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annotate man/mule.texi @ 33424:82e71ffbac94
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author | Dave Love <fx@gnu.org> |
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date | Sun, 12 Nov 2000 00:57:08 +0000 |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
31077 | 2 @c Copyright (C) 1997, 1999, 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 3 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
4 @node International, Major Modes, Frames, Top | |
5 @chapter International Character Set Support | |
6 @cindex MULE | |
7 @cindex international scripts | |
8 @cindex multibyte characters | |
9 @cindex encoding of characters | |
10 | |
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11 @cindex Celtic |
25829 | 12 @cindex Chinese |
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13 @cindex Cyrillic |
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14 @cindex Czech |
25829 | 15 @cindex Devanagari |
16 @cindex Hindi | |
17 @cindex Marathi | |
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18 @cindex Ethiopic |
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19 @cindex German |
25829 | 20 @cindex Greek |
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21 @cindex Hebrew |
25829 | 22 @cindex IPA |
23 @cindex Japanese | |
24 @cindex Korean | |
25 @cindex Lao | |
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26 @cindex Latin |
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27 @cindex Polish |
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28 @cindex Romanian |
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29 @cindex Slovak |
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30 @cindex Slovenian |
25829 | 31 @cindex Thai |
32 @cindex Tibetan | |
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33 @cindex Turkish |
25829 | 34 @cindex Vietnamese |
35 Emacs supports a wide variety of international character sets, | |
36 including European variants of the Latin alphabet, as well as Chinese, | |
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37 Cyrillic, Devanagari (Hindi and Marathi), Ethiopic, Greek, Hebrew, IPA, |
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38 Japanese, Korean, Lao, Thai, Tibetan, and Vietnamese scripts. These features |
25829 | 39 have been merged from the modified version of Emacs known as MULE (for |
40 ``MULti-lingual Enhancement to GNU Emacs'') | |
41 | |
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42 Emacs also supports various encodings of these characters used by |
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43 internationalized software, such as word processors, mailers, etc. |
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44 |
25829 | 45 @menu |
46 * International Intro:: Basic concepts of multibyte characters. | |
47 * Enabling Multibyte:: Controlling whether to use multibyte characters. | |
48 * Language Environments:: Setting things up for the language you use. | |
49 * Input Methods:: Entering text characters not on your keyboard. | |
50 * Select Input Method:: Specifying your choice of input methods. | |
51 * Multibyte Conversion:: How single-byte characters convert to multibyte. | |
52 * Coding Systems:: Character set conversion when you read and | |
53 write files, and so on. | |
54 * Recognize Coding:: How Emacs figures out which conversion to use. | |
55 * Specify Coding:: Various ways to choose which conversion to use. | |
56 * Fontsets:: Fontsets are collections of fonts | |
57 that cover the whole spectrum of characters. | |
58 * Defining Fontsets:: Defining a new fontset. | |
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59 * Single-Byte Character Support:: |
25829 | 60 You can pick one European character set |
61 to use without multibyte characters. | |
62 @end menu | |
63 | |
64 @node International Intro | |
65 @section Introduction to International Character Sets | |
66 | |
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67 The users of international character sets and scripts have established |
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68 many more-or-less standard coding systems for storing files. Emacs |
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69 internally uses a single multibyte character encoding, so that it can |
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70 intermix characters from all these scripts in a single buffer or string. |
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71 This encoding represents each non-ASCII character as a sequence of bytes |
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72 in the range 0200 through 0377. Emacs translates between the multibyte |
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73 character encoding and various other coding systems when reading and |
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74 writing files, when exchanging data with subprocesses, and (in some |
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75 cases) in the @kbd{C-q} command (@pxref{Multibyte Conversion}). |
25829 | 76 |
77 @kindex C-h h | |
78 @findex view-hello-file | |
79 The command @kbd{C-h h} (@code{view-hello-file}) displays the file | |
80 @file{etc/HELLO}, which shows how to say ``hello'' in many languages. | |
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81 This illustrates various scripts. If the font you're using doesn't have |
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82 characters for all those different languages, you will see some hollow |
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83 boxes instead of characters; see @ref{Fontsets}. |
25829 | 84 |
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85 @findex list-charset-chars |
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86 @cindex characters in a certain charset |
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87 The command @kbd{M-x list-charset-chars} prompts for a name of a |
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88 character set, and displays all the characters in that character set. |
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89 |
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90 @findex describe-character-set |
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91 @cindex character set, description |
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92 The command @kbd{M-x describe-character-set} prompts for a character |
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93 set name and displays information about that character set, including |
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94 its internal representation within Emacs. |
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95 |
25829 | 96 Keyboards, even in the countries where these character sets are used, |
97 generally don't have keys for all the characters in them. So Emacs | |
98 supports various @dfn{input methods}, typically one for each script or | |
99 language, to make it convenient to type them. | |
100 | |
101 @kindex C-x RET | |
102 The prefix key @kbd{C-x @key{RET}} is used for commands that pertain | |
103 to multibyte characters, coding systems, and input methods. | |
104 | |
105 @node Enabling Multibyte | |
106 @section Enabling Multibyte Characters | |
107 | |
108 You can enable or disable multibyte character support, either for | |
109 Emacs as a whole, or for a single buffer. When multibyte characters are | |
110 disabled in a buffer, then each byte in that buffer represents a | |
111 character, even codes 0200 through 0377. The old features for | |
112 supporting the European character sets, ISO Latin-1 and ISO Latin-2, | |
113 work as they did in Emacs 19 and also work for the other ISO 8859 | |
114 character sets. | |
115 | |
116 However, there is no need to turn off multibyte character support to | |
117 use ISO Latin; the Emacs multibyte character set includes all the | |
118 characters in these character sets, and Emacs can translate | |
119 automatically to and from the ISO codes. | |
120 | |
121 To edit a particular file in unibyte representation, visit it using | |
122 @code{find-file-literally}. @xref{Visiting}. To convert a buffer in | |
123 multibyte representation into a single-byte representation of the same | |
124 characters, the easiest way is to save the contents in a file, kill the | |
125 buffer, and find the file again with @code{find-file-literally}. You | |
126 can also use @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} | |
127 (@code{universal-coding-system-argument}) and specify @samp{raw-text} as | |
128 the coding system with which to find or save a file. @xref{Specify | |
129 Coding}. Finding a file as @samp{raw-text} doesn't disable format | |
130 conversion, uncompression and auto mode selection as | |
131 @code{find-file-literally} does. | |
132 | |
133 @vindex enable-multibyte-characters | |
134 @vindex default-enable-multibyte-characters | |
135 To turn off multibyte character support by default, start Emacs with | |
136 the @samp{--unibyte} option (@pxref{Initial Options}), or set the | |
29107 | 137 environment variable @env{EMACS_UNIBYTE}. You can also customize |
25829 | 138 @code{enable-multibyte-characters} or, equivalently, directly set the |
