Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/programs.texi @ 51270:827c306f0515
Add missing code from previous patch by David Ponce.
author | Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com> |
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date | Tue, 27 May 2003 22:34:58 +0000 |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985,86,87,93,94,95,97,99,00,2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 3 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
4 @node Programs, Building, Text, Top | |
5 @chapter Editing Programs | |
6 @cindex Lisp editing | |
7 @cindex C editing | |
8 @cindex program editing | |
9 | |
38867 | 10 Emacs provides many features to facilitate editing programs. Some |
11 of these features can | |
25829 | 12 |
13 @itemize @bullet | |
14 @item | |
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15 Find or move over top-level definitions (@pxref{Defuns}). |
25829 | 16 @item |
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17 Apply the usual indentation conventions of the language |
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18 (@pxref{Program Indent}). |
25829 | 19 @item |
20 Insert, kill or align comments (@pxref{Comments}). | |
21 @item | |
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22 Balance parentheses (@pxref{Parentheses}). |
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23 @item |
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24 Highlight program syntax (@pxref{Font Lock}). |
25829 | 25 @end itemize |
26 | |
38867 | 27 This chapter describes these features and many more. |
28 | |
25829 | 29 @menu |
30 * Program Modes:: Major modes for editing programs. | |
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31 * Defuns:: Commands to operate on major top-level parts |
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32 of a program. |
25829 | 33 * Program Indent:: Adjusting indentation to show the nesting. |
34 * Comments:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments. | |
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35 * Parentheses:: Commands that operate on parentheses. |
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36 * Documentation:: Getting documentation of functions you plan to call. |
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37 * Hideshow:: Displaying blocks selectively. |
25829 | 38 * Symbol Completion:: Completion on symbol names of your program or language. |
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39 * Glasses:: Making identifiersLikeThis more readable. |
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40 * Misc for Programs:: Other Emacs features useful for editing programs. |
26264 | 41 * C Modes:: Special commands of C, C++, Objective-C, |
25829 | 42 Java, and Pike modes. |
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43 * Fortran:: Fortran mode and its special features. |
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44 * Asm Mode:: Asm mode and its special features. |
25829 | 45 @end menu |
46 | |
47 @node Program Modes | |
48 @section Major Modes for Programming Languages | |
49 @cindex modes for programming languages | |
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50 |
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51 Emacs has specialized major modes for various programming languages. |
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52 @xref{Major Modes}. A programming language major mode typically |
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53 specifies the syntax of expressions, the customary rules for |
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54 indentation, how to do syntax highlighting for the language, and how |
38867 | 55 to find the beginning of a function definition. It often customizes |
56 or provides facilities for compiling and debugging programs as well. | |
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57 |
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58 Ideally, Emacs should provide a major mode for each programming |
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59 language that you might want to edit; if it doesn't have a mode for |
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60 your favorite language, you can contribute one. But often the mode |
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61 for one language can serve for other syntactically similar languages. |
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62 The major mode for language @var{l} is called @code{@var{l}-mode}, |
38867 | 63 and you can select it by typing @kbd{M-x @var{l}-mode @key{RET}}. |
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64 @xref{Choosing Modes}. |
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65 |
25829 | 66 @cindex Perl mode |
67 @cindex Icon mode | |
68 @cindex Awk mode | |
69 @cindex Makefile mode | |
70 @cindex Tcl mode | |
71 @cindex CPerl mode | |
26106 | 72 @cindex DSSSL mode |
73 @cindex Octave mode | |
74 @cindex Metafont mode | |
75 @cindex Modula2 mode | |
76 @cindex Prolog mode | |
77 @cindex Simula mode | |
78 @cindex VHDL mode | |
79 @cindex M4 mode | |
80 @cindex Shell-script mode | |
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81 @cindex Delphi mode |
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82 @cindex PostScript mode |
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83 The existing programming language major modes include Lisp, Scheme (a |
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84 variant of Lisp) and the Scheme-based DSSSL expression language, Ada, |
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85 Awk, C, C++, Delphi (Object Pascal), Fortran (free format and fixed |
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86 format), Icon, IDL (CORBA), IDLWAVE, Java, Metafont (@TeX{}'s |
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87 companion for font creation), Modula2, Objective-C, Octave, Pascal, |
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88 Perl, Pike, PostScript, Prolog, Simula, Tcl, and VHDL. There is |
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89 also a major mode for makefiles, called Makefile mode. An alternative |
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90 mode for Perl is called CPerl mode. Modes are available for the |
38867 | 91 scripting languages of the common GNU and Unix shells, VMS DCL, and |
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92 MS-DOS/MS-Windows @samp{BAT} files. There are also major modes for |
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93 editing various sorts of configuration files. |
25829 | 94 |
95 @kindex DEL @r{(programming modes)} | |
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96 @findex c-electric-backspace |
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97 In most programming languages, indentation should vary from line to |
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98 line to illustrate the structure of the program. So the major modes |
38867 | 99 for programming languages arrange for @key{TAB} to update the |
100 indentation of the current line. They also rebind @key{DEL} to treat | |
101 a tab as if it were the equivalent number of spaces; this lets you | |
102 delete one column of indentation without worrying whether the | |
103 whitespace consists of spaces or tabs. Use @kbd{C-b C-d} to delete a | |
104 tab character before point, in these modes. | |
25829 | 105 |
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106 Separate manuals are available for the modes for Ada (@pxref{Top, , Ada |
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107 Mode, ada-mode, Ada Mode}), C/C++/Objective C/Java/Corba IDL |
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108 (@pxref{Top, , CC Mode, ccmode, CC Mode}) and the IDLWAVE modes |
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109 (@pxref{Top, , IDLWAVE, idlwave, IDLWAVE User Manual}). |
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110 |
25829 | 111 @cindex mode hook |
112 @vindex c-mode-hook | |
113 @vindex lisp-mode-hook | |
114 @vindex emacs-lisp-mode-hook | |
115 @vindex lisp-interaction-mode-hook | |
116 @vindex scheme-mode-hook | |
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117 Turning on a major mode runs a normal hook called the @dfn{mode |
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118 hook}, which is the value of a Lisp variable. Each major mode has a |
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119 mode hook, and the hook's name is always made from the mode command's |
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120 name by adding @samp{-hook}. For example, turning on C mode runs the |
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121 hook @code{c-mode-hook}, while turning on Lisp mode runs the hook |
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122 @code{lisp-mode-hook}. The purpose of the mode hook is to give you a |
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123 place to set up customizations for that major mode. @xref{Hooks}. |
25829 | 124 |
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125 @node Defuns |
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126 @section Top-Level Definitions, or Defuns |
25829 | 127 |
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128 In Emacs, a major definition at the top level in the buffer is |
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129 called a @dfn{defun}. The name comes from Lisp, but in Emacs we use |
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130 it for all languages. |
25829 | 131 |
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132 In most programming language modes, Emacs assumes that a defun is |
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133 any pair of parentheses (or braces, if the language uses braces this |
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134 way) that starts at the left margin. For example, in C, the body of a |
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135 function definition is normally a defun, because the open-brace that |
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136 begins it is normally at the left margin. A variable's initializer |
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137 can also count as a defun, if the open-brace that begins the |
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138 initializer is at the left margin. |
25829 | 139 |
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140 However, some language modes provide their own code for recognizing |
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141 defuns in a way that suits the language syntax and conventions better. |
25829 | 142 |
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143 @menu |
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144 * Left Margin Paren:: An open-paren or similar opening delimiter |
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145 starts a defun if it is at the left margin. |
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146 * Moving by Defuns:: Commands to move over or mark a major definition. |
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147 * Imenu:: Making buffer indexes as menus. |
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148 * Which Function:: Which Function mode shows which function you are in. |
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149 @end menu |
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150 |
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151 @node Left Margin Paren |
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152 @subsection Left Margin Convention |
25829 | 153 |
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154 @cindex open-parenthesis in leftmost column |
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155 @cindex ( in leftmost column |
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156 In most major modes, Emacs assumes that any opening delimiter found |
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157 at the left margin is the start of a top-level definition, or defun. |
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158 Therefore, @strong{never put an opening delimiter at the left margin |
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159 unless it should have that significance.} For instance, never put an |
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160 open-parenthesis at the left margin in a Lisp file unless it is the |
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161 start of a top-level list. Never put an open-brace or other opening |
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162 delimiter at the beginning of a line of C code unless it is at top |
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163 level. |
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165 If you don't follow this convention, not only will you have trouble |
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166 when you explicitly use the commands for motion by defuns; other |
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167 features that use them will also give you trouble. This includes |
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168 the indentation commands (@pxref{Program Indent}) and Font Lock |
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169 mode (@pxref{Font Lock}). |
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171 The most likely problem case is when you want an opening delimiter |
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172 at the start of a line inside a string. To avoid trouble, put an |
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173 escape character (@samp{\}, in C and Emacs Lisp, @samp{/} in some |
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174 other Lisp dialects) before the opening delimiter. This will not |
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175 affect the contents of the string, but will prevent that opening |
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176 delimiter from starting a defun. Here's an example: |
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178 @example |
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179 (insert "Foo: |
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180 \(bar) |
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181 ") |
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182 @end example |
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184 To help you catch violations of this convention, Font Lock mode |
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185 highlights confusing opening delimiters (those that ought to be |
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186 quoted) in bold red. |
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187 |
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188 In the earliest days, the original Emacs found defuns by moving |
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189 upward a level of parentheses or braces until there were no more |
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190 levels to go up. This always required scanning all the way back to |
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191 the beginning of the buffer, even for a small function. To speed up |
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192 the operation, we changed Emacs to assume that any opening delimiter |
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193 at the left margin is the start of a defun. This heuristic is nearly |
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194 always right, and avoids the need to scan back to the beginning of the |
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195 buffer. However, it mandates following the convention described |
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196 above. |
25829 | 197 |
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198 @node Moving by Defuns |
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199 @subsection Moving by Defuns |
25829 | 200 @cindex defuns |
201 | |
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202 These commands move point or set up the region based on top-level |
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203 major definitions, also called @dfn{defuns}. |
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204 |
25829 | 205 @table @kbd |
206 @item C-M-a | |
207 Move to beginning of current or preceding defun | |
208 (@code{beginning-of-defun}). | |
209 @item C-M-e | |
210 Move to end of current or following defun (@code{end-of-defun}). | |
211 @item C-M-h | |
212 Put region around whole current or following defun (@code{mark-defun}). | |
213 @end table | |
214 | |
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215 @cindex move to beginning or end of function |
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216 @cindex function, move to beginning or end |
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217 @kindex C-M-a |
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218 @kindex C-M-e |
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219 @kindex C-M-h |
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220 @findex beginning-of-defun |
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221 @findex end-of-defun |
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222 @findex mark-defun |
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223 The commands to move to the beginning and end of the current defun |
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224 are @kbd{C-M-a} (@code{beginning-of-defun}) and @kbd{C-M-e} |
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225 (@code{end-of-defun}). If you repeat one of these commands, or use a |
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226 positive numeric argument, each repetition moves to the next defun in |
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227 the direction of motion. |
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228 |
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229 @kbd{C-M-a} with a negative argument @minus{}@var{n} moves forward |
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230 @var{n} times to the next beginning of a defun. This is not exactly |
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231 the same place that @kbd{C-M-e} with argument @var{n} would move to; |
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232 the end of this defun is not usually exactly the same place as the |
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233 beginning of the following defun. (Whitespace, comments, and perhaps |
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234 declarations can separate them.) Likewise, @kbd{C-M-e} with a |
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235 negative argument moves back to an end of a defun, which is not quite |
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236 the same as @kbd{C-M-a} with a positive argument. |
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237 |
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238 @kindex C-M-h @r{(C mode)} |
25829 | 239 @findex c-mark-function |
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240 To operate on the current defun, use @kbd{C-M-h} (@code{mark-defun}) |
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241 which puts point at the beginning and mark at the end of the current |
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242 defun. This is the easiest way to get ready to kill the defun in |
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243 order to move it to a different place in the file. If you use the |
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244 command while point is between defuns, it uses the following defun. |
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245 |
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246 In C mode, @kbd{C-M-h} runs the function @code{c-mark-function}, |
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247 which is almost the same as @code{mark-defun}; the difference is that |
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248 it backs up over the argument declarations, function name and returned |
38867 | 249 data type so that the entire C function is inside the region. This is |
250 an example of how major modes adjust the standard key bindings so that | |
251 they do their standard jobs in a way better fitting a particular | |
252 language. Other major modes may replace any or all of these key | |
253 bindings for that purpose. | |
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254 |
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255 @node Imenu |
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256 @subsection Imenu |
38867 | 257 @cindex index of buffer definitions |
258 @cindex buffer definitions index | |
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259 @cindex tags |
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260 |
42675 | 261 The Imenu facility offers a way to find the major definitions in |
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262 a file by name. It is also useful in text formatter major modes, |
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263 where it treats each chapter, section, etc., as a definition. |
