Mercurial > emacs
annotate lispref/customize.texi @ 74405:8289a04178f1
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author | Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk> |
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date | Mon, 04 Dec 2006 12:26:35 +0000 |
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21006 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, |
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4 @c 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
21006 | 5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
6 @setfilename ../info/customize | |
7 @node Customization, Loading, Macros, Top | |
8 @chapter Writing Customization Definitions | |
9 | |
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10 @cindex customization definitions |
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11 This chapter describes how to declare user options for customization, |
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12 and also customization groups for classifying them. We use the term |
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13 @dfn{customization item} to include both kinds of customization |
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14 definitions---as well as face definitions (@pxref{Defining Faces}). |
21006 | 15 |
16 @menu | |
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17 * Common Keywords:: Common keyword arguments for all kinds of |
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18 customization declarations. |
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19 * Group Definitions:: Writing customization group definitions. |
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20 * Variable Definitions:: Declaring user options. |
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21 * Customization Types:: Specifying the type of a user option. |
21006 | 22 @end menu |
23 | |
24 @node Common Keywords | |
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25 @section Common Item Keywords |
21006 | 26 |
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27 @cindex customization keywords |
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28 All kinds of customization declarations (for variables and groups, and |
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29 for faces) accept keyword arguments for specifying various information. |
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30 This section describes some keywords that apply to all kinds. |
21006 | 31 |
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32 All of these keywords, except @code{:tag}, can be used more than once |
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33 in a given item. Each use of the keyword has an independent effect. |
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34 The keyword @code{:tag} is an exception because any given item can only |
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35 display one name. |
21006 | 36 |
37 @table @code | |
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38 @item :tag @var{label} |
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39 @kindex tag@r{, customization keyword} |
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40 Use @var{label}, a string, instead of the item's name, to label the |
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41 item in customization menus and buffers. @strong{Don't use a tag |
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42 which is substantially different from the item's real name; that would |
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43 cause confusion.} One legitimate case for use of @code{:tag} is to |
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44 specify a dash where normally a hyphen would be converted to a space: |
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45 |
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46 @example |
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47 (defcustom cursor-in-non-selected-windows @dots{} |
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48 :tag "Cursor In Non-selected Windows" |
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49 @end example |
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50 |
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51 @kindex group@r{, customization keyword} |
21006 | 52 @item :group @var{group} |
53 Put this customization item in group @var{group}. When you use | |
54 @code{:group} in a @code{defgroup}, it makes the new group a subgroup of | |
55 @var{group}. | |
56 | |
57 If you use this keyword more than once, you can put a single item into | |
58 more than one group. Displaying any of those groups will show this | |
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59 item. Please don't overdo this, since the result would be annoying. |
21006 | 60 |
61 @item :link @var{link-data} | |
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62 @kindex link@r{, customization keyword} |
21006 | 63 Include an external link after the documentation string for this item. |
64 This is a sentence containing an active field which references some | |
65 other documentation. | |
66 | |
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67 There are several alternatives you can use for @var{link-data}: |
21006 | 68 |
69 @table @code | |
70 @item (custom-manual @var{info-node}) | |
71 Link to an Info node; @var{info-node} is a string which specifies the | |
72 node name, as in @code{"(emacs)Top"}. The link appears as | |
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73 @samp{[Manual]} in the customization buffer and enters the built-in |
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74 Info reader on @var{info-node}. |
21006 | 75 |
76 @item (info-link @var{info-node}) | |
77 Like @code{custom-manual} except that the link appears | |
78 in the customization buffer with the Info node name. | |
79 | |
80 @item (url-link @var{url}) | |
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81 Link to a web page; @var{url} is a string which specifies the |
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82 @acronym{URL}. The link appears in the customization buffer as |
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83 @var{url} and invokes the WWW browser specified by |
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84 @code{browse-url-browser-function}. |
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85 |
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86 @item (emacs-commentary-link @var{library}) |
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87 Link to the commentary section of a library; @var{library} is a string |
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88 which specifies the library name. |
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89 |
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90 @item (emacs-library-link @var{library}) |
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91 Link to an Emacs Lisp library file; @var{library} is a string which |
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92 specifies the library name. |
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93 |
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94 @item (file-link @var{file}) |
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95 Link to a file; @var{file} is a string which specifies the name of the |
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96 file to visit with @code{find-file} when the user invokes this link. |
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97 |
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98 @item (function-link @var{function}) |
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99 Link to the documentation of a function; @var{function} is a string |
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100 which specifies the name of the function to describe with |
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101 @code{describe-function} when the user invokes this link. |
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102 |
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103 @item (variable-link @var{variable}) |
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104 Link to the documentation of a variable; @var{variable} is a string |
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105 which specifies the name of the variable to describe with |
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106 @code{describe-variable} when the user invokes this link. |
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107 |
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108 @item (custom-group-link @var{group}) |
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109 Link to another customization group. Invoking it creates a new |
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110 customization buffer for @var{group}. |
21006 | 111 @end table |
112 | |
113 You can specify the text to use in the customization buffer by adding | |
114 @code{:tag @var{name}} after the first element of the @var{link-data}; | |
115 for example, @code{(info-link :tag "foo" "(emacs)Top")} makes a link to | |
116 the Emacs manual which appears in the buffer as @samp{foo}. | |
117 | |
118 An item can have more than one external link; however, most items have | |
119 none at all. | |
120 | |
121 @item :load @var{file} | |
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122 @kindex load@r{, customization keyword} |
21006 | 123 Load file @var{file} (a string) before displaying this customization |
124 item. Loading is done with @code{load-library}, and only if the file is | |
125 not already loaded. | |
126 | |
127 @item :require @var{feature} | |
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128 @kindex require@r{, customization keyword} |
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129 Execute @code{(require '@var{feature})} when your saved customizations |
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130 set the value of this item. @var{feature} should be a symbol. |
21006 | 131 |
132 The most common reason to use @code{:require} is when a variable enables | |
133 a feature such as a minor mode, and just setting the variable won't have | |
134 any effect unless the code which implements the mode is loaded. | |
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135 |
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136 @item :version @var{version} |
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137 @kindex version@r{, customization keyword} |
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138 This option specifies that the item was first introduced in Emacs |
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139 version @var{version}, or that its default value was changed in that |
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140 version. The value @var{version} must be a string. |
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141 |
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142 @item :package-version '(@var{package} . @var{version}) |
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143 @kindex package-version@r{, customization keyword} |
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144 This option specifies that the item was first introduced in |
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145 @var{package} version @var{version}, or that its meaning or default |
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146 value was changed in that version. The value of @var{package} is a |
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147 symbol and @var{version} is a string. |
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148 |
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149 This keyword takes priority over @code{:version}. |
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150 |
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151 @var{package} should be the official name of the package, such as MH-E |
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152 or Gnus. If the package @var{package} is released as part of Emacs, |
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153 @var{package} and @var{version} should appear in the value of |
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154 @code{customize-package-emacs-version-alist}. |