139 variable @code{default-enable-multibyte-characters} in your init file to | |
140 have basically the same effect as @samp{--unibyte}. | |
141 | |
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142 @cindex Lisp files, and multibyte operation |
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143 @cindex multibyte operation, and Lisp files |
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144 @cindex unibyte operation, and Lisp files |
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145 @cindex init file, and non-ASCII characters |
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146 @cindex environment variables, and non-ASCII characters |
25829 | 147 Multibyte strings are not created during initialization from the |
148 values of environment variables, @file{/etc/passwd} entries etc.@: that | |
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149 contain non-ASCII 8-bit characters. However, Lisp files, when they are |
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150 loaded for running, and in particular the initialization file |
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151 @file{.emacs}, are normally read as multibyte---even with |
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152 @samp{--unibyte}. To avoid multibyte strings being generated by |
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153 non-ASCII characters in Lisp files, put @samp{-*-unibyte: t;-*-} in a |
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154 comment on the first line, or specify the coding system @samp{raw-text} |
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155 with @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c}. Do the same for initialization files for |
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156 packages like Gnus. |
25829 | 157 |
158 The mode line indicates whether multibyte character support is enabled | |
159 in the current buffer. If it is, there are two or more characters (most | |
160 often two dashes) before the colon near the beginning of the mode line. | |
161 When multibyte characters are not enabled, just one dash precedes the | |
162 colon. | |
163 | |
164 @node Language Environments | |
165 @section Language Environments | |
166 @cindex language environments | |
167 | |
168 All supported character sets are supported in Emacs buffers whenever | |
169 multibyte characters are enabled; there is no need to select a | |
170 particular language in order to display its characters in an Emacs | |
171 buffer. However, it is important to select a @dfn{language environment} | |
172 in order to set various defaults. The language environment really | |
173 represents a choice of preferred script (more or less) rather than a | |
174 choice of language. | |
175 | |
176 The language environment controls which coding systems to recognize | |
177 when reading text (@pxref{Recognize Coding}). This applies to files, | |
178 incoming mail, netnews, and any other text you read into Emacs. It may | |
179 also specify the default coding system to use when you create a file. | |
180 Each language environment also specifies a default input method. | |
181 | |
182 @findex set-language-environment | |
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183 @vindex current-language-environment |
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184 To select a language environment, customize the option |
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185 @code{current-language-environment} or use the command @kbd{M-x |
25829 | 186 set-language-environment}. It makes no difference which buffer is |
187 current when you use this command, because the effects apply globally to | |
188 the Emacs session. The supported language environments include: | |
189 | |
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190 @cindex euro sign |
25829 | 191 @quotation |
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192 Chinese-BIG5, Chinese-CNS, Chinese-GB, Cyrillic-ALT, Cyrillic-ISO, |
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193 Cyrillic-KOI8, Czech, Devanagari, English, Ethiopic, German, Greek, |
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194 Hebrew, IPA, Japanese, Korean, Lao, Latin-1, Latin-2, Latin-3, Latin-4, |
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195 Latin-5, Latin-8 (Celtic), Latin-9 (updated Latin-1, with the Euro |
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196 sign), Polish, Romanian, Slovak, Slovenian, Thai, Tibetan, Turkish, and |
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197 Vietnamese. |
25829 | 198 @end quotation |
199 | |
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200 @cindex fonts, for displaying different languages |
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201 To be able to display the script(s) used by your language environment |
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202 on a windowed display, you need to have a suitable font installed. If |
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203 some of the characters appear as empty boxes, download and install the |
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204 GNU Intlfonts distribution, which includes fonts for all supported |
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205 scripts. @xref{Fontsets}, for more details about setting up your |
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206 fonts. |
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207 |
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208 @findex set-locale-environment |
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209 @vindex locale-language-names |
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210 @vindex locale-charset-language-names |
25829 | 211 Some operating systems let you specify the language you are using by |
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212 setting the locale environment variables @env{LC_ALL}, @env{LC_CTYPE}, |
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213 and @env{LANG}; the first of these which is nonempty specifies your |
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214 locale. Emacs handles this during startup by invoking the |
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215 @code{set-locale-environment} function, which matches your locale |
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216 against entries in the value of the variable |
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217 @code{locale-language-names} and selects the corresponding language |
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218 environment if a match is found. But if your locale also matches an |
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219 entry in the variable @code{locale-charset-language-names}, this entry |
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220 is preferred if its character set disagrees. For example, suppose the |
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221 locale @samp{en_GB.ISO8859-15} matches @code{"Latin-1"} in |
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222 @code{locale-language-names} and @code{"Latin-9"} in |
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223 @code{locale-charset-language-names}; since these two language |
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224 environments' character sets disagree, Emacs uses @code{"Latin-9"}. |
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225 |
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226 If all goes well, the @code{set-locale-environment} function selects |
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227 the language environment, since language is part of locale. It also |
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228 adjusts the display table and terminal coding system, the locale coding |
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229 system, and the preferred coding system as needed for the locale. |
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230 |
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231 Since the @code{set-locale-environment} function is automatically |
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232 invoked during startup, you normally do not need to invoke it yourself. |
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233 However, if you modify the @env{LC_ALL}, @env{LC_CTYPE}, or @env{LANG} |
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234 environment variables, you may want to invoke the |
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235 @code{set-locale-environment} function afterwards. |
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236 |
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237 @findex set-locale-environment |
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238 @vindex locale-preferred-coding-systems |
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239 The @code{set-locale-environment} function normally uses the preferred |
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240 coding system established by the language environment to decode system |