38867 | 264 (@xref{Tags}, for a more powerful feature that handles multiple files |
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265 together.) |
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266 |
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267 @findex imenu |
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268 If you type @kbd{M-x imenu}, it reads the name of a definition using |
38867 | 269 the minibuffer, then moves point to that definition. You can use |
270 completion to specify the name; the command always displays the whole | |
271 list of valid names. | |
25829 | 272 |
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273 @findex imenu-add-menubar-index |
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274 Alternatively, you can bind the command @code{imenu} to a mouse |
38867 | 275 click. Then it displays mouse menus for you to select a definition |
276 name. You can also add the buffer's index to the menu bar by calling | |
277 @code{imenu-add-menubar-index}. If you want to have this menu bar | |
278 item available for all buffers in a certain major mode, you can do | |
279 this by adding @code{imenu-add-menubar-index} to its mode hook. But | |
280 if you have done that, you will have to wait each time you visit a | |
281 file in that mode, while Emacs finds all the definitions in that | |
282 buffer. | |
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283 |
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284 @vindex imenu-auto-rescan |
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285 When you change the contents of a buffer, if you add or delete |
38867 | 286 definitions, you can update the buffer's index based on the |
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287 new contents by invoking the @samp{*Rescan*} item in the menu. |
39063 | 288 Rescanning happens automatically if you set @code{imenu-auto-rescan} to |
289 a non-@code{nil} value. There is no need to rescan because of small | |
38867 | 290 changes in the text. |
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291 |
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292 @vindex imenu-sort-function |
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293 You can customize the way the menus are sorted by setting the |
38867 | 294 variable @code{imenu-sort-function}. By default, names are ordered as |
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295 they occur in the buffer; if you want alphabetic sorting, use the |
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296 symbol @code{imenu--sort-by-name} as the value. You can also |
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297 define your own comparison function by writing Lisp code. |
25829 | 298 |
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299 Imenu provides the information to guide Which Function mode |
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300 @ifnottex |
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301 (@pxref{Which Function}). |
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302 @end ifnottex |
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303 @iftex |
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304 (see below). |
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305 @end iftex |
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306 The Speedbar can also use it (@pxref{Speedbar}). |
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307 |
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308 @node Which Function |
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309 @subsection Which Function Mode |
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310 @cindex current function name in mode line |
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311 |
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312 Which Function mode is a minor mode that displays the current |
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313 function name in the mode line, updating it as you move around in a |
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314 buffer. |
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315 |
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316 @findex which-function-mode |
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317 @vindex which-func-modes |
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318 To enable (or disable) Which Function mode, use the command @kbd{M-x |
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319 which-function-mode}. This command is global; it applies to all |
38867 | 320 buffers, both existing ones and those yet to be created. However, |
321 it only takes effect in certain major modes, those listed in the value of | |
322 @code{which-func-modes}. If the value is @code{t}, then Which | |
323 Function mode applies to all major modes that know how to support | |
324 it---in other words, all the major modes that support Imenu. | |
25829 | 325 |
326 @node Program Indent | |
327 @section Indentation for Programs | |
328 @cindex indentation for programs | |
329 | |
330 The best way to keep a program properly indented is to use Emacs to | |
331 reindent it as you change it. Emacs has commands to indent properly | |
332 either a single line, a specified number of lines, or all of the lines | |
333 inside a single parenthetical grouping. | |
334 | |
335 @menu | |
336 * Basic Indent:: Indenting a single line. | |
337 * Multi-line Indent:: Commands to reindent many lines at once. | |
338 * Lisp Indent:: Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented. | |
339 * C Indent:: Extra features for indenting C and related modes. | |
340 * Custom C Indent:: Controlling indentation style for C and related modes. | |
341 @end menu | |
342 | |
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343 @cindex pretty-printer |
25829 | 344 Emacs also provides a Lisp pretty-printer in the library @code{pp}. |
345 This program reformats a Lisp object with indentation chosen to look nice. | |
346 | |
347 @node Basic Indent | |
348 @subsection Basic Program Indentation Commands | |
349 | |
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350 The basic indentation commands indent a single line according to the |
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351 usual conventions of the language you are editing. |
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352 |
25829 | 353 @table @kbd |
354 @item @key{TAB} | |
355 Adjust indentation of current line. | |
356 @item C-j | |
357 Equivalent to @key{RET} followed by @key{TAB} (@code{newline-and-indent}). | |
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358 @item @key{LINEFEED} |
38867 | 359 This key, if the keyboard has it, is another way to enter @kbd{C-j}. |
25829 | 360 @end table |
361 | |
362 @kindex TAB @r{(programming modes)} | |
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363 @findex c-indent-command |
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364 @findex indent-line-function |
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365 @findex indent-for-tab-command |
25829 | 366 The basic indentation command is @key{TAB}, which gives the current line |
367 the correct indentation as determined from the previous lines. The | |
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368 function that @key{TAB} runs depends on the major mode; it is |
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369 @code{indent-for-tab-command} |
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370 in Lisp mode, @code{c-indent-command} in C mode, etc. These functions |
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371 understand the syntax and conventions of different languages, but they all do |
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372 conceptually the same job: @key{TAB} in any programming-language major mode |
25829 | 373 inserts or deletes whitespace at the beginning of the current line, |
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374 independent of where point is in the line. If point was inside the |
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375 whitespace at the beginning of the line, @key{TAB} puts it at the end of |
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376 that whitespace; otherwise, @key{TAB} keeps point fixed with respect to |
25829 | 377 the characters around it. |
378 | |
379 Use @kbd{C-q @key{TAB}} to insert a tab at point. | |
380 | |
381 @kindex C-j | |
382 @findex newline-and-indent | |
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383 When entering lines of new code, use @kbd{C-j} |
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384 (@code{newline-and-indent}), which is equivalent to a @key{RET} |
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385 followed by a @key{TAB}. @kbd{C-j} at the end of a line creates a |
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386 blank line and then gives it the appropriate indentation. |
25829 | 387 |
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388 @key{TAB} indents lines that start within a parenthetical grouping |
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389 each under the preceding line (or the text after the parenthesis). |
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390 Therefore, if you manually give one of these lines a nonstandard |
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391 indentation, the lines below will tend to follow it. This behavior is |
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392 convenient in cases where you have overridden the standard result of |
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393 @key{TAB} because you find it unaesthetic for a particular line. |
25829 | 394 |
395 Remember that an open-parenthesis, open-brace or other opening delimiter | |
396 at the left margin is assumed by Emacs (including the indentation routines) | |
397 to be the start of a function. Therefore, you must never have an opening | |
398 delimiter in column zero that is not the beginning of a function, not even | |
399 inside a string. This restriction is vital for making the indentation | |
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400 commands fast; you must simply accept it. @xref{Left Margin Paren}, |
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401 for more information on this. |
25829 | 402 |
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403 Normally, lines are indented with tabs and spaces. If you want Emacs |
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404 to use spaces only, see @ref{Just Spaces}. |
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405 |
25829 | 406 @node Multi-line Indent |
407 @subsection Indenting Several Lines | |
408 | |
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409 When you wish to reindent several lines of code which have been |
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410 altered or moved to a different level in the parenthesis structure, |
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411 you have several commands available. |
25829 | 412 |
413 @table @kbd | |
414 @item C-M-q | |
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415 Reindent all the lines within one parenthetical grouping(@code{indent-sexp}). |
38867 | 416 @item C-M-\ |
417 Reindent all lines in the region (@code{indent-region}). | |
25829 | 418 @item C-u @key{TAB} |
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419 Shift an entire parenthetical grouping rigidly sideways so that its |
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420 first line is properly indented. |
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421 @item M-x indent-code-rigidly |
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422 Shift all the lines in the region rigidly sideways, but do not alter |
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423 lines that start inside comments and strings. |
25829 | 424 @end table |
425 | |
426 @kindex C-M-q | |
427 @findex indent-sexp | |
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428 You can reindent the contents of a single parenthetical grouping by |
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429 positioning point before the beginning of it and typing @kbd{C-M-q} |
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430 (@code{indent-sexp} in Lisp mode, @code{c-indent-exp} in C mode; also |
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431 bound to other suitable commands in other modes). The indentation of |
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432 the line where the grouping starts is not changed; therefore, this |
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433 changes only the relative indentation within the grouping, not its |
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434 overall indentation. To correct that as well, type @key{TAB} first. |
25829 | 435 |
38867 | 436 Another way to specify the range to be reindented is with the |
437 region. The command @kbd{C-M-\} (@code{indent-region}) applies | |
438 @key{TAB} to every line whose first character is between point and | |
439 mark. | |
440 | |
25829 | 441 @kindex C-u TAB |
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442 If you like the relative indentation within a grouping, but not the |
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443 indentation of its first line, you can type @kbd{C-u @key{TAB}} to |
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444 reindent the whole grouping as a rigid unit. (This works in Lisp |
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445 modes and C and related modes.) @key{TAB} with a numeric argument |
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446 reindents the current line as usual, then reindents by the same amount |
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447 all the lines in the parenthetical grouping starting on the current |
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448 line. It is clever, though, and does not alter lines that start |
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449 inside strings, or C preprocessor lines when in C mode. |
25829 | 450 |
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451 @findex indent-code-rigidly |
38867 | 452 You can also perform this operation on the region, using the command |
453 @kbd{M-x indent-code-rigidly}. It rigidly shifts all the lines in the | |
454 region sideways, like @code{indent-rigidly} does (@pxref{Indentation | |
455 Commands}). It doesn't alter the indentation of lines that start | |
456 inside a comment or a string, unless the region starts inside that | |
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457 comment or string. |
25829 | 458 |
459 @node Lisp Indent | |
460 @subsection Customizing Lisp Indentation | |
461 @cindex customizing Lisp indentation | |
462 | |
463 The indentation pattern for a Lisp expression can depend on the function | |
464 called by the expression. For each Lisp function, you can choose among | |
465 several predefined patterns of indentation, or define an arbitrary one with | |
466 a Lisp program. | |
467 | |
468 The standard pattern of indentation is as follows: the second line of the | |
469 expression is indented under the first argument, if that is on the same | |
470 line as the beginning of the expression; otherwise, the second line is | |
471 indented underneath the function name. Each following line is indented | |
472 under the previous line whose nesting depth is the same. | |
473 | |
474 @vindex lisp-indent-offset | |
475 If the variable @code{lisp-indent-offset} is non-@code{nil}, it overrides | |
476 the usual indentation pattern for the second line of an expression, so that | |
477 such lines are always indented @code{lisp-indent-offset} more columns than | |
478 the containing list. | |
479 | |
480 @vindex lisp-body-indent | |
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481 Certain functions override the standard pattern. Functions whose |
42675 | 482 names start with @code{def} treat the second lines as the start of |
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483 a @dfn{body}, by indenting the second line @code{lisp-body-indent} |
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484 additional columns beyond the open-parenthesis that starts the |
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485 expression. |
25829 | 486 |
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487 @cindex @code{lisp-indent-function} property |
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488 You can override the standard pattern in various ways for individual |
25829 | 489 functions, according to the @code{lisp-indent-function} property of the |
490 function name. There are four possibilities for this property: | |
491 | |
492 @table @asis | |
493 @item @code{nil} | |
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494 This is the same as no property---use the standard indentation pattern. |
25829 | 495 @item @code{defun} |
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496 Handle this function like a @samp{def} construct: treat the second |
38867 | 497 line as the start of a @dfn{body}. |
25829 | 498 @item a number, @var{number} |
499 The first @var{number} arguments of the function are | |
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500 @dfn{distinguished} arguments; the rest are considered the body |
25829 | 501 of the expression. A line in the expression is indented according to |
502 whether the first argument on it is distinguished or not. If the | |
503 argument is part of the body, the line is indented @code{lisp-body-indent} | |
504 more columns than the open-parenthesis starting the containing | |
505 expression. If the argument is distinguished and is either the first | |
506 or second argument, it is indented @emph{twice} that many extra columns. | |
507 If the argument is distinguished and not the first or second argument, | |
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508 the line uses the standard pattern. |
25829 | 509 @item a symbol, @var{symbol} |
510 @var{symbol} should be a function name; that function is called to | |
511 calculate the indentation of a line within this expression. The | |
512 function receives two arguments: | |
513 @table @asis | |
514 @item @var{state} | |
515 The value returned by @code{parse-partial-sexp} (a Lisp primitive for | |
516 indentation and nesting computation) when it parses up to the | |
517 beginning of this line. | |
518 @item @var{pos} | |
519 The position at which the line being indented begins. | |
520 @end table | |
521 @noindent | |
522 It should return either a number, which is the number of columns of | |
523 indentation for that line, or a list whose car is such a number. The | |
524 difference between returning a number and returning a list is that a | |
525 number says that all following lines at the same nesting level should | |
526 be indented just like this one; a list says that following lines might | |
527 call for different indentations. This makes a difference when the | |
528 indentation is being computed by @kbd{C-M-q}; if the value is a | |
529 number, @kbd{C-M-q} need not recalculate indentation for the following | |
530 lines until the end of the list. | |
531 @end table | |
532 | |
533 @node C Indent | |
534 @subsection Commands for C Indentation | |
535 | |
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536 Here are special features for indentation in C mode and related modes: |
25829 | 537 |
538 @table @code | |
539 @item C-c C-q | |
540 @kindex C-c C-q @r{(C mode)} | |
541 @findex c-indent-defun | |
542 Reindent the current top-level function definition or aggregate type | |
543 declaration (@code{c-indent-defun}). | |
544 | |
545 @item C-M-q | |
546 @kindex C-M-q @r{(C mode)} | |
547 @findex c-indent-exp | |
548 Reindent each line in the balanced expression that follows point | |
549 (@code{c-indent-exp}). A prefix argument inhibits error checking and | |
550 warning messages about invalid syntax. | |
551 | |
552 @item @key{TAB} | |
553 @findex c-indent-command | |
554 Reindent the current line, and/or in some cases insert a tab character | |
555 (@code{c-indent-command}). | |
556 | |
557 If @code{c-tab-always-indent} is @code{t}, this command always reindents | |
558 the current line and does nothing else. This is the default. | |
559 | |
560 If that variable is @code{nil}, this command reindents the current line | |
561 only if point is at the left margin or in the line's indentation; | |
562 otherwise, it inserts a tab (or the equivalent number of spaces, | |
563 if @code{indent-tabs-mode} is @code{nil}). | |
564 | |
565 Any other value (not @code{nil} or @code{t}) means always reindent the | |
566 line, and also insert a tab if within a comment, a string, or a | |
567 preprocessor directive. | |
568 @end table | |
569 | |
570 To reindent the whole current buffer, type @kbd{C-x h C-M-\}. This | |
571 first selects the whole buffer as the region, then reindents that | |
572 region. | |
573 | |
574 To reindent the current block, use @kbd{C-M-u C-M-q}. This moves | |
575 to the front of the block and then reindents it all. | |
576 | |
577 @node Custom C Indent | |
578 @subsection Customizing C Indentation | |
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579 @cindex style (for indentation) |
25829 | 580 |
581 C mode and related modes use a simple yet flexible mechanism for | |
