.9 |
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29 @set EMACSVER 22 |
41130 | 30 |
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31 @dircategory Emacs |
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32 @direntry |
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33 * Elisp: (elisp). The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. |
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34 @end direntry |
41130 | 35 |
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36 @c in general, keep the following line commented out, unless doing a |
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37 @c copy of this manual that will be published. the manual should go |
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38 @c onto the distribution in the full, 8.5 x 11" size. |
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39 @set smallbook |
41130 | 40 |
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41 @ifset smallbook |
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42 @smallbook |
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43 @end ifset |
41130 | 44 |
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45 @c per rms and peterb, use 10pt fonts for the main text, mostly to |
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46 @c save on paper cost. |
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47 @c Do this inside @tex for now, so current makeinfo does not complain. |
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48 @tex |
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49 @ifset smallbook |
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50 @fonttextsize 10 |
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51 \global\let\urlcolor=\Black % don't print links in grayscale |
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52 \global\let\linkcolor=\Black |
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53 @end ifset |
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54 \global\hbadness=6666 % don't worry about not-too-underfull boxes |
41130 | 55 @end tex |
56 | |
57 @c Combine indices. | |
58 @synindex cp fn | |
59 @syncodeindex vr fn | |
60 @syncodeindex ky fn | |
61 @syncodeindex pg fn | |
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62 @c We use the "type index" to index new functions and variables. |
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63 @c @syncodeindex tp fn |
41130 | 64 |
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65 @copying |
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66 This is edition @value{VERSION} of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual,@* |
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67 corresponding to Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}. |
41130 | 68 |
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69 Copyright @copyright{} 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, |
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70 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software |
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71 Foundation, Inc. |
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73 @quotation |
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74 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
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75 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or |
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76 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the |
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77 Invariant Sections being ``GNU General Public License,'' with the |
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78 Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover |
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79 Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the |
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80 section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License.'' |
41130 | 81 |
78048 | 82 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You are free to copy and modify |
83 this GNU Manual. Buying copies from GNU Press supports the FSF in | |
84 developing GNU and promoting software freedom.'' | |
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85 @end quotation |
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86 @end copying |
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87 |
41130 | 88 @titlepage |
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89 @title GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual |
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90 @subtitle Volume 1 |
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91 @subtitle For Emacs Version @value{EMACSVER} |
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92 @subtitle Revision @value{VERSION}, June 2007 |
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93 |
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94 @author by Bil Lewis, Dan LaLiberte, Richard Stallman |
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95 @author and the GNU Manual Group |
41130 | 96 @page |
97 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
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98 @insertcopying |
41130 | 99 |
100 @sp 2 | |
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101 |
41130 | 102 Published by the Free Software Foundation @* |
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103 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor @* |
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104 Boston, MA 02110-1301 @* |
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105 USA @* |
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106 ISBN 1-882114-74-4 |
41130 | 107 |
108 @sp 2 | |
109 Cover art by Etienne Suvasa. | |
110 @end titlepage | |
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111 |
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113 @c Print the tables of contents |
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114 @summarycontents |
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115 @contents |
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116 |
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118 @ifnottex |
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119 @node Top, Introduction, (dir), (dir) |
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120 @top Emacs Lisp |
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121 |
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122 This Info file contains edition @value{VERSION} of the GNU Emacs Lisp |
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123 Reference Manual, corresponding to GNU Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}. |
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124 @end ifnottex |
41130 | 125 |
126 @menu | |
127 * Introduction:: Introduction and conventions used. | |
128 | |
129 * Lisp Data Types:: Data types of objects in Emacs Lisp. | |
130 * Numbers:: Numbers and arithmetic functions. | |
131 * Strings and Characters:: Strings, and functions that work on them. | |
132 * Lists:: Lists, cons cells, and related functions. | |
133 * Sequences Arrays Vectors:: Lists, strings and vectors are called sequences. | |
134 Certain functions act on any kind of sequence. | |
135 The description of vectors is here as well. | |
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136 * Hash Tables:: Very fast lookup-tables. |
41130 | 137 * Symbols:: Symbols represent names, uniquely. |
138 | |
139 * Evaluation:: How Lisp expressions are evaluated. | |
140 * Control Structures:: Conditionals, loops, nonlocal exits. | |
141 * Variables:: Using symbols in programs to stand for values. | |
142 * Functions:: A function is a Lisp program | |
143 that can be invoked from other functions. | |
144 * Macros:: Macros are a way to extend the Lisp language. | |
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145 * Customization:: Writing customization declarations. |
41130 | 146 |
147 * Loading:: Reading files of Lisp code into Lisp. | |
148 * Byte Compilation:: Compilation makes programs run faster. | |
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149 * Advising Functions:: Adding to the definition of a function. |
41130 | 150 * Debugging:: Tools and tips for debugging Lisp programs. |
151 | |
152 * Read and Print:: Converting Lisp objects to text and back. | |
153 * Minibuffers:: Using the minibuffer to read input. | |
154 * Command Loop:: How the editor command loop works, | |
155 and how you can call its subroutines. | |
156 * Keymaps:: Defining the bindings from keys to commands. | |
157 * Modes:: Defining major and minor modes. | |
158 * Documentation:: Writing and using documentation strings. | |
159 | |
160 * Files:: Accessing files. | |
161 * Backups and Auto-Saving:: Controlling how backups and auto-save | |
162 files are made. | |
163 * Buffers:: Creating and using buffer objects. | |
164 * Windows:: Manipulating windows and displaying buffers. | |
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165 * Frames:: Making multiple system-level windows. |
41130 | 166 * Positions:: Buffer positions and motion functions. |
167 * Markers:: Markers represent positions and update | |
168 automatically when the text is changed. | |
169 | |
170 * Text:: Examining and changing text in buffers. | |
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171 * Non-ASCII Characters:: Non-ASCII text in buffers and strings. |
41130 | 172 * Searching and Matching:: Searching buffers for strings or regexps. |
173 * Syntax Tables:: The syntax table controls word and list parsing. | |
174 * Abbrevs:: How Abbrev mode works, and its data structures. | |
175 | |
176 * Processes:: Running and communicating with subprocesses. | |
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177 * Display:: Features for controlling the screen display. |
41130 | 178 * System Interface:: Getting the user id, system type, environment |
179 variables, and other such things. | |
180 | |
181 Appendices | |
182 | |
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183 * Antinews:: Info for users downgrading to Emacs 21. |
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184 * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation |
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185 * GPL:: Conditions for copying and changing GNU Emacs. |
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186 * Tips:: Advice and coding conventions for Emacs Lisp. |
41130 | 187 * GNU Emacs Internals:: Building and dumping Emacs; |
188 internal data structures. | |
189 * Standard Errors:: List of all error symbols. | |
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190 * Standard Buffer-Local Variables:: |
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191 List of variables buffer-local in all buffers. |
41130 | 192 * Standard Keymaps:: List of standard keymaps. |
193 * Standard Hooks:: List of standard hook variables. | |
194 | |
195 * Index:: Index including concepts, functions, variables, | |
196 and other terms. | |
197 | |
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198 @ignore |
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199 * New Symbols:: New functions and variables in Emacs @value{EMACSVER}. |
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200 @end ignore |
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201 |
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202 @c Do NOT modify the following 3 lines! They must have this form to |
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203 @c be correctly identified by `texinfo-multiple-files-update'. In |
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204 @c particular, the detailed menu header line MUST be identical to the |
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205 @c value of `texinfo-master-menu-header'. See texnfo-upd.el. |
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206 |
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207 @detailmenu |
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208 --- The Detailed Node Listing --- |
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209 --------------------------------- |
41130 | 210 |
211 Here are other nodes that are inferiors of those already listed, | |
212 mentioned here so you can get to them in one step: | |
213 | |
214 Introduction | |
215 | |
216 * Caveats:: Flaws and a request for help. | |
217 * Lisp History:: Emacs Lisp is descended from Maclisp. | |
218 * Conventions:: How the manual is formatted. | |
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219 * Version Info:: Which Emacs version is running? |
41130 | 220 * Acknowledgements:: The authors, editors, and sponsors of this manual. |
221 | |
222 Conventions | |
223 | |
224 * Some Terms:: Explanation of terms we use in this manual. | |
225 * nil and t:: How the symbols @code{nil} and @code{t} are used. | |
226 * Evaluation Notation:: The format we use for examples of evaluation. | |
227 * Printing Notation:: The format we use for examples that print output. | |
228 * Error Messages:: The format we use for examples of errors. | |
229 * Buffer Text Notation:: The format we use for buffer contents in examples. | |
230 * Format of Descriptions:: Notation for describing functions, variables, etc. | |
231 | |
232 Format of Descriptions | |
233 | |
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234 * A Sample Function Description:: A description of an imaginary |
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235 function, @code{foo}. |
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236 * A Sample Variable Description:: A description of an imaginary |
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237 variable, @code{electric-future-map}. |
41130 | 238 |
239 Lisp Data Types | |
240 | |