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241 messages. But if your locale matches an entry in the variable |
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242 @code{locale-preferred-coding-systems}, Emacs uses the corresponding |
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243 coding system instead. For example, if the locale @samp{ja_JP.PCK} |
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244 matches @code{japanese-shift-jis} in |
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245 @code{locale-preferred-coding-systems}, Emacs uses that encoding even |
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246 though it might normally use @code{japanese-iso-8bit}. |
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247 |
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248 The environment chosen from the locale when Emacs starts is |
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249 overidden by any explicit use of the command |
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250 @code{set-language-environment} or customization of |
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251 @code{current-language-environment} in your init file. |
25829 | 252 |
253 @kindex C-h L | |
254 @findex describe-language-environment | |
255 To display information about the effects of a certain language | |
256 environment @var{lang-env}, use the command @kbd{C-h L @var{lang-env} | |
257 @key{RET}} (@code{describe-language-environment}). This tells you which | |
258 languages this language environment is useful for, and lists the | |
259 character sets, coding systems, and input methods that go with it. It | |
260 also shows some sample text to illustrate scripts used in this language | |
261 environment. By default, this command describes the chosen language | |
262 environment. | |
263 | |
264 @vindex set-language-environment-hook | |
265 You can customize any language environment with the normal hook | |
266 @code{set-language-environment-hook}. The command | |
267 @code{set-language-environment} runs that hook after setting up the new | |
268 language environment. The hook functions can test for a specific | |
269 language environment by checking the variable | |
270 @code{current-language-environment}. | |
271 | |
272 @vindex exit-language-environment-hook | |
273 Before it starts to set up the new language environment, | |
274 @code{set-language-environment} first runs the hook | |
275 @code{exit-language-environment-hook}. This hook is useful for undoing | |
276 customizations that were made with @code{set-language-environment-hook}. | |
277 For instance, if you set up a special key binding in a specific language | |
278 environment using @code{set-language-environment-hook}, you should set | |
279 up @code{exit-language-environment-hook} to restore the normal binding | |
280 for that key. | |
281 | |
282 @node Input Methods | |
283 @section Input Methods | |
284 | |
285 @cindex input methods | |
286 An @dfn{input method} is a kind of character conversion designed | |
287 specifically for interactive input. In Emacs, typically each language | |
288 has its own input method; sometimes several languages which use the same | |
289 characters can share one input method. A few languages support several | |
290 input methods. | |
291 | |
292 The simplest kind of input method works by mapping ASCII letters into | |
293 another alphabet. This is how the Greek and Russian input methods work. | |
294 | |
295 A more powerful technique is composition: converting sequences of | |
296 characters into one letter. Many European input methods use composition | |
297 to produce a single non-ASCII letter from a sequence that consists of a | |
298 letter followed by accent characters (or vice versa). For example, some | |
299 methods convert the sequence @kbd{a'} into a single accented letter. | |
300 These input methods have no special commands of their own; all they do | |
301 is compose sequences of printing characters. | |
302 | |
303 The input methods for syllabic scripts typically use mapping followed | |
304 by composition. The input methods for Thai and Korean work this way. | |
305 First, letters are mapped into symbols for particular sounds or tone | |
306 marks; then, sequences of these which make up a whole syllable are | |
307 mapped into one syllable sign. | |
308 | |
309 Chinese and Japanese require more complex methods. In Chinese input | |
310 methods, first you enter the phonetic spelling of a Chinese word (in | |
311 input method @code{chinese-py}, among others), or a sequence of portions | |
312 of the character (input methods @code{chinese-4corner} and | |
313 @code{chinese-sw}, and others). Since one phonetic spelling typically | |
314 corresponds to many different Chinese characters, you must select one of | |
315 the alternatives using special Emacs commands. Keys such as @kbd{C-f}, | |
316 @kbd{C-b}, @kbd{C-n}, @kbd{C-p}, and digits have special definitions in | |
317 this situation, used for selecting among the alternatives. @key{TAB} | |
318 displays a buffer showing all the possibilities. | |
319 | |
320 In Japanese input methods, first you input a whole word using | |
321 phonetic spelling; then, after the word is in the buffer, Emacs converts | |
322 it into one or more characters using a large dictionary. One phonetic | |
323 spelling corresponds to many differently written Japanese words, so you | |
324 must select one of them; use @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} to cycle through | |
325 the alternatives. | |
326 | |
327 Sometimes it is useful to cut off input method processing so that the | |
328 characters you have just entered will not combine with subsequent | |
329 characters. For example, in input method @code{latin-1-postfix}, the | |
330 sequence @kbd{e '} combines to form an @samp{e} with an accent. What if | |
331 you want to enter them as separate characters? | |
332 | |
333 One way is to type the accent twice; that is a special feature for | |
334 entering the separate letter and accent. For example, @kbd{e ' '} gives | |
335 you the two characters @samp{e'}. Another way is to type another letter | |
336 after the @kbd{e}---something that won't combine with that---and | |
337 immediately delete it. For example, you could type @kbd{e e @key{DEL} | |
338 '} to get separate @samp{e} and @samp{'}. | |
339 | |
340 Another method, more general but not quite as easy to type, is to use | |
341 @kbd{C-\ C-\} between two characters to stop them from combining. This | |
342 is the command @kbd{C-\} (@code{toggle-input-method}) used twice. | |
343 @ifinfo | |
344 @xref{Select Input Method}. | |
345 @end ifinfo | |
346 | |
347 @kbd{C-\ C-\} is especially useful inside an incremental search, | |
348 because it stops waiting for more characters to combine, and starts | |
349 searching for what you have already entered. | |
350 | |
351 @vindex input-method-verbose-flag | |
352 @vindex input-method-highlight-flag | |
353 The variables @code{input-method-highlight-flag} and | |
354 @code{input-method-verbose-flag} control how input methods explain what | |
355 is happening. If @code{input-method-highlight-flag} is non-@code{nil}, | |
356 the partial sequence is highlighted in the buffer. If | |
357 @code{input-method-verbose-flag} is non-@code{nil}, the list of possible | |
358 characters to type next is displayed in the echo area (but not when you | |
359 are in the minibuffer). | |
360 | |
31077 | 361 @cindex Leim package |
362 Input methods are implemented in the separate Leim package, which must | |
363 be installed with Emacs. | |
364 | |
25829 | 365 @node Select Input Method |
366 @section Selecting an Input Method | |
367 | |
368 @table @kbd | |
369 @item C-\ | |
370 Enable or disable use of the selected input method. | |
371 | |
372 @item C-x @key{RET} C-\ @var{method} @key{RET} | |
373 Select a new input method for the current buffer. | |
374 | |
375 @item C-h I @var{method} @key{RET} | |
376 @itemx C-h C-\ @var{method} @key{RET} | |
377 @findex describe-input-method | |
378 @kindex C-h I | |
379 @kindex C-h C-\ | |
380 Describe the input method @var{method} (@code{describe-input-method}). | |
31204 | 381 By default, it describes the current input method (if any). This |
382 description should give you the full details of how to use any | |
31270 | 383 particular input method. |
25829 | 384 |
385 @item M-x list-input-methods | |
386 Display a list of all the supported input methods. | |
387 @end table | |
388 | |
389 @findex set-input-method | |
390 @vindex current-input-method | |
391 @kindex C-x RET C-\ | |
392 To choose an input method for the current buffer, use @kbd{C-x | |
393 @key{RET} C-\} (@code{set-input-method}). This command reads the | |
394 input method name with the minibuffer; the name normally starts with the | |
395 language environment that it is meant to be used with. The variable | |
396 @code{current-input-method} records which input method is selected. | |
397 | |
398 @findex toggle-input-method | |
399 @kindex C-\ | |
400 Input methods use various sequences of ASCII characters to stand for | |
401 non-ASCII characters. Sometimes it is useful to turn off the input | |
402 method temporarily. To do this, type @kbd{C-\} | |