582 customizing indentation. The mechanism works in two steps: first it | |
583 classifies the line syntactically according to its contents and context; | |
584 second, it associates each kind of syntactic construct with an | |
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585 indentation offset based on your selected @dfn{style}. |
25829 | 586 |
587 @table @kbd | |
588 @item M-x c-set-style @key{RET} @var{style} @key{RET} | |
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589 Select predefined indentation style @var{style}. |
25829 | 590 @end table |
591 | |
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592 A style is a named collection of indentation customizations that can |
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593 be used in C mode and the related modes. Emacs comes with several |
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594 predefined styles, including @code{gnu}, @code{k&r}, @code{bsd}, |
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595 @code{stroustrup}, @code{linux}, @code{python}, @code{java}, |
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596 @code{whitesmith}, @code{ellemtel}, @code{cc-mode}, and @code{user}. |
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597 Some of these styles are primarily intended for one language, but any |
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598 of them can be used with any of the languages supported by these |
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599 modes. To find out what a style looks like, select it and reindent |
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600 some code, e.g., by typing @key{C-M-q} at the start of a function |
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601 definition. |
25829 | 602 |
603 @findex c-set-style | |
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604 To choose a style for the current buffer, use the command @kbd{M-x |
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605 c-set-style}. Specify a style name as an argument (case is not |
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606 significant). This command affects the current buffer only, and it |
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607 affects only future invocations of the indentation commands; it does |
38867 | 608 not reindent the code in the buffer. To reindent the whole buffer in |
609 the new style, you can type @kbd{C-x h C-M-\}. | |
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610 |
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611 @vindex c-default-style |
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612 You can also set the variable @code{c-default-style} to specify the |
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613 default style for various major modes. Its value should be an alist, |
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614 in which each element specifies one major mode and which indentation |
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615 style to use for it. For example, |
25829 | 616 |
617 @example | |
618 (setq c-default-style | |
619 '((java-mode . "java") (other . "gnu"))) | |
620 @end example | |
621 | |
622 @noindent | |
623 specifies an explicit choice for Java mode, and the default @samp{gnu} | |
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624 style for the other C-like modes. This variable takes effect when you |
38867 | 625 select one of the C-like major modes; thus, if you specify a new |
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626 default style for Java mode, you can make it take effect in an |
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627 existing Java mode buffer by typing @kbd{M-x java-mode} there. |
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628 |
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629 The @code{gnu} style specifies the formatting recommended by the GNU |
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630 Project for C; it is the default, so as to encourage use of our |
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631 recommended style. |
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632 |
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633 @xref{Customizing Indentation,,, ccmode, the CC Mode Manual}, for |
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634 more information on customizing indentation for C and related modes, |
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635 including how to override parts of an existing style and how to define |
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636 your own styles. |
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637 |
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638 @node Parentheses |
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639 @section Commands for Editing with Parentheses |
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640 |
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641 @findex check-parens |
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642 @cindex unbalanced parentheses and quotes |
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643 This section describes the commands and features that take advantage |
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644 of the parenthesis structure in a program, or help you keep it |
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645 balanced. |
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646 |
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647 When talking about these facilities, the term ``parenthesis'' also |
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648 includes braces, brackets, or whatever delimiters are defined to match |
38867 | 649 in pairs. The major mode controls which delimiters are significant, |
650 through the syntax table (@pxref{Syntax}). In Lisp, only parentheses | |
651 count; in C, these commands apply to braces and brackets too. | |
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652 |
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653 You can use @kbd{M-x check-parens} to find any unbalanced |
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654 parentheses and unbalanced string quotes in the buffer. |
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655 |
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656 @menu |
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657 * Expressions:: Expressions with balanced parentheses. |
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658 * Moving by Parens:: Commands for moving up, down and across |
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659 in the structure of parentheses. |
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660 * Matching:: Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open. |
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661 @end menu |
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662 |
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663 @node Expressions |
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664 @subsection Expressions with Balanced Parentheses |
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665 |
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666 @cindex sexp |
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667 @cindex expression |
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668 @cindex balanced expression |
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669 These commands deal with balanced expressions, also called |
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670 @dfn{sexps}@footnote{The word ``sexp'' is used to refer to an |
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671 expression in Lisp.}. |
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672 |
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673 @table @kbd |
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674 @item C-M-f |
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675 Move forward over a balanced expression (@code{forward-sexp}). |
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676 @item C-M-b |
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677 Move backward over a balanced expression(@code{backward-sexp}). |
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678 @item C-M-k |
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679 Kill balanced expression forward (@code{kill-sexp}). |
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680 @item C-M-@key{DEL} |
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681 Kill balanced expression backward (@code{backward-kill-sexp}). |
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682 @item C-M-t |
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683 Transpose expressions (@code{transpose-sexps}). |
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684 @item C-M-@@ |
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685 Put mark after following expression (@code{mark-sexp}). |
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686 @end table |
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687 |
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688 Each programming language major mode customizes the definition of |
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689 balanced expressions to suit that language. Balanced expressions |
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690 typically include symbols, numbers, and string constants, as well as |
38867 | 691 any pair of matching delimiters and their contents. Some languages |
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692 have obscure forms of expression syntax that nobody has bothered to |
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693 implement in Emacs. |
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694 |
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695 @cindex Control-Meta |
38867 | 696 By convention, the keys for these commands are all Control-Meta |
697 characters. They usually act on expressions just as the corresponding | |
698 Meta characters act on words. For instance, the command @kbd{C-M-b} | |
699 moves backward over a balanced expression, just as @kbd{M-b} moves | |
700 back over a word. | |
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701 |
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702 @kindex C-M-f |
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703 @kindex C-M-b |
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704 @findex forward-sexp |
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705 @findex backward-sexp |
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706 To move forward over a balanced expression, use @kbd{C-M-f} |
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707 (@code{forward-sexp}). If the first significant character after point |
6b14cc47a4f2
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708 is an opening delimiter (@samp{(} in Lisp; @samp{(}, @samp{[} or |
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709 @samp{@{} in C), @kbd{C-M-f} moves past the matching closing |
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710 delimiter. If the character begins a symbol, string, or number, |
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711 @kbd{C-M-f} moves over that. |
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712 |
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713 The command @kbd{C-M-b} (@code{backward-sexp}) moves backward over a |
6b14cc47a4f2
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714 balanced expression. The detailed rules are like those above for |
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715 @kbd{C-M-f}, but with directions reversed. If there are prefix |
6b14cc47a4f2
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716 characters (single-quote, backquote and comma, in Lisp) preceding the |
6b14cc47a4f2
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717 expression, @kbd{C-M-b} moves back over them as well. The balanced |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
718 expression commands move across comments as if they were whitespace, |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
719 in most modes. |
25829 | 720 |
38212
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721 @kbd{C-M-f} or @kbd{C-M-b} with an argument repeats that operation the |
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722 specified number of times; with a negative argument, it moves in the |
6b14cc47a4f2
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723 opposite direction. |
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724 |
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725 @cindex killing expressions |
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726 @kindex C-M-k |
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727 @findex kill-sexp |
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728 @kindex C-M-DEL |
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|
729 @findex backward-kill-sexp |
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730 Killing a whole balanced expression can be done with @kbd{C-M-k} |
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731 (@code{kill-sexp}) or @kbd{C-M-@key{DEL}} (@code{backward-kill-sexp}). |
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|
732 @kbd{C-M-k} kills the characters that @kbd{C-M-f} would move over, and |
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733 @kbd{C-M-@key{DEL}} kills the characters that @kbd{C-M-b} would move |
38231
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734 over. On some machines, @kbd{C-M-@key{DEL}} typed on the console is a |
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Explain purpose of mode hooks.
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735 command to reboot; when that is so, you cannot use it as an Emacs |
a94c26975e95
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736 command. This conflict is rare, though: usually the @key{DEL} key for |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
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|
737 Emacs is really @key{BACKSPACE}, and the reboot command is |
a94c26975e95
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738 @kbd{C-M-@key{DELETE}}, so there is no conflict. |
38212
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739 |
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740 @cindex transposition of expressions |
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741 @kindex C-M-t |
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742 @findex transpose-sexps |
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743 A somewhat random-sounding command which is nevertheless handy is |
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744 @kbd{C-M-t} (@code{transpose-sexps}), which drags the previous |
6b14cc47a4f2
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745 balanced expression across the next one. An argument serves as a |
38867 | 746 repeat count, and a negative argument drags the previous balanced |
747 expression backwards across those before it (thus canceling out the | |
748 effect of @kbd{C-M-t} with a positive argument). An argument of zero, | |
749 rather than doing nothing, transposes the balanced expressions ending | |
750 at or after point and the mark. | |
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751 |
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752 @kindex C-M-@@ |
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753 @findex mark-sexp |
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754 To set the region around the next balanced expression in the buffer, |
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755 use @kbd{C-M-@@} (@code{mark-sexp}), which sets mark at the same place |
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756 that @kbd{C-M-f} would move to. @kbd{C-M-@@} takes arguments like |
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757 @kbd{C-M-f}. In particular, a negative argument is useful for putting |
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758 the mark at the beginning of the previous balanced expression. |
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759 |
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760 In languages that use infix operators, such as C, it is not possible |
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761 to recognize all balanced expressions as such because there can be |
6b14cc47a4f2
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762 multiple possibilities at a given position. For example, C mode does |
6b14cc47a4f2
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763 not treat @samp{foo + bar} as a single expression, even though it |
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764 @emph{is} one C expression; instead, it recognizes @samp{foo} as one |
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765 expression and @samp{bar} as another, with the @samp{+} as punctuation |
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766 between them. Both @samp{foo + bar} and @samp{foo} are legitimate |
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767 choices for ``the expression following point'' when point is at the |
38867 | 768 @samp{f}, so the expression commands must perforce choose one or the |
769 other to operate on. Note that @samp{(foo + bar)} is recognized as a | |
770 single expression in C mode, because of the parentheses. | |
38212
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771 |
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772 @node Moving by Parens |
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773 @subsection Moving in the Parenthesis Structure |
25829 | 774 |
38212
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775 @cindex parenthetical groupings |
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776 @cindex parentheses, moving across |
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777 @cindex matching parenthesis and braces, moving to |
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778 @cindex braces, moving across |
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779 @cindex list commands |
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780 The Emacs commands for handling parenthetical groupings see nothing |
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781 except parentheses (or whatever characters must balance in the |
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782 language you are working with), and the escape characters that might |
6b14cc47a4f2
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783 be used to quote those. They are mainly intended for editing |
6b14cc47a4f2
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784 programs, but can be useful for editing any text that has parentheses. |
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785 They are sometimes called ``list'' commands because in Lisp these |
6b14cc47a4f2
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786 groupings are lists. |
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787 |
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788 @table @kbd |
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789 @item C-M-n |
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790 Move forward over a parenthetical group (@code{forward-list}). |
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791 @item C-M-p |
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792 Move backward over a parenthetical group(@code{backward-list}). |
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793 @item C-M-u |
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794 Move up in parenthesis structure (@code{backward-up-list}). |
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795 @item C-M-d |
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796 Move down in parenthesis structure (@code{down-list}). |
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797 @end table |
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798 |
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799 @kindex C-M-n |
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800 @kindex C-M-p |
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801 @findex forward-list |
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802 @findex backward-list |
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803 The ``list'' commands @kbd{C-M-n} (@code{forward-list}) and |
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804 @kbd{C-M-p} (@code{backward-list}) move over one (or @var{n}) |
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805 parenthetical groupings, skipping blithely over any amount of text |
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806 that doesn't include meaningful parentheses (symbols, strings, etc.). |
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807 |
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808 @kindex C-M-u |
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809 @kindex C-M-d |
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810 @findex backward-up-list |
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811 @findex down-list |
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812 @kbd{C-M-n} and @kbd{C-M-p} try to stay at the same level in the |
