Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/msdog-xtra.texi @ 75383:86da7b53d8e7 EMACS_PRETEST_22_0_93
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author | Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com> |
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date | Tue, 23 Jan 2007 00:57:48 +0000 |
parents | 3d45362f1d38 |
children | 02b9a9aa5b0c |
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70457 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
75348 | 2 @c Copyright (C) 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
70457 | 3 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
4 @c | |
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5 @c This file is included either in emacs-xtra.texi (when producing the |
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6 @c printed version) or in the main Emacs manual (for the on-line version). |
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7 @node MS-DOS |
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8 @section Emacs and MS-DOS |
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9 @cindex MS-DOG |
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10 @cindex MS-DOS peculiarities |
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11 |
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12 This section briefly describes the peculiarities of using Emacs on |
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13 the MS-DOS ``operating system'' (also known as ``MS-DOG''). |
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14 @iftex |
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15 Information about Emacs and Microsoft's current operating system |
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16 Windows (also known as ``Losedows) is in the main Emacs manual |
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17 (@pxref{Microsoft Systems,,, emacs, the Emacs Manual}). |
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18 @end iftex |
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19 @ifnottex |
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20 Information about peculiarities common to MS-DOS and Microsoft's |
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21 current operating systems Windows (also known as ``Losedows) is in |
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22 @ref{Microsoft Windows}. |
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23 @end ifnottex |
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24 |
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25 If you build Emacs for MS-DOS, the binary will also run on Windows |
70486 | 26 3.X, Windows NT, Windows 9X/ME, Windows 2000/XP, or OS/2 as a DOS |
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27 application; all of this chapter applies for all of those systems, if |
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28 you use an Emacs that was built for MS-DOS. |
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29 |
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30 @iftex |
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31 @xref{Text and Binary,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}, for information |
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32 @end iftex |
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33 @ifnottex |
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34 @xref{Text and Binary}, for information |
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35 @end ifnottex |
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36 about Emacs' special handling of text files under MS-DOS (and Windows). |
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37 |
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38 @menu |
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39 * Keyboard: MS-DOS Keyboard. Keyboard conventions on MS-DOS. |
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40 * Mouse: MS-DOS Mouse. Mouse conventions on MS-DOS. |
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41 * Display: MS-DOS Display. Fonts, frames and display size on MS-DOS. |
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42 * Files: MS-DOS File Names. File name conventions on MS-DOS. |
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43 * Printing: MS-DOS Printing. Printing specifics on MS-DOS. |
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44 * I18N: MS-DOS and MULE. Support for internationalization on MS-DOS. |
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45 * Processes: MS-DOS Processes. Running subprocesses on MS-DOS. |
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46 @end menu |
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47 |
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48 @node MS-DOS Keyboard |
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49 @subsection Keyboard Usage on MS-DOS |
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50 |
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51 @kindex DEL @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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52 @kindex BS @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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53 The key that is called @key{DEL} in Emacs (because that's how it is |
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54 designated on most workstations) is known as @key{BS} (backspace) on a |
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55 PC. That is why the PC-specific terminal initialization remaps the |
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56 @key{BS} key to act as @key{DEL}; the @key{DELETE} key is remapped to act |
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57 as @kbd{C-d} for the same reasons. |
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58 |
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59 @kindex C-g @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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60 @kindex C-BREAK @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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61 @cindex quitting on MS-DOS |
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62 Emacs built for MS-DOS recognizes @kbd{C-@key{BREAK}} as a quit |
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63 character, just like @kbd{C-g}. This is because Emacs cannot detect |
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64 that you have typed @kbd{C-g} until it is ready for more input. As a |
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65 consequence, you cannot use @kbd{C-g} to stop a running command |
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66 @iftex |
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67 (@pxref{Quitting,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}). |
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68 @end iftex |
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69 @ifnottex |
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70 (@pxref{Quitting}). |
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71 @end ifnottex |
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72 By contrast, @kbd{C-@key{BREAK}} @emph{is} detected as soon as you |
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73 type it (as @kbd{C-g} is on other systems), so it can be used to stop |
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74 a running command and for emergency escape |
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75 @iftex |
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76 (@pxref{Emergency Escape,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}). |
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77 @end iftex |
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78 @ifnottex |
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79 (@pxref{Emergency Escape}). |
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80 @end ifnottex |
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81 |
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82 @cindex Meta (under MS-DOS) |
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83 @cindex Hyper (under MS-DOS) |
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84 @cindex Super (under MS-DOS) |
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85 @vindex dos-super-key |
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86 @vindex dos-hyper-key |