241 * Printed Representation:: How Lisp objects are represented as text. | |
242 * Comments:: Comments and their formatting conventions. | |
243 * Programming Types:: Types found in all Lisp systems. | |
244 * Editing Types:: Types specific to Emacs. | |
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245 * Circular Objects:: Read syntax for circular structure. |
41130 | 246 * Type Predicates:: Tests related to types. |
247 * Equality Predicates:: Tests of equality between any two objects. | |
248 | |
249 Programming Types | |
250 | |
251 * Integer Type:: Numbers without fractional parts. | |
252 * Floating Point Type:: Numbers with fractional parts and with a large range. | |
253 * Character Type:: The representation of letters, numbers and | |
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254 control characters. |
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255 * Symbol Type:: A multi-use object that refers to a function, |
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256 variable, property list, or itself. |
41130 | 257 * Sequence Type:: Both lists and arrays are classified as sequences. |
258 * Cons Cell Type:: Cons cells, and lists (which are made from cons cells). | |
259 * Array Type:: Arrays include strings and vectors. | |
260 * String Type:: An (efficient) array of characters. | |
261 * Vector Type:: One-dimensional arrays. | |
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262 * Char-Table Type:: One-dimensional sparse arrays indexed by characters. |
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263 * Bool-Vector Type:: One-dimensional arrays of @code{t} or @code{nil}. |
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264 * Hash Table Type:: Super-fast lookup tables. |
41130 | 265 * Function Type:: A piece of executable code you can call from elsewhere. |
266 * Macro Type:: A method of expanding an expression into another | |
267 expression, more fundamental but less pretty. | |
268 * Primitive Function Type:: A function written in C, callable from Lisp. | |
269 * Byte-Code Type:: A function written in Lisp, then compiled. | |
270 * Autoload Type:: A type used for automatically loading seldom-used | |
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271 functions. |
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272 |
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273 Character Type |
41130 | 274 |
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275 * Basic Char Syntax:: Syntax for regular characters. |
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276 * General Escape Syntax:: How to specify characters by their codes. |
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277 * Ctl-Char Syntax:: Syntax for control characters. |
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278 * Meta-Char Syntax:: Syntax for meta-characters. |
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279 * Other Char Bits:: Syntax for hyper-, super-, and alt-characters. |
41130 | 280 |
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281 Cons Cell and List Types |
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282 |
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283 * Box Diagrams:: Drawing pictures of lists. |
41130 | 284 * Dotted Pair Notation:: An alternative syntax for lists. |
285 * Association List Type:: A specially constructed list. | |
286 | |
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287 String Type |
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288 |
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289 * Syntax for Strings:: How to specify Lisp strings. |
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290 * Non-ASCII in Strings:: International characters in strings. |
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291 * Nonprinting Characters:: Literal unprintable characters in strings. |
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292 * Text Props and Strings:: Strings with text properties. |
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293 |
41130 | 294 Editing Types |
295 | |
296 * Buffer Type:: The basic object of editing. | |
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297 * Marker Type:: A position in a buffer. |
41130 | 298 * Window Type:: What makes buffers visible. |
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299 * Frame Type:: Windows subdivide frames. |
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300 * Window Configuration Type:: Recording the way a frame is subdivided. |
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301 * Frame Configuration Type:: Recording the status of all frames. |
41130 | 302 * Process Type:: A process running on the underlying OS. |
303 * Stream Type:: Receive or send characters. | |
304 * Keymap Type:: What function a keystroke invokes. | |
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305 * Overlay Type:: How an overlay is represented. |
41130 | 306 |
307 Numbers | |
308 | |
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309 * Integer Basics:: Representation and range of integers. |
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310 * Float Basics:: Representation and range of floating point. |
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311 * Predicates on Numbers:: Testing for numbers. |
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312 * Comparison of Numbers:: Equality and inequality predicates. |
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313 * Numeric Conversions:: Converting float to integer and vice versa. |
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314 * Arithmetic Operations:: How to add, subtract, multiply and divide. |
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315 * Rounding Operations:: Explicitly rounding floating point numbers. |
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316 * Bitwise Operations:: Logical and, or, not, shifting. |
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317 * Math Functions:: Trig, exponential and logarithmic functions. |
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318 * Random Numbers:: Obtaining random integers, predictable or not. |
41130 | 319 |
320 Strings and Characters | |
321 | |
322 * String Basics:: Basic properties of strings and characters. | |
323 * Predicates for Strings:: Testing whether an object is a string or char. | |
324 * Creating Strings:: Functions to allocate new strings. | |
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325 * Modifying Strings:: Altering the contents of an existing string. |
41130 | 326 * Text Comparison:: Comparing characters or strings. |
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327 * String Conversion:: Converting characters to strings and vice versa. |
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328 * Formatting Strings:: @code{format}: Emacs's analogue of @code{printf}. |
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329 * Case Conversion:: Case conversion functions. |
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330 * Case Tables:: Customizing case conversion. |
41130 | 331 |
332 Lists | |
333 | |
334 * Cons Cells:: How lists are made out of cons cells. | |
335 * List-related Predicates:: Is this object a list? Comparing two lists. | |
336 * List Elements:: Extracting the pieces of a list. | |
337 * Building Lists:: Creating list structure. | |
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338 * List Variables:: Modifying lists stored in variables. |
41130 | 339 * Modifying Lists:: Storing new pieces into an existing list. |
340 * Sets And Lists:: A list can represent a finite mathematical set. | |
341 * Association Lists:: A list can represent a finite relation or mapping. | |
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342 * Rings:: Managing a fixed-size ring of objects. |
41130 | 343 |
344 Modifying Existing List Structure | |
345 | |
346 * Setcar:: Replacing an element in a list. | |
347 * Setcdr:: Replacing part of the list backbone. | |
348 This can be used to remove or add elements. | |
349 * Rearrangement:: Reordering the elements in a list; combining lists. | |
350 | |
351 Sequences, Arrays, and Vectors | |
352 | |
353 * Sequence Functions:: Functions that accept any kind of sequence. | |
354 * Arrays:: Characteristics of arrays in Emacs Lisp. | |
355 * Array Functions:: Functions specifically for arrays. | |
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356 * Vectors:: Special characteristics of Emacs Lisp vectors. |
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357 * Vector Functions:: Functions specifically for vectors. |
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358 * Char-Tables:: How to work with char-tables. |
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359 * Bool-Vectors:: How to work with bool-vectors. |
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360 |
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361 Hash Tables |
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362 |
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363 * Creating Hash:: Functions to create hash tables. |
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364 * Hash Access:: Reading and writing the hash table contents. |
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365 * Defining Hash:: Defining new comparison methods |
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366 * Other Hash:: Miscellaneous. |
41130 | 367 |
368 Symbols | |
369 | |
370 * Symbol Components:: Symbols have names, values, function definitions | |
371 and property lists. | |
372 * Definitions:: A definition says how a symbol will be used. | |
373 * Creating Symbols:: How symbols are kept unique. | |
374 * Property Lists:: Each symbol has a property list | |
375 for recording miscellaneous information. | |
376 | |
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377 Property Lists |
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378 |
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379 * Plists and Alists:: Comparison of the advantages of property |
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380 lists and association lists. |
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381 * Symbol Plists:: Functions to access symbols' property lists. |
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382 * Other Plists:: Accessing property lists stored elsewhere. |
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383 |
41130 | 384 Evaluation |
385 | |
386 * Intro Eval:: Evaluation in the scheme of things. | |
387 * Forms:: How various sorts of objects are evaluated. | |
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388 * Quoting:: Avoiding evaluation (to put constants in |
41130 | 389 the program). |
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390 * Eval:: How to invoke the Lisp interpreter explicitly. |
41130 | 391 |
392 Kinds of Forms | |
393 | |
394 * Self-Evaluating Forms:: Forms that evaluate to themselves. | |
395 * Symbol Forms:: Symbols evaluate as variables. | |
396 * Classifying Lists:: How to distinguish various sorts of list forms. | |
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397 * Function Indirection:: When a symbol appears as the car of a list, |
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398 we find the real function via the symbol. |
41130 | 399 * Function Forms:: Forms that call functions. |
400 * Macro Forms:: Forms that call macros. | |
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401 * Special Forms:: "Special forms" are idiosyncratic primitives, |
41130 | 402 most of them extremely important. |
403 * Autoloading:: Functions set up to load files | |
404 containing their real definitions. | |
405 | |
406 Control Structures | |
407 | |
408 * Sequencing:: Evaluation in textual order. | |
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409 * Conditionals:: @code{if}, @code{cond}, @code{when}, @code{unless}. |
41130 | 410 * Combining Conditions:: @code{and}, @code{or}, @code{not}. |
411 * Iteration:: @code{while} loops. | |
412 * Nonlocal Exits:: Jumping out of a sequence. | |
413 | |
414 Nonlocal Exits | |
415 | |
416 * Catch and Throw:: Nonlocal exits for the program's own purposes. | |
417 * Examples of Catch:: Showing how such nonlocal exits can be written. | |
418 * Errors:: How errors are signaled and handled. | |
419 * Cleanups:: Arranging to run a cleanup form if an | |
420 error happens. | |
421 | |
422 Errors | |
423 | |
424 * Signaling Errors:: How to report an error. | |
425 * Processing of Errors:: What Emacs does when you report an error. | |
426 * Handling Errors:: How you can trap errors and continue execution. | |
427 * Error Symbols:: How errors are classified for trapping them. | |
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428 * Standard Errors:: List of all error symbols. |
41130 | 429 |
430 Variables | |
431 | |
432 * Global Variables:: Variable values that exist permanently, everywhere. | |
433 * Constant Variables:: Certain "variables" have values that never change. | |
434 * Local Variables:: Variable values that exist only temporarily. | |
435 * Void Variables:: Symbols that lack values. | |
436 * Defining Variables:: A definition says a symbol is used as a variable. | |
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437 * Tips for Defining:: Things you should think about when you |
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438 define a variable. |
41130 | 439 * Accessing Variables:: Examining values of variables whose names |
440 are known only at run time. | |
441 * Setting Variables:: Storing new values in variables. | |
442 * Variable Scoping:: How Lisp chooses among local and global values. | |
443 * Buffer-Local Variables:: Variable values in effect only in one buffer. | |
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444 * Frame-Local Variables:: Variable values in effect only in one frame. |