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155 @end table |
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156 |
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157 Packages distributed as part of Emacs that use the |
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158 @code{:package-version} keyword must also update the |
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159 @code{customize-package-emacs-version-alist} variable. |
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160 |
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161 @defvar customize-package-emacs-version-alist |
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162 This alist provides a mapping for the versions of Emacs that are |
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163 associated with versions of a package listed in the |
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164 @code{:package-version} keyword. Its elements look like this: |
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165 |
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166 @example |
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167 (@var{package} (@var{pversion} . @var{eversion})@dots{}) |
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168 @end example |
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169 |
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170 For each @var{package}, which is a symbol, there are one or more |
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171 elements that contain a package version @var{pversion} with an |
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172 associated Emacs version @var{eversion}. These versions are strings. |
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173 For example, the MH-E package updates this alist with the following: |
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174 |
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175 @smallexample |
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176 (add-to-list 'customize-package-emacs-version-alist |
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177 '(MH-E ("6.0" . "22.1") ("6.1" . "22.1") ("7.0" . "22.1") |
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178 ("7.1" . "22.1") ("7.2" . "22.1") ("7.3" . "22.1") |
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179 ("7.4" . "22.1") ("8.0" . "22.1"))) |
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180 @end smallexample |
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181 |
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182 The value of @var{package} needs to be unique and it needs to match |
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183 the @var{package} value appearing in the @code{:package-version} |
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184 keyword. Since the user might see the value in a error message, a good |
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185 choice is the official name of the package, such as MH-E or Gnus. |
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186 @end defvar |
21006 | 187 |
188 @node Group Definitions | |
189 @section Defining Custom Groups | |
190 | |
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191 @cindex custom groups, how to define |
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192 Each Emacs Lisp package should have one main customization group which |
21006 | 193 contains all the options, faces and other groups in the package. If the |
194 package has a small number of options and faces, use just one group and | |
195 put everything in it. When there are more than twelve or so options and | |
196 faces, then you should structure them into subgroups, and put the | |
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197 subgroups under the package's main customization group. It is OK to |
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198 put some of the options and faces in the package's main group alongside |
21006 | 199 the subgroups. |
200 | |
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201 The package's main or only group should be a member of one or more of |
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202 the standard customization groups. (To display the full list of them, |
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203 use @kbd{M-x customize}.) Choose one or more of them (but not too |
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204 many), and add your group to each of them using the @code{:group} |
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205 keyword. |
21006 | 206 |
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207 The way to declare new customization groups is with @code{defgroup}. |
21006 | 208 |
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209 @defmac defgroup group members doc [keyword value]@dots{} |
21006 | 210 Declare @var{group} as a customization group containing @var{members}. |
211 Do not quote the symbol @var{group}. The argument @var{doc} specifies | |
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212 the documentation string for the group. |
21006 | 213 |
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214 The argument @var{members} is a list specifying an initial set of |
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215 customization items to be members of the group. However, most often |
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216 @var{members} is @code{nil}, and you specify the group's members by |
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217 using the @code{:group} keyword when defining those members. |
21006 | 218 |
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219 If you want to specify group members through @var{members}, each element |
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220 should have the form @code{(@var{name} @var{widget})}. Here @var{name} |
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221 is a symbol, and @var{widget} is a widget type for editing that symbol. |
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222 Useful widgets are @code{custom-variable} for a variable, |
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223 @code{custom-face} for a face, and @code{custom-group} for a group. |
21006 | 224 |
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225 When you introduce a new group into Emacs, use the @code{:version} |
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226 keyword in the @code{defgroup}; then you need not use it for |
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227 the individual members of the group. |
33150 | 228 |
21006 | 229 In addition to the common keywords (@pxref{Common Keywords}), you can |
33150 | 230 also use this keyword in @code{defgroup}: |
21006 | 231 |
232 @table @code | |
233 @item :prefix @var{prefix} | |
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234 @kindex prefix@r{, @code{defgroup} keyword} |
21006 | 235 If the name of an item in the group starts with @var{prefix}, then the |
236 tag for that item is constructed (by default) by omitting @var{prefix}. | |
237 | |
238 One group can have any number of prefixes. | |
239 @end table | |
240 @end defmac | |
241 | |
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242 The prefix-discarding feature is currently turned off, which means |
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243 that @code{:prefix} currently has no effect. We did this because we |
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244 found that discarding the specified prefixes often led to confusing |
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245 names for options. This happened because the people who wrote the |
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246 @code{defgroup} definitions for various groups added @code{:prefix} |
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247 keywords whenever they make logical sense---that is, whenever the |
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248 variables in the library have a common prefix. |
21006 | 249 |
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250 In order to obtain good results with @code{:prefix}, it would be |
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251 necessary to check the specific effects of discarding a particular |
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252 prefix, given the specific items in a group and their names and |
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253 documentation. If the resulting text is not clear, then @code{:prefix} |
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254 should not be used in that case. |
21006 | 255 |
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256 It should be possible to recheck all the customization groups, delete |
21006 | 257 the @code{:prefix} specifications which give unclear results, and then |
258 turn this feature back on, if someone would like to do the work. | |
259 | |
260 @node Variable Definitions | |
261 @section Defining Customization Variables | |
262 | |
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263 @cindex customization variables, how to define |
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264 @cindex declare user-editable variables |
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265 Use @code{defcustom} to declare user-editable variables. |
21006 | 266 |
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267 @defmac defcustom option standard doc [keyword value]@dots{} |
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268 This construct declares @var{option} as a customizable user option |
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269 variable. You should not quote @var{option}. The argument @var{doc} |
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270 specifies the documentation string for the variable. There is no need |
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271 to start it with a @samp{*}, because @code{defcustom} automatically |
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272 marks @var{option} as a @dfn{user option} (@pxref{Defining |
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273 Variables}). |
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274 |
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275 The argument @var{standard} is an expression that specifies the |
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276 standard value for @var{option}. Evaluating the @code{defcustom} form |
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277 evaluates @var{standard}, but does not necessarily install the |
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278 standard value. If @var{option} already has a default value, |
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279 @code{defcustom} does not change it. If the user has saved a |
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280 customization for @var{option}, @code{defcustom} installs the user's |
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281 customized value as @var{option}'s default value. If neither of those |
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282 cases applies, @code{defcustom} installs the result of evaluating |
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283 @var{standard} as the default value. |
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284 |
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285 The expression @var{standard} can be evaluated at various other times, |
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286 too---whenever the customization facility needs to know @var{option}'s |
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287 standard value. So be sure to use an expression which is harmless to |
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288 evaluate at any time. We recommend avoiding backquotes in |
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289 @var{standard}, because they are not expanded when editing the value, |
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290 so list values will appear to have the wrong structure. |
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291 |
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292 If you specify the @code{:set} option, to make the variable take other |