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87 The PC keyboard maps use the left @key{ALT} key as the @key{META} key. |
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88 You have two choices for emulating the @key{SUPER} and @key{HYPER} keys: |
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89 choose either the right @key{CTRL} key or the right @key{ALT} key by |
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90 setting the variables @code{dos-hyper-key} and @code{dos-super-key} to 1 |
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91 or 2 respectively. If neither @code{dos-super-key} nor |
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92 @code{dos-hyper-key} is 1, then by default the right @key{ALT} key is |
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93 also mapped to the @key{META} key. However, if the MS-DOS international |
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94 keyboard support program @file{KEYB.COM} is installed, Emacs will |
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95 @emph{not} map the right @key{ALT} to @key{META}, since it is used for |
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96 accessing characters like @kbd{~} and @kbd{@@} on non-US keyboard |
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97 layouts; in this case, you may only use the left @key{ALT} as @key{META} |
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98 key. |
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99 |
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100 @kindex C-j @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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101 @vindex dos-keypad-mode |
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102 The variable @code{dos-keypad-mode} is a flag variable that controls |
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103 what key codes are returned by keys in the numeric keypad. You can also |
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104 define the keypad @key{ENTER} key to act like @kbd{C-j}, by putting the |
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105 following line into your @file{_emacs} file: |
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106 |
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107 @smallexample |
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108 ;; @r{Make the @key{ENTER} key from the numeric keypad act as @kbd{C-j}.} |
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109 (define-key function-key-map [kp-enter] [?\C-j]) |
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110 @end smallexample |
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111 |
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112 @node MS-DOS Mouse |
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113 @subsection Mouse Usage on MS-DOS |
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114 |
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115 @cindex mouse support under MS-DOS |
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116 Emacs on MS-DOS supports a mouse (on the default terminal only). |
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117 The mouse commands work as documented, including those that use menus |
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118 and the menu bar |
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119 @iftex |
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120 (@pxref{Menu Bar,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}). |
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121 @end iftex |
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122 @ifnottex |
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123 (@pxref{Menu Bar}). |
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124 @end ifnottex |
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125 Scroll bars don't work in MS-DOS Emacs. PC mice usually have only |
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126 two buttons; these act as @kbd{Mouse-1} and @kbd{Mouse-2}, but if you |
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127 press both of them together, that has the effect of @kbd{Mouse-3}. If |
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128 the mouse does have 3 buttons, Emacs detects that at startup, and all |
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129 the 3 buttons function normally, as on X. |
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130 |
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131 Help strings for menu-bar and pop-up menus are displayed in the echo |
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132 area when the mouse pointer moves across the menu items. Highlighting |
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133 of mouse-sensitive text |
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134 @iftex |
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135 (@pxref{Mouse References,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}) |
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136 @end iftex |
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137 @ifnottex |
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138 (@pxref{Mouse References}) |
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139 @end ifnottex |
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140 is also supported. |
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141 |
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142 @cindex mouse, set number of buttons |
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143 @findex msdos-set-mouse-buttons |
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144 Some versions of mouse drivers don't report the number of mouse |
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145 buttons correctly. For example, mice with a wheel report that they |
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146 have 3 buttons, but only 2 of them are passed to Emacs; the clicks on |
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147 the wheel, which serves as the middle button, are not passed. In |
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148 these cases, you can use the @kbd{M-x msdos-set-mouse-buttons} command |
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149 to tell Emacs how many mouse buttons to expect. You could make such a |
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150 setting permanent by adding this fragment to your @file{_emacs} init |
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151 file: |
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152 |
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153 @example |
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154 ;; @r{Treat the mouse like a 2-button mouse.} |
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155 (msdos-set-mouse-buttons 2) |
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156 @end example |
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157 |
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158 @cindex Windows clipboard support |
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159 Emacs built for MS-DOS supports clipboard operations when it runs on |
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160 Windows. Commands that put text on the kill ring, or yank text from |
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161 the ring, check the Windows clipboard first, just as Emacs does on the |
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162 X Window System |
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163 @iftex |
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164 (@pxref{Mouse Commands,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}). |
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165 @end iftex |
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166 @ifnottex |
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167 (@pxref{Mouse Commands}). |
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168 @end ifnottex |
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169 Only the primary selection and the cut buffer are supported by MS-DOS |
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170 Emacs on Windows; the secondary selection always appears as empty. |
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171 |
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172 Due to the way clipboard access is implemented by Windows, the |
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173 length of text you can put into the clipboard is limited by the amount |