403 (@code{toggle-input-method}). To reenable the input method, type | |
404 @kbd{C-\} again. | |
405 | |
406 If you type @kbd{C-\} and you have not yet selected an input method, | |
407 it prompts for you to specify one. This has the same effect as using | |
408 @kbd{C-x @key{RET} C-\} to specify an input method. | |
409 | |
410 @vindex default-input-method | |
411 Selecting a language environment specifies a default input method for | |
412 use in various buffers. When you have a default input method, you can | |
413 select it in the current buffer by typing @kbd{C-\}. The variable | |
414 @code{default-input-method} specifies the default input method | |
415 (@code{nil} means there is none). | |
416 | |
417 @findex quail-set-keyboard-layout | |
418 Some input methods for alphabetic scripts work by (in effect) | |
419 remapping the keyboard to emulate various keyboard layouts commonly used | |
420 for those scripts. How to do this remapping properly depends on your | |
421 actual keyboard layout. To specify which layout your keyboard has, use | |
422 the command @kbd{M-x quail-set-keyboard-layout}. | |
423 | |
424 @findex list-input-methods | |
425 To display a list of all the supported input methods, type @kbd{M-x | |
426 list-input-methods}. The list gives information about each input | |
427 method, including the string that stands for it in the mode line. | |
428 | |
429 @node Multibyte Conversion | |
430 @section Unibyte and Multibyte Non-ASCII characters | |
431 | |
432 When multibyte characters are enabled, character codes 0240 (octal) | |
433 through 0377 (octal) are not really legitimate in the buffer. The valid | |
434 non-ASCII printing characters have codes that start from 0400. | |
435 | |
436 If you type a self-inserting character in the invalid range 0240 | |
437 through 0377, Emacs assumes you intended to use one of the ISO | |
438 Latin-@var{n} character sets, and converts it to the Emacs code | |
439 representing that Latin-@var{n} character. You select @emph{which} ISO | |
440 Latin character set to use through your choice of language environment | |
441 @iftex | |
442 (see above). | |
443 @end iftex | |
444 @ifinfo | |
445 (@pxref{Language Environments}). | |
446 @end ifinfo | |
447 If you do not specify a choice, the default is Latin-1. | |
448 | |
449 The same thing happens when you use @kbd{C-q} to enter an octal code | |
450 in this range. | |
451 | |
452 @node Coding Systems | |
453 @section Coding Systems | |
454 @cindex coding systems | |
455 | |
456 Users of various languages have established many more-or-less standard | |
457 coding systems for representing them. Emacs does not use these coding | |
458 systems internally; instead, it converts from various coding systems to | |
459 its own system when reading data, and converts the internal coding | |
460 system to other coding systems when writing data. Conversion is | |
461 possible in reading or writing files, in sending or receiving from the | |
462 terminal, and in exchanging data with subprocesses. | |
463 | |
464 Emacs assigns a name to each coding system. Most coding systems are | |
465 used for one language, and the name of the coding system starts with the | |
466 language name. Some coding systems are used for several languages; | |
467 their names usually start with @samp{iso}. There are also special | |
468 coding systems @code{no-conversion}, @code{raw-text} and | |
469 @code{emacs-mule} which do not convert printing characters at all. | |
470 | |
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471 A special class of coding systems, collectively known as |
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472 @dfn{codepages}, is designed to support text encoded by MS-Windows and |
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473 MS-DOS software. To use any of these systems, you need to create it |
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474 with @kbd{M-x codepage-setup}. @xref{MS-DOS and MULE}. |
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475 |
25829 | 476 @cindex end-of-line conversion |
477 In addition to converting various representations of non-ASCII | |
478 characters, a coding system can perform end-of-line conversion. Emacs | |
479 handles three different conventions for how to separate lines in a file: | |
480 newline, carriage-return linefeed, and just carriage-return. | |
481 | |
482 @table @kbd | |
483 @item C-h C @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
484 Describe coding system @var{coding}. | |
485 | |
486 @item C-h C @key{RET} | |
487 Describe the coding systems currently in use. | |
488 | |
489 @item M-x list-coding-systems | |
490 Display a list of all the supported coding systems. | |
491 @end table | |
492 | |
493 @kindex C-h C | |
494 @findex describe-coding-system | |
495 The command @kbd{C-h C} (@code{describe-coding-system}) displays | |
496 information about particular coding systems. You can specify a coding | |
497 system name as argument; alternatively, with an empty argument, it | |
498 describes the coding systems currently selected for various purposes, | |
499 both in the current buffer and as the defaults, and the priority list | |
500 for recognizing coding systems (@pxref{Recognize Coding}). | |
501 | |
502 @findex list-coding-systems | |
503 To display a list of all the supported coding systems, type @kbd{M-x | |
504 list-coding-systems}. The list gives information about each coding | |
505 system, including the letter that stands for it in the mode line | |
506 (@pxref{Mode Line}). | |
507 | |
508 @cindex end-of-line conversion | |
509 @cindex MS-DOS end-of-line conversion | |
510 @cindex Macintosh end-of-line conversion | |
511 Each of the coding systems that appear in this list---except for | |
512 @code{no-conversion}, which means no conversion of any kind---specifies | |
513 how and whether to convert printing characters, but leaves the choice of | |
514 end-of-line conversion to be decided based on the contents of each file. | |
515 For example, if the file appears to use the sequence carriage-return | |
516 linefeed to separate lines, DOS end-of-line conversion will be used. | |
517 | |
518 Each of the listed coding systems has three variants which specify | |
519 exactly what to do for end-of-line conversion: | |
520 | |
521 @table @code | |
522 @item @dots{}-unix | |
523 Don't do any end-of-line conversion; assume the file uses | |
524 newline to separate lines. (This is the convention normally used | |
525 on Unix and GNU systems.) | |
526 | |
527 @item @dots{}-dos | |
528 Assume the file uses carriage-return linefeed to separate lines, and do | |
529 the appropriate conversion. (This is the convention normally used on | |
530 Microsoft systems.@footnote{It is also specified for MIME `text/*' | |
531 bodies and in other network transport contexts. It is different | |
532 from the SGML reference syntax record-start/record-end format which | |
533 Emacs doesn't support directly.}) | |
534 | |
535 @item @dots{}-mac | |
536 Assume the file uses carriage-return to separate lines, and do the | |
537 appropriate conversion. (This is the convention normally used on the | |
538 Macintosh system.) | |
539 @end table | |
540 | |
541 These variant coding systems are omitted from the | |
542 @code{list-coding-systems} display for brevity, since they are entirely | |
543 predictable. For example, the coding system @code{iso-latin-1} has | |
544 variants @code{iso-latin-1-unix}, @code{iso-latin-1-dos} and | |
545 @code{iso-latin-1-mac}. | |
546 | |
547 The coding system @code{raw-text} is good for a file which is mainly | |
548 ASCII text, but may contain byte values above 127 which are not meant to | |
549 encode non-ASCII characters. With @code{raw-text}, Emacs copies those | |
550 byte values unchanged, and sets @code{enable-multibyte-characters} to | |
551 @code{nil} in the current buffer so that they will be interpreted | |
552 properly. @code{raw-text} handles end-of-line conversion in the usual | |
553 way, based on the data encountered, and has the usual three variants to | |
554 specify the kind of end-of-line conversion to use. | |
555 | |
556 In contrast, the coding system @code{no-conversion} specifies no | |
557 character code conversion at all---none for non-ASCII byte values and | |
558 none for end of line. This is useful for reading or writing binary | |
559 files, tar files, and other files that must be examined verbatim. It, | |
560 too, sets @code{enable-multibyte-characters} to @code{nil}. | |
561 | |
562 The easiest way to edit a file with no conversion of any kind is with | |
563 the @kbd{M-x find-file-literally} command. This uses | |
564 @code{no-conversion}, and also suppresses other Emacs features that | |
565 might convert the file contents before you see them. @xref{Visiting}. | |
566 | |
567 The coding system @code{emacs-mule} means that the file contains | |
568 non-ASCII characters stored with the internal Emacs encoding. It | |
569 handles end-of-line conversion based on the data encountered, and has | |
570 the usual three variants to specify the kind of end-of-line conversion. | |
571 | |
572 @node Recognize Coding | |
573 @section Recognizing Coding Systems | |
574 | |