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293 special actions when set through the customization buffer, the |
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294 variable's documentation string should tell the user specifically how |
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295 to do the same job in hand-written Lisp code. |
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296 |
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297 When you evaluate a @code{defcustom} form with @kbd{C-M-x} in Emacs Lisp |
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298 mode (@code{eval-defun}), a special feature of @code{eval-defun} |
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299 arranges to set the variable unconditionally, without testing whether |
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300 its value is void. (The same feature applies to @code{defvar}.) |
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301 @xref{Defining Variables}. |
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302 @end defmac |
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304 @code{defcustom} accepts the following additional keywords: |
21006 | 305 |
306 @table @code | |
307 @item :type @var{type} | |
308 Use @var{type} as the data type for this option. It specifies which | |
309 values are legitimate, and how to display the value. | |
310 @xref{Customization Types}, for more information. | |
311 | |
312 @item :options @var{list} | |
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313 @kindex options@r{, @code{defcustom} keyword} |
21006 | 314 Specify @var{list} as the list of reasonable values for use in this |
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315 option. The user is not restricted to using only these values, but they |
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316 are offered as convenient alternatives. |
21006 | 317 |
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318 This is meaningful only for certain types, currently including |
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319 @code{hook}, @code{plist} and @code{alist}. See the definition of the |
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320 individual types for a description of how to use @code{:options}. |
21006 | 321 |
322 @item :set @var{setfunction} | |
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323 @kindex set@r{, @code{defcustom} keyword} |
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324 Specify @var{setfunction} as the way to change the value of this |
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325 option. The function @var{setfunction} should take two arguments, a |
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326 symbol (the option name) and the new value, and should do whatever is |
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327 necessary to update the value properly for this option (which may not |
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328 mean simply setting the option as a Lisp variable). The default for |
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329 @var{setfunction} is @code{set-default}. |
21006 | 330 |
331 @item :get @var{getfunction} | |
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332 @kindex get@r{, @code{defcustom} keyword} |
21006 | 333 Specify @var{getfunction} as the way to extract the value of this |
334 option. The function @var{getfunction} should take one argument, a | |
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335 symbol, and should return whatever customize should use as the |
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336 ``current value'' for that symbol (which need not be the symbol's Lisp |
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337 value). The default is @code{default-value}. |
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338 |
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339 You have to really understand the workings of Custom to use |
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340 @code{:get} correctly. It is meant for values that are treated in |
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341 Custom as variables but are not actually stored in Lisp variables. It |
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342 is almost surely a mistake to specify @code{getfunction} for a value |
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343 that really is stored in a Lisp variable. |
21006 | 344 |
345 @item :initialize @var{function} | |
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346 @kindex initialize@r{, @code{defcustom} keyword} |
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347 @var{function} should be a function used to initialize the variable |
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348 when the @code{defcustom} is evaluated. It should take two arguments, |
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349 the option name (a symbol) and the value. Here are some predefined |
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350 functions meant for use in this way: |
21006 | 351 |
352 @table @code | |
353 @item custom-initialize-set | |
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354 Use the variable's @code{:set} function to initialize the variable, but |
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355 do not reinitialize it if it is already non-void. |
21006 | 356 |
357 @item custom-initialize-default | |
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358 Like @code{custom-initialize-set}, but use the function |
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359 @code{set-default} to set the variable, instead of the variable's |
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360 @code{:set} function. This is the usual choice for a variable whose |
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361 @code{:set} function enables or disables a minor mode; with this choice, |
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362 defining the variable will not call the minor mode function, but |
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363 customizing the variable will do so. |
21006 | 364 |
365 @item custom-initialize-reset | |
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366 Always use the @code{:set} function to initialize the variable. If |
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367 the variable is already non-void, reset it by calling the @code{:set} |
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368 function using the current value (returned by the @code{:get} method). |
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369 This is the default @code{:initialize} function. |
21006 | 370 |
371 @item custom-initialize-changed | |
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372 Use the @code{:set} function to initialize the variable, if it is |
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373 already set or has been customized; otherwise, just use |
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374 @code{set-default}. |
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375 |
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376 @item custom-initialize-safe-set |
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377 @itemx custom-initialize-safe-default |
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378 These functions behave like @code{custom-initialize-set} |
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379 (@code{custom-initialize-default}, respectively), but catch errors. |
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380 If an error occurs during initialization, they set the variable to |
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381 @code{nil} using @code{set-default}, and throw no error. |
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382 |
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383 These two functions are only meant for options defined in pre-loaded |
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384 files, where some variables or functions used to compute the option's |
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385 value may not yet be defined. The option normally gets updated in |
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386 @file{startup.el}, ignoring the previously computed value. Because of |
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387 this typical usage, the value which these two functions compute |
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388 normally only matters when, after startup, one unsets the option's |
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389 value and then reevaluates the defcustom. By that time, the necessary |
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390 variables and functions will be defined, so there will not be an error. |
21006 | 391 @end table |
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392 |
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393 @item :set-after @var{variables} |
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394 @kindex set-after@r{, @code{defcustom} keyword} |
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395 When setting variables according to saved customizations, make sure to |
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396 set the variables @var{variables} before this one; in other words, delay |
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397 setting this variable until after those others have been handled. Use |
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398 @code{:set-after} if setting this variable won't work properly unless |
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399 those other variables already have their intended values. |
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400 @end table |
21006 | 401 |
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402 The @code{:require} option is useful for an option that turns on the |
21006 | 403 operation of a certain feature. Assuming that the package is coded to |
404 check the value of the option, you still need to arrange for the package | |
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405 to be loaded. You can do that with @code{:require}. @xref{Common |
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406 Keywords}. Here is an example, from the library @file{saveplace.el}: |
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407 |
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408 @example |
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409 (defcustom save-place nil |
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410 "*Non-nil means automatically save place in each file..." |
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411 :type 'boolean |
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412 :require 'saveplace |
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413 :group 'save-place) |
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414 @end example |
21006 | 415 |
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416 If a customization item has a type such as @code{hook} or @code{alist}, |
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417 which supports @code{:options}, you can add additional options to the |
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418 item, outside the @code{defcustom} declaration, by calling |
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419 @code{custom-add-option}. For example, if you define a function |
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420 @code{my-lisp-mode-initialization} intended to be called from |
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421 @code{emacs-lisp-mode-hook}, you might want to add that to the list of |
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422 options for @code{emacs-lisp-mode-hook}, but not by editing its |
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423 definition. You can do it thus: |
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424 |
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425 @example |
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426 (custom-add-option 'emacs-lisp-mode-hook |
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427 'my-lisp-mode-initialization) |
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428 @end example |
21006 | 429 |