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445 * Future Local Variables:: New kinds of local values we might add some day. |
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446 * File Local Variables:: Handling local variable lists in files. |
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447 * Variable Aliases:: Variables that are aliases for other variables. |
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448 * Variables with Restricted Values:: Non-constant variables whose value can |
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449 @emph{not} be an arbitrary Lisp object. |
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450 * Standard Buffer-Local Variables:: |
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451 List of variables buffer-local in all buffers. |
41130 | 452 |
453 Scoping Rules for Variable Bindings | |
454 | |
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455 * Scope:: Scope means where in the program a value |
41130 | 456 is visible. Comparison with other languages. |
457 * Extent:: Extent means how long in time a value exists. | |
458 * Impl of Scope:: Two ways to implement dynamic scoping. | |
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459 * Using Scoping:: How to use dynamic scoping carefully and |
41130 | 460 avoid problems. |
461 | |
462 Buffer-Local Variables | |
463 | |
464 * Intro to Buffer-Local:: Introduction and concepts. | |
465 * Creating Buffer-Local:: Creating and destroying buffer-local bindings. | |
466 * Default Value:: The default value is seen in buffers | |
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467 that don't have their own buffer-local values. |
41130 | 468 |
469 Functions | |
470 | |
471 * What Is a Function:: Lisp functions vs primitives; terminology. | |
472 * Lambda Expressions:: How functions are expressed as Lisp objects. | |
473 * Function Names:: A symbol can serve as the name of a function. | |
474 * Defining Functions:: Lisp expressions for defining functions. | |
475 * Calling Functions:: How to use an existing function. | |
476 * Mapping Functions:: Applying a function to each element of a list, etc. | |
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477 * Anonymous Functions:: Lambda-expressions are functions with no names. |
41130 | 478 * Function Cells:: Accessing or setting the function definition |
479 of a symbol. | |
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480 * Obsolete Functions:: Declaring functions obsolete. |
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481 * Inline Functions:: Defining functions that the compiler will open code. |
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482 * Function Safety:: Determining whether a function is safe to call. |
41130 | 483 * Related Topics:: Cross-references to specific Lisp primitives |
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484 that have a special bearing on how |
41130 | 485 functions work. |
486 | |
487 Lambda Expressions | |
488 | |
489 * Lambda Components:: The parts of a lambda expression. | |
490 * Simple Lambda:: A simple example. | |
491 * Argument List:: Details and special features of argument lists. | |
492 * Function Documentation:: How to put documentation in a function. | |
493 | |
494 Macros | |
495 | |
496 * Simple Macro:: A basic example. | |
497 * Expansion:: How, when and why macros are expanded. | |
498 * Compiling Macros:: How macros are expanded by the compiler. | |
499 * Defining Macros:: How to write a macro definition. | |
500 * Backquote:: Easier construction of list structure. | |
501 * Problems with Macros:: Don't evaluate the macro arguments too many times. | |
502 Don't hide the user's variables. | |
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503 * Indenting Macros:: Specifying how to indent macro calls. |
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504 |
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505 Common Problems Using Macros |
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506 |
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507 * Wrong Time:: Do the work in the expansion, not in the macro. |
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508 * Argument Evaluation:: The expansion should evaluate each macro arg once. |
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509 * Surprising Local Vars:: Local variable bindings in the expansion |
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510 require special care. |
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511 * Eval During Expansion:: Don't evaluate them; put them in the expansion. |
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512 * Repeated Expansion:: Avoid depending on how many times expansion is done. |
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513 |
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514 Writing Customization Definitions |
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515 |
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516 * Common Keywords:: Common keyword arguments for all kinds of |
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517 customization declarations. |
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518 * Group Definitions:: Writing customization group definitions. |
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519 * Variable Definitions:: Declaring user options. |
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520 * Customization Types:: Specifying the type of a user option. |
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521 |
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522 Customization Types |
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523 |
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524 * Simple Types:: Simple customization types: sexp, integer, number, |
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525 string, file, directory, alist. |
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526 * Composite Types:: Build new types from other types or data. |
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527 * Splicing into Lists:: Splice elements into list with @code{:inline}. |
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528 * Type Keywords:: Keyword-argument pairs in a customization type. |
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529 * Defining New Types:: Give your type a name. |
41130 | 530 |
531 Loading | |
532 | |
533 * How Programs Do Loading:: The @code{load} function and others. | |
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534 * Load Suffixes:: Details about the suffixes that @code{load} tries. |
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535 * Library Search:: Finding a library to load. |
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536 * Loading Non-ASCII:: Non-@acronym{ASCII} characters in Emacs Lisp files. |
41130 | 537 * Autoload:: Setting up a function to autoload. |
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538 * Repeated Loading:: Precautions about loading a file twice. |
41130 | 539 * Named Features:: Loading a library if it isn't already loaded. |
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540 * Where Defined:: Finding which file defined a certain symbol. |
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541 * Unloading:: How to "unload" a library that was loaded. |
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542 * Hooks for Loading:: Providing code to be run when |
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543 particular libraries are loaded. |
41130 | 544 |
545 Byte Compilation | |
546 | |
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547 * Speed of Byte-Code:: An example of speedup from byte compilation. |
41130 | 548 * Compilation Functions:: Byte compilation functions. |
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549 * Docs and Compilation:: Dynamic loading of documentation strings. |
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550 * Dynamic Loading:: Dynamic loading of individual functions. |
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551 * Eval During Compile:: Code to be evaluated when you compile. |
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552 * Compiler Errors:: Handling compiler error messages. |
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553 * Byte-Code Objects:: The data type used for byte-compiled functions. |
41130 | 554 * Disassembly:: Disassembling byte-code; how to read byte-code. |
555 | |
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556 Advising Emacs Lisp Functions |
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557 |
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558 * Simple Advice:: A simple example to explain the basics of advice. |
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559 * Defining Advice:: Detailed description of @code{defadvice}. |
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560 * Around-Advice:: Wrapping advice around a function's definition. |
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561 * Computed Advice:: ...is to @code{defadvice} as @code{fset} is to @code{defun}. |
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562 * Activation of Advice:: Advice doesn't do anything until you activate it. |
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563 * Enabling Advice:: You can enable or disable each piece of advice. |
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564 * Preactivation:: Preactivation is a way of speeding up the |
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565 loading of compiled advice. |
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566 * Argument Access in Advice:: How advice can access the function's arguments. |
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567 * Advising Primitives:: Accessing arguments when advising a primitive. |
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568 * Combined Definition:: How advice is implemented. |
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569 |
41130 | 570 Debugging Lisp Programs |
571 | |
572 * Debugger:: How the Emacs Lisp debugger is implemented. | |
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573 * Edebug:: A source-level Emacs Lisp debugger. |
41130 | 574 * Syntax Errors:: How to find syntax errors. |
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575 * Test Coverage:: Ensuring you have tested all branches in your code. |
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576 * Compilation Errors:: How to find errors that show up in |
41130 | 577 byte compilation. |
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578 |
41130 | 579 The Lisp Debugger |
580 | |
581 * Error Debugging:: Entering the debugger when an error happens. | |
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582 * Infinite Loops:: Stopping and debugging a program that doesn't exit. |
41130 | 583 * Function Debugging:: Entering it when a certain function is called. |
584 * Explicit Debug:: Entering it at a certain point in the program. | |
585 * Using Debugger:: What the debugger does; what you see while in it. | |
586 * Debugger Commands:: Commands used while in the debugger. | |
587 * Invoking the Debugger:: How to call the function @code{debug}. | |
588 * Internals of Debugger:: Subroutines of the debugger, and global variables. | |
589 | |
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590 Edebug |
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591 |
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592 * Using Edebug:: Introduction to use of Edebug. |
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593 * Instrumenting:: You must instrument your code |
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594 in order to debug it with Edebug. |
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595 * Edebug Execution Modes:: Execution modes, stopping more or less often. |
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596 * Jumping:: Commands to jump to a specified place. |
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597 * Edebug Misc:: Miscellaneous commands. |
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598 * Breaks:: Setting breakpoints to make the program stop. |
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599 * Trapping Errors:: Trapping errors with Edebug. |
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600 * Edebug Views:: Views inside and outside of Edebug. |
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601 * Edebug Eval:: Evaluating expressions within Edebug. |
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602 * Eval List:: Expressions whose values are displayed |
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603 each time you enter Edebug. |
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604 * Printing in Edebug:: Customization of printing. |
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605 * Trace Buffer:: How to produce trace output in a buffer. |
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606 * Coverage Testing:: How to test evaluation coverage. |
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607 * The Outside Context:: Data that Edebug saves and restores. |
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608 * Edebug and Macros:: Specifying how to handle macro calls. |
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609 * Edebug Options:: Option variables for customizing Edebug. |
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610 |
41130 | 611 Debugging Invalid Lisp Syntax |
612 | |
613 * Excess Open:: How to find a spurious open paren or missing close. | |
614 * Excess Close:: How to find a spurious close paren or missing open. | |
615 | |
616 Reading and Printing Lisp Objects | |
617 | |
618 * Streams Intro:: Overview of streams, reading and printing. | |
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619 * Input Streams:: Various data types that can be used as |