575 Most of the time, Emacs can recognize which coding system to use for | |
576 any given file---once you have specified your preferences. | |
577 | |
578 Some coding systems can be recognized or distinguished by which byte | |
579 sequences appear in the data. However, there are coding systems that | |
580 cannot be distinguished, not even potentially. For example, there is no | |
581 way to distinguish between Latin-1 and Latin-2; they use the same byte | |
582 values with different meanings. | |
583 | |
584 Emacs handles this situation by means of a priority list of coding | |
585 systems. Whenever Emacs reads a file, if you do not specify the coding | |
586 system to use, Emacs checks the data against each coding system, | |
587 starting with the first in priority and working down the list, until it | |
588 finds a coding system that fits the data. Then it converts the file | |
589 contents assuming that they are represented in this coding system. | |
590 | |
591 The priority list of coding systems depends on the selected language | |
592 environment (@pxref{Language Environments}). For example, if you use | |
593 French, you probably want Emacs to prefer Latin-1 to Latin-2; if you use | |
594 Czech, you probably want Latin-2 to be preferred. This is one of the | |
595 reasons to specify a language environment. | |
596 | |
597 @findex prefer-coding-system | |
598 However, you can alter the priority list in detail with the command | |
599 @kbd{M-x prefer-coding-system}. This command reads the name of a coding | |
600 system from the minibuffer, and adds it to the front of the priority | |
601 list, so that it is preferred to all others. If you use this command | |
602 several times, each use adds one element to the front of the priority | |
603 list. | |
604 | |
605 If you use a coding system that specifies the end-of-line conversion | |
606 type, such as @code{iso-8859-1-dos}, what that means is that Emacs | |
607 should attempt to recognize @code{iso-8859-1} with priority, and should | |
608 use DOS end-of-line conversion in case it recognizes @code{iso-8859-1}. | |
609 | |
610 @vindex file-coding-system-alist | |
611 Sometimes a file name indicates which coding system to use for the | |
612 file. The variable @code{file-coding-system-alist} specifies this | |
613 correspondence. There is a special function | |
614 @code{modify-coding-system-alist} for adding elements to this list. For | |
615 example, to read and write all @samp{.txt} files using the coding system | |
616 @code{china-iso-8bit}, you can execute this Lisp expression: | |
617 | |
618 @smallexample | |
619 (modify-coding-system-alist 'file "\\.txt\\'" 'china-iso-8bit) | |
620 @end smallexample | |
621 | |
622 @noindent | |
623 The first argument should be @code{file}, the second argument should be | |
624 a regular expression that determines which files this applies to, and | |
625 the third argument says which coding system to use for these files. | |
626 | |
627 @vindex inhibit-eol-conversion | |
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628 @cindex DOS-style end-of-line display |
25829 | 629 Emacs recognizes which kind of end-of-line conversion to use based on |
630 the contents of the file: if it sees only carriage-returns, or only | |
631 carriage-return linefeed sequences, then it chooses the end-of-line | |
632 conversion accordingly. You can inhibit the automatic use of | |
633 end-of-line conversion by setting the variable @code{inhibit-eol-conversion} | |
634 to non-@code{nil}. | |
635 | |
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636 @vindex inhibit-iso-escape-detection |
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637 @cindex escape sequences in files |
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638 By default, the automatic detection of coding system is sensitive to |
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639 escape sequences. If Emacs sees a sequence of characters that begin |
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640 with an @key{ESC} character, and the sequence is valid as an ISO-2022 |
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641 code, the code is determined as one of ISO-2022 encoding, and the file |
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642 is decoded by the corresponding coding system |
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643 (e.g. @code{iso-2022-7bit}). |
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644 |
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645 However, there may be cases that you want to read escape sequences in |
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646 a file as is. In such a case, you can set th variable |
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647 @code{inhibit-iso-escape-detection} to non-@code{nil}. Then the code |
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648 detection will ignore any escape sequences, and so no file is detected |
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649 as being encoded in some of ISO-2022 encoding. The result is that all |
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650 escape sequences become visible in a buffer. |
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651 |
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652 The default value of @code{inhibit-iso-escape-detection} is |
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653 @code{nil}, and it is strongly recommended not to change it. That's |
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654 because many Emacs Lisp source files that contain non-ASCII characters |
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655 are encoded in the coding system @code{iso-2022-7bit} in the Emacs |
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656 distribution, and they won't be decoded correctly when you visit those |
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657 files if you suppress the escape sequence detection. |
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658 |
25829 | 659 @vindex coding |
660 You can specify the coding system for a particular file using the | |
661 @samp{-*-@dots{}-*-} construct at the beginning of a file, or a local | |
662 variables list at the end (@pxref{File Variables}). You do this by | |
663 defining a value for the ``variable'' named @code{coding}. Emacs does | |
664 not really have a variable @code{coding}; instead of setting a variable, | |
665 it uses the specified coding system for the file. For example, | |
666 @samp{-*-mode: C; coding: latin-1;-*-} specifies use of the Latin-1 | |
667 coding system, as well as C mode. If you specify the coding explicitly | |
668 in the file, that overrides @code{file-coding-system-alist}. | |
669 | |
670 @vindex auto-coding-alist | |
671 The variable @code{auto-coding-alist} is the strongest way to specify | |
672 the coding system for certain patterns of file names; this variable even | |
673 overrides @samp{-*-coding:-*-} tags in the file itself. Emacs uses this | |
674 feature for tar and archive files, to prevent Emacs from being confused | |
675 by a @samp{-*-coding:-*-} tag in a member of the archive and thinking it | |
676 applies to the archive file as a whole. | |
677 | |
678 @vindex buffer-file-coding-system | |
679 Once Emacs has chosen a coding system for a buffer, it stores that | |
680 coding system in @code{buffer-file-coding-system} and uses that coding | |
681 system, by default, for operations that write from this buffer into a | |
682 file. This includes the commands @code{save-buffer} and | |
683 @code{write-region}. If you want to write files from this buffer using | |
684 a different coding system, you can specify a different coding system for | |
685 the buffer using @code{set-buffer-file-coding-system} (@pxref{Specify | |
686 Coding}). | |
687 | |
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688 While editing a file, you will sometimes insert characters which |
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689 cannot be encoded with the coding system stored in |
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690 @code{buffer-file-coding-system}. For example, suppose you start with |
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691 an ASCII file and insert a few Latin-1 characters into it. Or you could |
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692 edit a text file in Polish encoded in @code{iso-8859-2} and add to it |
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693 translations of several Polish words into Russian. When you save the |
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694 buffer, Emacs can no longer use the previous value of the buffer's |
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695 coding system, because the characters you added cannot be encoded by |
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696 that coding system. |
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697 |
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698 When that happens, Emacs tries the most-preferred coding system (set |
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699 by @kbd{M-x prefer-coding-system} or @kbd{M-x |