430 @defun custom-add-option symbol option | |
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431 To the customization @var{symbol}, add @var{option}. |
21006 | 432 |
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433 The precise effect of adding @var{option} depends on the customization |
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434 type of @var{symbol}. |
21006 | 435 @end defun |
436 | |
437 Internally, @code{defcustom} uses the symbol property | |
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438 @code{standard-value} to record the expression for the standard value, |
21006 | 439 and @code{saved-value} to record the value saved by the user with the |
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440 customization buffer. Both properties are actually lists whose car is |
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441 an expression which evaluates to the value. |
21006 | 442 |
443 @node Customization Types | |
444 @section Customization Types | |
445 | |
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446 @cindex customization types |
21006 | 447 When you define a user option with @code{defcustom}, you must specify |
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448 its @dfn{customization type}. That is a Lisp object which describes (1) |
21006 | 449 which values are legitimate and (2) how to display the value in the |
450 customization buffer for editing. | |
451 | |
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452 @kindex type@r{, @code{defcustom} keyword} |
21006 | 453 You specify the customization type in @code{defcustom} with the |
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454 @code{:type} keyword. The argument of @code{:type} is evaluated, but |
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455 only once when the @code{defcustom} is executed, so it isn't useful |
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456 for the value to vary. Normally we use a quoted constant. For |
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457 example: |
21006 | 458 |
459 @example | |
460 (defcustom diff-command "diff" | |
461 "*The command to use to run diff." | |
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462 :type '(string) |
21006 | 463 :group 'diff) |
464 @end example | |
465 | |
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466 In general, a customization type is a list whose first element is a |
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467 symbol, one of the customization type names defined in the following |
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468 sections. After this symbol come a number of arguments, depending on |
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469 the symbol. Between the type symbol and its arguments, you can |
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470 optionally write keyword-value pairs (@pxref{Type Keywords}). |
21006 | 471 |
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472 Some of the type symbols do not use any arguments; those are called |
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473 @dfn{simple types}. For a simple type, if you do not use any |
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474 keyword-value pairs, you can omit the parentheses around the type |
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475 symbol. For example just @code{string} as a customization type is |
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476 equivalent to @code{(string)}. |
21006 | 477 |
478 @menu | |
479 * Simple Types:: | |
480 * Composite Types:: | |
481 * Splicing into Lists:: | |
482 * Type Keywords:: | |
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483 * Defining New Types:: |
21006 | 484 @end menu |
485 | |
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486 All customization types are implemented as widgets; see @ref{Top, , |
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487 Introduction, widget, The Emacs Widget Library}, for details. |
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488 |
21006 | 489 @node Simple Types |
490 @subsection Simple Types | |
491 | |
492 This section describes all the simple customization types. | |
493 | |
494 @table @code | |
495 @item sexp | |
496 The value may be any Lisp object that can be printed and read back. You | |
497 can use @code{sexp} as a fall-back for any option, if you don't want to | |
498 take the time to work out a more specific type to use. | |
499 | |
500 @item integer | |
501 The value must be an integer, and is represented textually | |
502 in the customization buffer. | |
503 | |
504 @item number | |
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505 The value must be a number (floating point or integer), and is |
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506 represented textually in the customization buffer. |
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507 |
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508 @item float |
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509 The value must be a floating point number, and is represented |
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510 textually in the customization buffer. |
21006 | 511 |
512 @item string | |
513 The value must be a string, and the customization buffer shows just the | |
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514 contents, with no delimiting @samp{"} characters and no quoting with |
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515 @samp{\}. |
21006 | 516 |
517 @item regexp | |
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518 Like @code{string} except that the string must be a valid regular |
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519 expression. |
21006 | 520 |
521 @item character | |
522 The value must be a character code. A character code is actually an | |
523 integer, but this type shows the value by inserting the character in the | |
524 buffer, rather than by showing the number. | |
525 | |
526 @item file | |
527 The value must be a file name, and you can do completion with | |
528 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. | |
529 | |
530 @item (file :must-match t) | |
531 The value must be a file name for an existing file, and you can do | |
532 completion with @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. | |
533 | |
534 @item directory | |
535 The value must be a directory name, and you can do completion with | |
536 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. | |
537 | |
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538 @item hook |
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539 The value must be a list of functions (or a single function, but that is |
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540 obsolete usage). This customization type is used for hook variables. |
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541 You can use the @code{:options} keyword in a hook variable's |
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542 @code{defcustom} to specify a list of functions recommended for use in |
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543 the hook; see @ref{Variable Definitions}. |
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544 |
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545 @item alist |
24952 | 546 The value must be a list of cons-cells, the @sc{car} of each cell |
547 representing a key, and the @sc{cdr} of the same cell representing an | |
548 associated value. The user can add and delete key/value pairs, and | |
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549 edit both the key and the value of each pair. |
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550 |
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551 You can specify the key and value types like this: |
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552 |
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553 @smallexample |
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554 (alist :key-type @var{key-type} :value-type @var{value-type}) |
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555 @end smallexample |
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556 |
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557 @noindent |
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558 where @var{key-type} and @var{value-type} are customization type |
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559 specifications. The default key type is @code{sexp}, and the default |
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560 value type is @code{sexp}. |
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561 |
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562 The user can add any key matching the specified key type, but you can |
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563 give some keys a preferential treatment by specifying them with the |
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564 @code{:options} (see @ref{Variable Definitions}). The specified keys |
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565 will always be shown in the customize buffer (together with a suitable |
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566 value), with a checkbox to include or exclude or disable the key/value |
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567 pair from the alist. The user will not be able to edit the keys |
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568 specified by the @code{:options} keyword argument. |
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569 |
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570 The argument to the @code{:options} keywords should be a list of option |
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571 specifications. Ordinarily, the options are simply atoms, which are the |
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572 specified keys. For example: |
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573 |
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574 @smallexample |
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575 :options '("foo" "bar" "baz") |
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576 @end smallexample |
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577 |
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578 @noindent |
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579 specifies that there are three ``known'' keys, namely @code{"foo"}, |
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580 @code{"bar"} and @code{"baz"}, which will always be shown first. |
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581 |
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582 You may want to restrict the value type for specific keys, for example, |
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583 the value associated with the @code{"bar"} key can only be an integer. |
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584 You can specify this by using a list instead of an atom in the option |
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585 specification. The first element will specify the key, like before, |
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586 while the second element will specify the value type. |
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587 |
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588 @smallexample |
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589 :options '("foo" ("bar" integer) "baz") |
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590 @end smallexample |
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591 |
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592 Finally, you may want to change how the key is presented. By default, |
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593 the key is simply shown as a @code{const}, since the user cannot change |
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594 the special keys specified with the @code{:options} keyword. However, |
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595 you may want to use a more specialized type for presenting the key, like |
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596 @code{function-item} if you know it is a symbol with a function binding. |