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813 parenthesis structure. To move @emph{up} one (or @var{n}) levels, use |
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814 @kbd{C-M-u} (@code{backward-up-list}). @kbd{C-M-u} moves backward up |
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815 past one unmatched opening delimiter. A positive argument serves as a |
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816 repeat count; a negative argument reverses the direction of motion, so |
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817 that the command moves forward and up one or more levels. |
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818 |
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819 To move @emph{down} in the parenthesis structure, use @kbd{C-M-d} |
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820 (@code{down-list}). In Lisp mode, where @samp{(} is the only opening |
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821 delimiter, this is nearly the same as searching for a @samp{(}. An |
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822 argument specifies the number of levels to go down. |
25829 | 823 |
824 @node Matching | |
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825 @subsection Automatic Display Of Matching Parentheses |
25829 | 826 @cindex matching parentheses |
827 @cindex parentheses, displaying matches | |
828 | |
829 The Emacs parenthesis-matching feature is designed to show | |
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830 automatically how parentheses (and other matching delimiters) match in |
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831 the text. Whenever you type a self-inserting character that is a |
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832 closing delimiter, the cursor moves momentarily to the location of the |
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833 matching opening delimiter, provided that is on the screen. If it is |
38867 | 834 not on the screen, Emacs displays some of the text near it in the echo |
835 area. Either way, you can tell which grouping you are closing off. | |
25829 | 836 |
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837 If the opening delimiter and closing delimiter are mismatched---such |
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838 as in @samp{[x)}---a warning message is displayed in the echo area. |
25829 | 839 |
840 @vindex blink-matching-paren | |
841 @vindex blink-matching-paren-distance | |
842 @vindex blink-matching-delay | |
843 Three variables control parenthesis match display. | |
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844 @code{blink-matching-paren} turns the feature on or off: @code{nil} |
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845 disables it, but the default is @code{t} to enable match display. |
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846 |
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847 @code{blink-matching-delay} says how many seconds to leave the |
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848 cursor on the matching opening delimiter, before bringing it back to |
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849 the real location of point; the default is 1, but on some systems it |
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850 is useful to specify a fraction of a second. |
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851 |
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852 @code{blink-matching-paren-distance} specifies how many characters |
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853 back to search to find the matching opening delimiter. If the match |
38287 | 854 is not found in that distance, scanning stops, and nothing is displayed. |
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855 This is to prevent the scan for the matching delimiter from wasting |
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856 lots of time when there is no match. The default is 25600. |
25829 | 857 |
858 @cindex Show Paren mode | |
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859 @cindex highlighting matching parentheses |
25829 | 860 @findex show-paren-mode |
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861 Show Paren mode provides a more powerful kind of automatic matching. |
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862 Whenever point is after a closing delimiter, that delimiter and its |
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863 matching opening delimiter are both highlighted; otherwise, if point |
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864 is before an opening delimiter, the matching closing delimiter is |
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865 highlighted. (There is no need to highlight the opening delimiter in |
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866 that case, because the cursor appears on top of that character.) Use |
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|
867 the command @kbd{M-x show-paren-mode} to enable or disable this mode. |
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868 |
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869 By default, @code{show-paren-mode} uses colors to highlight the |
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870 parentheses. However, if your display doesn't support colors, you can |
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871 customize the faces @code{show-paren-match-face} and |
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872 @code{show-paren-mismatch-face} to use other attributes, such as bold or |
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873 underline. @xref{Face Customization}. |
25829 | 874 |
875 @node Comments | |
876 @section Manipulating Comments | |
877 @cindex comments | |
878 | |
879 Because comments are such an important part of programming, Emacs | |
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880 provides special commands for editing and inserting comments. It can |
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881 also do spell checking on comments with Flyspell Prog mode |
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|
882 (@pxref{Spelling}). |
25829 | 883 |
884 @menu | |
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885 * Comment Commands:: Inserting, killing, and indenting comments. |
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886 * Multi-Line Comments:: Commands for adding and editing multi-line comments. |
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887 * Options for Comments::Customizing the comment features. |
25829 | 888 @end menu |
889 | |
890 @node Comment Commands | |
891 @subsection Comment Commands | |
892 @cindex indentation for comments | |
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893 |
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894 The comment commands in this table insert, kill and align comments. |
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895 They are described in this section and following sections. |
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896 |
25829 | 897 @table @kbd |
898 @item M-; | |
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899 Insert or realign comment on current line; alternatively, comment or |
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900 uncomment the region (@code{comment-dwim}). |
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901 @item C-u M-; |
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902 Kill comment on current line (@code{comment-kill}). |
25829 | 903 @item C-x ; |
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904 Set comment column (@code{comment-set-column}). |
25829 | 905 @item C-M-j |
906 Like @key{RET} followed by inserting and aligning a comment | |
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907 (@code{comment-indent-new-line}). |
25829 | 908 @item M-x comment-region |
909 Add or remove comment delimiters on all the lines in the region. | |
910 @end table | |
911 | |
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912 @kindex M-; |
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913 @findex comment-dwim |
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914 The command to create or align a comment is @kbd{M-;} |
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915 (@code{comment-dwim}). The word ``dwim'' is an acronym for ``Do What |
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916 I Mean''; it indicates that this command can be used for many |
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917 different jobs relating to comments, depending on the situation where |
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918 you use it. |
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919 |
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920 If there is no comment already on the line, @kbd{M-;} inserts a new |
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921 comment, aligned at a specific column called the @dfn{comment column}. |
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922 The new comment begins with the string Emacs thinks comments should |
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923 start with (the value of @code{comment-start}; see below). Point is |
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924 after that string, so you can insert the text of the comment right |
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925 away. If the major mode has specified a string to terminate comments, |
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926 @kbd{M-;} inserts that too, to keep the syntax valid. |
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927 |
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928 If the text of the line extends past the comment column, then the |
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929 comment start string is indented to a suitable boundary (usually, at |
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930 least one space is inserted). |
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931 |
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932 You can also use @kbd{M-;} to align an existing comment. If a line |
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933 already contains the comment-start string, @kbd{M-;} reindents it to |
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934 the conventional alignment and moves point after it. (Exception: |
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935 comments starting in column 0 are not moved.) Even when an existing |
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936 comment is properly aligned, @kbd{M-;} is still useful for moving |
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937 directly to the start of the text inside the comment. |
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938 |
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939 @findex comment-kill |
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940 @kindex C-u M-; |
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941 @kbd{C-u M-;} kills any comment on the current line, along with the |
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942 whitespace before it. To reinsert the comment on another line, move |
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943 to the end of that line, do @kbd{C-y}, and then do @kbd{M-;} to |
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944 realign it. |
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945 |
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946 Note that @kbd{C-u M-;} is not a distinct key; it is @kbd{M-;} |
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947 (@code{comment-dwim}) with a prefix argument. That command is |
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948 programmed so that when it receives a prefix argument it calls |
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949 @code{comment-kill}. However, @code{comment-kill} is a valid command |
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950 in its own right, and you can bind it directly to a key if you wish. |
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951 |
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952 @kbd{M-;} does two other jobs when used with an active region in |
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953 Transient Mark mode (@pxref{Transient Mark}). Then it either adds or |
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954 removes comment delimiters on each line of the region. (If every line |
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955 is a comment, it removes comment delimiters from each; otherwise, it |
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956 adds comment delimiters to each.) If you are not using Transient Mark |
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957 mode, then you should use the commands @code{comment-region} and |
36198 | 958 @code{uncomment-region} to do these jobs (@pxref{Multi-Line Comments}). |
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959 A prefix argument used in these circumstances specifies how many |
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960 comment delimiters to add or how many to delete. |
25829 | 961 |
962 Some major modes have special rules for indenting certain kinds of | |
963 comments in certain contexts. For example, in Lisp code, comments which | |
964 start with two semicolons are indented as if they were lines of code, | |
965 instead of at the comment column. Comments which start with three | |
966 semicolons are supposed to start at the left margin. Emacs understands | |
967 these conventions by indenting a double-semicolon comment using @key{TAB}, | |
968 and by not changing the indentation of a triple-semicolon comment at all. | |
969 | |
970 @example | |
971 ;; This function is just an example | |
972 ;;; Here either two or three semicolons are appropriate. | |
973 (defun foo (x) | |
974 ;;; And now, the first part of the function: | |
975 ;; The following line adds one. | |
976 (1+ x)) ; This line adds one. | |
977 @end example | |
978 | |
979 In C code, a comment preceded on its line by nothing but whitespace | |
980 is indented like a line of code. | |
981 | |
982 @node Multi-Line Comments | |
983 @subsection Multiple Lines of Comments | |
984 | |
985 @kindex C-M-j | |
986 @cindex blank lines in programs | |
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987 @findex comment-indent-new-line |
25829 | 988 If you are typing a comment and wish to continue it on another line, |
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989 you can use the command @kbd{C-M-j} (@code{comment-indent-new-line}). |
25829 | 990 This terminates the comment you are typing, creates a new blank line |
991 afterward, and begins a new comment indented under the old one. When | |
992 Auto Fill mode is on, going past the fill column while typing a comment | |
993 causes the comment to be continued in just this fashion. If point is | |
994 not at the end of the line when @kbd{C-M-j} is typed, the text on | |
995 the rest of the line becomes part of the new comment line. | |
996 | |
997 @findex comment-region | |
998 To turn existing lines into comment lines, use the @kbd{M-x | |
999 comment-region} command. It adds comment delimiters to the lines that start | |
1000 in the region, thus commenting them out. With a negative argument, it | |
1001 does the opposite---it deletes comment delimiters from the lines in the | |
1002 region. | |
1003 | |
1004 With a positive argument, @code{comment-region} duplicates the last | |
1005 character of the comment start sequence it adds; the argument specifies | |
1006 how many copies of the character to insert. Thus, in Lisp mode, | |
1007 @kbd{C-u 2 M-x comment-region} adds @samp{;;} to each line. Duplicating | |
1008 the comment delimiter is a way of calling attention to the comment. It | |
1009 can also affect how the comment is indented. In Lisp, for proper | |
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1010 indentation, you should use an argument of two or three, if between defuns; |
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1011 if within a defun, it must be three. |
25829 | 1012 |
1013 @node Options for Comments | |
1014 @subsection Options Controlling Comments | |
1015 | |
1016 @vindex comment-column | |
1017 @kindex C-x ; | |
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1018 @findex comment-set-column |
25829 | 1019 The comment column is stored in the variable @code{comment-column}. You |
1020 can set it to a number explicitly. Alternatively, the command @kbd{C-x ;} | |
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1021 (@code{comment-set-column}) sets the comment column to the column point is |
25829 | 1022 at. @kbd{C-u C-x ;} sets the comment column to match the last comment |
1023 before point in the buffer, and then does a @kbd{M-;} to align the | |
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1024 current line's comment under the previous one. |
25829 | 1025 |
1026 The variable @code{comment-column} is per-buffer: setting the variable | |
1027 in the normal fashion affects only the current buffer, but there is a | |
1028 default value which you can change with @code{setq-default}. | |
1029 @xref{Locals}. Many major modes initialize this variable for the | |
1030 current buffer. | |
1031 | |
1032 @vindex comment-start-skip | |
1033 The comment commands recognize comments based on the regular | |
1034 expression that is the value of the variable @code{comment-start-skip}. | |
1035 Make sure this regexp does not match the null string. It may match more | |
1036 than the comment starting delimiter in the strictest sense of the word; | |
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1037 for example, in C mode the value of the variable is |
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1038 @c This stops M-q from breaking the line inside that @code. |
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1039 @code{@w{"/\\*+ *\\|//+ *""}}, which matches extra stars and spaces |
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1040 after the @samp{/*} itself, and accepts C++ style comments also. |
25829 | 1041 (Note that @samp{\\} is needed in Lisp syntax to include a @samp{\} in |
1042 the string, which is needed to deny the first star its special meaning | |
1043 in regexp syntax. @xref{Regexps}.) | |
1044 | |
1045 @vindex comment-start | |
1046 @vindex comment-end | |
1047 When a comment command makes a new comment, it inserts the value of | |
1048 @code{comment-start} to begin it. The value of @code{comment-end} is | |
1049 inserted after point, so that it will follow the text that you will insert | |
1050 into the comment. In C mode, @code{comment-start} has the value | |
1051 @w{@code{"/* "}} and @code{comment-end} has the value @w{@code{" */"}}. | |
1052 | |
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1053 @vindex comment-padding |
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1054 The variable @code{comment-padding} specifies how many spaces |
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1055 @code{comment-region} should insert on each line between the |
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1056 comment delimiter and the line's original text. The default is 1, |
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1057 to insert one space. |
36183
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1058 |
25829 | 1059 @vindex comment-multi-line |
1060 The variable @code{comment-multi-line} controls how @kbd{C-M-j} | |
1061 (@code{indent-new-comment-line}) behaves when used inside a comment. If | |
1062 @code{comment-multi-line} is @code{nil}, as it normally is, then the | |
1063 comment on the starting line is terminated and a new comment is started | |
1064 on the new following line. If @code{comment-multi-line} is not | |
1065 @code{nil}, then the new following line is set up as part of the same | |
1066 comment that was found on the starting line. This is done by not | |
1067 inserting a terminator on the old line, and not inserting a starter on | |
1068 the new line. In languages where multi-line comments work, the choice | |
1069 of value for this variable is a matter of taste. | |
1070 | |
41495 | 1071 @vindex comment-indent-function |
25829 | 1072 The variable @code{comment-indent-function} should contain a function |
1073 that will be called to compute the indentation for a newly inserted | |
1074 comment or for aligning an existing comment. It is set differently by | |
1075 various major modes. The function is called with no arguments, but with | |
1076 point at the beginning of the comment, or at the end of a line if a new | |
1077 comment is to be inserted. It should return the column in which the | |
1078 comment ought to start. For example, in Lisp mode, the indent hook | |
1079 function bases its decision on how many semicolons begin an existing | |
1080 comment, and on the code in the preceding lines. | |
1081 | |
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1082 @node Documentation |
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1083 @section Documentation Lookup |
25829 | 1084 |
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1085 Emacs provides several features you can use to look up the |