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174 of free DOS memory that is available to Emacs. Usually, up to 620KB of |
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175 text can be put into the clipboard, but this limit depends on the system |
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176 configuration and is lower if you run Emacs as a subprocess of |
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177 another program. If the killed text does not fit, Emacs outputs a |
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178 message saying so, and does not put the text into the clipboard. |
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179 |
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180 Null characters also cannot be put into the Windows clipboard. If the |
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181 killed text includes null characters, Emacs does not put such text into |
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182 the clipboard, and displays in the echo area a message to that effect. |
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183 |
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184 @vindex dos-display-scancodes |
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185 The variable @code{dos-display-scancodes}, when non-@code{nil}, |
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186 directs Emacs to display the @acronym{ASCII} value and the keyboard scan code of |
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187 each keystroke; this feature serves as a complement to the |
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188 @code{view-lossage} command, for debugging. |
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189 |
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190 @node MS-DOS Display |
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191 @subsection Display on MS-DOS |
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192 @cindex faces under MS-DOS |
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193 @cindex fonts, emulating under MS-DOS |
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194 |
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195 Display on MS-DOS cannot use font variants, like bold or italic, but |
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196 it does support multiple faces, each of which can specify a foreground |
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197 and a background color. Therefore, you can get the full functionality |
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198 of Emacs packages that use fonts (such as @code{font-lock}, Enriched |
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199 Text mode, and others) by defining the relevant faces to use different |
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200 colors. Use the @code{list-colors-display} command |
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201 @iftex |
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202 (@pxref{Frame Parameters,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}) |
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203 @end iftex |
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204 @ifnottex |
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205 (@pxref{Frame Parameters}) |
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206 @end ifnottex |
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207 and the @code{list-faces-display} command |
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208 @iftex |
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209 (@pxref{Faces,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}) |
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210 @end iftex |
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211 @ifnottex |
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212 (@pxref{Faces}) |
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213 @end ifnottex |
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214 to see what colors and faces are available and what they look like. |
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215 |
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216 @xref{MS-DOS and MULE}, later in this chapter, for information on |
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217 how Emacs displays glyphs and characters that aren't supported by the |
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218 native font built into the DOS display. |
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219 |
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220 @cindex cursor shape on MS-DOS |
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221 When Emacs starts, it changes the cursor shape to a solid box. This |
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222 is for compatibility with other systems, where the box cursor is the |
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223 default in Emacs. This default shape can be changed to a bar by |
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224 specifying the @code{cursor-type} parameter in the variable |
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225 @code{default-frame-alist} |
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226 @iftex |
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227 (@pxref{Creating Frames,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}). |
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228 @end iftex |
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229 @ifnottex |
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230 (@pxref{Creating Frames}). |
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231 @end ifnottex |
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232 The MS-DOS terminal doesn't support a vertical-bar cursor, |
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233 so the bar cursor is horizontal, and the @code{@var{width}} parameter, |
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234 if specified by the frame parameters, actually determines its height. |
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235 For this reason, the @code{bar} and @code{hbar} cursor types produce |
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236 the same effect on MS-DOS. As an extension, the bar cursor |
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237 specification can include the starting scan line of the cursor as well |
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238 as its width, like this: |
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239 |
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240 @example |
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241 '(cursor-type bar @var{width} . @var{start}) |
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242 @end example |
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243 |
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244 @noindent |
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245 In addition, if the @var{width} parameter is negative, the cursor bar |
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246 begins at the top of the character cell. |
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247 |
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248 @cindex frames on MS-DOS |
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249 The MS-DOS terminal can only display a single frame at a time. The |
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250 Emacs frame facilities work on MS-DOS much as they do on text-only |
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251 terminals |
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252 @iftex |
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253 (@pxref{Frames,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}). |
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254 @end iftex |
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255 @ifnottex |
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256 (@pxref{Frames}). |
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257 @end ifnottex |
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258 When you run Emacs from a DOS window on MS-Windows, you can make the |
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259 visible frame smaller than the full screen, but Emacs still cannot |
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260 display more than a single frame at a time. |