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597 This is done by using a customization type specification instead of a |
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598 symbol for the key. |
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599 |
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600 @smallexample |
71638 | 601 :options '("foo" ((function-item some-function) integer) |
602 "baz") | |
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603 @end smallexample |
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604 |
24952 | 605 Many alists use lists with two elements, instead of cons cells. For |
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606 example, |
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607 |
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608 @smallexample |
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609 (defcustom list-alist '(("foo" 1) ("bar" 2) ("baz" 3)) |
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610 "Each element is a list of the form (KEY VALUE).") |
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611 @end smallexample |
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612 |
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613 @noindent |
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614 instead of |
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615 |
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616 @smallexample |
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617 (defcustom cons-alist '(("foo" . 1) ("bar" . 2) ("baz" . 3)) |
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618 "Each element is a cons-cell (KEY . VALUE).") |
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619 @end smallexample |
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620 |
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621 Because of the way lists are implemented on top of cons cells, you can |
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622 treat @code{list-alist} in the example above as a cons cell alist, where |
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623 the value type is a list with a single element containing the real |
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624 value. |
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625 |
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626 @smallexample |
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627 (defcustom list-alist '(("foo" 1) ("bar" 2) ("baz" 3)) |
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628 "Each element is a list of the form (KEY VALUE)." |
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629 :type '(alist :value-type (group integer))) |
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630 @end smallexample |
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631 |
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632 The @code{group} widget is used here instead of @code{list} only because |
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633 the formatting is better suited for the purpose. |
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634 |
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635 Similarly, you can have alists with more values associated with each |
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636 key, using variations of this trick: |
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637 |
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638 @smallexample |
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639 (defcustom person-data '(("brian" 50 t) |
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640 ("dorith" 55 nil) |
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641 ("ken" 52 t)) |
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642 "Alist of basic info about people. |
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643 Each element has the form (NAME AGE MALE-FLAG)." |
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644 :type '(alist :value-type (group integer boolean))) |
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645 |
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646 (defcustom pets '(("brian") |
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647 ("dorith" "dog" "guppy") |
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648 ("ken" "cat")) |
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649 "Alist of people's pets. |
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650 In an element (KEY . VALUE), KEY is the person's name, |
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651 and the VALUE is a list of that person's pets." |
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652 :type '(alist :value-type (repeat string))) |
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653 @end smallexample |
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654 |
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655 @item plist |
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656 The @code{plist} custom type is similar to the @code{alist} (see above), |
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657 except that the information is stored as a property list, i.e. a list of |
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658 this form: |
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659 |
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660 @smallexample |
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661 (@var{key} @var{value} @var{key} @var{value} @var{key} @var{value} @dots{}) |
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662 @end smallexample |
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663 |
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664 The default @code{:key-type} for @code{plist} is @code{symbol}, |
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665 rather than @code{sexp}. |
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666 |
21006 | 667 @item symbol |
668 The value must be a symbol. It appears in the customization buffer as | |
669 the name of the symbol. | |
670 | |
671 @item function | |
672 The value must be either a lambda expression or a function name. When | |
673 it is a function name, you can do completion with @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. | |
674 | |
675 @item variable | |
676 The value must be a variable name, and you can do completion with | |
677 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. | |
678 | |
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679 @item face |
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680 The value must be a symbol which is a face name, and you can do |
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681 completion with @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. |
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682 |
21006 | 683 @item boolean |
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684 The value is boolean---either @code{nil} or @code{t}. Note that by |
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685 using @code{choice} and @code{const} together (see the next section), |
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686 you can specify that the value must be @code{nil} or @code{t}, but also |
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687 specify the text to describe each value in a way that fits the specific |
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688 meaning of the alternative. |
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689 |
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690 @item coding-system |
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691 The value must be a coding-system name, and you can do completion with |
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692 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. |
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693 |
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694 @item color |
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695 The value must be a valid color name, and you can do completion with |
54299 | 696 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. A sample is provided. |
21006 | 697 @end table |
698 | |
699 @node Composite Types | |
700 @subsection Composite Types | |
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701 @cindex arguments (of composite type) |
21006 | 702 |
703 When none of the simple types is appropriate, you can use composite | |
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704 types, which build new types from other types or from specified data. |
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705 The specified types or data are called the @dfn{arguments} of the |
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706 composite type. The composite type normally looks like this: |
21006 | 707 |
708 @example | |
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709 (@var{constructor} @var{arguments}@dots{}) |
21006 | 710 @end example |
711 | |
712 @noindent | |
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713 but you can also add keyword-value pairs before the arguments, like |
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714 this: |
21006 | 715 |
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716 @example |
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717 (@var{constructor} @r{@{}@var{keyword} @var{value}@r{@}}@dots{} @var{arguments}@dots{}) |
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718 @end example |
21006 | 719 |
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720 Here is a table of constructors and how to use them to write |
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721 composite types: |
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722 |
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723 @table @code |
21006 | 724 @item (cons @var{car-type} @var{cdr-type}) |
725 The value must be a cons cell, its @sc{car} must fit @var{car-type}, and | |
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726 its @sc{cdr} must fit @var{cdr-type}. For example, @code{(cons string |
21006 | 727 symbol)} is a customization type which matches values such as |
728 @code{("foo" . foo)}. | |
729 | |
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730 In the customization buffer, the @sc{car} and the @sc{cdr} are |
21006 | 731 displayed and edited separately, each according to the type |
732 that you specify for it. | |
733 | |
734 @item (list @var{element-types}@dots{}) | |
735 The value must be a list with exactly as many elements as the | |
71995 | 736 @var{element-types} given; and each element must fit the |
21006 | 737 corresponding @var{element-type}. |
738 | |
739 For example, @code{(list integer string function)} describes a list of | |
740 three elements; the first element must be an integer, the second a | |
741 string, and the third a function. | |
742 | |
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743 In the customization buffer, each element is displayed and edited |
21006 | 744 separately, according to the type specified for it. |
745 | |
746 @item (vector @var{element-types}@dots{}) | |
747 Like @code{list} except that the value must be a vector instead of a | |
748 list. The elements work the same as in @code{list}. | |
749 | |
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750 @item (choice @var{alternative-types}@dots{}) |
21006 | 751 The value must fit at least one of @var{alternative-types}. |
752 For example, @code{(choice integer string)} allows either an | |
753 integer or a string. | |
754 | |
71995 | 755 In the customization buffer, the user selects an alternative |
21006 | 756 using a menu, and can then edit the value in the usual way for that |
757 alternative. | |
758 | |
759 Normally the strings in this menu are determined automatically from the | |
760 choices; however, you can specify different strings for the menu by | |
761 including the @code{:tag} keyword in the alternatives. For example, if | |
762 an integer stands for a number of spaces, while a string is text to use | |
763 verbatim, you might write the customization type this way, | |
764 | |
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765 @example |
21006 | 766 (choice (integer :tag "Number of spaces") |
767 (string :tag "Literal text")) | |
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768 @end example |
21006 | 769 |
770 @noindent | |