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1086 documentation of functions, variables and commands that you plan to |
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1087 use in your program. |
25829 | 1088 |
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1089 @menu |
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1090 * Info Lookup:: Looking up library functions and commands |
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1091 in Info files. |
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1092 * Man Page:: Looking up man pages of library functions and commands. |
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1093 * Lisp Doc:: Looking up Emacs Lisp functions, etc. |
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1094 @end menu |
25829 | 1095 |
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1096 @node Info Lookup |
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1097 @subsection Info Documentation Lookup |
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1098 |
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1099 @findex info-lookup-symbol |
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1100 @findex info-lookup-file |
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1101 @kindex C-h C-i |
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1102 For C, Lisp, and other languages that have documentation in Info, |
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1103 you can use @kbd{C-h C-i} (@code{info-lookup-symbol}) to view the Info |
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1104 documentation for a symbol. You specify the symbol with the |
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1105 minibuffer; the default is the symbol appearing in the buffer at |
25829 | 1106 point. |
1107 | |
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1108 The major mode determines where to look for documentation for the |
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1109 symbol---which Info files to look in, and which indices to search. |
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1110 You can also use @kbd{M-x info-lookup-file} to look for documentation |
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1111 for a file name. |
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1112 |
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1113 This feature currently supports the modes Awk, Autoconf, Bison, C, |
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1114 Emacs Lisp, LaTeX, M4, Makefile, Octave, Perl, Scheme, and Texinfo, |
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1115 provided you have installed the relevant Info files, which are |
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1116 typically available with the appropriate GNU package. |
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1117 |
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1118 @node Man Page |
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1119 @subsection Man Page Lookup |
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1120 |
38867 | 1121 @cindex manual page |
1122 On Unix, the main form of on-line documentation was the @dfn{manual | |
1123 page} or @dfn{man page}. In the GNU operating system, we hope to | |
1124 replace man pages with better-organized manuals that you can browse | |
1125 with Info (@pxref{Misc Help}). This process is not finished, so it is | |
1126 still useful to read manual pages. | |
25829 | 1127 |
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1128 @findex manual-entry |
38867 | 1129 You can read the man page for an operating system command, library |
1130 function, or system call, with the @kbd{M-x manual-entry} command. It | |
1131 runs the @code{man} program to format the man page; if the system | |
1132 permits, it runs @code{man} asynchronously, so that you can keep on | |
1133 editing while the page is being formatted. (On MS-DOS and MS-Windows | |
1134 3, you cannot edit while Emacs waits for @code{man} to finish.) The | |
1135 result goes in a buffer named @samp{*Man @var{topic}*}. These buffers | |
1136 use a special major mode, Man mode, that facilitates scrolling and | |
1137 jumping to other manual pages. For details, type @kbd{C-h m} while in | |
1138 a man page buffer. | |
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1139 |
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1140 @cindex sections of manual pages |
38867 | 1141 Each man page belongs to one of ten or more @dfn{sections}, each |
1142 named by a digit or by a digit and a letter. Sometimes there are | |
1143 multiple man pages with the same name in different sections. To read | |
1144 a man page from a specific section, type | |
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1145 @samp{@var{topic}(@var{section})} or @samp{@var{section} @var{topic}} |
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1146 when @kbd{M-x manual-entry} prompts for the topic. For example, to |
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1147 read the man page for the C library function @code{chmod} (as opposed |
38867 | 1148 to a command of the same name), type @kbd{M-x manual-entry @key{RET} |
1149 chmod(2) @key{RET}} (@code{chmod} is a system call, so it is in | |
1150 section @samp{2}). | |
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1151 |
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1152 @vindex Man-switches |
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1153 If you do not specify a section, the results depend on how the |
38667
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1154 @code{man} program works on your system. Some of them display only |
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1155 the first man page they find. Others display all man pages that have |
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1156 the specified name, so you can move between them with the @kbd{M-n} |
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1157 and @kbd{M-p} keys@footnote{On some systems, the @code{man} program |
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1158 accepts a @samp{-a} command-line option which tells it to display all |
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1159 the man pages for the specified topic. If you want this behavior, you |
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1160 can add this option to the value of the variable @code{Man-switches}.}. |
6ed2cc05e016
(Man Page): Mention the -a switch to `man' in a footnote.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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|
1161 The mode line shows how many manual pages are present in the Man buffer. |
38212
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|
1162 |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1163 @vindex Man-fontify-manpage-flag |
38867 | 1164 By default, Emacs highlights the text in man pages. For a long man |
1165 page, highlighting can take substantial time. You can turn off | |
1166 highlighting of man pages by setting the variable | |
1167 @code{Man-fontify-manpage-flag} to @code{nil}. | |
38212
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|
1168 |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1169 @findex Man-fontify-manpage |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1170 If you insert the text of a man page into an Emacs buffer in some |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1171 other fashion, you can use the command @kbd{M-x Man-fontify-manpage} to |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1172 perform the same conversions that @kbd{M-x manual-entry} does. |
25829 | 1173 |
38212
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Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1174 @findex woman |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1175 @cindex manual pages, on MS-DOS/MS-Windows |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
1176 An alternative way of reading manual pages is the @kbd{M-x woman} |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1177 command@footnote{The name of the command, @code{woman}, is an acronym |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1178 for ``w/o (without) man,'' since it doesn't use the @code{man} |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1179 program.}. Unlike @kbd{M-x man}, it does not run any external |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
1180 programs to format and display the man pages; instead it does the job |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1181 in Emacs Lisp, so it works on systems such as MS-Windows, where the |
38231
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
1182 @code{man} program (and the other programs it uses) are not generally |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
1183 available. |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
1184 |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1185 @kbd{M-x woman} prompts for a name of a manual page, and provides |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1186 completion based on the list of manual pages that are installed on |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
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|
1187 your machine; the list of available manual pages is computed |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1188 automatically the first time you invoke @code{woman}. The word at |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1189 point in the current buffer is used to suggest the default for the |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1190 name the manual page. |
25829 | 1191 |
38212
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Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1192 With a numeric argument, @kbd{M-x woman} recomputes the list of the |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1193 manual pages used for completion. This is useful if you add or delete |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1194 manual pages. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1195 |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1196 If you type a name of a manual page and @kbd{M-x woman} finds that |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1197 several manual pages by the same name exist in different sections, it |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1198 pops up a window with possible candidates asking you to choose one of |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1199 them. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1200 |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1201 @vindex woman-manpath |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1202 By default, @kbd{M-x woman} looks for manual pages in the |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1203 directories specified in the @code{MANPATH} environment variable. (If |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1204 @code{MANPATH} is not set, @code{woman} uses a suitable default value, |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1205 which can be customized.) More precisely, @code{woman} looks for |
38867 | 1206 subdirectories that match the shell wildcard pattern @file{man*} in each one |
38212
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1207 of these directories, and tries to find the manual pages in those |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1208 subdirectories. When first invoked, @kbd{M-x woman} converts the |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1209 value of @code{MANPATH} to a list of directory names and stores that |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1210 list in the @code{woman-manpath} variable. Changing the value of this |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1211 variable is another way to control the list of directories used. |
25829 | 1212 |
38212
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1213 @vindex woman-path |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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1214 You can also augment the list of directories searched by |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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changeset
|
1215 @code{woman} by setting the value of the @code{woman-path} variable. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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1216 This variable should hold a list of specific directories which |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1217 @code{woman} should search, in addition to those in |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
1218 @code{woman-manpath}. Unlike @code{woman-manpath}, the directories in |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
1219 @code{woman-path} are searched for the manual pages, not for |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
1220 @file{man*} subdirectories. |
25829 | 1221 |
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|
1222 @findex woman-find-file |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1223 Occasionally, you might need to display manual pages that are not in |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
1224 any of the directories listed by @code{woman-manpath} and |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
1225 @code{woman-path}. The @kbd{M-x woman-find-file} command prompts for a |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
1226 name of a manual page file, with completion, and then formats and |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
1227 displays that file like @kbd{M-x woman} does. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1228 |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1229 @vindex woman-dired-keys |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
1230 The first time you invoke @kbd{M-x woman}, it defines the Dired |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1231 @kbd{W} key to run the @code{woman-find-file} command on the current |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
1232 line's file. You can disable this by setting the variable |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1233 @code{woman-dired-keys} to @code{nil}. @xref{Dired}. In addition, |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
1234 the Tar-mode @kbd{w} key is define to invoke @code{woman-find-file} on |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
1235 the current line's archive member. |
25829 | 1236 |
38212
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|
1237 For more information about setting up and using @kbd{M-x woman}, see |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
1238 @ref{Top, WoMan, Browse UN*X Manual Pages WithOut Man, woman, The WoMan |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1239 Manual}. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1240 |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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|
1241 @node Lisp Doc |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1242 @subsection Emacs Lisp Documentation Lookup |
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Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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1243 |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1244 As you edit Lisp code to be run in Emacs, you can use the commands |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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|
1245 @kbd{C-h f} (@code{describe-function}) and @kbd{C-h v} |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1246 (@code{describe-variable}) to view documentation of functions and |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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1247 variables that you want to use. These commands use the minibuffer to |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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1248 read the name of a function or variable to document, and display the |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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1249 documentation in a window. Their default arguments are based on the |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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changeset
|
1250 code in the neighborhood of point. For @kbd{C-h f}, the default is |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
1251 the function called in the innermost list containing point. @kbd{C-h |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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changeset
|
1252 v} uses the symbol name around or adjacent to point as its default. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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|
1253 |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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|
1254 @cindex Eldoc mode |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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|
1255 @findex eldoc-mode |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1256 A more automatic but less powerful method is Eldoc mode. This minor |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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|
1257 mode constantly displays in the echo area the argument list for the |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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1258 function being called at point. (In other words, it finds the |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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|
1259 function call that point is contained in, and displays the argument |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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changeset
|
1260 list of that function.) Eldoc mode applies in Emacs Lisp and Lisp |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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changeset
|
1261 Interaction modes only. Use the command @kbd{M-x eldoc-mode} to |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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|
1262 enable or disable this feature. |
25829 | 1263 |
28329
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
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1264 @node Hideshow |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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|
1265 @section Hideshow minor mode |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
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|
1266 |
6e740f27f255
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|
1267 @findex hs-minor-mode |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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1268 Hideshow minor mode provides selective display of portions of a |
38212
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|
1269 program, known as @dfn{blocks}. You can use @kbd{M-x hs-minor-mode} |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
1270 to enable or disable this mode, or add @code{hs-minor-mode} to the |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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changeset
|
1271 mode hook for certain major modes in order to enable it automatically |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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|
1272 for those modes. |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1273 |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1274 Just what constitutes a block depends on the major mode. In C mode |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1275 or C++ mode, they are delimited by braces, while in Lisp mode and |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1276 similar modes they are delimited by parentheses. Multi-line comments |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1277 also count as blocks. |
28329
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(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1278 |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1279 @findex hs-hide-all |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1280 @findex hs-hide-block |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1281 @findex hs-show-all |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1282 @findex hs-show-block |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1283 @findex hs-show-region |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1284 @findex hs-hide-level |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1285 @findex hs-minor-mode |
37997
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1286 @kindex C-c @@ C-h |
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1287 @kindex C-c @@ C-s |
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1288 @kindex C-c @@ C-M-h |
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1289 @kindex C-c @@ C-M-s |
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1290 @kindex C-c @@ C-r |
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1291 @kindex C-c @@ C-l |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1292 @kindex S-Mouse-2 |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1293 @table @kbd |
37997