41130 | 620 input streams. |
621 * Input Functions:: Functions to read Lisp objects from text. | |
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622 * Output Streams:: Various data types that can be used as |
41130 | 623 output streams. |
624 * Output Functions:: Functions to print Lisp objects as text. | |
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625 * Output Variables:: Variables that control what the printing |
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626 functions do. |
41130 | 627 |
628 Minibuffers | |
629 | |
630 * Intro to Minibuffers:: Basic information about minibuffers. | |
631 * Text from Minibuffer:: How to read a straight text string. | |
632 * Object from Minibuffer:: How to read a Lisp object or expression. | |
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633 * Minibuffer History:: Recording previous minibuffer inputs |
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634 so the user can reuse them. |
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635 * Initial Input:: Specifying initial contents for the minibuffer. |
41130 | 636 * Completion:: How to invoke and customize completion. |
637 * Yes-or-No Queries:: Asking a question with a simple answer. | |
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638 * Multiple Queries:: Asking a series of similar questions. |
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639 * Reading a Password:: Reading a password from the terminal. |
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640 * Minibuffer Commands:: Commands used as key bindings in minibuffers. |
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641 * Minibuffer Contents:: How such commands access the minibuffer text. |
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642 * Minibuffer Windows:: Operating on the special minibuffer windows. |
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643 * Recursive Mini:: Whether recursive entry to minibuffer is allowed. |
41130 | 644 * Minibuffer Misc:: Various customization hooks and variables. |
645 | |
646 Completion | |
647 | |
648 * Basic Completion:: Low-level functions for completing strings. | |
649 (These are too low level to use the minibuffer.) | |
650 * Minibuffer Completion:: Invoking the minibuffer with completion. | |
651 * Completion Commands:: Minibuffer commands that do completion. | |
652 * High-Level Completion:: Convenient special cases of completion | |
653 (reading buffer name, file name, etc.) | |
654 * Reading File Names:: Using completion to read file names. | |
655 * Programmed Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name. | |
656 | |
657 Command Loop | |
658 | |
659 * Command Overview:: How the command loop reads commands. | |
660 * Defining Commands:: Specifying how a function should read arguments. | |
661 * Interactive Call:: Calling a command, so that it will read arguments. | |
662 * Command Loop Info:: Variables set by the command loop for you to examine. | |
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663 * Adjusting Point:: Adjustment of point after a command. |
41130 | 664 * Input Events:: What input looks like when you read it. |
665 * Reading Input:: How to read input events from the keyboard or mouse. | |
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666 * Special Events:: Events processed immediately and individually. |
41130 | 667 * Waiting:: Waiting for user input or elapsed time. |
668 * Quitting:: How @kbd{C-g} works. How to catch or defer quitting. | |
669 * Prefix Command Arguments:: How the commands to set prefix args work. | |
670 * Recursive Editing:: Entering a recursive edit, | |
671 and why you usually shouldn't. | |
672 * Disabling Commands:: How the command loop handles disabled commands. | |
673 * Command History:: How the command history is set up, and how accessed. | |
674 * Keyboard Macros:: How keyboard macros are implemented. | |
675 | |
676 Defining Commands | |
677 | |
678 * Using Interactive:: General rules for @code{interactive}. | |
679 * Interactive Codes:: The standard letter-codes for reading arguments | |
680 in various ways. | |
681 * Interactive Examples:: Examples of how to read interactive arguments. | |
682 | |
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683 Input Events |
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684 |
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685 * Keyboard Events:: Ordinary characters--keys with symbols on them. |
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686 * Function Keys:: Function keys--keys with names, not symbols. |
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687 * Mouse Events:: Overview of mouse events. |
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688 * Click Events:: Pushing and releasing a mouse button. |
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689 * Drag Events:: Moving the mouse before releasing the button. |
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690 * Button-Down Events:: A button was pushed and not yet released. |
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691 * Repeat Events:: Double and triple click (or drag, or down). |
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692 * Motion Events:: Just moving the mouse, not pushing a button. |
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693 * Focus Events:: Moving the mouse between frames. |
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694 * Misc Events:: Other events the system can generate. |
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695 * Event Examples:: Examples of the lists for mouse events. |
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696 * Classifying Events:: Finding the modifier keys in an event symbol. |
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697 * Accessing Events:: Functions to extract info from events. |
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698 * Strings of Events:: Special considerations for putting |
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699 keyboard character events in a string. |
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700 |
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701 Reading Input |
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702 |
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703 * Key Sequence Input:: How to read one key sequence. |
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704 * Reading One Event:: How to read just one event. |
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705 * Event Mod:: How Emacs modifies events as they are read. |
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706 * Invoking the Input Method:: How reading an event uses the input method. |
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707 * Quoted Character Input:: Asking the user to specify a character. |
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708 * Event Input Misc:: How to reread or throw away input events. |
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709 |
41130 | 710 Keymaps |
711 | |
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712 * Key Sequences:: Key sequences as Lisp objects. |
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713 * Keymap Basics:: Basic concepts of keymaps. |
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714 * Format of Keymaps:: What a keymap looks like as a Lisp object. |
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715 * Creating Keymaps:: Functions to create and copy keymaps. |
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716 * Inheritance and Keymaps:: How one keymap can inherit the bindings |
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717 of another keymap. |
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718 * Prefix Keys:: Defining a key with a keymap as its definition. |
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719 * Active Keymaps:: How Emacs searches the active keymaps |
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720 for a key binding. |
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721 * Searching Keymaps:: A pseudo-Lisp summary of searching active maps. |
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722 * Controlling Active Maps:: Each buffer has a local keymap |
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723 to override the standard (global) bindings. |
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724 A minor mode can also override them. |
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725 * Key Lookup:: How extracting elements from keymaps works. |
41130 | 726 * Functions for Key Lookup:: How to request key lookup. |
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727 * Changing Key Bindings:: Redefining a key in a keymap. |
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728 * Remapping Commands:: A keymap can translate one command to another. |
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729 * Translation Keymaps:: Keymaps for translating sequences of events. |
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730 * Key Binding Commands:: Interactive interfaces for redefining keys. |
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731 * Scanning Keymaps:: Looking through all keymaps, for printing help. |
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732 * Menu Keymaps:: A keymap can define a menu for X |
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733 or for use from the terminal. |
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734 * Standard Keymaps:: List of standard keymaps. |
41130 | 735 |
736 Major and Minor Modes | |
737 | |
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738 * Hooks:: How to use hooks; how to write code that |
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739 provides hooks. |
41130 | 740 * Major Modes:: Defining major modes. |
741 * Minor Modes:: Defining minor modes. | |
742 * Mode Line Format:: Customizing the text that appears in the mode line. | |
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743 * Imenu:: How a mode can provide a menu |
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744 of definitions in the buffer. |
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745 * Font Lock Mode:: How modes can highlight text according to syntax. |
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746 * Desktop Save Mode:: How modes can have buffer state saved between |
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747 Emacs sessions. |
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748 |
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749 Menu Keymaps |
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750 |
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751 * Defining Menus:: How to make a keymap that defines a menu. |
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752 * Mouse Menus:: How users actuate the menu with the mouse. |
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753 * Keyboard Menus:: How users actuate the menu with the keyboard. |
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754 * Menu Example:: Making a simple menu. |
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755 * Menu Bar:: How to customize the menu bar. |
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756 * Tool Bar:: A tool bar is a row of images. |
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757 * Modifying Menus:: How to add new items to a menu. |
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758 |
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759 Defining Menus |
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760 |
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761 * Simple Menu Items:: A simple kind of menu key binding, |
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762 limited in capabilities. |
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763 * Extended Menu Items:: More powerful menu item definitions |
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764 let you specify keywords to enable |
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765 various features. |
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766 * Menu Separators:: Drawing a horizontal line through a menu. |
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767 * Alias Menu Items:: Using command aliases in menu items. |
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768 |
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769 Major and Minor Modes |
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770 |
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771 * Hooks:: How to use hooks; how to write code that provides hooks. |
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772 * Major Modes:: Defining major modes. |
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773 * Minor Modes:: Defining minor modes. |
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774 * Mode Line Format:: Customizing the text that appears in the mode line. |
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775 * Imenu:: How a mode can provide a menu |
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776 of definitions in the buffer. |
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777 * Font Lock Mode:: How modes can highlight text according to syntax. |
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778 * Desktop Save Mode:: How modes can have buffer state saved between |
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779 Emacs sessions. |
41130 | 780 |
781 Major Modes | |
782 | |
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783 * Major Mode Basics:: |
41130 | 784 * Major Mode Conventions:: Coding conventions for keymaps, etc. |
785 * Example Major Modes:: Text mode and Lisp modes. | |
786 * Auto Major Mode:: How Emacs chooses the major mode automatically. | |
787 * Mode Help:: Finding out how to use a mode. | |