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771 so that the menu offers @samp{Number of spaces} and @samp{Literal text}. |
21006 | 772 |
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773 In any alternative for which @code{nil} is not a valid value, other than |
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774 a @code{const}, you should specify a valid default for that alternative |
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775 using the @code{:value} keyword. @xref{Type Keywords}. |
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776 |
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777 If some values are covered by more than one of the alternatives, |
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778 customize will choose the first alternative that the value fits. This |
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779 means you should always list the most specific types first, and the |
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780 most general last. Here's an example of proper usage: |
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781 |
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782 @example |
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783 (choice (const :tag "Off" nil) |
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784 symbol (sexp :tag "Other")) |
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785 @end example |
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786 |
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787 @noindent |
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788 This way, the special value @code{nil} is not treated like other |
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789 symbols, and symbols are not treated like other Lisp expressions. |
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790 |
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791 @item (radio @var{element-types}@dots{}) |
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792 This is similar to @code{choice}, except that the choices are displayed |
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793 using `radio buttons' rather than a menu. This has the advantage of |
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794 displaying documentation for the choices when applicable and so is often |
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795 a good choice for a choice between constant functions |
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796 (@code{function-item} customization types). |
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797 |
21006 | 798 @item (const @var{value}) |
799 The value must be @var{value}---nothing else is allowed. | |
800 | |
801 The main use of @code{const} is inside of @code{choice}. For example, | |
802 @code{(choice integer (const nil))} allows either an integer or | |
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803 @code{nil}. |
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804 |
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805 @code{:tag} is often used with @code{const}, inside of @code{choice}. |
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806 For example, |
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807 |
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808 @example |
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809 (choice (const :tag "Yes" t) |
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810 (const :tag "No" nil) |
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811 (const :tag "Ask" foo)) |
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812 @end example |
21006 | 813 |
22433
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814 @noindent |
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815 describes a variable for which @code{t} means yes, @code{nil} means no, |
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816 and @code{foo} means ``ask.'' |
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817 |
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818 @item (other @var{value}) |
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819 This alternative can match any Lisp value, but if the user chooses this |
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820 alternative, that selects the value @var{value}. |
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821 |
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822 The main use of @code{other} is as the last element of @code{choice}. |
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823 For example, |
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824 |
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825 @example |
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826 (choice (const :tag "Yes" t) |
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827 (const :tag "No" nil) |
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828 (other :tag "Ask" foo)) |
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829 @end example |
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|
830 |
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831 @noindent |
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|
832 describes a variable for which @code{t} means yes, @code{nil} means no, |
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833 and anything else means ``ask.'' If the user chooses @samp{Ask} from |
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834 the menu of alternatives, that specifies the value @code{foo}; but any |
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835 other value (not @code{t}, @code{nil} or @code{foo}) displays as |
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836 @samp{Ask}, just like @code{foo}. |
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837 |
21006 | 838 @item (function-item @var{function}) |
839 Like @code{const}, but used for values which are functions. This | |
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840 displays the documentation string as well as the function name. |
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841 The documentation string is either the one you specify with |
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842 @code{:doc}, or @var{function}'s own documentation string. |
21006 | 843 |
844 @item (variable-item @var{variable}) | |
845 Like @code{const}, but used for values which are variable names. This | |
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846 displays the documentation string as well as the variable name. The |
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847 documentation string is either the one you specify with @code{:doc}, or |
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848 @var{variable}'s own documentation string. |
21006 | 849 |
23902 | 850 @item (set @var{types}@dots{}) |
851 The value must be a list, and each element of the list must match one of | |
852 the @var{types} specified. | |
853 | |
854 This appears in the customization buffer as a checklist, so that each of | |
855 @var{types} may have either one corresponding element or none. It is | |
856 not possible to specify two different elements that match the same one | |
857 of @var{types}. For example, @code{(set integer symbol)} allows one | |
858 integer and/or one symbol in the list; it does not allow multiple | |
859 integers or multiple symbols. As a result, it is rare to use | |
860 nonspecific types such as @code{integer} in a @code{set}. | |
861 | |
862 Most often, the @var{types} in a @code{set} are @code{const} types, as | |
863 shown here: | |
864 | |
865 @example | |
866 (set (const :bold) (const :italic)) | |
867 @end example | |
868 | |
869 Sometimes they describe possible elements in an alist: | |
870 | |
871 @example | |
872 (set (cons :tag "Height" (const height) integer) | |
873 (cons :tag "Width" (const width) integer)) | |
874 @end example | |
875 | |
876 @noindent | |
877 That lets the user specify a height value optionally | |
878 and a width value optionally. | |
21006 | 879 |
880 @item (repeat @var{element-type}) | |
881 The value must be a list and each element of the list must fit the type | |
882 @var{element-type}. This appears in the customization buffer as a | |
883 list of elements, with @samp{[INS]} and @samp{[DEL]} buttons for adding | |
884 more elements or removing elements. | |
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885 |
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886 @item (restricted-sexp :match-alternatives @var{criteria}) |
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887 This is the most general composite type construct. The value may be |
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888 any Lisp object that satisfies one of @var{criteria}. @var{criteria} |
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889 should be a list, and each element should be one of these |
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890 possibilities: |
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891 |
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892 @itemize @bullet |
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893 @item |
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894 A predicate---that is, a function of one argument that has no side |
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895 effects, and returns either @code{nil} or non-@code{nil} according to |
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896 the argument. Using a predicate in the list says that objects for which |
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897 the predicate returns non-@code{nil} are acceptable. |
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898 |
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899 @item |
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900 A quoted constant---that is, @code{'@var{object}}. This sort of element |
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901 in the list says that @var{object} itself is an acceptable value. |
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902 @end itemize |
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903 |
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904 For example, |
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905 |
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906 @example |
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907 (restricted-sexp :match-alternatives |
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908 (integerp 't 'nil)) |
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909 @end example |
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910 |
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911 @noindent |
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912 allows integers, @code{t} and @code{nil} as legitimate values. |
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913 |
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914 The customization buffer shows all legitimate values using their read |
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915 syntax, and the user edits them textually. |
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916 @end table |
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917 |
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918 Here is a table of the keywords you can use in keyword-value pairs |
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919 in a composite type: |
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920 |
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921 @table @code |
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922 @item :tag @var{tag} |
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923 Use @var{tag} as the name of this alternative, for user communication |
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924 purposes. This is useful for a type that appears inside of a |
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925 @code{choice}. |
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926 |
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927 @item :match-alternatives @var{criteria} |
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928 @kindex match-alternatives@r{, customization keyword} |
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929 Use @var{criteria} to match possible values. This is used only in |