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1294 @item C-c @@ C-h |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1295 Hide the current block (@code{hs-hide-block}). |
37997
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1296 @item C-c @@ C-s |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1297 Show the current block (@code{hs-show-block}). |
37997
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1298 @item C-c @@ C-c |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1299 Either hide or show the current block (@code{hs-toggle-hiding}) |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1300 @item S-Mouse-2 |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1301 Either hide or show the block you click on (@code{hs-mouse-toggle-hiding}) |
37997
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1302 @item C-c @@ C-M-h |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1303 Hide all top-level blocks (@code{hs-hide-all}). |
37997
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1304 @item C-c @@ C-M-s |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1305 Show everything in the buffer (@code{hs-show-all}). |
37997
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1306 @item C-c @@ C-l |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1307 Hide all blocks @var{n} levels below this block |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1308 (@code{hs-hide-level}). |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1309 @end table |
28329
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1310 |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1311 @vindex hs-hide-comments-when-hiding-all |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1312 @vindex hs-isearch-open |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1313 @vindex hs-special-modes-alist |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1314 These user options exist for customizing Hideshow mode. |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1315 |
28329
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
1316 @table @code |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1317 @item hs-hide-comments-when-hiding-all |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1318 Non-@code{nil} says that @kbd{hs-hide-all} should hide comments too. |
38231
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1319 |
28329
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1320 @item hs-isearch-open |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1321 Specifies what kind of hidden blocks to open in Isearch mode. |
38231
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1322 The value should be one of these four symbols. |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1323 |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1324 @table @code |
38946
9a1045bcf43c
Update values of hs-isearch-open.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38871
diff
changeset
|
1325 @item code |
9a1045bcf43c
Update values of hs-isearch-open.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38871
diff
changeset
|
1326 Open only code blocks. |
38231
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1327 @item comment |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1328 Open only comments. |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1329 @item t |
38946
9a1045bcf43c
Update values of hs-isearch-open.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38871
diff
changeset
|
1330 Open both code blocks and comments. |
38231
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1331 @item nil |
38946
9a1045bcf43c
Update values of hs-isearch-open.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38871
diff
changeset
|
1332 Open neither code blocks nor comments. |
38231
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1333 @end table |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1334 |
28329
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(Programs): Mention outline features.
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|
1335 @item hs-special-modes-alist |
38867 | 1336 A list of elements, each specifying how to initialize Hideshow |
38231
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1337 variables for one major mode. See the variable's documentation string |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1338 for more information. |
28329
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
1339 @end table |
6e740f27f255
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Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1340 |
38212
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1341 @node Symbol Completion |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1342 @section Completion for Symbol Names |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1343 @cindex completion (symbol names) |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1344 |
38867 | 1345 In Emacs, completion is something you normally do in the minibuffer. |
1346 But one kind of completion is available in all buffers: completion for | |
1347 symbol names. | |
38212
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1348 |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1349 @kindex M-TAB |
38867 | 1350 The character @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} runs a command to complete the |
1351 partial symbol before point against the set of meaningful symbol | |
1352 names. This command inserts at point any additional characters that | |
1353 it can determine from the partial name. | |
38212
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1354 |
38867 | 1355 If the partial name in the buffer has multiple possible completions |
1356 that differ in the very next character, so that it is impossible to | |
1357 complete even one more character, @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} displays a list of | |
1358 all possible completions in another window. | |
38212
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1359 |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1360 @cindex tags-based completion |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1361 @cindex Info index completion |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1362 @findex complete-symbol |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1363 In most programming language major modes, @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} runs the |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1364 command @code{complete-symbol}, which provides two kinds of completion. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1365 Normally it does completion based on a tags table (@pxref{Tags}); with a |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1366 numeric argument (regardless of the value), it does completion based on |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1367 the names listed in the Info file indexes for your language. Thus, to |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1368 complete the name of a symbol defined in your own program, use |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1369 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} with no argument; to complete the name of a standard |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1370 library function, use @kbd{C-u M-@key{TAB}}. Of course, Info-based |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1371 completion works only if there is an Info file for the standard library |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1372 functions of your language, and only if it is installed at your site. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1373 |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1374 @cindex Lisp symbol completion |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1375 @cindex completion (Lisp symbols) |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1376 @findex lisp-complete-symbol |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1377 In Emacs-Lisp mode, the name space for completion normally consists of |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1378 nontrivial symbols present in Emacs---those that have function |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1379 definitions, values or properties. However, if there is an |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1380 open-parenthesis immediately before the beginning of the partial symbol, |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1381 only symbols with function definitions are considered as completions. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1382 The command which implements this is @code{lisp-complete-symbol}. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1383 |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1384 In Text mode and related modes, @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} completes words |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1385 based on the spell-checker's dictionary. @xref{Spelling}. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1386 |
30810
6c6b0162bae2
Tidy up previous additions. List more languages. Glasses mode.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
30793
diff
changeset
|
1387 @node Glasses |
6c6b0162bae2
Tidy up previous additions. List more languages. Glasses mode.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
30793
diff
changeset
|
1388 @section Glasses minor mode |
6c6b0162bae2
Tidy up previous additions. List more languages. Glasses mode.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
30793
diff
changeset
|
1389 @cindex Glasses mode |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1390 @cindex identifiers, making long ones readable |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1391 @cindex StudlyCaps, making them readable |
30810
6c6b0162bae2
Tidy up previous additions. List more languages. Glasses mode.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
30793
diff
changeset
|
1392 @findex glasses-mode |
6c6b0162bae2
Tidy up previous additions. List more languages. Glasses mode.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
30793
diff
changeset
|
1393 |
36183
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1394 Glasses minor mode makes @samp{unreadableIdentifiersLikeThis} |
38867 | 1395 readable by altering the way they display. It knows two different |
1396 ways to do this: by displaying underscores between a lower-case letter | |
1397 and the following capital letter, and by emboldening the capital | |
1398 letters. It does not alter the buffer text, only the way they | |
1399 display, so you can use it even on read-only buffers. You can use the | |
1400 command @kbd{M-x glasses-mode} to enable or disable the mode in the | |
1401 current buffer; you can also add @code{glasses-mode} to the mode hook | |
1402 of the programming language major modes in which you normally want | |
49600
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1403 to use Glasses mode. |
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1404 |
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1405 @node Misc for Programs |
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|
1406 @section Other Features Useful for Editing Programs |
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1407 |
38212
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1408 A number of Emacs commands that aren't designed specifically for |
38867 | 1409 editing programs are useful for that nonetheless. |
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1410 |
38212
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1411 The Emacs commands that operate on words, sentences and paragraphs |
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1412 are useful for editing code. Most symbols names contain words |
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1413 (@pxref{Words}); sentences can be found in strings and comments |
38867 | 1414 (@pxref{Sentences}). Paragraphs in the strict sense can be found in |
38212
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1415 program code (in long comments), but the paragraph commands are useful |
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|
1416 in other places too, because programming language major modes define |
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|
1417 paragraphs to begin and end at blank lines (@pxref{Paragraphs}). |
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1418 Judicious use of blank lines to make the program clearer will also |
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1419 provide useful chunks of text for the paragraph commands to work on. |
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1420 Auto Fill mode, if enabled in a programming language major mode, |
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1421 indents the new lines which it creates. |
25829 | 1422 |
38212
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|
1423 The selective display feature is useful for looking at the overall |
6b14cc47a4f2
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1424 structure of a function (@pxref{Selective Display}). This feature |
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1425 hides the lines that are indented more than a specified amount. |
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1426 Programming modes often support Outline minor mode (@pxref{Outline |
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|
1427 Mode}). The Foldout package provides folding-editor features |
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1428 (@pxref{Foldout}). |
25829 | 1429 |
38212
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1430 The ``automatic typing'' features may be useful for writing programs. |
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|
1431 @xref{Top,,Autotyping, autotype, Autotyping}. |
25829 | 1432 |
1433 @node C Modes | |
1434 @section C and Related Modes | |
1435 @cindex C mode | |
1436 @cindex Java mode | |
1437 @cindex Pike mode | |
1438 @cindex IDL mode | |
1439 @cindex CORBA IDL mode | |
1440 @cindex Objective C mode | |
1441 @cindex C++ mode | |
1442 @cindex mode, Java | |
1443 @cindex mode, C | |
1444 @cindex mode, Objective C | |
1445 @cindex mode, CORBA IDL | |
1446 @cindex mode, Pike | |
1447 | |
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1448 This section gives a brief description of the special features |
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1449 available in C, C++, Objective-C, Java, CORBA IDL, and Pike modes. |
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1450 (These are called ``C mode and related modes.'') @xref{Top, CC Mode, |
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1451 ccmode, , CC Mode}, for a more extensive description of these modes |
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1452 and their special features. |
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1453 |
25829 | 1454 @menu |
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1455 * Motion in C:: Commands to move by C statements, etc. |
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1456 * Electric C:: Colon and other chars can automatically reindent. |
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1457 * Hungry Delete:: A more powerful DEL command. |
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|
1458 * Other C Commands:: Filling comments, viewing expansion of macros, |
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|
1459 and other neat features. |
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1460 * Comments in C:: Options for customizing comment style. |
25829 | 1461 @end menu |
1462 | |
1463 @node Motion in C | |
1464 @subsection C Mode Motion Commands | |
1465 | |
1466 This section describes commands for moving point, in C mode and | |
1467 related modes. | |
1468 | |
1469 @table @code | |
1470 @item C-c C-u | |
1471 @kindex C-c C-u @r{(C mode)} | |
1472 @findex c-up-conditional | |
1473 Move point back to the containing preprocessor conditional, leaving the | |
1474 mark behind. A prefix argument acts as a repeat count. With a negative | |
1475 argument, move point forward to the end of the containing | |
1476 preprocessor conditional. When going backwards, @code{#elif} is treated | |
1477 like @code{#else} followed by @code{#if}. When going forwards, | |
1478 @code{#elif} is ignored.@refill | |
1479 | |
1480 @item C-c C-p | |
1481 @kindex C-c C-p @r{(C mode)} | |
1482 @findex c-backward-conditional | |
1483 Move point back over a preprocessor conditional, leaving the mark | |
1484 behind. A prefix argument acts as a repeat count. With a negative | |
1485 argument, move forward. | |
1486 | |
1487 @item C-c C-n | |
1488 @kindex C-c C-n @r{(C mode)} | |
1489 @findex c-forward-conditional | |
1490 Move point forward across a preprocessor conditional, leaving the mark | |
1491 behind. A prefix argument acts as a repeat count. With a negative | |
1492 argument, move backward. | |
1493 | |
1494 @item M-a | |
1495 @kindex ESC a | |
1496 @findex c-beginning-of-statement | |
1497 Move point to the beginning of the innermost C statement | |
1498 (@code{c-beginning-of-statement}). If point is already at the beginning | |
1499 of a statement, move to the beginning of the preceding statement. With | |
1500 prefix argument @var{n}, move back @var{n} @minus{} 1 statements. | |
1501 | |
1502 If point is within a string or comment, or next to a comment (only | |
1503 whitespace between them), this command moves by sentences instead of | |
1504 statements. | |
1505 | |
1506 When called from a program, this function takes three optional | |
1507 arguments: the numeric prefix argument, a buffer position limit | |
1508 (don't move back before that place), and a flag that controls whether | |
1509 to do sentence motion when inside of a comment. | |
1510 | |
1511 @item M-e | |
1512 @kindex ESC e | |
1513 @findex c-end-of-statement | |
1514 Move point to the end of the innermost C statement; like @kbd{M-a} | |
1515 except that it moves in the other direction (@code{c-end-of-statement}). | |
1516 | |
1517 @item M-x c-backward-into-nomenclature | |
1518 @findex c-backward-into-nomenclature | |
1519 Move point backward to beginning of a C++ nomenclature section or word. | |
1520 With prefix argument @var{n}, move @var{n} times. If @var{n} is | |
1521 negative, move forward. C++ nomenclature means a symbol name in the | |
1522 style of NamingSymbolsWithMixedCaseAndNoUnderlines; each capital letter | |
1523 begins a section or word. | |
1524 | |
1525 In the GNU project, we recommend using underscores to separate words | |
1526 within an identifier in C or C++, rather than using case distinctions. | |
1527 | |
1528 @item M-x c-forward-into-nomenclature | |
1529 @findex c-forward-into-nomenclature | |
1530 Move point forward to end of a C++ nomenclature section or word. | |
1531 With prefix argument @var{n}, move @var{n} times. | |
1532 @end table | |
1533 | |
1534 @node Electric C | |
1535 @subsection Electric C Characters | |
1536 | |
1537 In C mode and related modes, certain printing characters are | |
1538 ``electric''---in addition to inserting themselves, they also reindent | |
1539 the current line and may insert newlines. This feature is controlled by | |
1540 the variable @code{c-auto-newline}. The ``electric'' characters are | |
1541 @kbd{@{}, @kbd{@}}, @kbd{:}, @kbd{#}, @kbd{;}, @kbd{,}, @kbd{<}, | |
1542 @kbd{>}, @kbd{/}, @kbd{*}, @kbd{(}, and @kbd{)}. | |
1543 | |
1544 Electric characters insert newlines only when the @dfn{auto-newline} | |
1545 feature is enabled (indicated by @samp{/a} in the mode line after the | |
1546 mode name). This feature is controlled by the variable | |
1547 @code{c-auto-newline}. You can turn this feature on or off with the | |
1548 command @kbd{C-c C-a}: | |
1549 | |
1550 @table @kbd | |
1551 @item C-c C-a | |
1552 @kindex C-c C-a @r{(C mode)} | |
1553 @findex c-toggle-auto-state | |
1554 Toggle the auto-newline feature (@code{c-toggle-auto-state}). With a | |
1555 prefix argument, this command turns the auto-newline feature on if the | |
1556 argument is positive, and off if it is negative. | |
1557 @end table | |
1558 | |
1559 The colon character is electric because that is appropriate for a | |
1560 single colon. But when you want to insert a double colon in C++, the | |
1561 electric behavior of colon is inconvenient. You can insert a double | |
1562 colon with no reindentation or newlines by typing @kbd{C-c :}: | |
1563 | |
1564 @table @kbd | |
1565 @item C-c : | |
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1566 @ifinfo |
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1567 @c This uses ``colon'' instead of a literal `:' because Info cannot |
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1568 @c cope with a `:' in a menu |
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1569 @kindex C-c @key{colon} @r{(C mode)} |
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1570 @end ifinfo |
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1571 @ifnotinfo |
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1572 @kindex C-c : @r{(C mode)} |
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1573 @end ifnotinfo |
25829 | 1574 @findex c-scope-operator |
1575 Insert a double colon scope operator at point, without reindenting the | |
1576 line or adding any newlines (@code{c-scope-operator}). | |
1577 @end table | |
1578 | |