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788 * Derived Modes:: Defining a new major mode based on another major |
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789 mode. |
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790 * Generic Modes:: Defining a simple major mode that supports |
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791 comment syntax and Font Lock mode. |
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792 * Mode Hooks:: Hooks run at the end of major mode functions. |
41130 | 793 |
794 Minor Modes | |
795 | |
796 * Minor Mode Conventions:: Tips for writing a minor mode. | |
797 * Keymaps and Minor Modes:: How a minor mode can have its own keymap. | |
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798 * Defining Minor Modes:: A convenient facility for defining minor modes. |
41130 | 799 |
800 Mode Line Format | |
801 | |
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802 * Mode Line Basics:: |
41130 | 803 * Mode Line Data:: The data structure that controls the mode line. |
804 * Mode Line Variables:: Variables used in that data structure. | |
805 * %-Constructs:: Putting information into a mode line. | |
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806 * Properties in Mode:: Using text properties in the mode line. |
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807 * Header Lines:: Like a mode line, but at the top. |
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808 * Emulating Mode Line:: Formatting text as the mode line would. |
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809 |
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810 Font Lock Mode |
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811 |
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812 * Font Lock Basics:: Overview of customizing Font Lock. |
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813 * Search-based Fontification:: Fontification based on regexps. |
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814 * Customizing Keywords:: Customizing search-based fontification. |
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815 * Other Font Lock Variables:: Additional customization facilities. |
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816 * Levels of Font Lock:: Each mode can define alternative levels |
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817 so that the user can select more or less. |
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818 * Precalculated Fontification:: How Lisp programs that produce the buffer |
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819 contents can also specify how to fontify it. |
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820 * Faces for Font Lock:: Special faces specifically for Font Lock. |
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821 * Syntactic Font Lock:: Fontification based on syntax tables. |
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822 * Setting Syntax Properties:: Defining character syntax based on context |
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823 using the Font Lock mechanism. |
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824 * Multiline Font Lock:: How to coerce Font Lock into properly |
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825 highlighting multiline constructs. |
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826 |
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827 Multiline Font Lock Constructs |
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828 |
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829 * Font Lock Multiline:: Marking multiline chunks with a text property |
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830 * Region to Fontify:: Controlling which region gets refontified |
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831 after a buffer change. |
41130 | 832 |
833 Documentation | |
834 | |
835 * Documentation Basics:: Good style for doc strings. | |
836 Where to put them. How Emacs stores them. | |
837 * Accessing Documentation:: How Lisp programs can access doc strings. | |
838 * Keys in Documentation:: Substituting current key bindings. | |
839 * Describing Characters:: Making printable descriptions of | |
840 non-printing characters and key sequences. | |
841 * Help Functions:: Subroutines used by Emacs help facilities. | |
842 | |
843 Files | |
844 | |
845 * Visiting Files:: Reading files into Emacs buffers for editing. | |
846 * Saving Buffers:: Writing changed buffers back into files. | |
847 * Reading from Files:: Reading files into other buffers. | |
848 * Writing to Files:: Writing new files from parts of buffers. | |
849 * File Locks:: Locking and unlocking files, to prevent | |
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850 simultaneous editing by two people. |
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851 * Information about Files:: Testing existence, accessibility, size of files. |
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852 * Changing Files:: Renaming files, changing protection, etc. |
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853 * File Names:: Decomposing and expanding file names. |
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854 * Contents of Directories:: Getting a list of the files in a directory. |
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855 * Create/Delete Dirs:: Creating and Deleting Directories. |
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856 * Magic File Names:: Defining "magic" special handling |
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857 for certain file names. |
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858 * Format Conversion:: Conversion to and from various file formats. |
41130 | 859 |
860 Visiting Files | |
861 | |
862 * Visiting Functions:: The usual interface functions for visiting. | |
863 * Subroutines of Visiting:: Lower-level subroutines that they use. | |
864 | |
865 Information about Files | |
866 | |
867 * Testing Accessibility:: Is a given file readable? Writable? | |
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868 * Kinds of Files:: Is it a directory? A symbolic link? |
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869 * Truenames:: Eliminating symbolic links from a file name. |
41130 | 870 * File Attributes:: How large is it? Any other names? Etc. |
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871 * Locating Files:: How to find a file in standard places. |
41130 | 872 |
873 File Names | |
874 | |
875 * File Name Components:: The directory part of a file name, and the rest. | |
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876 * Relative File Names:: Some file names are relative to a |
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877 current directory. |
41130 | 878 * Directory Names:: A directory's name as a directory |
879 is different from its name as a file. | |
880 * File Name Expansion:: Converting relative file names to absolute ones. | |
881 * Unique File Names:: Generating names for temporary files. | |
882 * File Name Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name. | |
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883 * Standard File Names:: If your package uses a fixed file name, |
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884 how to handle various operating systems simply. |
41130 | 885 |
886 Backups and Auto-Saving | |
887 | |
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888 * Backup Files:: How backup files are made; how their names |
41130 | 889 are chosen. |
890 * Auto-Saving:: How auto-save files are made; how their | |
891 names are chosen. | |
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892 * Reverting:: @code{revert-buffer}, and how to customize |
41130 | 893 what it does. |
894 | |
895 Backup Files | |
896 | |
897 * Making Backups:: How Emacs makes backup files, and when. | |
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898 * Rename or Copy:: Two alternatives: renaming the old file |
41130 | 899 or copying it. |
900 * Numbered Backups:: Keeping multiple backups for each source file. | |
901 * Backup Names:: How backup file names are computed; customization. | |
902 | |
903 Buffers | |
904 | |
905 * Buffer Basics:: What is a buffer? | |
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906 * Current Buffer:: Designating a buffer as current |
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907 so primitives will access its contents. |
41130 | 908 * Buffer Names:: Accessing and changing buffer names. |
909 * Buffer File Name:: The buffer file name indicates which file | |
910 is visited. | |
911 * Buffer Modification:: A buffer is @dfn{modified} if it needs to be saved. | |
912 * Modification Time:: Determining whether the visited file was changed | |
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913 ``behind Emacs's back''. |
41130 | 914 * Read Only Buffers:: Modifying text is not allowed in a |
915 read-only buffer. | |
916 * The Buffer List:: How to look at all the existing buffers. | |
917 * Creating Buffers:: Functions that create buffers. | |
918 * Killing Buffers:: Buffers exist until explicitly killed. | |
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919 * Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares text with some |
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920 other buffer. |
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921 * Buffer Gap:: The gap in the buffer. |
41130 | 922 |
923 Windows | |
924 | |
925 * Basic Windows:: Basic information on using windows. | |
926 * Splitting Windows:: Splitting one window into two windows. | |
927 * Deleting Windows:: Deleting a window gives its space to other windows. | |
928 * Selecting Windows:: The selected window is the one that you edit in. | |
929 * Cyclic Window Ordering:: Moving around the existing windows. | |
930 * Buffers and Windows:: Each window displays the contents of a buffer. | |
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931 * Displaying Buffers:: Higher-level functions for displaying a buffer |
41130 | 932 and choosing a window for it. |
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933 * Choosing Window:: How to choose a window for displaying a buffer. |
41130 | 934 * Window Point:: Each window has its own location of point. |
935 * Window Start:: The display-start position controls which text | |
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936 is on-screen in the window. |
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937 * Textual Scrolling:: Moving text up and down through the window. |
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938 * Vertical Scrolling:: Moving the contents up and down on the window. |
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939 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving the contents sideways on the window. |
41130 | 940 * Size of Window:: Accessing the size of a window. |
941 * Resizing Windows:: Changing the size of a window. | |
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942 * Coordinates and Windows:: Converting coordinates to windows. |
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943 * Window Tree:: The layout and sizes of all windows in a frame. |
41130 | 944 * Window Configurations:: Saving and restoring the state of the screen. |
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945 * Window Hooks:: Hooks for scrolling, window size changes, |
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946 redisplay going past a certain point, |
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947 or window configuration changes. |
41130 | 948 |
949 Frames | |
950 | |
951 * Creating Frames:: Creating additional frames. | |
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952 * Multiple Displays:: Creating frames on other displays. |
41130 | 953 * Frame Parameters:: Controlling frame size, position, font, etc. |
954 * Frame Titles:: Automatic updating of frame titles. | |
955 * Deleting Frames:: Frames last until explicitly deleted. | |
956 * Finding All Frames:: How to examine all existing frames. | |
957 * Frames and Windows:: A frame contains windows; | |
958 display of text always works through windows. | |
959 * Minibuffers and Frames:: How a frame finds the minibuffer to use. | |
960 * Input Focus:: Specifying the selected frame. | |
961 * Visibility of Frames:: Frames may be visible or invisible, or icons. | |
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962 * Raising and Lowering:: Raising a frame makes it hide other windows; |
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963 lowering it puts it underneath the others. |
41130 | 964 * Frame Configurations:: Saving the state of all frames. |
965 * Mouse Tracking:: Getting events that say when the mouse moves. | |
966 * Mouse Position:: Asking where the mouse is, or moving it. | |
967 * Pop-Up Menus:: Displaying a menu for the user to select from. | |
968 * Dialog Boxes:: Displaying a box to ask yes or no. | |
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969 * Pointer Shape:: Specifying the shape of the mouse pointer. |
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970 * Window System Selections::Transferring text to and from other windows. |
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971 * Drag and Drop:: Internals of Drag-and-Drop implementation. |
41130 | 972 * Color Names:: Getting the definitions of color names. |
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973 * Text Terminal Colors:: Defining colors for text-only terminals. |
41130 | 974 * Resources:: Getting resource values from the server. |
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975 * Display Feature Testing:: Determining the features of a terminal. |
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976 |
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977 Frame Parameters |