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261 |
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262 @cindex frame size under MS-DOS |
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263 @findex mode4350 |
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264 @findex mode25 |
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265 The @code{mode4350} command switches the display to 43 or 50 |
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266 lines, depending on your hardware; the @code{mode25} command switches |
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267 to the default 80x25 screen size. |
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268 |
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269 By default, Emacs only knows how to set screen sizes of 80 columns by |
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270 25, 28, 35, 40, 43 or 50 rows. However, if your video adapter has |
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271 special video modes that will switch the display to other sizes, you can |
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272 have Emacs support those too. When you ask Emacs to switch the frame to |
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273 @var{n} rows by @var{m} columns dimensions, it checks if there is a |
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274 variable called @code{screen-dimensions-@var{n}x@var{m}}, and if so, |
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275 uses its value (which must be an integer) as the video mode to switch |
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276 to. (Emacs switches to that video mode by calling the BIOS @code{Set |
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277 Video Mode} function with the value of |
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278 @code{screen-dimensions-@var{n}x@var{m}} in the @code{AL} register.) |
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279 For example, suppose your adapter will switch to 66x80 dimensions when |
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280 put into video mode 85. Then you can make Emacs support this screen |
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281 size by putting the following into your @file{_emacs} file: |
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282 |
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283 @example |
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284 (setq screen-dimensions-66x80 85) |
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285 @end example |
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286 |
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287 Since Emacs on MS-DOS can only set the frame size to specific |
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288 supported dimensions, it cannot honor every possible frame resizing |
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289 request. When an unsupported size is requested, Emacs chooses the next |
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290 larger supported size beyond the specified size. For example, if you |
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291 ask for 36x80 frame, you will get 40x80 instead. |
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292 |
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293 The variables @code{screen-dimensions-@var{n}x@var{m}} are used only |
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294 when they exactly match the specified size; the search for the next |
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295 larger supported size ignores them. In the above example, even if your |
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296 VGA supports 38x80 dimensions and you define a variable |
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297 @code{screen-dimensions-38x80} with a suitable value, you will still get |
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298 40x80 screen when you ask for a 36x80 frame. If you want to get the |
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299 38x80 size in this case, you can do it by setting the variable named |
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300 @code{screen-dimensions-36x80} with the same video mode value as |
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301 @code{screen-dimensions-38x80}. |
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302 |
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303 Changing frame dimensions on MS-DOS has the effect of changing all the |
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304 other frames to the new dimensions. |
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305 |
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306 @node MS-DOS File Names |
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307 @subsection File Names on MS-DOS |
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308 @cindex file names under MS-DOS |
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309 @cindex init file, default name under MS-DOS |
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310 |
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311 On MS-DOS, file names are case-insensitive and limited to eight |
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312 characters, plus optionally a period and three more characters. Emacs |
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313 knows enough about these limitations to handle file names that were |
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314 meant for other operating systems. For instance, leading dots |
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315 @samp{.} in file names are invalid in MS-DOS, so Emacs transparently |
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316 converts them to underscores @samp{_}; thus your default init file |
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317 @iftex |
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318 (@pxref{Init File,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}) |
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319 @end iftex |
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320 @ifnottex |
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321 (@pxref{Init File}) |
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322 @end ifnottex |
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323 is called @file{_emacs} on MS-DOS. Excess characters before or after |
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324 the period are generally ignored by MS-DOS itself; thus, if you visit |
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325 the file @file{LongFileName.EvenLongerExtension}, you will silently |
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326 get @file{longfile.eve}, but Emacs will still display the long file |
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327 name on the mode line. Other than that, it's up to you to specify |
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328 file names which are valid under MS-DOS; the transparent conversion as |
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329 described above only works on file names built into Emacs. |
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330 |
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331 @cindex backup file names on MS-DOS |
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332 The above restrictions on the file names on MS-DOS make it almost |
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333 impossible to construct the name of a backup file |
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334 @iftex |
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335 (@pxref{Backup Names,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}) |
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336 @end iftex |
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337 @ifnottex |
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338 (@pxref{Backup Names}) |
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339 @end ifnottex |
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340 without losing some of the original file name characters. For |
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341 example, the name of a backup file for @file{docs.txt} is |
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342 @file{docs.tx~} even if single backup is used. |