1579 The electric @kbd{#} key reindents the line if it appears to be the | |
1580 beginning of a preprocessor directive. This happens when the value of | |
1581 @code{c-electric-pound-behavior} is @code{(alignleft)}. You can turn | |
1582 this feature off by setting @code{c-electric-pound-behavior} to | |
1583 @code{nil}. | |
1584 | |
1585 The variable @code{c-hanging-braces-alist} controls the insertion of | |
1586 newlines before and after inserted braces. It is an association list | |
1587 with elements of the following form: @code{(@var{syntactic-symbol} | |
1588 . @var{nl-list})}. Most of the syntactic symbols that appear in | |
1589 @code{c-offsets-alist} are meaningful here as well. | |
1590 | |
1591 The list @var{nl-list} may contain either of the symbols | |
1592 @code{before} or @code{after}, or both; or it may be @code{nil}. When a | |
1593 brace is inserted, the syntactic context it defines is looked up in | |
1594 @code{c-hanging-braces-alist}; if it is found, the @var{nl-list} is used | |
1595 to determine where newlines are inserted: either before the brace, | |
1596 after, or both. If not found, the default is to insert a newline both | |
1597 before and after braces. | |
1598 | |
1599 The variable @code{c-hanging-colons-alist} controls the insertion of | |
1600 newlines before and after inserted colons. It is an association list | |
1601 with elements of the following form: @code{(@var{syntactic-symbol} | |
1602 . @var{nl-list})}. The list @var{nl-list} may contain either of the | |
1603 symbols @code{before} or @code{after}, or both; or it may be @code{nil}. | |
1604 | |
1605 When a colon is inserted, the syntactic symbol it defines is looked | |
1606 up in this list, and if found, the @var{nl-list} is used to determine | |
1607 where newlines are inserted: either before the brace, after, or both. | |
1608 If the syntactic symbol is not found in this list, no newlines are | |
1609 inserted. | |
1610 | |
1611 Electric characters can also delete newlines automatically when the | |
1612 auto-newline feature is enabled. This feature makes auto-newline more | |
1613 acceptable, by deleting the newlines in the most common cases where you | |
1614 do not want them. Emacs can recognize several cases in which deleting a | |
1615 newline might be desirable; by setting the variable | |
1616 @code{c-cleanup-list}, you can specify @emph{which} of these cases that | |
1617 should happen. The variable's value is a list of symbols, each | |
1618 describing one case for possible deletion of a newline. Here are the | |
1619 meaningful symbols, and their meanings: | |
1620 | |
1621 @table @code | |
1622 @item brace-catch-brace | |
1623 Clean up @samp{@} catch (@var{condition}) @{} constructs by placing the | |
1624 entire construct on a single line. The clean-up occurs when you type | |
1625 the @samp{@{}, if there is nothing between the braces aside from | |
1626 @code{catch} and @var{condition}. | |
1627 | |
1628 @item brace-else-brace | |
1629 Clean up @samp{@} else @{} constructs by placing the entire construct on | |
1630 a single line. The clean-up occurs when you type the @samp{@{} after | |
1631 the @code{else}, but only if there is nothing but white space between | |
1632 the braces and the @code{else}. | |
1633 | |
1634 @item brace-elseif-brace | |
1635 Clean up @samp{@} else if (@dots{}) @{} constructs by placing the entire | |
1636 construct on a single line. The clean-up occurs when you type the | |
1637 @samp{@{}, if there is nothing but white space between the @samp{@}} and | |
1638 @samp{@{} aside from the keywords and the @code{if}-condition. | |
1639 | |
1640 @item empty-defun-braces | |
1641 Clean up empty defun braces by placing the braces on the same | |
1642 line. Clean-up occurs when you type the closing brace. | |
1643 | |
1644 @item defun-close-semi | |
1645 Clean up the semicolon after a @code{struct} or similar type | |
1646 declaration, by placing the semicolon on the same line as the closing | |
1647 brace. Clean-up occurs when you type the semicolon. | |
1648 | |
1649 @item list-close-comma | |
1650 Clean up commas following braces in array and aggregate | |
1651 initializers. Clean-up occurs when you type the comma. | |
1652 | |
1653 @item scope-operator | |
1654 Clean up double colons which may designate a C++ scope operator, by | |
1655 placing the colons together. Clean-up occurs when you type the second | |
1656 colon, but only when the two colons are separated by nothing but | |
1657 whitespace. | |
1658 @end table | |
1659 | |
1660 @node Hungry Delete | |
1661 @subsection Hungry Delete Feature in C | |
1662 | |
1663 When the @dfn{hungry-delete} feature is enabled (indicated by | |
1664 @samp{/h} or @samp{/ah} in the mode line after the mode name), a single | |
1665 @key{DEL} command deletes all preceding whitespace, not just one space. | |
1666 To turn this feature on or off, use @kbd{C-c C-d}: | |
1667 | |
1668 @table @kbd | |
1669 @item C-c C-d | |
1670 @kindex C-c C-d @r{(C mode)} | |
1671 @findex c-toggle-hungry-state | |
1672 Toggle the hungry-delete feature (@code{c-toggle-hungry-state}). With a | |
1673 prefix argument, this command turns the hungry-delete feature on if the | |
1674 argument is positive, and off if it is negative. | |
1675 | |
1676 @item C-c C-t | |
1677 @kindex C-c C-t @r{(C mode)} | |
1678 @findex c-toggle-auto-hungry-state | |
1679 Toggle the auto-newline and hungry-delete features, both at once | |
1680 (@code{c-toggle-auto-hungry-state}). | |
1681 @end table | |
1682 | |
1683 @vindex c-hungry-delete-key | |
1684 The variable @code{c-hungry-delete-key} controls whether the | |
1685 hungry-delete feature is enabled. | |
1686 | |
1687 @node Other C Commands | |
1688 @subsection Other Commands for C Mode | |
1689 | |
1690 @table @kbd | |
1691 @item C-M-h | |
1692 Put mark at the end of a function definition, and put point at the | |
1693 beginning (@code{c-mark-function}). | |
1694 | |
1695 @item M-q | |
1696 @kindex M-q @r{(C mode)} | |
1697 @findex c-fill-paragraph | |
1698 Fill a paragraph, handling C and C++ comments (@code{c-fill-paragraph}). | |
1699 If any part of the current line is a comment or within a comment, this | |
1700 command fills the comment or the paragraph of it that point is in, | |
1701 preserving the comment indentation and comment delimiters. | |
1702 | |
1703 @item C-c C-e | |
1704 @cindex macro expansion in C | |
1705 @cindex expansion of C macros | |
1706 @findex c-macro-expand | |
1707 @kindex C-c C-e @r{(C mode)} | |
1708 Run the C preprocessor on the text in the region, and show the result, | |
1709 which includes the expansion of all the macro calls | |
1710 (@code{c-macro-expand}). The buffer text before the region is also | |
1711 included in preprocessing, for the sake of macros defined there, but the | |
1712 output from this part isn't shown. | |
1713 | |
1714 When you are debugging C code that uses macros, sometimes it is hard to | |
1715 figure out precisely how the macros expand. With this command, you | |
1716 don't have to figure it out; you can see the expansions. | |
1717 | |
1718 @item C-c C-\ | |
1719 @findex c-backslash-region | |
1720 @kindex C-c C-\ @r{(C mode)} | |
1721 Insert or align @samp{\} characters at the ends of the lines of the | |
1722 region (@code{c-backslash-region}). This is useful after writing or | |
1723 editing a C macro definition. | |
1724 | |
1725 If a line already ends in @samp{\}, this command adjusts the amount of | |
1726 whitespace before it. Otherwise, it inserts a new @samp{\}. However, | |
1727 the last line in the region is treated specially; no @samp{\} is | |
1728 inserted on that line, and any @samp{\} there is deleted. | |
1729 | |
1730 @item M-x cpp-highlight-buffer | |
1731 @cindex preprocessor highlighting | |
1732 @findex cpp-highlight-buffer | |
1733 Highlight parts of the text according to its preprocessor conditionals. | |
1734 This command displays another buffer named @samp{*CPP Edit*}, which | |
1735 serves as a graphic menu for selecting how to display particular kinds | |
1736 of conditionals and their contents. After changing various settings, | |
1737 click on @samp{[A]pply these settings} (or go to that buffer and type | |
1738 @kbd{a}) to rehighlight the C mode buffer accordingly. | |
1739 | |
1740 @item C-c C-s | |
1741 @findex c-show-syntactic-information | |
1742 @kindex C-c C-s @r{(C mode)} | |
1743 Display the syntactic information about the current source line | |
1744 (@code{c-show-syntactic-information}). This is the information that | |
1745 directs how the line is indented. | |
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1746 |
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1747 @item M-x cwarn-mode |
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1748 @itemx M-x global-cwarn-mode |
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1749 @findex cwarn-mode |
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1750 @findex global-cwarn-mode |
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1751 @cindex CWarn mode |
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1752 @cindex suspicious constructions in C, C++ |
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1753 CWarn minor mode highlights certain suspicious C and C++ constructions: |
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1754 |
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1755 @itemize @bullet{} |
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1756 @item |
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1757 Assignments inside expressions. |
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1758 @item |
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1759 Semicolon following immediately after @samp{if}, @samp{for}, and @samp{while} |
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1760 (except after a @samp{do @dots{} while} statement); |
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1761 @item |
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1762 C++ functions with reference parameters. |
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1763 @end itemize |
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1764 |
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1765 @noindent |
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1766 You can enable the mode for one buffer with the command @kbd{M-x |
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1767 cwarn-mode}, or for all suitable buffers with the command @kbd{M-x |
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1768 global-cwarn-mode} or by customizing the variable |
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1769 @code{global-cwarn-mode}. You must also enable Font Lock mode to make |
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1770 it work. |
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1771 |
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1772 @item M-x hide-ifdef-mode |
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1773 @findex hide-ifdef-mode |
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1774 @cindex Hide-ifdef mode |
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1775 Hide-ifdef minor mode hides selected code within @samp{#if} and |
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1776 @samp{#ifdef} preprocessor blocks. See the documentation string of |
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1777 @code{hide-ifdef-mode} for more information. |
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1778 |
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1779 @item M-x ff-find-related-file |
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1780 @cindex related files |
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1781 @findex ff-find-related-file |
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1782 @vindex ff-related-file-alist |
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1783 Find a file ``related'' in a special way to the file visited by the |
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1784 current buffer. Typically this will be the header file corresponding |
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1785 to a C/C++ source file, or vice versa. The variable |
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1786 @code{ff-related-file-alist} specifies how to compute related file |
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1787 names. |
25829 | 1788 @end table |
1789 | |
1790 @node Comments in C | |
1791 @subsection Comments in C Modes | |
1792 | |
1793 C mode and related modes use a number of variables for controlling | |
1794 comment format. | |
1795 | |
1796 @table @code | |
1797 @item c-comment-only-line-offset | |
1798 @vindex c-comment-only-line-offset | |
1799 Extra offset for line which contains only the start of a comment. It | |
1800 can be either an integer or a cons cell of the form | |
1801 @code{(@var{non-anchored-offset} . @var{anchored-offset})}, where | |
1802 @var{non-anchored-offset} is the amount of offset given to | |
1803 non-column-zero anchored comment-only lines, and @var{anchored-offset} | |
1804 is the amount of offset to give column-zero anchored comment-only lines. | |
1805 Just an integer as value is equivalent to @code{(@var{val} . 0)}. | |
1806 | |
1807 @item c-comment-start-regexp | |
1808 @vindex c-comment-start-regexp | |
1809 This buffer-local variable specifies how to recognize the start of a comment. | |
1810 | |
1811 @item c-hanging-comment-ender-p | |
1812 @vindex c-hanging-comment-ender-p | |
1813 If this variable is @code{nil}, @code{c-fill-paragraph} leaves the | |
1814 comment terminator of a block comment on a line by itself. The default | |
1815 value is @code{t}, which puts the comment-end delimiter @samp{*/} at the | |
1816 end of the last line of the comment text. | |
1817 | |
1818 @item c-hanging-comment-starter-p | |
1819 @vindex c-hanging-comment-starter-p | |
1820 If this variable is @code{nil}, @code{c-fill-paragraph} leaves the | |
1821 starting delimiter of a block comment on a line by itself. The default | |
1822 value is @code{t}, which puts the comment-start delimiter @samp{/*} at | |
1823 the beginning of the first line of the comment text. | |
1824 @end table | |
1825 | |
1826 @node Fortran | |
1827 @section Fortran Mode | |
1828 @cindex Fortran mode | |
1829 @cindex mode, Fortran | |
1830 | |
1831 Fortran mode provides special motion commands for Fortran statements and | |
1832 subprograms, and indentation commands that understand Fortran conventions | |
1833 of nesting, line numbers and continuation statements. Fortran mode has | |
1834 its own Auto Fill mode that breaks long lines into proper Fortran | |
1835 continuation lines. | |
1836 | |
1837 Special commands for comments are provided because Fortran comments | |
1838 are unlike those of other languages. Built-in abbrevs optionally save | |
1839 typing when you insert Fortran keywords. | |
1840 | |
1841 Use @kbd{M-x fortran-mode} to switch to this major mode. This command | |
1842 runs the hook @code{fortran-mode-hook} (@pxref{Hooks}). | |
1843 | |
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1844 @cindex Fortran77 and Fortran90 |
26106 | 1845 @findex f90-mode |
1846 @findex fortran-mode | |
48700 | 1847 Fortran mode is meant for editing Fortran77 ``fixed format'' source |
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1848 code. For editing the modern Fortran90 ``free format'' source code, |
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1849 use F90 mode (@code{f90-mode}). Emacs normally uses Fortran mode for |
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1850 files with extension @samp{.f}, @samp{.F} or @samp{.for}, and F90 mode |
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1851 for the extension @samp{.f90}. GNU Fortran supports both kinds of |
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1852 format. |
26106 | 1853 |
25829 | 1854 @menu |
1855 * Motion: Fortran Motion. Moving point by statements or subprograms. | |
1856 * Indent: Fortran Indent. Indentation commands for Fortran. | |
1857 * Comments: Fortran Comments. Inserting and aligning comments. | |
1858 * Autofill: Fortran Autofill. Auto fill minor mode for Fortran. | |
1859 * Columns: Fortran Columns. Measuring columns for valid Fortran. | |
1860 * Abbrev: Fortran Abbrev. Built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords. | |
1861 @end menu | |
1862 | |
1863 @node Fortran Motion | |
1864 @subsection Motion Commands | |
1865 | |
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1866 In addition to the normal commands for moving by and operating on |
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1867 ``defuns'' (Fortran subprograms---functions and subroutines), Fortran |
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1868 mode provides special commands to move by statements. |
25829 | 1869 |
1870 @table @kbd | |
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1871 @kindex C-c C-n @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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1872 @findex fortran-next-statement |
25829 | 1873 @item C-c C-n |
1874 Move to beginning of current or next statement | |
1875 (@code{fortran-next-statement}). | |
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1876 |
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1877 @kindex C-c C-p @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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1878 @findex fortran-previous-statement |
25829 | 1879 @item C-c C-p |
1880 Move to beginning of current or previous statement | |
1881 (@code{fortran-previous-statement}). | |
1882 @end table | |
1883 | |
1884 @node Fortran Indent | |
1885 @subsection Fortran Indentation | |
1886 | |
1887 Special commands and features are needed for indenting Fortran code in | |
1888 order to make sure various syntactic entities (line numbers, comment line | |
1889 indicators and continuation line flags) appear in the columns that are | |
1890 required for standard Fortran. | |
1891 | |
1892 @menu | |
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1893 * Commands: ForIndent Commands. Commands for indenting and filling Fortran. |
25829 | 1894 * Contline: ForIndent Cont. How continuation lines indent. |
1895 * Numbers: ForIndent Num. How line numbers auto-indent. | |
1896 * Conv: ForIndent Conv. Conventions you must obey to avoid trouble. | |
1897 * Vars: ForIndent Vars. Variables controlling Fortran indent style. | |
1898 @end menu | |
1899 | |
1900 @node ForIndent Commands | |
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1901 @subsubsection Fortran Indentation and Filling Commands |
25829 | 1902 |
1903 @table @kbd | |
1904 @item C-M-j | |
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1905 Break the current line and set up a continuation line |
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1906 (@code{fortran-split-line}). |
25829 | 1907 @item M-^ |
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1908 Join this line to the previous line (@code{fortran-join-line}). |
25829 | 1909 @item C-M-q |
1910 Indent all the lines of the subprogram point is in | |
1911 (@code{fortran-indent-subprogram}). | |
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1912 @item M-q |
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1913 Fill a comment block or statement. |
25829 | 1914 @end table |
1915 | |
1916 @kindex C-M-q @r{(Fortran mode)} | |
1917 @findex fortran-indent-subprogram | |
1918 The key @kbd{C-M-q} runs @code{fortran-indent-subprogram}, a command | |
1919 to reindent all the lines of the Fortran subprogram (function or | |
1920 subroutine) containing point. | |
1921 | |
1922 @kindex C-M-j @r{(Fortran mode)} | |
1923 @findex fortran-split-line | |
1924 The key @kbd{C-M-j} runs @code{fortran-split-line}, which splits | |
1925 a line in the appropriate fashion for Fortran. In a non-comment line, | |
1926 the second half becomes a continuation line and is indented | |
1927 accordingly. In a comment line, both halves become separate comment | |
1928 lines. | |
1929 | |
1930 @kindex M-^ @r{(Fortran mode)} | |
26106 | 1931 @kindex C-c C-d @r{(Fortran mode)} |
1932 @findex fortran-join-line | |
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1933 @kbd{M-^} or @kbd{C-c C-d} runs the command @code{fortran-join-line}, |
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1934 which joins a continuation line back to the previous line, roughly as |
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1935 the inverse of @code{fortran-split-line}. The point must be on a |
26106 | 1936 continuation line when this command is invoked. |
1937 | |
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1938 @kindex M-q @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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1939 @kbd{M-q} in Fortran mode fills the comment block or statement that |
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1940 point is in. This removes any excess statement continuations. |
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1941 |
25829 | 1942 @node ForIndent Cont |
1943 @subsubsection Continuation Lines | |
1944 @cindex Fortran continuation lines | |
1945 | |
1946 @vindex fortran-continuation-string | |
1947 Most modern Fortran compilers allow two ways of writing continuation | |
1948 lines. If the first non-space character on a line is in column 5, then | |
1949 that line is a continuation of the previous line. We call this | |