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978 |
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979 * Parameter Access:: How to change a frame's parameters. |
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980 * Initial Parameters:: Specifying frame parameters when you make a frame. |
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981 * Window Frame Parameters:: List of frame parameters for window systems. |
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982 * Size and Position:: Changing the size and position of a frame. |
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983 * Geometry:: Parsing geometry specifications. |
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984 |
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985 Window Frame Parameters |
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986 |
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987 * Basic Parameters:: Parameters that are fundamental. |
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988 * Position Parameters:: The position of the frame on the screen. |
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989 * Size Parameters:: Frame's size. |
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990 * Layout Parameters:: Size of parts of the frame, and |
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991 enabling or disabling some parts. |
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992 * Buffer Parameters:: Which buffers have been or should be shown. |
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993 * Management Parameters:: Communicating with the window manager. |
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994 * Cursor Parameters:: Controlling the cursor appearance. |
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995 * Color Parameters:: Colors of various parts of the frame. |
41130 | 996 |
997 Positions | |
998 | |
999 * Point:: The special position where editing takes place. | |
1000 * Motion:: Changing point. | |
1001 * Excursions:: Temporary motion and buffer changes. | |
1002 * Narrowing:: Restricting editing to a portion of the buffer. | |
1003 | |
1004 Motion | |
1005 | |
1006 * Character Motion:: Moving in terms of characters. | |
1007 * Word Motion:: Moving in terms of words. | |
1008 * Buffer End Motion:: Moving to the beginning or end of the buffer. | |
1009 * Text Lines:: Moving in terms of lines of text. | |
1010 * Screen Lines:: Moving in terms of lines as displayed. | |
1011 * List Motion:: Moving by parsing lists and sexps. | |
1012 * Skipping Characters:: Skipping characters belonging to a certain set. | |
1013 | |
1014 Markers | |
1015 | |
1016 * Overview of Markers:: The components of a marker, and how it relocates. | |
1017 * Predicates on Markers:: Testing whether an object is a marker. | |
1018 * Creating Markers:: Making empty markers or markers at certain places. | |
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1019 * Information from Markers::Finding the marker's buffer or character |
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1020 position. |
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1021 * Marker Insertion Types:: Two ways a marker can relocate when you |
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1022 insert where it points. |
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1023 * Moving Markers:: Moving the marker to a new buffer or position. |
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1024 * The Mark:: How "the mark" is implemented with a marker. |
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1025 * The Region:: How to access "the region". |
41130 | 1026 |
1027 Text | |
1028 | |
1029 * Near Point:: Examining text in the vicinity of point. | |
1030 * Buffer Contents:: Examining text in a general fashion. | |
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1031 * Comparing Text:: Comparing substrings of buffers. |
41130 | 1032 * Insertion:: Adding new text to a buffer. |
1033 * Commands for Insertion:: User-level commands to insert text. | |
1034 * Deletion:: Removing text from a buffer. | |
1035 * User-Level Deletion:: User-level commands to delete text. | |
1036 * The Kill Ring:: Where removed text sometimes is saved for | |
1037 later use. | |
1038 * Undo:: Undoing changes to the text of a buffer. | |
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1039 * Maintaining Undo:: How to enable and disable undo information. |
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1040 How to control how much information is kept. |
41130 | 1041 * Filling:: Functions for explicit filling. |
1042 * Margins:: How to specify margins for filling commands. | |
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1043 * Adaptive Fill:: Adaptive Fill mode chooses a fill prefix |
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1044 from context. |
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1045 * Auto Filling:: How auto-fill mode is implemented to break lines. |
41130 | 1046 * Sorting:: Functions for sorting parts of the buffer. |
1047 * Columns:: Computing horizontal positions, and using them. | |
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1048 * Indentation:: Functions to insert or adjust indentation. |
41130 | 1049 * Case Changes:: Case conversion of parts of the buffer. |
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1050 * Text Properties:: Assigning Lisp property lists to text characters. |
41130 | 1051 * Substitution:: Replacing a given character wherever it appears. |
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1052 * Transposition:: Swapping two portions of a buffer. |
41130 | 1053 * Registers:: How registers are implemented. Accessing |
1054 the text or position stored in a register. | |
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1055 * Base 64:: Conversion to or from base 64 encoding. |
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1056 * MD5 Checksum:: Compute the MD5 "message digest"/"checksum". |
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1057 * Atomic Changes:: Installing several buffer changes "atomically". |
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1058 * Change Hooks:: Supplying functions to be run when text is changed. |
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1059 |
41130 | 1060 The Kill Ring |
1061 | |
1062 * Kill Ring Concepts:: What text looks like in the kill ring. | |
1063 * Kill Functions:: Functions that kill text. | |
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1064 * Yanking:: How yanking is done. |
41130 | 1065 * Yank Commands:: Commands that access the kill ring. |
1066 * Low-Level Kill Ring:: Functions and variables for kill ring access. | |
1067 * Internals of Kill Ring:: Variables that hold kill-ring data. | |
1068 | |
1069 Indentation | |
1070 | |
1071 * Primitive Indent:: Functions used to count and insert indentation. | |
1072 * Mode-Specific Indent:: Customize indentation for different modes. | |
1073 * Region Indent:: Indent all the lines in a region. | |
1074 * Relative Indent:: Indent the current line based on previous lines. | |
1075 * Indent Tabs:: Adjustable, typewriter-like tab stops. | |
1076 * Motion by Indent:: Move to first non-blank character. | |
1077 | |
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1078 Text Properties |
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1079 |
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1080 * Examining Properties:: Looking at the properties of one character. |
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1081 * Changing Properties:: Setting the properties of a range of text. |
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1082 * Property Search:: Searching for where a property changes value. |
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1083 * Special Properties:: Particular properties with special meanings. |
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1084 * Format Properties:: Properties for representing formatting of text. |
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1085 * Sticky Properties:: How inserted text gets properties from |
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1086 neighboring text. |
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1087 * Saving Properties:: Saving text properties in files, and reading |
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1088 them back. |
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1089 * Lazy Properties:: Computing text properties in a lazy fashion |
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1090 only when text is examined. |
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1091 * Clickable Text:: Using text properties to make regions of text |
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1092 do something when you click on them. |
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1093 * Links and Mouse-1:: How to make @key{Mouse-1} follow a link. |
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1094 * Fields:: The @code{field} property defines |
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1095 fields within the buffer. |
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1096 * Not Intervals:: Why text properties do not use |
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1097 Lisp-visible text intervals. |
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1098 |
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1099 Non-ASCII Characters |
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1100 |
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1101 * Text Representations:: Unibyte and multibyte representations |
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1102 * Converting Representations:: Converting unibyte to multibyte and vice versa. |
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1103 * Selecting a Representation:: Treating a byte sequence as unibyte or multi. |
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1104 * Character Codes:: How unibyte and multibyte relate to |
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1105 codes of individual characters. |
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1106 * Character Sets:: The space of possible character codes |
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1107 is divided into various character sets. |
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1108 * Chars and Bytes:: More information about multibyte encodings. |
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1109 * Splitting Characters:: Converting a character to its byte sequence. |
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1110 * Scanning Charsets:: Which character sets are used in a buffer? |
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1111 * Translation of Characters:: Translation tables are used for conversion. |
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1112 * Coding Systems:: Coding systems are conversions for saving files. |
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1113 * Input Methods:: Input methods allow users to enter various |
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1114 non-ASCII characters without special keyboards. |
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1115 * Locales:: Interacting with the POSIX locale. |
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1116 |
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1117 Coding Systems |
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1118 |
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1119 * Coding System Basics:: Basic concepts. |
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1120 * Encoding and I/O:: How file I/O functions handle coding systems. |
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1121 * Lisp and Coding Systems:: Functions to operate on coding system names. |
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1122 * User-Chosen Coding Systems:: Asking the user to choose a coding system. |
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1123 * Default Coding Systems:: Controlling the default choices. |
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1124 * Specifying Coding Systems:: Requesting a particular coding system |
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1125 for a single file operation. |
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1126 * Explicit Encoding:: Encoding or decoding text without doing I/O. |
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1127 * Terminal I/O Encoding:: Use of encoding for terminal I/O. |
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1128 * MS-DOS File Types:: How DOS "text" and "binary" files |
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1129 relate to coding systems. |
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1130 |
41130 | 1131 Searching and Matching |
1132 | |
1133 * String Search:: Search for an exact match. | |
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1134 * Searching and Case:: Case-independent or case-significant searching. |
41130 | 1135 * Regular Expressions:: Describing classes of strings. |
1136 * Regexp Search:: Searching for a match for a regexp. | |
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1137 * POSIX Regexps:: Searching POSIX-style for the longest match. |
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1138 * Match Data:: Finding out which part of the text matched, |
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1139 after a string or regexp search. |
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1140 * Search and Replace:: Commands that loop, searching and replacing. |
41130 | 1141 * Standard Regexps:: Useful regexps for finding sentences, pages,... |
1142 | |
1143 Regular Expressions | |
1144 | |
1145 * Syntax of Regexps:: Rules for writing regular expressions. | |