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343 |
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344 @cindex file names under Windows 95/NT |
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345 @cindex long file names in DOS box under Windows 95/NT |
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346 If you run Emacs as a DOS application under Windows 9X, Windows ME, or |
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348 that, Emacs doesn't truncate file names or convert them to lower case; |
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349 instead, it uses the file names that you specify, verbatim. To enable |
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350 long file name support, set the environment variable @env{LFN} to |
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351 @samp{y} before starting Emacs. Unfortunately, Windows NT doesn't allow |
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352 DOS programs to access long file names, so Emacs built for MS-DOS will |
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353 only see their short 8+3 aliases. |
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354 |
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355 @cindex @env{HOME} directory under MS-DOS |
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356 MS-DOS has no notion of home directory, so Emacs on MS-DOS pretends |
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357 that the directory where it is installed is the value of the @env{HOME} |
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358 environment variable. That is, if your Emacs binary, |
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359 @file{emacs.exe}, is in the directory @file{c:/utils/emacs/bin}, then |
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360 Emacs acts as if @env{HOME} were set to @samp{c:/utils/emacs}. In |
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361 particular, that is where Emacs looks for the init file @file{_emacs}. |
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362 With this in mind, you can use @samp{~} in file names as an alias for |
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363 the home directory, as you would on GNU or Unix. You can also set |
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364 @env{HOME} variable in the environment before starting Emacs; its |
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365 value will then override the above default behavior. |
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366 |
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367 Emacs on MS-DOS handles the directory name @file{/dev} specially, |
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368 because of a feature in the emulator libraries of DJGPP that pretends |
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369 I/O devices have names in that directory. We recommend that you avoid |
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370 using an actual directory named @file{/dev} on any disk. |
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371 |
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372 @node MS-DOS Printing |
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373 @subsection Printing and MS-DOS |
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374 |
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375 Printing commands, such as @code{lpr-buffer} |
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376 @iftex |
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377 (@pxref{Printing,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}) and @code{ps-print-buffer} |
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378 (@pxref{PostScript,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}) |
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379 @end iftex |
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380 @ifnottex |
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381 (@pxref{Printing}) and @code{ps-print-buffer} (@pxref{PostScript}) |
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382 @end ifnottex |
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383 can work on MS-DOS by sending the output to one of the printer ports, |
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384 if a Posix-style @code{lpr} program is unavailable. The same Emacs |
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385 variables control printing on all systems, but in some cases they have |
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386 different default values on MS-DOS. |
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387 |
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388 @iftex |
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389 @xref{Windows Printing,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}, |
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390 @end iftex |
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391 @ifnottex |
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392 @xref{Windows Printing}, |
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393 @end ifnottex |
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394 for details about setting up printing to a networked printer. |
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395 |
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396 Some printers expect DOS codepage encoding of non-@acronym{ASCII} text, even |
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397 though they are connected to a Windows machine which uses a different |
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398 encoding for the same locale. For example, in the Latin-1 locale, DOS |
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399 uses codepage 850 whereas Windows uses codepage 1252. @xref{MS-DOS and |
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400 MULE}. When you print to such printers from Windows, you can use the |
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401 @kbd{C-x RET c} (@code{universal-coding-system-argument}) command before |
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402 @kbd{M-x lpr-buffer}; Emacs will then convert the text to the DOS |
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403 codepage that you specify. For example, @kbd{C-x RET c cp850-dos RET |
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404 M-x lpr-region RET} will print the region while converting it to the |
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405 codepage 850 encoding. You may need to create the @code{cp@var{nnn}} |
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406 coding system with @kbd{M-x codepage-setup}. |
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407 |
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408 @vindex dos-printer |
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409 @vindex dos-ps-printer |
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410 For backwards compatibility, the value of @code{dos-printer} |
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411 (@code{dos-ps-printer}), if it has a value, overrides the value of |
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412 @code{printer-name} (@code{ps-printer-name}), on MS-DOS. |
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413 |
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414 |
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415 @node MS-DOS and MULE |
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416 @subsection International Support on MS-DOS |
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417 @cindex international support @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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418 |
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419 Emacs on MS-DOS supports the same international character sets as it |
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420 does on GNU, Unix and other platforms |
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421 @iftex |
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422 (@pxref{International,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}), |
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423 @end iftex |
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424 @ifnottex |
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425 (@pxref{International}), |
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426 @end ifnottex |