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700 set-language-environment}), and if that coding system can safely encode |
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701 all of the characters in the buffer, Emacs uses it, and stores its value |
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702 in @code{buffer-file-coding-system}. Otherwise, Emacs pops up a window |
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703 with a list of coding systems suitable for encoding the buffer, and |
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704 prompts you to choose one of those coding systems. |
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705 |
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706 If you insert characters which cannot be encoded by the buffer's |
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707 coding system while editing a mail message, Emacs behaves a bit |
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708 differently. It additionally checks whether the most-preferred coding |
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709 system is recommended for use in MIME messages; if it isn't, Emacs tells |
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710 you that the most-preferred coding system is not recommended and prompts |
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711 you for another coding system. This is so you won't inadvertently send |
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712 a message encoded in a way that your recipient's mail software will have |
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713 difficulty decoding. (If you do want to use the most-preferred coding |
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714 system, you can type its name to Emacs prompt anyway.) |
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715 |
25829 | 716 @vindex sendmail-coding-system |
717 When you send a message with Mail mode (@pxref{Sending Mail}), Emacs has | |
718 four different ways to determine the coding system to use for encoding | |
719 the message text. It tries the buffer's own value of | |
720 @code{buffer-file-coding-system}, if that is non-@code{nil}. Otherwise, | |
721 it uses the value of @code{sendmail-coding-system}, if that is | |
722 non-@code{nil}. The third way is to use the default coding system for | |
723 new files, which is controlled by your choice of language environment, | |
724 if that is non-@code{nil}. If all of these three values are @code{nil}, | |
725 Emacs encodes outgoing mail using the Latin-1 coding system. | |
726 | |
727 @vindex rmail-decode-mime-charset | |
728 When you get new mail in Rmail, each message is translated | |
729 automatically from the coding system it is written in---as if it were a | |
730 separate file. This uses the priority list of coding systems that you | |
731 have specified. If a MIME message specifies a character set, Rmail | |
732 obeys that specification, unless @code{rmail-decode-mime-charset} is | |
733 @code{nil}. | |
734 | |
735 @vindex rmail-file-coding-system | |
736 For reading and saving Rmail files themselves, Emacs uses the coding | |
737 system specified by the variable @code{rmail-file-coding-system}. The | |
738 default value is @code{nil}, which means that Rmail files are not | |
739 translated (they are read and written in the Emacs internal character | |
740 code). | |
741 | |
742 @node Specify Coding | |
743 @section Specifying a Coding System | |
744 | |
745 In cases where Emacs does not automatically choose the right coding | |
746 system, you can use these commands to specify one: | |
747 | |
748 @table @kbd | |
749 @item C-x @key{RET} f @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
750 Use coding system @var{coding} for the visited file | |
751 in the current buffer. | |
752 | |
753 @item C-x @key{RET} c @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
754 Specify coding system @var{coding} for the immediately following | |
755 command. | |
756 | |
757 @item C-x @key{RET} k @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
758 Use coding system @var{coding} for keyboard input. | |
759 | |
760 @item C-x @key{RET} t @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
761 Use coding system @var{coding} for terminal output. | |
762 | |
763 @item C-x @key{RET} p @var{input-coding} @key{RET} @var{output-coding} @key{RET} | |
764 Use coding systems @var{input-coding} and @var{output-coding} for | |
765 subprocess input and output in the current buffer. | |
766 | |
767 @item C-x @key{RET} x @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
768 Use coding system @var{coding} for transferring selections to and from | |
769 other programs through the window system. | |
770 | |
771 @item C-x @key{RET} X @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
772 Use coding system @var{coding} for transferring @emph{one} | |
773 selection---the next one---to or from the window system. | |
774 @end table | |
775 | |
776 @kindex C-x RET f | |
777 @findex set-buffer-file-coding-system | |
778 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} f} (@code{set-buffer-file-coding-system}) | |
779 specifies the file coding system for the current buffer---in other | |
780 words, which coding system to use when saving or rereading the visited | |
781 file. You specify which coding system using the minibuffer. Since this | |
782 command applies to a file you have already visited, it affects only the | |
783 way the file is saved. | |
784 | |
785 @kindex C-x RET c | |
786 @findex universal-coding-system-argument | |
787 Another way to specify the coding system for a file is when you visit | |
788 the file. First use the command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} | |
789 (@code{universal-coding-system-argument}); this command uses the | |
790 minibuffer to read a coding system name. After you exit the minibuffer, | |
791 the specified coding system is used for @emph{the immediately following | |
792 command}. | |
793 | |
794 So if the immediately following command is @kbd{C-x C-f}, for example, | |
795 it reads the file using that coding system (and records the coding | |
796 system for when the file is saved). Or if the immediately following | |
797 command is @kbd{C-x C-w}, it writes the file using that coding system. | |
798 Other file commands affected by a specified coding system include | |
799 @kbd{C-x C-i} and @kbd{C-x C-v}, as well as the other-window variants of | |
800 @kbd{C-x C-f}. | |
801 | |
802 @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} also affects commands that start subprocesses, | |
803 including @kbd{M-x shell} (@pxref{Shell}). | |
804 | |
805 However, if the immediately following command does not use the coding | |
806 system, then @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} ultimately has no effect. | |
807 | |
808 An easy way to visit a file with no conversion is with the @kbd{M-x | |
809 find-file-literally} command. @xref{Visiting}. | |
810 | |
811 @vindex default-buffer-file-coding-system | |
812 The variable @code{default-buffer-file-coding-system} specifies the | |
813 choice of coding system to use when you create a new file. It applies | |
814 when you find a new file, and when you create a buffer and then save it | |
815 in a file. Selecting a language environment typically sets this | |
816 variable to a good choice of default coding system for that language | |
817 environment. | |
818 | |
819 @kindex C-x RET t | |
820 @findex set-terminal-coding-system | |
821 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} t} (@code{set-terminal-coding-system}) | |
822 specifies the coding system for terminal output. If you specify a | |
823 character code for terminal output, all characters output to the | |
824 terminal are translated into that coding system. | |
825 | |
826 This feature is useful for certain character-only terminals built to | |
827 support specific languages or character sets---for example, European | |
828 terminals that support one of the ISO Latin character sets. You need to | |
829 specify the terminal coding system when using multibyte text, so that | |
830 Emacs knows which characters the terminal can actually handle. | |
831 | |
832 By default, output to the terminal is not translated at all, unless | |
833 Emacs can deduce the proper coding system from your terminal type. | |
834 | |
835 @kindex C-x RET k | |
836 @findex set-keyboard-coding-system | |
837 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} k} (@code{set-keyboard-coding-system}) | |
838 specifies the coding system for keyboard input. Character-code | |
839 translation of keyboard input is useful for terminals with keys that | |
840 send non-ASCII graphic characters---for example, some terminals designed | |
841 for ISO Latin-1 or subsets of it. | |
842 | |
843 By default, keyboard input is not translated at all. | |
844 | |
845 There is a similarity between using a coding system translation for | |
846 keyboard input, and using an input method: both define sequences of | |
847 keyboard input that translate into single characters. However, input | |
848 methods are designed to be convenient for interactive use by humans, and | |