1146 * Regexp Example:: Illustrates regular expression syntax. | |
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1147 * Regexp Functions:: Functions for operating on regular expressions. |
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1148 |
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1149 Syntax of Regular Expressions |
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1150 |
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1151 * Regexp Special:: Special characters in regular expressions. |
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1152 * Char Classes:: Character classes used in regular expressions. |
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1153 * Regexp Backslash:: Backslash-sequences in regular expressions. |
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1154 |
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1155 The Match Data |
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1156 |
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1157 * Replacing Match:: Replacing a substring that was matched. |
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1158 * Simple Match Data:: Accessing single items of match data, |
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1159 such as where a particular subexpression started. |
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1160 * Entire Match Data:: Accessing the entire match data at once, as a list. |
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1161 * Saving Match Data:: Saving and restoring the match data. |
41130 | 1162 |
1163 Syntax Tables | |
1164 | |
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1165 * Syntax Basics:: Basic concepts of syntax tables. |
41130 | 1166 * Syntax Descriptors:: How characters are classified. |
1167 * Syntax Table Functions:: How to create, examine and alter syntax tables. | |
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1168 * Syntax Properties:: Overriding syntax with text properties. |
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1169 * Motion and Syntax:: Moving over characters with certain syntaxes. |
41130 | 1170 * Parsing Expressions:: Parsing balanced expressions |
1171 using the syntax table. | |
1172 * Standard Syntax Tables:: Syntax tables used by various major modes. | |
1173 * Syntax Table Internals:: How syntax table information is stored. | |
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1174 * Categories:: Another way of classifying character syntax. |
41130 | 1175 |
1176 Syntax Descriptors | |
1177 | |
1178 * Syntax Class Table:: Table of syntax classes. | |
1179 * Syntax Flags:: Additional flags each character can have. | |
1180 | |
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1181 Parsing Expressions |
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1182 |
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1183 * Motion via Parsing:: Motion functions that work by parsing. |
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1184 * Position Parse:: Determining the syntactic state of a position. |
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1185 * Parser State:: How Emacs represents a syntactic state. |
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1186 * Low-Level Parsing:: Parsing across a specified region. |
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1187 * Control Parsing:: Parameters that affect parsing. |
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1188 |
41130 | 1189 Abbrevs And Abbrev Expansion |
1190 | |
1191 * Abbrev Mode:: Setting up Emacs for abbreviation. | |
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1192 * Abbrev Tables:: Creating and working with abbrev tables. |
41130 | 1193 * Defining Abbrevs:: Specifying abbreviations and their expansions. |
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1194 * Abbrev Files:: Saving abbrevs in files. |
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1195 * Abbrev Expansion:: Controlling expansion; expansion subroutines. |
41130 | 1196 * Standard Abbrev Tables:: Abbrev tables used by various major modes. |
1197 | |
1198 Processes | |
1199 | |
1200 * Subprocess Creation:: Functions that start subprocesses. | |
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1201 * Shell Arguments:: Quoting an argument to pass it to a shell. |
41130 | 1202 * Synchronous Processes:: Details of using synchronous subprocesses. |
1203 * Asynchronous Processes:: Starting up an asynchronous subprocess. | |
1204 * Deleting Processes:: Eliminating an asynchronous subprocess. | |
1205 * Process Information:: Accessing run-status and other attributes. | |
1206 * Input to Processes:: Sending input to an asynchronous subprocess. | |
1207 * Signals to Processes:: Stopping, continuing or interrupting | |
1208 an asynchronous subprocess. | |
1209 * Output from Processes:: Collecting output from an asynchronous subprocess. | |
1210 * Sentinels:: Sentinels run when process run-status changes. | |
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1211 * Query Before Exit:: Whether to query if exiting will kill a process. |
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1212 * Transaction Queues:: Transaction-based communication with subprocesses. |
41130 | 1213 * Network:: Opening network connections. |
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1214 * Network Servers:: Network servers let Emacs accept net connections. |
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1215 * Datagrams:: UDP network connections. |
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1216 * Low-Level Network:: Lower-level but more general function |
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1217 to create connections and servers. |
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1218 * Misc Network:: Additional relevant functions for network connections. |
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1219 * Byte Packing:: Using bindat to pack and unpack binary data. |
41130 | 1220 |
1221 Receiving Output from Processes | |
1222 | |
1223 * Process Buffers:: If no filter, output is put in a buffer. | |
1224 * Filter Functions:: Filter functions accept output from the process. | |
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1225 * Decoding Output:: Filters can get unibyte or multibyte strings. |
41130 | 1226 * Accepting Output:: How to wait until process output arrives. |
1227 | |
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1228 Low-Level Network Access |
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1229 |
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1230 * Proc: Network Processes. Using @code{make-network-process}. |
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1231 * Options: Network Options. Further control over network connections. |
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1232 * Features: Network Feature Testing. |
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1233 Determining which network features work on |
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1234 the machine you are using. |
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1235 |
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1236 Packing and Unpacking Byte Arrays |
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1237 |
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1238 * Bindat Spec:: Describing data layout. |
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1239 * Bindat Functions:: Doing the unpacking and packing. |
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1240 * Bindat Examples:: Samples of what bindat.el can do for you! |
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1241 |
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1242 Emacs Display |
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1243 |
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1244 * Refresh Screen:: Clearing the screen and redrawing everything on it. |
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1245 * Forcing Redisplay:: Forcing redisplay. |
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1246 * Truncation:: Folding or wrapping long text lines. |
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1247 * The Echo Area:: Displaying messages at the bottom of the screen. |
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1248 * Warnings:: Displaying warning messages for the user. |
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1249 * Invisible Text:: Hiding part of the buffer text. |
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1250 * Selective Display:: Hiding part of the buffer text (the old way). |
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1251 * Temporary Displays:: Displays that go away automatically. |
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1252 * Overlays:: Use overlays to highlight parts of the buffer. |
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1253 * Width:: How wide a character or string is on the screen. |
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1254 * Line Height:: Controlling the height of lines. |
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1255 * Faces:: A face defines a graphics style |
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1256 for text characters: font, colors, etc. |
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1257 * Fringes:: Controlling window fringes. |
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1258 * Scroll Bars:: Controlling vertical scroll bars. |
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1259 * Display Property:: Enabling special display features. |
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1260 * Images:: Displaying images in Emacs buffers. |
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1261 * Buttons:: Adding clickable buttons to Emacs buffers. |
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1262 * Abstract Display:: Emacs' Widget for Object Collections. |
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1263 * Blinking:: How Emacs shows the matching open parenthesis. |
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1264 * Usual Display:: The usual conventions for displaying nonprinting chars. |
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1265 * Display Tables:: How to specify other conventions. |
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1266 * Beeping:: Audible signal to the user. |
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1267 * Window Systems:: Which window system is being used. |
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1268 |
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1269 The Echo Area |
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1270 |
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1271 * Displaying Messages:: Explicitly displaying text in the echo area. |
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1272 * Progress:: Informing user about progress of a long operation. |
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1273 * Logging Messages:: Echo area messages are logged for the user. |
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1274 * Echo Area Customization:: Controlling the echo area. |
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1275 |
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1276 Reporting Warnings |
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1277 |
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1278 * Warning Basics:: Warnings concepts and functions to report them. |
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1279 * Warning Variables:: Variables programs bind to customize their warnings. |
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1280 * Warning Options:: Variables users set to control display of warnings. |
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1281 |
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1282 Overlays |
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1283 |
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1284 * Managing Overlays:: Creating and moving overlays. |
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1285 * Overlay Properties:: How to read and set properties. |
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1286 What properties do to the screen display. |
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1287 * Finding Overlays:: Searching for overlays. |
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1288 |
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1289 Faces |
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1290 |
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1291 * Defining Faces:: How to define a face with @code{defface}. |
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1292 * Face Attributes:: What is in a face? |
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1293 * Attribute Functions:: Functions to examine and set face attributes. |
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1294 * Displaying Faces:: How Emacs combines the faces specified for |
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1295 a character. |
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1296 * Font Selection:: Finding the best available font for a face. |
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1297 * Face Functions:: How to define and examine faces. |
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1298 * Auto Faces:: Hook for automatic face assignment. |
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1299 * Font Lookup:: Looking up the names of available fonts |
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1300 and information about them. |
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1301 * Fontsets:: A fontset is a collection of fonts |
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1302 that handle a range of character sets. |