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427 including coding systems for converting between the different |
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428 character sets. However, due to incompatibilities between |
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429 MS-DOS/MS-Windows and other systems, there are several DOS-specific |
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430 aspects of this support that you should be aware of. This section |
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431 describes these aspects. |
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432 |
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433 The description below is largely specific to the MS-DOS port of |
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434 Emacs, especially where it talks about practical implications for |
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435 Emacs users. For other operating systems, see the @file{code-pages.el} |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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436 package, which implements support for MS-DOS- and MS-Windows-specific |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
437 encodings for all platforms other than MS-DOS. |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
438 |
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439 @table @kbd |
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440 @item M-x dos-codepage-setup |
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441 Set up Emacs display and coding systems as appropriate for the current |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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442 DOS codepage. |
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|
443 |
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444 @item M-x codepage-setup |
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445 Create a coding system for a certain DOS codepage. |
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446 @end table |
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447 |
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448 @cindex codepage, MS-DOS |
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449 @cindex DOS codepages |
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450 MS-DOS is designed to support one character set of 256 characters at |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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451 any given time, but gives you a variety of character sets to choose |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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452 from. The alternative character sets are known as @dfn{DOS codepages}. |
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453 Each codepage includes all 128 @acronym{ASCII} characters, but the other 128 |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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454 characters (codes 128 through 255) vary from one codepage to another. |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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455 Each DOS codepage is identified by a 3-digit number, such as 850, 862, |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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456 etc. |
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|
457 |
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458 In contrast to X, which lets you use several fonts at the same time, |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
459 MS-DOS normally doesn't allow use of several codepages in a single |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
460 session. MS-DOS was designed to load a single codepage at system |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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461 startup, and require you to reboot in order to change |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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462 it@footnote{Normally, one particular codepage is burnt into the |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
463 display memory, while other codepages can be installed by modifying |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
464 system configuration files, such as @file{CONFIG.SYS}, and rebooting. |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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465 While there is third-party software that allows changing the codepage |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
466 without rebooting, we describe here how a stock MS-DOS system |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
467 behaves.}. Much the same limitation applies when you run DOS |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
468 executables on other systems such as MS-Windows. |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
469 |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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470 @cindex unibyte operation @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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471 If you invoke Emacs on MS-DOS with the @samp{--unibyte} option |
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472 @iftex |
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473 (@pxref{Initial Options,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}), |
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474 @end iftex |
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475 @ifnottex |
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476 (@pxref{Initial Options}), |
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477 @end ifnottex |
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478 Emacs does not perform any conversion of non-@acronym{ASCII} |
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479 characters. Instead, it reads and writes any non-@acronym{ASCII} |
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480 characters verbatim, and sends their 8-bit codes to the display |
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481 verbatim. Thus, unibyte Emacs on MS-DOS supports the current |
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482 codepage, whatever it may be, but cannot even represent any other |
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483 characters. |
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484 |
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485 @vindex dos-codepage |
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486 For multibyte operation on MS-DOS, Emacs needs to know which |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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487 characters the chosen DOS codepage can display. So it queries the |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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488 system shortly after startup to get the chosen codepage number, and |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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489 stores the number in the variable @code{dos-codepage}. Some systems |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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490 return the default value 437 for the current codepage, even though the |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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491 actual codepage is different. (This typically happens when you use the |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
492 codepage built into the display hardware.) You can specify a different |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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493 codepage for Emacs to use by setting the variable @code{dos-codepage} in |
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494 your init file. |
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|
495 |
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496 @cindex language environment, automatic selection on @r{MS-DOS} |
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497 Multibyte Emacs supports only certain DOS codepages: those which can |
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498 display Far-Eastern scripts, like the Japanese codepage 932, and those |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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499 that encode a single ISO 8859 character set. |