849 the sequences that are translated are typically sequences of ASCII | |
850 printing characters. Coding systems typically translate sequences of | |
851 non-graphic characters. | |
852 | |
853 @kindex C-x RET x | |
854 @kindex C-x RET X | |
855 @findex set-selection-coding-system | |
856 @findex set-next-selection-coding-system | |
857 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} x} (@code{set-selection-coding-system}) | |
858 specifies the coding system for sending selected text to the window | |
859 system, and for receiving the text of selections made in other | |
860 applications. This command applies to all subsequent selections, until | |
861 you override it by using the command again. The command @kbd{C-x | |
862 @key{RET} X} (@code{set-next-selection-coding-system}) specifies the | |
863 coding system for the next selection made in Emacs or read by Emacs. | |
864 | |
865 @kindex C-x RET p | |
866 @findex set-buffer-process-coding-system | |
867 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} p} (@code{set-buffer-process-coding-system}) | |
868 specifies the coding system for input and output to a subprocess. This | |
869 command applies to the current buffer; normally, each subprocess has its | |
870 own buffer, and thus you can use this command to specify translation to | |
871 and from a particular subprocess by giving the command in the | |
872 corresponding buffer. | |
873 | |
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875 current language environment. |
25829 | 876 |
877 @vindex file-name-coding-system | |
878 The variable @code{file-name-coding-system} specifies a coding system | |
879 to use for encoding file names. If you set the variable to a coding | |
880 system name (as a Lisp symbol or a string), Emacs encodes file names | |
881 using that coding system for all file operations. This makes it | |
882 possible to use non-ASCII characters in file names---or, at least, those | |
883 non-ASCII characters which the specified coding system can encode. | |
884 | |
885 If @code{file-name-coding-system} is @code{nil}, Emacs uses a default | |
886 coding system determined by the selected language environment. In the | |
887 default language environment, any non-ASCII characters in file names are | |
888 not encoded specially; they appear in the file system using the internal | |
889 Emacs representation. | |
890 | |
891 @strong{Warning:} if you change @code{file-name-coding-system} (or the | |
892 language environment) in the middle of an Emacs session, problems can | |
893 result if you have already visited files whose names were encoded using | |
894 the earlier coding system and cannot be encoded (or are encoded | |
895 differently) under the new coding system. If you try to save one of | |
896 these buffers under the visited file name, saving may use the wrong file | |
897 name, or it may get an error. If such a problem happens, use @kbd{C-x | |
898 C-w} to specify a new file name for that buffer. | |
899 | |
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900 @vindex locale-coding-system |
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901 The variable @code{locale-coding-system} specifies a coding system to |
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902 use when encoding and decoding system strings such as system error |
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903 messages and @code{format-time-string} formats and time stamps. This |
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904 coding system should be compatible with the underlying system's coding |
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905 system, which is normally specified by the first environment variable in |
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906 the list @env{LC_ALL}, @env{LC_CTYPE}, @env{LANG} whose value is |
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907 nonempty. |
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908 |
25829 | 909 @node Fontsets |
910 @section Fontsets | |
911 @cindex fontsets | |
912 | |
913 A font for X Windows typically defines shapes for one alphabet or | |
914 script. Therefore, displaying the entire range of scripts that Emacs | |
915 supports requires a collection of many fonts. In Emacs, such a | |
916 collection is called a @dfn{fontset}. A fontset is defined by a list of | |
917 fonts, each assigned to handle a range of character codes. | |
918 | |
919 Each fontset has a name, like a font. The available X fonts are | |
920 defined by the X server; fontsets, however, are defined within Emacs | |
921 itself. Once you have defined a fontset, you can use it within Emacs by | |
922 specifying its name, anywhere that you could use a single font. Of | |
923 course, Emacs fontsets can use only the fonts that the X server | |
924 supports; if certain characters appear on the screen as hollow boxes, | |
925 this means that the fontset in use for them has no font for those | |
926 characters. | |
927 | |
928 Emacs creates two fontsets automatically: the @dfn{standard fontset} | |
929 and the @dfn{startup fontset}. The standard fontset is most likely to | |
930 have fonts for a wide variety of non-ASCII characters; however, this is | |
931 not the default for Emacs to use. (By default, Emacs tries to find a | |
932 font which has bold and italic variants.) You can specify use of the | |
933 standard fontset with the @samp{-fn} option, or with the @samp{Font} X | |
934 resource (@pxref{Font X}). For example, | |
935 | |
936 @example | |
937 emacs -fn fontset-standard | |
938 @end example | |
939 | |
940 A fontset does not necessarily specify a font for every character | |
941 code. If a fontset specifies no font for a certain character, or if it | |
942 specifies a font that does not exist on your system, then it cannot | |
943 display that character properly. It will display that character as an | |
944 empty box instead. | |
945 | |
946 @vindex highlight-wrong-size-font | |
947 The fontset height and width are determined by the ASCII characters | |
948 (that is, by the font used for ASCII characters in that fontset). If | |
949 another font in the fontset has a different height, or a different | |
950 width, then characters assigned to that font are clipped to the | |
951 fontset's size. If @code{highlight-wrong-size-font} is non-@code{nil}, | |
952 a box is displayed around these wrong-size characters as well. | |
953 | |
954 @node Defining Fontsets | |
955 @section Defining fontsets | |
956 | |
957 @vindex standard-fontset-spec | |
958 @cindex standard fontset | |
959 Emacs creates a standard fontset automatically according to the value | |
960 of @code{standard-fontset-spec}. This fontset's name is | |
961 | |
962 @example | |
963 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-16-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-standard | |
964 @end example | |
965 | |
966 @noindent | |
967 or just @samp{fontset-standard} for short. | |
968 | |
969 Bold, italic, and bold-italic variants of the standard fontset are | |
970 created automatically. Their names have @samp{bold} instead of | |
971 @samp{medium}, or @samp{i} instead of @samp{r}, or both. | |
972 | |
973 @cindex startup fontset | |
974 If you specify a default ASCII font with the @samp{Font} resource or | |
975 the @samp{-fn} argument, Emacs generates a fontset from it | |
976 automatically. This is the @dfn{startup fontset} and its name is | |
977 @code{fontset-startup}. It does this by replacing the @var{foundry}, | |
978 @var{family}, @var{add_style}, and @var{average_width} fields of the | |
979 font name with @samp{*}, replacing @var{charset_registry} field with | |
980 @samp{fontset}, and replacing @var{charset_encoding} field with | |
981 @samp{startup}, then using the resulting string to specify a fontset. | |
982 | |
983 For instance, if you start Emacs this way, | |
984 | |
985 @example | |
986 emacs -fn "*courier-medium-r-normal--14-140-*-iso8859-1" | |
987 @end example | |
988 | |
989 @noindent | |
990 Emacs generates the following fontset and uses it for the initial X | |
991 window frame: | |
992 | |
993 @example | |
994 -*-*-medium-r-normal-*-14-140-*-*-*-*-fontset-startup | |
995 @end example | |
996 | |
997 With the X resource @samp{Emacs.Font}, you can specify a fontset name | |
998 just like an actual font name. But be careful not to specify a fontset | |
999 name in a wildcard resource like @samp{Emacs*Font}---that wildcard | |
1000 specification applies to various other purposes, such as menus, and | |
1001 menus cannot handle fontsets. | |
1002 | |
1003 You can specify additional fontsets using X resources named | |
1004 @samp{Fontset-@var{n}}, where @var{n} is an integer starting from 0. | |
1005 The resource value should have this form: | |
1006 | |
1007 @smallexample | |
1008 @var{fontpattern}, @r{[}@var{charsetname}:@var{fontname}@r{]@dots{}} | |
1009 @end smallexample | |
1010 | |
1011 @noindent | |
1012 @var{fontpattern} should have the form of a standard X font name, except | |
1013 for the last two fields. They should have the form | |
1014 @samp{fontset-@var{alias}}. | |
1015 | |
1016 The fontset has two names, one long and one short. The long name is | |
1017 @var{fontpattern}. The short name is @samp{fontset-@var{alias}}. You | |