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1303 |
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1304 Fringes |
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1305 |
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1306 * Fringe Size/Pos:: Specifying where to put the window fringes. |
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1307 * Fringe Indicators:: Displaying indicator icons in the window fringes. |
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1308 * Fringe Cursors:: Displaying cursors in the right fringe. |
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1309 * Fringe Bitmaps:: Specifying bitmaps for fringe indicators. |
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1310 * Customizing Bitmaps:: Specifying your own bitmaps to use in the fringes. |
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1311 * Overlay Arrow:: Display of an arrow to indicate position. |
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1312 |
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1313 The @code{display} Property |
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1314 |
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1315 * Specified Space:: Displaying one space with a specified width. |
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1316 * Pixel Specification:: Specifying space width or height in pixels. |
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1317 * Other Display Specs:: Displaying an image; magnifying text; moving it |
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1318 up or down on the page; adjusting the width |
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1319 of spaces within text. |
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1320 * Display Margins:: Displaying text or images to the side of |
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1321 the main text. |
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1322 |
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1323 Images |
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1324 |
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1325 * Image Descriptors:: How to specify an image for use in @code{:display}. |
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1326 * XBM Images:: Special features for XBM format. |
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1327 * XPM Images:: Special features for XPM format. |
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1328 * GIF Images:: Special features for GIF format. |
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1329 * PostScript Images:: Special features for PostScript format. |
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1330 * Other Image Types:: Various other formats are supported. |
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1331 * Defining Images:: Convenient ways to define an image for later use. |
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1332 * Showing Images:: Convenient ways to display an image once |
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1333 it is defined. |
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1334 * Image Cache:: Internal mechanisms of image display. |
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1335 |
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1336 Buttons |
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1337 |
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1338 * Button Properties:: Button properties with special meanings. |
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1339 * Button Types:: Defining common properties for classes of buttons. |
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1340 * Making Buttons:: Adding buttons to Emacs buffers. |
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1341 * Manipulating Buttons:: Getting and setting properties of buttons. |
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1342 * Button Buffer Commands:: Buffer-wide commands and bindings for buttons. |
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1343 |
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1344 Abstract Display |
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1345 |
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1346 * Abstract Display Functions:: Functions in the Ewoc package. |
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1347 * Abstract Display Example:: Example of using Ewoc. |
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1348 |
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1349 Display Tables |
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1350 |
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1351 * Display Table Format:: What a display table consists of. |
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1352 * Active Display Table:: How Emacs selects a display table to use. |
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1353 * Glyphs:: How to define a glyph, and what glyphs mean. |
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1354 |
41130 | 1355 Operating System Interface |
1356 | |
1357 * Starting Up:: Customizing Emacs start-up processing. | |
1358 * Getting Out:: How exiting works (permanent or temporary). | |
1359 * System Environment:: Distinguish the name and kind of system. | |
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1360 * User Identification:: Finding the name and user id of the user. |
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1361 * Time of Day:: Getting the current time. |
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1362 * Time Conversion:: Converting a time from numeric form to a string, or |
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1363 to calendrical data (or vice versa). |
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1364 * Time Parsing:: Converting a time from numeric form to text |
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1365 and vice versa. |
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1366 * Processor Run Time:: Getting the run time used by Emacs. |
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1367 * Time Calculations:: Adding, subtracting, comparing times, etc. |
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1368 * Timers:: Setting a timer to call a function at a certain time. |
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1369 * Idle Timers:: Setting a timer to call a function when Emacs has |
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1370 been idle for a certain length of time. |
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1371 * Terminal Input:: Accessing and recording terminal input. |
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1372 * Terminal Output:: Controlling and recording terminal output. |
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1373 * Sound Output:: Playing sounds on the computer's speaker. |
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1374 * X11 Keysyms:: Operating on key symbols for X Windows |
41130 | 1375 * Batch Mode:: Running Emacs without terminal interaction. |
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1376 * Session Management:: Saving and restoring state with X Session Management. |
41130 | 1377 |
1378 Starting Up Emacs | |
1379 | |
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1380 * Startup Summary:: Sequence of actions Emacs performs at start-up. |
41130 | 1381 * Init File:: Details on reading the init file (@file{.emacs}). |
1382 * Terminal-Specific:: How the terminal-specific Lisp file is read. | |
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1383 * Command-Line Arguments:: How command-line arguments are processed, |
41130 | 1384 and how you can customize them. |
1385 | |
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1386 Getting Out of Emacs |
41130 | 1387 |
1388 * Killing Emacs:: Exiting Emacs irreversibly. | |
1389 * Suspending Emacs:: Exiting Emacs reversibly. | |
1390 | |
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1391 Terminal Input |
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1392 |
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1393 * Input Modes:: Options for how input is processed. |
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1394 * Recording Input:: Saving histories of recent or all input events. |
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1395 |
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1396 Tips and Conventions |
41130 | 1397 |
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1398 * Coding Conventions:: Conventions for clean and robust programs. |
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1399 * Key Binding Conventions:: Which keys should be bound by which programs. |
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1400 * Programming Tips:: Making Emacs code fit smoothly in Emacs. |
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1401 * Compilation Tips:: Making compiled code run fast. |
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1402 * Warning Tips:: Turning off compiler warnings. |
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1403 * Documentation Tips:: Writing readable documentation strings. |
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1404 * Comment Tips:: Conventions for writing comments. |
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1405 * Library Headers:: Standard headers for library packages. |
41130 | 1406 |
1407 GNU Emacs Internals | |
1408 | |
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1409 * Building Emacs:: How the dumped Emacs is made. |
41130 | 1410 * Pure Storage:: A kludge to make preloaded Lisp functions sharable. |
1411 * Garbage Collection:: Reclaiming space for Lisp objects no longer used. | |
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1412 * Memory Usage:: Info about total size of Lisp objects made so far. |
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1413 * Writing Emacs Primitives:: Writing C code for Emacs. |
41130 | 1414 * Object Internals:: Data formats of buffers, windows, processes. |
1415 | |
1416 Object Internals | |
1417 | |
1418 * Buffer Internals:: Components of a buffer structure. | |
1419 * Window Internals:: Components of a window structure. | |
1420 * Process Internals:: Components of a process structure. | |
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1421 @end detailmenu |
41130 | 1422 @end menu |
1423 | |
1424 @include intro.texi | |
1425 @include objects.texi | |
1426 @include numbers.texi | |
1427 @include strings.texi | |
1428 | |
1429 @include lists.texi | |
1430 @include sequences.texi | |
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1431 @include hash.texi |
41130 | 1432 @include symbols.texi |
1433 @include eval.texi | |
1434 | |
1435 @include control.texi | |
1436 @include variables.texi | |
1437 @include functions.texi | |
1438 @include macros.texi | |
1439 | |
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1440 @include customize.texi |
41130 | 1441 @include loading.texi |
1442 @include compile.texi | |
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1443 @include advice.texi |
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1444 |
41130 | 1445 @include debugging.texi |
1446 @include streams.texi | |
1447 @include minibuf.texi | |
1448 @include commands.texi | |
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1449 |
41130 | 1450 @include keymaps.texi |
1451 @include modes.texi | |
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1452 @include help.texi |
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1453 @include files.texi |
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1454 |
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1455 @include backups.texi |
41130 | 1456 |
1457 @c ================ Beginning of Volume 2 ================ | |
1458 @c include buffers.texi | |
1459 @c include windows.texi | |
1460 @c include frames.texi | |
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1461 |
41130 | 1462 @c include positions.texi |
1463 @c include markers.texi | |
1464 @c include text.texi | |
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1465 @c include nonascii.texi |
41130 | 1466 |
1467 @c include searching.texi | |
1468 @c include syntax.texi | |
1469 @c include abbrevs.texi | |
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1470 @c include processes.texi |
41130 | 1471 |
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1472 @c include display.texi |
41130 | 1473 @c include os.texi |
1474 | |
1475 @c MOVE to Emacs Manual: include misc-modes.texi | |
1476 | |
1477 @c appendices | |
1478 | |
1479 @c REMOVE this: include non-hacker.texi | |
1480 | |
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1481 @c include anti.texi |
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1482 @c include doclicense.texi |
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1483 @c include gpl.texi |
41130 | 1484 @c include tips.texi |
1485 @c include internals.texi | |
1486 @c include errors.texi | |
1487 @c include locals.texi | |
1488 @c include maps.texi | |
1489 @c include hooks.texi | |
1490 | |
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1491 @include index.texi |
41130 | 1492 |
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1493 @ignore |
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1494 @node New Symbols, , Index, Top |
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1495 @unnumbered New Symbols Since the Previous Edition |
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1496 |
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1497 @printindex tp |
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1498 @end ignore |
41130 | 1499 |
1500 @bye | |
1501 | |
1502 | |
1503 These words prevent "local variables" above from confusing Emacs. | |
52401 | 1504 |
1505 @ignore | |
1506 arch-tag: 9594760d-8801-4d1b-aeb9-f3b3166b5be2 | |
1507 @end ignore |