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930 @code{restricted-sexp}. |
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931 |
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932 @item :args @var{argument-list} |
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933 @kindex args@r{, customization keyword} |
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934 Use the elements of @var{argument-list} as the arguments of the type |
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935 construct. For instance, @code{(const :args (foo))} is equivalent to |
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936 @code{(const foo)}. You rarely need to write @code{:args} explicitly, |
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937 because normally the arguments are recognized automatically as |
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938 whatever follows the last keyword-value pair. |
21006 | 939 @end table |
940 | |
941 @node Splicing into Lists | |
942 @subsection Splicing into Lists | |
943 | |
944 The @code{:inline} feature lets you splice a variable number of | |
945 elements into the middle of a list or vector. You use it in a | |
946 @code{set}, @code{choice} or @code{repeat} type which appears among the | |
947 element-types of a @code{list} or @code{vector}. | |
948 | |
949 Normally, each of the element-types in a @code{list} or @code{vector} | |
950 describes one and only one element of the list or vector. Thus, if an | |
951 element-type is a @code{repeat}, that specifies a list of unspecified | |
952 length which appears as one element. | |
953 | |
954 But when the element-type uses @code{:inline}, the value it matches is | |
955 merged directly into the containing sequence. For example, if it | |
956 matches a list with three elements, those become three elements of the | |
957 overall sequence. This is analogous to using @samp{,@@} in the backquote | |
958 construct. | |
959 | |
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960 For example, to specify a list whose first element must be @code{baz} |
21006 | 961 and whose remaining arguments should be zero or more of @code{foo} and |
962 @code{bar}, use this customization type: | |
963 | |
964 @example | |
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965 (list (const baz) (set :inline t (const foo) (const bar))) |
21006 | 966 @end example |
967 | |
968 @noindent | |
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969 This matches values such as @code{(baz)}, @code{(baz foo)}, @code{(baz bar)} |
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970 and @code{(baz foo bar)}. |
21006 | 971 |
972 When the element-type is a @code{choice}, you use @code{:inline} not | |
973 in the @code{choice} itself, but in (some of) the alternatives of the | |
974 @code{choice}. For example, to match a list which must start with a | |
975 file name, followed either by the symbol @code{t} or two strings, use | |
976 this customization type: | |
977 | |
978 @example | |
979 (list file | |
980 (choice (const t) | |
981 (list :inline t string string))) | |
982 @end example | |
983 | |
984 @noindent | |
985 If the user chooses the first alternative in the choice, then the | |
986 overall list has two elements and the second element is @code{t}. If | |
987 the user chooses the second alternative, then the overall list has three | |
988 elements and the second and third must be strings. | |
989 | |
990 @node Type Keywords | |
991 @subsection Type Keywords | |
992 | |
993 You can specify keyword-argument pairs in a customization type after the | |
994 type name symbol. Here are the keywords you can use, and their | |
995 meanings: | |
996 | |
997 @table @code | |
998 @item :value @var{default} | |
999 This is used for a type that appears as an alternative inside of | |
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1000 @code{choice}; it specifies the default value to use, at first, if and |
21006 | 1001 when the user selects this alternative with the menu in the |
1002 customization buffer. | |
1003 | |
1004 Of course, if the actual value of the option fits this alternative, it | |
1005 will appear showing the actual value, not @var{default}. | |
1006 | |
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1007 If @code{nil} is not a valid value for the alternative, then it is |
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1008 essential to specify a valid default with @code{:value}. |
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1009 |
21006 | 1010 @item :format @var{format-string} |
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1011 @kindex format@r{, customization keyword} |
21006 | 1012 This string will be inserted in the buffer to represent the value |
1013 corresponding to the type. The following @samp{%} escapes are available | |
1014 for use in @var{format-string}: | |
1015 | |
1016 @table @samp | |
1017 @item %[@var{button}%] | |
1018 Display the text @var{button} marked as a button. The @code{:action} | |
1019 attribute specifies what the button will do if the user invokes it; | |
1020 its value is a function which takes two arguments---the widget which | |
1021 the button appears in, and the event. | |
1022 | |
1023 There is no way to specify two different buttons with different | |
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1024 actions. |
21006 | 1025 |
1026 @item %@{@var{sample}%@} | |
1027 Show @var{sample} in a special face specified by @code{:sample-face}. | |
1028 | |
1029 @item %v | |
1030 Substitute the item's value. How the value is represented depends on | |
1031 the kind of item, and (for variables) on the customization type. | |
1032 | |
1033 @item %d | |
1034 Substitute the item's documentation string. | |
1035 | |
1036 @item %h | |
1037 Like @samp{%d}, but if the documentation string is more than one line, | |
1038 add an active field to control whether to show all of it or just the | |
1039 first line. | |
1040 | |
1041 @item %t | |
1042 Substitute the tag here. You specify the tag with the @code{:tag} | |
1043 keyword. | |
1044 | |
1045 @item %% | |
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1046 Display a literal @samp{%}. |
21006 | 1047 @end table |
1048 | |
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1049 @item :action @var{action} |
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1050 @kindex action@r{, customization keyword} |
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1051 Perform @var{action} if the user clicks on a button. |
21006 | 1052 |
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1053 @item :button-face @var{face} |
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1054 @kindex button-face@r{, customization keyword} |
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1055 Use the face @var{face} (a face name or a list of face names) for button |
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1056 text displayed with @samp{%[@dots{}%]}. |
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1057 |
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1058 @item :button-prefix @var{prefix} |
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1059 @itemx :button-suffix @var{suffix} |
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1060 @kindex button-prefix@r{, customization keyword} |
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1061 @kindex button-suffix@r{, customization keyword} |
21006 | 1062 These specify the text to display before and after a button. |
1063 Each can be: | |
1064 | |
1065 @table @asis | |
1066 @item @code{nil} | |
1067 No text is inserted. | |
1068 | |
1069 @item a string | |
1070 The string is inserted literally. | |
1071 | |
1072 @item a symbol | |
1073 The symbol's value is used. | |
1074 @end table | |
1075 | |
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1076 @item :tag @var{tag} |
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1077 Use @var{tag} (a string) as the tag for the value (or part of the value) |
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1078 that corresponds to this type. |
21006 | 1079 |
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1080 @item :doc @var{doc} |
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1081 @kindex doc@r{, customization keyword} |
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1082 Use @var{doc} as the documentation string for this value (or part of the |
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1083 value) that corresponds to this type. In order for this to work, you |
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1084 must specify a value for @code{:format}, and use @samp{%d} or @samp{%h} |
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1085 in that value. |
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1086 |
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1087 The usual reason to specify a documentation string for a type is to |
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1088 provide more information about the meanings of alternatives inside a |
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1089 @code{:choice} type or the parts of some other composite type. |
21006 | 1090 |
1091 @item :help-echo @var{motion-doc} | |
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1092 @kindex help-echo@r{, customization keyword} |
21006 | 1093 When you move to this item with @code{widget-forward} or |
30500 | 1094 @code{widget-backward}, it will display the string @var{motion-doc} in |
1095 the echo area. In addition, @var{motion-doc} is used as the mouse | |
1096 @code{help-echo} string and may actually be a function or form evaluated | |
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1097 to yield a help string. If it is a function, it is called with one |
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1098 argument, the widget. |
21006 | 1099 |
1100 @item :match @var{function} | |
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1101 @kindex match@r{, customization keyword} |
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1102 Specify how to decide whether a value matches the type. The |
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1103 corresponding value, @var{function}, should be a function that accepts |
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1104 two arguments, a widget and a value; it should return non-@code{nil} if |
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1105 the value is acceptable. |
21006 | 1106 |
1107 @ignore | |
1108 @item :indent @var{columns} | |
1109 Indent this item by @var{columns} columns. The indentation is used for | |
1110 @samp{%n}, and automatically for group names, for checklists and radio | |
1111 buttons, and for editable lists. It affects the whole of the | |
1112 item except for the first line. | |
1113 | |
1114 @item :offset @var{columns} | |
1115 An integer indicating how many extra spaces to indent the subitems of | |
1116 this item. By default, subitems are indented the same as their parent. | |
1117 | |
1118 @item :extra-offset | |
1119 An integer indicating how many extra spaces to add to this item's | |
1120 indentation, compared to its parent. | |
1121 | |
1122 @item :notify | |
1123 A function called each time the item or a subitem is changed. The | |
1124 function is called with two or three arguments. The first argument is | |
1125 the item itself, the second argument is the item that was changed, and | |
1126 the third argument is the event leading to the change, if any. | |
1127 | |
1128 @item :menu-tag | |
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1129 A tag used in the menu when the widget is used as an option in a |
21006 | 1130 @code{menu-choice} widget. |
1131 | |
1132 @item :menu-tag-get | |
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1133 A function used for finding the tag when the widget is used as an option |
21006 | 1134 in a @code{menu-choice} widget. By default, the tag used will be either the |
1135 @code{:menu-tag} or @code{:tag} property if present, or the @code{princ} | |
1136 representation of the @code{:value} property if not. | |
1137 | |
1138 @item :validate | |
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1139 A function which takes a widget as an argument, and return @code{nil} |
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1140 if the widget's current value is valid for the widget. Otherwise, it |