1018 can refer to the fontset by either name. | |
1019 | |
1020 The construct @samp{@var{charset}:@var{font}} specifies which font to | |
1021 use (in this fontset) for one particular character set. Here, | |
1022 @var{charset} is the name of a character set, and @var{font} is the | |
1023 font to use for that character set. You can use this construct any | |
1024 number of times in defining one fontset. | |
1025 | |
1026 For the other character sets, Emacs chooses a font based on | |
1027 @var{fontpattern}. It replaces @samp{fontset-@var{alias}} with values | |
1028 that describe the character set. For the ASCII character font, | |
1029 @samp{fontset-@var{alias}} is replaced with @samp{ISO8859-1}. | |
1030 | |
1031 In addition, when several consecutive fields are wildcards, Emacs | |
1032 collapses them into a single wildcard. This is to prevent use of | |
1033 auto-scaled fonts. Fonts made by scaling larger fonts are not usable | |
1034 for editing, and scaling a smaller font is not useful because it is | |
1035 better to use the smaller font in its own size, which Emacs does. | |
1036 | |
1037 Thus if @var{fontpattern} is this, | |
1038 | |
1039 @example | |
1040 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-24 | |
1041 @end example | |
1042 | |
1043 @noindent | |
1044 the font specification for ASCII characters would be this: | |
1045 | |
1046 @example | |
1047 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-ISO8859-1 | |
1048 @end example | |
1049 | |
1050 @noindent | |
1051 and the font specification for Chinese GB2312 characters would be this: | |
1052 | |
1053 @example | |
1054 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-gb2312*-* | |
1055 @end example | |
1056 | |
1057 You may not have any Chinese font matching the above font | |
1058 specification. Most X distributions include only Chinese fonts that | |
1059 have @samp{song ti} or @samp{fangsong ti} in @var{family} field. In | |
1060 such a case, @samp{Fontset-@var{n}} can be specified as below: | |
1061 | |
1062 @smallexample | |
1063 Emacs.Fontset-0: -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-24,\ | |
1064 chinese-gb2312:-*-*-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-gb2312*-* | |
1065 @end smallexample | |
1066 | |
1067 @noindent | |
1068 Then, the font specifications for all but Chinese GB2312 characters have | |
1069 @samp{fixed} in the @var{family} field, and the font specification for | |
1070 Chinese GB2312 characters has a wild card @samp{*} in the @var{family} | |
1071 field. | |
1072 | |
1073 @findex create-fontset-from-fontset-spec | |
1074 The function that processes the fontset resource value to create the | |
1075 fontset is called @code{create-fontset-from-fontset-spec}. You can also | |
1076 call this function explicitly to create a fontset. | |
1077 | |
1078 @xref{Font X}, for more information about font naming in X. | |
1079 | |
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1080 @node Single-Byte Character Support |
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1081 @section Single-byte Character Set Support |
25829 | 1082 |
1083 @cindex European character sets | |
1084 @cindex accented characters | |
1085 @cindex ISO Latin character sets | |
1086 @cindex Unibyte operation | |
1087 @vindex enable-multibyte-characters | |
1088 The ISO 8859 Latin-@var{n} character sets define character codes in | |
1089 the range 160 to 255 to handle the accented letters and punctuation | |
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1090 needed by various European languages (and some non-European ones). |
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1091 If you disable multibyte |
25829 | 1092 characters, Emacs can still handle @emph{one} of these character codes |
1093 at a time. To specify @emph{which} of these codes to use, invoke | |
1094 @kbd{M-x set-language-environment} and specify a suitable language | |
1095 environment such as @samp{Latin-@var{n}}. | |
1096 | |
1097 For more information about unibyte operation, see @ref{Enabling | |
1098 Multibyte}. Note particularly that you probably want to ensure that | |
1099 your initialization files are read as unibyte if they contain non-ASCII | |
1100 characters. | |
1101 | |
1102 @vindex unibyte-display-via-language-environment | |
1103 Emacs can also display those characters, provided the terminal or font | |
1104 in use supports them. This works automatically. Alternatively, if you | |
1105 are using a window system, Emacs can also display single-byte characters | |
1106 through fontsets, in effect by displaying the equivalent multibyte | |
1107 characters according to the current language environment. To request | |
1108 this, set the variable @code{unibyte-display-via-language-environment} | |
1109 to a non-@code{nil} value. | |
1110 | |
1111 @cindex @code{iso-ascii} library | |
1112 If your terminal does not support display of the Latin-1 character | |
1113 set, Emacs can display these characters as ASCII sequences which at | |
1114 least give you a clear idea of what the characters are. To do this, | |
1115 load the library @code{iso-ascii}. Similar libraries for other | |
1116 Latin-@var{n} character sets could be implemented, but we don't have | |
1117 them yet. | |
1118 | |
1119 @findex standard-display-8bit | |
1120 @cindex 8-bit display | |
1121 Normally non-ISO-8859 characters (between characters 128 and 159 | |
1122 inclusive) are displayed as octal escapes. You can change this for | |
1123 non-standard `extended' versions of ISO-8859 character sets by using the | |
1124 function @code{standard-display-8bit} in the @code{disp-table} library. | |
1125 | |
28552 | 1126 There are several ways you can input single-byte non-ASCII |
25829 | 1127 characters: |
1128 | |
1129 @itemize @bullet | |
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1130 @cindex 8-bit input |
25829 | 1131 @item |
1132 If your keyboard can generate character codes 128 and up, representing | |
31077 | 1133 non-ASCII characters, you can execute the following expression to enable |
1134 Emacs to understand them: | |
25829 | 1135 |
1136 @example | |
1137 (set-input-mode (car (current-input-mode)) | |
1138 (nth 1 (current-input-mode)) | |
1139 0) | |
1140 @end example | |
1141 | |
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1142 It is not necessary to do this under a window system which can |
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1143 distinguish 8-bit characters and Meta keys. If you do this on a normal |
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1144 terminal, you will probably need to use @kbd{ESC} to type Meta |
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1145 characters.@footnote{In some cases, such as the Linux console and |
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1146 @code{xterm}, you can arrange for Meta to be converted to @kbd{ESC} and |
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1147 still be able type 8-bit characters present directly on the keyboard or |
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1148 using @kbd{Compose} or @kbd{AltGr} keys.} @xref{User Input}. |
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1149 |
25829 | 1150 @item |
1151 You can use an input method for the selected language environment. | |
1152 @xref{Input Methods}. When you use an input method in a unibyte buffer, | |
1153 the non-ASCII character you specify with it is converted to unibyte. | |
1154 | |
1155 @kindex C-x 8 | |
1156 @cindex @code{iso-transl} library | |
31077 | 1157 @cindex compose character |
1158 @cindex dead character | |
25829 | 1159 @item |
1160 For Latin-1 only, you can use the | |
1161 key @kbd{C-x 8} as a ``compose character'' prefix for entry of | |
1162 non-ASCII Latin-1 printing characters. @kbd{C-x 8} is good for | |
1163 insertion (in the minibuffer as well as other buffers), for searching, | |
1164 and in any other context where a key sequence is allowed. | |
1165 | |
1166 @kbd{C-x 8} works by loading the @code{iso-transl} library. Once that | |
1167 library is loaded, the @key{ALT} modifier key, if you have one, serves | |
1168 the same purpose as @kbd{C-x 8}; use @key{ALT} together with an accent | |
1169 character to modify the following letter. In addition, if you have keys | |
1170 for the Latin-1 ``dead accent characters'', they too are defined to | |
1171 compose with the following character, once @code{iso-transl} is loaded. | |
28552 | 1172 Use @kbd{C-x 8 C-h} to list the available translations as mnemonic |
1173 command names. | |
1174 | |
31077 | 1175 @item |
28552 | 1176 @cindex @code{iso-acc} library |
31077 | 1177 @cindex ISO Accents mode |
1178 @findex iso-accents-mode | |
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1179 @cindex Latin-1, Latin-2 and Latin-3 input mode |
31204 | 1180 For Latin-1, Latin-2 and Latin-3, @kbd{M-x iso-accents-mode} installs a |
1181 minor mode which provides a facility like the @code{latin-1-prefix} | |
1182 input method but independent of the Leim package. This mode is | |
31205 | 1183 buffer-local. It can be customized for various languages with @kbd{M-x |
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1184 iso-accents-customize}. |
25829 | 1185 @end itemize |