1950 @dfn{fixed format}. (In GNU Emacs we always count columns from 0.) The | |
1951 variable @code{fortran-continuation-string} specifies what character to | |
1952 put on column 5. A line that starts with a tab character followed by | |
1953 any digit except @samp{0} is also a continuation line. We call this | |
1954 style of continuation @dfn{tab format}. | |
1955 | |
1956 @vindex indent-tabs-mode @r{(Fortran mode)} | |
1957 Fortran mode can make either style of continuation line, but you | |
1958 must specify which one you prefer. The value of the variable | |
1959 @code{indent-tabs-mode} controls the choice: @code{nil} for fixed | |
1960 format, and non-@code{nil} for tab format. You can tell which style | |
1961 is presently in effect by the presence or absence of the string | |
1962 @samp{Tab} in the mode line. | |
1963 | |
1964 If the text on a line starts with the conventional Fortran | |
1965 continuation marker @samp{$}, or if it begins with any non-whitespace | |
1966 character in column 5, Fortran mode treats it as a continuation line. | |
1967 When you indent a continuation line with @key{TAB}, it converts the line | |
1968 to the current continuation style. When you split a Fortran statement | |
1969 with @kbd{C-M-j}, the continuation marker on the newline is created | |
1970 according to the continuation style. | |
1971 | |
1972 The setting of continuation style affects several other aspects of | |
1973 editing in Fortran mode. In fixed format mode, the minimum column | |
1974 number for the body of a statement is 6. Lines inside of Fortran | |
1975 blocks that are indented to larger column numbers always use only the | |
1976 space character for whitespace. In tab format mode, the minimum | |
1977 column number for the statement body is 8, and the whitespace before | |
1978 column 8 must always consist of one tab character. | |
1979 | |
1980 @vindex fortran-tab-mode-default | |
1981 @vindex fortran-analyze-depth | |
1982 When you enter Fortran mode for an existing file, it tries to deduce the | |
1983 proper continuation style automatically from the file contents. The first | |
1984 line that begins with either a tab character or six spaces determines the | |
1985 choice. The variable @code{fortran-analyze-depth} specifies how many lines | |
1986 to consider (at the beginning of the file); if none of those lines | |
1987 indicates a style, then the variable @code{fortran-tab-mode-default} | |
1988 specifies the style. If it is @code{nil}, that specifies fixed format, and | |
1989 non-@code{nil} specifies tab format. | |
1990 | |
1991 @node ForIndent Num | |
1992 @subsubsection Line Numbers | |
1993 | |
1994 If a number is the first non-whitespace in the line, Fortran | |
1995 indentation assumes it is a line number and moves it to columns 0 | |
1996 through 4. (Columns always count from 0 in GNU Emacs.) | |
1997 | |
1998 @vindex fortran-line-number-indent | |
1999 Line numbers of four digits or less are normally indented one space. | |
2000 The variable @code{fortran-line-number-indent} controls this; it | |
2001 specifies the maximum indentation a line number can have. Line numbers | |
2002 are indented to right-justify them to end in column 4 unless that would | |
2003 require more than this maximum indentation. The default value of the | |
2004 variable is 1. | |
2005 | |
2006 @vindex fortran-electric-line-number | |
2007 Simply inserting a line number is enough to indent it according to | |
2008 these rules. As each digit is inserted, the indentation is recomputed. | |
2009 To turn off this feature, set the variable | |
2010 @code{fortran-electric-line-number} to @code{nil}. Then inserting line | |
2011 numbers is like inserting anything else. | |
2012 | |
2013 @node ForIndent Conv | |
2014 @subsubsection Syntactic Conventions | |
2015 | |
2016 Fortran mode assumes that you follow certain conventions that simplify | |
2017 the task of understanding a Fortran program well enough to indent it | |
2018 properly: | |
2019 | |
2020 @itemize @bullet | |
2021 @item | |
2022 Two nested @samp{do} loops never share a @samp{continue} statement. | |
2023 | |
2024 @item | |
2025 Fortran keywords such as @samp{if}, @samp{else}, @samp{then}, @samp{do} | |
2026 and others are written without embedded whitespace or line breaks. | |
2027 | |
2028 Fortran compilers generally ignore whitespace outside of string | |
2029 constants, but Fortran mode does not recognize these keywords if they | |
2030 are not contiguous. Constructs such as @samp{else if} or @samp{end do} | |
2031 are acceptable, but the second word should be on the same line as the | |
2032 first and not on a continuation line. | |
2033 @end itemize | |
2034 | |
2035 @noindent | |
2036 If you fail to follow these conventions, the indentation commands may | |
2037 indent some lines unaesthetically. However, a correct Fortran program | |
2038 retains its meaning when reindented even if the conventions are not | |
2039 followed. | |
2040 | |
2041 @node ForIndent Vars | |
2042 @subsubsection Variables for Fortran Indentation | |
2043 | |
2044 @vindex fortran-do-indent | |
2045 @vindex fortran-if-indent | |
2046 @vindex fortran-structure-indent | |
2047 @vindex fortran-continuation-indent | |
2048 @vindex fortran-check-all-num@dots{} | |
2049 @vindex fortran-minimum-statement-indent@dots{} | |
2050 Several additional variables control how Fortran indentation works: | |
2051 | |
2052 @table @code | |
2053 @item fortran-do-indent | |
2054 Extra indentation within each level of @samp{do} statement (default 3). | |
2055 | |
2056 @item fortran-if-indent | |
2057 Extra indentation within each level of @samp{if} statement (default 3). | |
2058 This value is also used for extra indentation within each level of the | |
2059 Fortran 90 @samp{where} statement. | |
2060 | |
2061 @item fortran-structure-indent | |
2062 Extra indentation within each level of @samp{structure}, @samp{union}, or | |
2063 @samp{map} statements (default 3). | |
2064 | |
2065 @item fortran-continuation-indent | |
2066 Extra indentation for bodies of continuation lines (default 5). | |
2067 | |
2068 @item fortran-check-all-num-for-matching-do | |
2069 If this is @code{nil}, indentation assumes that each @samp{do} statement | |
2070 ends on a @samp{continue} statement. Therefore, when computing | |
2071 indentation for a statement other than @samp{continue}, it can save time | |
2072 by not checking for a @samp{do} statement ending there. If this is | |
2073 non-@code{nil}, indenting any numbered statement must check for a | |
2074 @samp{do} that ends there. The default is @code{nil}. | |
2075 | |
2076 @item fortran-blink-matching-if | |
2077 If this is @code{t}, indenting an @samp{endif} statement moves the | |
2078 cursor momentarily to the matching @samp{if} statement to show where it | |
2079 is. The default is @code{nil}. | |
2080 | |
2081 @item fortran-minimum-statement-indent-fixed | |
2082 Minimum indentation for fortran statements when using fixed format | |
2083 continuation line style. Statement bodies are never indented less than | |
2084 this much. The default is 6. | |
2085 | |
2086 @item fortran-minimum-statement-indent-tab | |
2087 Minimum indentation for fortran statements for tab format continuation line | |
2088 style. Statement bodies are never indented less than this much. The | |
2089 default is 8. | |
2090 @end table | |
2091 | |
2092 @node Fortran Comments | |
2093 @subsection Fortran Comments | |
2094 | |
2095 The usual Emacs comment commands assume that a comment can follow a line | |
2096 of code. In Fortran, the standard comment syntax requires an entire line | |
2097 to be just a comment. Therefore, Fortran mode replaces the standard Emacs | |
2098 comment commands and defines some new variables. | |
2099 | |
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2100 Fortran mode can also handle the Fortran90 comment syntax where comments |
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2101 start with @samp{!} and can follow other text. Because only some Fortran77 |
25829 | 2102 compilers accept this syntax, Fortran mode will not insert such comments |
2103 unless you have said in advance to do so. To do this, set the variable | |
2104 @code{comment-start} to @samp{"!"} (@pxref{Variables}). | |
2105 | |
2106 @table @kbd | |
2107 @item M-; | |
2108 Align comment or insert new comment (@code{fortran-comment-indent}). | |
2109 | |
2110 @item C-x ; | |
2111 Applies to nonstandard @samp{!} comments only. | |
2112 | |
2113 @item C-c ; | |
2114 Turn all lines of the region into comments, or (with argument) turn them back | |
2115 into real code (@code{fortran-comment-region}). | |
2116 @end table | |
2117 | |
2118 @kbd{M-;} in Fortran mode is redefined as the command | |
2119 @code{fortran-comment-indent}. Like the usual @kbd{M-;} command, this | |
2120 recognizes any kind of existing comment and aligns its text appropriately; | |
2121 if there is no existing comment, a comment is inserted and aligned. But | |
2122 inserting and aligning comments are not the same in Fortran mode as in | |
2123 other modes. | |
2124 | |
2125 When a new comment must be inserted, if the current line is blank, a | |
2126 full-line comment is inserted. On a non-blank line, a nonstandard @samp{!} | |
2127 comment is inserted if you have said you want to use them. Otherwise a | |
2128 full-line comment is inserted on a new line before the current line. | |
2129 | |
2130 Nonstandard @samp{!} comments are aligned like comments in other | |
2131 languages, but full-line comments are different. In a standard full-line | |
2132 comment, the comment delimiter itself must always appear in column zero. | |
2133 What can be aligned is the text within the comment. You can choose from | |
2134 three styles of alignment by setting the variable | |
2135 @code{fortran-comment-indent-style} to one of these values: | |
2136 | |
2137 @vindex fortran-comment-indent-style | |
2138 @vindex fortran-comment-line-extra-indent | |
2139 @table @code | |
2140 @item fixed | |
2141 Align the text at a fixed column, which is the sum of | |
2142 @code{fortran-comment-line-extra-indent} and the minimum statement | |
2143 indentation. This is the default. | |
2144 | |
2145 The minimum statement indentation is | |
2146 @code{fortran-minimum-statement-indent-fixed} for fixed format | |
2147 continuation line style and @code{fortran-minimum-statement-indent-tab} | |
2148 for tab format style. | |
2149 | |
2150 @item relative | |
2151 Align the text as if it were a line of code, but with an additional | |
2152 @code{fortran-comment-line-extra-indent} columns of indentation. | |
2153 | |
2154 @item nil | |
2155 Don't move text in full-line comments automatically at all. | |
2156 @end table | |
2157 | |
2158 @vindex fortran-comment-indent-char | |
2159 In addition, you can specify the character to be used to indent within | |
2160 full-line comments by setting the variable | |
2161 @code{fortran-comment-indent-char} to the single-character string you want | |
2162 to use. | |
2163 | |
45997 | 2164 @vindex fortran-directive-re |
2165 Compiler directive lines, or preprocessor lines, have much the same | |
2166 appearance as comment lines. It is important, though, that such lines | |
2167 never be indented at all, no matter what the value of | |
2168 @code{fortran-comment-indent-style}. The variable | |
2169 @code{fortran-directive-re} is a regular expression that specifies which | |
2170 lines are directives. Matching lines are never indented, and receive | |
2171 distinctive font-locking. | |
2172 | |
25829 | 2173 @vindex comment-line-start |
2174 @vindex comment-line-start-skip | |
2175 Fortran mode introduces two variables @code{comment-line-start} and | |
2176 @code{comment-line-start-skip}, which play for full-line comments the same | |
2177 roles played by @code{comment-start} and @code{comment-start-skip} for | |
2178 ordinary text-following comments. Normally these are set properly by | |
2179 Fortran mode, so you do not need to change them. | |
2180 | |
2181 The normal Emacs comment command @kbd{C-x ;} has not been redefined. If | |
2182 you use @samp{!} comments, this command can be used with them. Otherwise | |
2183 it is useless in Fortran mode. | |
2184 | |
2185 @kindex C-c ; @r{(Fortran mode)} | |
2186 @findex fortran-comment-region | |
2187 @vindex fortran-comment-region | |
2188 The command @kbd{C-c ;} (@code{fortran-comment-region}) turns all the | |
2189 lines of the region into comments by inserting the string @samp{C$$$} at | |
2190 the front of each one. With a numeric argument, it turns the region | |
2191 back into live code by deleting @samp{C$$$} from the front of each line | |
2192 in it. The string used for these comments can be controlled by setting | |
2193 the variable @code{fortran-comment-region}. Note that here we have an | |
2194 example of a command and a variable with the same name; these two uses | |
2195 of the name never conflict because in Lisp and in Emacs it is always | |
2196 clear from the context which one is meant. | |
2197 | |
2198 @node Fortran Autofill | |
2199 @subsection Fortran Auto Fill Mode | |
2200 | |
2201 Fortran Auto Fill mode is a minor mode which automatically splits | |
2202 Fortran statements as you insert them when they become too wide. | |
2203 Splitting a statement involves making continuation lines using | |
2204 @code{fortran-continuation-string} (@pxref{ForIndent Cont}). This | |
2205 splitting happens when you type @key{SPC}, @key{RET}, or @key{TAB}, and | |
2206 also in the Fortran indentation commands. | |
2207 | |
2208 @findex fortran-auto-fill-mode | |
2209 @kbd{M-x fortran-auto-fill-mode} turns Fortran Auto Fill mode on if it | |
2210 was off, or off if it was on. This command works the same as @kbd{M-x | |
2211 auto-fill-mode} does for normal Auto Fill mode (@pxref{Filling}). A | |
2212 positive numeric argument turns Fortran Auto Fill mode on, and a | |
2213 negative argument turns it off. You can see when Fortran Auto Fill mode | |
2214 is in effect by the presence of the word @samp{Fill} in the mode line, | |
2215 inside the parentheses. Fortran Auto Fill mode is a minor mode, turned | |
2216 on or off for each buffer individually. @xref{Minor Modes}. | |
2217 | |
2218 @vindex fortran-break-before-delimiters | |
2219 Fortran Auto Fill mode breaks lines at spaces or delimiters when the | |
2220 lines get longer than the desired width (the value of @code{fill-column}). | |
2221 The delimiters that Fortran Auto Fill mode may break at are @samp{,}, | |
2222 @samp{'}, @samp{+}, @samp{-}, @samp{/}, @samp{*}, @samp{=}, and @samp{)}. | |
2223 The line break comes after the delimiter if the variable | |
2224 @code{fortran-break-before-delimiters} is @code{nil}. Otherwise (and by | |
2225 default), the break comes before the delimiter. | |
2226 | |
2227 By default, Fortran Auto Fill mode is not enabled. If you want this | |
2228 feature turned on permanently, add a hook function to | |
2229 @code{fortran-mode-hook} to execute @code{(fortran-auto-fill-mode 1)}. | |
2230 @xref{Hooks}. | |
2231 | |
2232 @node Fortran Columns | |
2233 @subsection Checking Columns in Fortran | |
2234 | |
2235 @table @kbd | |
2236 @item C-c C-r | |
2237 Display a ``column ruler'' momentarily above the current line | |
2238 (@code{fortran-column-ruler}). | |
2239 @item C-c C-w | |
2240 Split the current window horizontally temporarily so that it is 72 | |
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2241 columns wide (@code{fortran-window-create-momentarily}). This may |
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2242 help you avoid making lines longer than the 72-character limit that |
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2243 some Fortran compilers impose. |
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2244 @item C-u C-c C-w |
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2245 Split the current window horizontally so that it is 72 columns wide |
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2246 (@code{fortran-window-create}). You can then continue editing. |
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2247 @item M-x fortran-strip-sequence-nos |
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2248 Delete all text in column 72 and beyond. |
25829 | 2249 @end table |
2250 | |
2251 @kindex C-c C-r @r{(Fortran mode)} | |
2252 @findex fortran-column-ruler | |
2253 The command @kbd{C-c C-r} (@code{fortran-column-ruler}) shows a column | |
2254 ruler momentarily above the current line. The comment ruler is two lines | |
2255 of text that show you the locations of columns with special significance in | |
2256 Fortran programs. Square brackets show the limits of the columns for line | |
2257 numbers, and curly brackets show the limits of the columns for the | |
2258 statement body. Column numbers appear above them. | |
2259 | |
2260 Note that the column numbers count from zero, as always in GNU Emacs. | |
2261 As a result, the numbers may be one less than those you are familiar | |
2262 with; but the positions they indicate in the line are standard for | |
2263 Fortran. | |
2264 | |
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2265 @vindex fortran-column-ruler-fixed |
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2266 @vindex fortran-column-ruler-tabs |
26264 | 2267 The text used to display the column ruler depends on the value of |
25829 | 2268 the variable @code{indent-tabs-mode}. If @code{indent-tabs-mode} is |
2269 @code{nil}, then the value of the variable | |
2270 @code{fortran-column-ruler-fixed} is used as the column ruler. | |
2271 Otherwise, the variable @code{fortran-column-ruler-tab} is displayed. | |
2272 By changing these variables, you can change the column ruler display. | |
2273 | |
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2274 @kindex C-c C-w @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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2275 @findex fortran-window-create-momentarily |
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2276 @kbd{C-c C-w} (@code{fortran-window-create-momentarily}) temporarily |
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2277 splits the current window horizontally, making a window 72 columns |
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2278 wide, so you can see which lines that is too long. Type a space to |
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2279 restore the normal width. |
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2280 |
26106 | 2281 @kindex C-u C-c C-w @r{(Fortran mode)} |
25829 | 2282 @findex fortran-window-create |
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2283 You can also split the window horizontally and continue editing with |
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2284 the split in place. To do this, use @kbd{C-u C-c C-w} (@code{M-x |
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2285 fortran-window-create}). By editing in this window you can |
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2286 immediately see when you make a line too wide to be correct Fortran. |
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2287 |
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2288 @findex fortran-strip-sequence-nos |
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2289 The command @kbd{M-x fortran-strip-sequence-nos} deletes all text in |
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2290 column 72 and beyond, on all lines in the current buffer. This is the |
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2291 easiest way to get rid of old sequence numbers. |
26106 | 2292 |
25829 | 2293 @node Fortran Abbrev |
2294 @subsection Fortran Keyword Abbrevs | |
2295 | |
2296 Fortran mode provides many built-in abbrevs for common keywords and | |
2297 declarations. These are the same sort of abbrev that you can define | |
2298 yourself. To use them, you must turn on Abbrev mode. @xref{Abbrevs}. | |
2299 | |
2300 The built-in abbrevs are unusual in one way: they all start with a | |
2301 semicolon. You cannot normally use semicolon in an abbrev, but Fortran | |
2302 mode makes this possible by changing the syntax of semicolon to ``word | |
2303 constituent.'' | |
2304 | |
2305 For example, one built-in Fortran abbrev is @samp{;c} for | |
2306 @samp{continue}. If you insert @samp{;c} and then insert a punctuation | |
2307 character such as a space or a newline, the @samp{;c} expands automatically | |
2308 to @samp{continue}, provided Abbrev mode is enabled.@refill | |
2309 | |
2310 Type @samp{;?} or @samp{;C-h} to display a list of all the built-in | |
2311 Fortran abbrevs and what they stand for. | |
2312 | |
2313 @node Asm Mode | |
2314 @section Asm Mode | |
2315 | |
2316 @cindex Asm mode | |
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2317 @cindex assembler mode |
25829 | 2318 Asm mode is a major mode for editing files of assembler code. It |
2319 defines these commands: | |
2320 | |
2321 @table @kbd | |
2322 @item @key{TAB} | |
2323 @code{tab-to-tab-stop}. | |
2324 @item C-j | |
2325 Insert a newline and then indent using @code{tab-to-tab-stop}. | |
2326 @item : | |
2327 Insert a colon and then remove the indentation from before the label | |
2328 preceding colon. Then do @code{tab-to-tab-stop}. | |
2329 @item ; | |
2330 Insert or align a comment. | |
2331 @end table | |
2332 | |
2333 The variable @code{asm-comment-char} specifies which character | |
2334 starts comments in assembler syntax. |