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1141 should return the widget containing the invalid data, and set that |
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1142 widget's @code{:error} property to a string explaining the error. |
21006 | 1143 |
1144 You can use the function @code{widget-children-validate} for this job; | |
1145 it tests that all children of @var{widget} are valid. | |
1146 | |
1147 @item :tab-order | |
1148 Specify the order in which widgets are traversed with | |
1149 @code{widget-forward} or @code{widget-backward}. This is only partially | |
1150 implemented. | |
1151 | |
1152 @enumerate a | |
1153 @item | |
1154 Widgets with tabbing order @code{-1} are ignored. | |
1155 | |
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1156 @item |
21006 | 1157 (Unimplemented) When on a widget with tabbing order @var{n}, go to the |
1158 next widget in the buffer with tabbing order @var{n+1} or @code{nil}, | |
1159 whichever comes first. | |
1160 | |
1161 @item | |
1162 When on a widget with no tabbing order specified, go to the next widget | |
1163 in the buffer with a positive tabbing order, or @code{nil} | |
1164 @end enumerate | |
1165 | |
1166 @item :parent | |
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1167 The parent of a nested widget (e.g., a @code{menu-choice} item or an |
21006 | 1168 element of a @code{editable-list} widget). |
1169 | |
1170 @item :sibling-args | |
1171 This keyword is only used for members of a @code{radio-button-choice} or | |
1172 @code{checklist}. The value should be a list of extra keyword | |
1173 arguments, which will be used when creating the @code{radio-button} or | |
1174 @code{checkbox} associated with this item. | |
1175 @end ignore | |
1176 @end table | |
52401 | 1177 |
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1178 @node Defining New Types |
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1179 @subsection Defining New Types |
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1180 |
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1181 In the previous sections we have described how to construct elaborate |
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1182 type specifications for @code{defcustom}. In some cases you may want |
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1183 to give such a type specification a name. The obvious case is when |
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1184 you are using the same type for many user options: rather than repeat |
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1185 the specification for each option, you can give the type specification |
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1186 a name, and use that name each @code{defcustom}. The other case is |
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1187 when a user option's value is a recursive data structure. To make it |
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1188 possible for a datatype to refer to itself, it needs to have a name. |
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1189 |
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1190 Since custom types are implemented as widgets, the way to define a new |
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1191 customize type is to define a new widget. We are not going to describe |
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1192 the widget interface here in details, see @ref{Top, , Introduction, |
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1193 widget, The Emacs Widget Library}, for that. Instead we are going to |
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1194 demonstrate the minimal functionality needed for defining new customize |
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1195 types by a simple example. |
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1196 |
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1197 @example |
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1198 (define-widget 'binary-tree-of-string 'lazy |
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1199 "A binary tree made of cons-cells and strings." |
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1200 :offset 4 |
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1201 :tag "Node" |
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1202 :type '(choice (string :tag "Leaf" :value "") |
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1203 (cons :tag "Interior" |
54299 | 1204 :value ("" . "") |
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1205 binary-tree-of-string |
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1206 binary-tree-of-string))) |
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1207 |
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1208 (defcustom foo-bar "" |
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1209 "Sample variable holding a binary tree of strings." |
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1210 :type 'binary-tree-of-string) |
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1211 @end example |
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1212 |
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1213 The function to define a new widget is called @code{define-widget}. The |
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Per Abrahamsen <abraham@dina.kvl.dk>
parents:
52978
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changeset
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1214 first argument is the symbol we want to make a new widget type. The |
36b31fc002f2
2003-12-12 Jesper Harder <harder@ifa.au.dk>
Per Abrahamsen <abraham@dina.kvl.dk>
parents:
52978
diff
changeset
|
1215 second argument is a symbol representing an existing widget, the new |
36b31fc002f2
2003-12-12 Jesper Harder <harder@ifa.au.dk>
Per Abrahamsen <abraham@dina.kvl.dk>
parents:
52978
diff
changeset
|
1216 widget is going to be defined in terms of difference from the existing |
36b31fc002f2
2003-12-12 Jesper Harder <harder@ifa.au.dk>
Per Abrahamsen <abraham@dina.kvl.dk>
parents:
52978
diff
changeset
|
1217 widget. For the purpose of defining new customization types, the |
58495
a30209899fa0
(Variable Definitions): Replace show-paren-mode example with tooltip-mode.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
56235
diff
changeset
|
1218 @code{lazy} widget is perfect, because it accepts a @code{:type} keyword |
53319
36b31fc002f2
2003-12-12 Jesper Harder <harder@ifa.au.dk>
Per Abrahamsen <abraham@dina.kvl.dk>
parents:
52978
diff
changeset
|
1219 argument with the same syntax as the keyword argument to |
36b31fc002f2
2003-12-12 Jesper Harder <harder@ifa.au.dk>
Per Abrahamsen <abraham@dina.kvl.dk>
parents:
52978
diff
changeset
|
1220 @code{defcustom} with the same name. The third argument is a |
36b31fc002f2
2003-12-12 Jesper Harder <harder@ifa.au.dk>
Per Abrahamsen <abraham@dina.kvl.dk>
parents:
52978
diff
changeset
|
1221 documentation string for the new widget. You will be able to see that |
64301
ce506ff1d861
(Variable Definitions): Add `custom-initialize-safe-set' and
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
63583
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1222 string with the @kbd{M-x widget-browse @key{RET} binary-tree-of-string |
ce506ff1d861
(Variable Definitions): Add `custom-initialize-safe-set' and
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
63583
diff
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|
1223 @key{RET}} command. |
53319
36b31fc002f2
2003-12-12 Jesper Harder <harder@ifa.au.dk>
Per Abrahamsen <abraham@dina.kvl.dk>
parents:
52978
diff
changeset
|
1224 |
58495
a30209899fa0
(Variable Definitions): Replace show-paren-mode example with tooltip-mode.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
56235
diff
changeset
|
1225 After these mandatory arguments follow the keyword arguments. The most |
a30209899fa0
(Variable Definitions): Replace show-paren-mode example with tooltip-mode.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
56235
diff
changeset
|
1226 important is @code{:type}, which describes the data type we want to match |
53319
36b31fc002f2
2003-12-12 Jesper Harder <harder@ifa.au.dk>
Per Abrahamsen <abraham@dina.kvl.dk>
parents:
52978
diff
changeset
|
1227 with this widget. Here a @code{binary-tree-of-string} is described as |
36b31fc002f2
2003-12-12 Jesper Harder <harder@ifa.au.dk>
Per Abrahamsen <abraham@dina.kvl.dk>
parents:
52978
diff
changeset
|
1228 being either a string, or a cons-cell whose car and cdr are themselves |
36b31fc002f2
2003-12-12 Jesper Harder <harder@ifa.au.dk>
Per Abrahamsen <abraham@dina.kvl.dk>
parents:
52978
diff
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|
1229 both @code{binary-tree-of-string}. Note the reference to the widget |
36b31fc002f2
2003-12-12 Jesper Harder <harder@ifa.au.dk>
Per Abrahamsen <abraham@dina.kvl.dk>
parents:
52978
diff
changeset
|
1230 type we are currently in the process of defining. The @code{:tag} |
36b31fc002f2
2003-12-12 Jesper Harder <harder@ifa.au.dk>
Per Abrahamsen <abraham@dina.kvl.dk>
parents:
52978
diff
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|
1231 attribute is a string to name the widget in the user interface, and the |
58495
a30209899fa0
(Variable Definitions): Replace show-paren-mode example with tooltip-mode.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
56235
diff
changeset
|
1232 @code{:offset} argument is there to ensure that child nodes are |
a30209899fa0
(Variable Definitions): Replace show-paren-mode example with tooltip-mode.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
56235
diff
changeset
|
1233 indented four spaces relative to the parent node, making the tree |
53319
36b31fc002f2
2003-12-12 Jesper Harder <harder@ifa.au.dk>
Per Abrahamsen <abraham@dina.kvl.dk>
parents:
52978
diff
changeset
|
1234 structure apparent in the customization buffer. |
36b31fc002f2
2003-12-12 Jesper Harder <harder@ifa.au.dk>
Per Abrahamsen <abraham@dina.kvl.dk>
parents:
52978
diff
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|
1235 |
36b31fc002f2
2003-12-12 Jesper Harder <harder@ifa.au.dk>
Per Abrahamsen <abraham@dina.kvl.dk>
parents:
52978
diff
changeset
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1236 The @code{defcustom} shows how the new widget can be used as an ordinary |
54299 | 1237 customization type. |
53319
36b31fc002f2
2003-12-12 Jesper Harder <harder@ifa.au.dk>
Per Abrahamsen <abraham@dina.kvl.dk>
parents:
52978
diff
changeset
|
1238 |
58495
a30209899fa0
(Variable Definitions): Replace show-paren-mode example with tooltip-mode.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
56235
diff
changeset
|
1239 The reason for the name @code{lazy} is that the other composite |
a30209899fa0
(Variable Definitions): Replace show-paren-mode example with tooltip-mode.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
56235
diff
changeset
|
1240 widgets convert their inferior widgets to internal form when the |
a30209899fa0
(Variable Definitions): Replace show-paren-mode example with tooltip-mode.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
56235
diff
changeset
|
1241 widget is instantiated in a buffer. This conversion is recursive, so |
a30209899fa0
(Variable Definitions): Replace show-paren-mode example with tooltip-mode.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
56235
diff
changeset
|
1242 the inferior widgets will convert @emph{their} inferior widgets. If |
a30209899fa0
(Variable Definitions): Replace show-paren-mode example with tooltip-mode.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
56235
diff
changeset
|
1243 the data structure is itself recursive, this conversion is an infinite |
a30209899fa0
(Variable Definitions): Replace show-paren-mode example with tooltip-mode.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
56235
diff
changeset
|
1244 recursion. The @code{lazy} widget prevents the recursion: it convert |
a30209899fa0
(Variable Definitions): Replace show-paren-mode example with tooltip-mode.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
56235
diff
changeset
|
1245 its @code{:type} argument only when needed. |
53319
36b31fc002f2
2003-12-12 Jesper Harder <harder@ifa.au.dk>
Per Abrahamsen <abraham@dina.kvl.dk>
parents:
52978
diff
changeset
|
1246 |
52401 | 1247 @ignore |
1248 arch-tag: d1b8fad3-f48c-4ce4-a402-f73b5ef19bd2 | |
1249 @end ignore |