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|
500 |
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501 The Far-Eastern codepages can directly display one of the MULE |
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502 character sets for these countries, so Emacs simply sets up to use the |
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|
503 appropriate terminal coding system that is supported by the codepage. |
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504 The special features described in the rest of this section mostly |
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505 pertain to codepages that encode ISO 8859 character sets. |
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|
506 |
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507 For the codepages which correspond to one of the ISO character sets, |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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508 Emacs knows the character set name based on the codepage number. Emacs |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
509 automatically creates a coding system to support reading and writing |
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510 files that use the current codepage, and uses this coding system by |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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511 default. The name of this coding system is @code{cp@var{nnn}}, where |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
512 @var{nnn} is the codepage number.@footnote{The standard Emacs coding |
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|
513 systems for ISO 8859 are not quite right for the purpose, because |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
514 typically the DOS codepage does not match the standard ISO character |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
515 codes. For example, the letter @samp{@,{c}} (@samp{c} with cedilla) has |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
516 code 231 in the standard Latin-1 character set, but the corresponding |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
517 DOS codepage 850 uses code 135 for this glyph.} |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
518 |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
519 @cindex mode line @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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parents:
diff
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|
520 All the @code{cp@var{nnn}} coding systems use the letter @samp{D} |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
521 (for ``DOS'') as their mode-line mnemonic. Since both the terminal |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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parents:
diff
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|
522 coding system and the default coding system for file I/O are set to |
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523 the proper @code{cp@var{nnn}} coding system at startup, it is normal |
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524 for the mode line on MS-DOS to begin with @samp{-DD\-}. |
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|
525 @iftex |
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526 @xref{Mode Line,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}. |
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527 @end iftex |
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528 @ifnottex |
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529 @xref{Mode Line}. |
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530 @end ifnottex |
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531 Far-Eastern DOS terminals do not use the @code{cp@var{nnn}} coding |
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532 systems, and thus their initial mode line looks like the Emacs |
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|
533 default. |
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|
534 |
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|
535 Since the codepage number also indicates which script you are using, |
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|
536 Emacs automatically runs @code{set-language-environment} to select the |
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|
537 language environment for that script |
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|
538 @iftex |
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539 (@pxref{Language Environments,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}). |
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|
540 @end iftex |
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541 @ifnottex |
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542 (@pxref{Language Environments}). |
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543 @end ifnottex |
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544 |
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545 If a buffer contains a character belonging to some other ISO 8859 |
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546 character set, not the one that the chosen DOS codepage supports, Emacs |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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547 displays it using a sequence of @acronym{ASCII} characters. For example, if the |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
548 current codepage doesn't have a glyph for the letter @samp{@`o} (small |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
549 @samp{o} with a grave accent), it is displayed as @samp{@{`o@}}, where |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
550 the braces serve as a visual indication that this is a single character. |
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551 (This may look awkward for some non-Latin characters, such as those from |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
552 Greek or Hebrew alphabets, but it is still readable by a person who |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
553 knows the language.) Even though the character may occupy several |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
554 columns on the screen, it is really still just a single character, and |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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555 all Emacs commands treat it as one. |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
556 |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
557 @cindex IBM graphics characters (MS-DOS) |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
558 @cindex box-drawing characters (MS-DOS) |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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559 @cindex line-drawing characters (MS-DOS) |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
560 Not all characters in DOS codepages correspond to ISO 8859 |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
561 characters---some are used for other purposes, such as box-drawing |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
562 characters and other graphics. Emacs maps these characters to two |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
563 special character sets called @code{eight-bit-control} and |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
564 @code{eight-bit-graphic}, and displays them as their IBM glyphs. |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
565 However, you should be aware that other systems might display these |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
566 characters differently, so you should avoid them in text that might be |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
567 copied to a different operating system, or even to another DOS machine |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
568 that uses a different codepage. |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
569 |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
570 @vindex dos-unsupported-character-glyph |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
571 Emacs supports many other characters sets aside from ISO 8859, but it |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
572 cannot display them on MS-DOS. So if one of these multibyte characters |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
573 appears in a buffer, Emacs on MS-DOS displays them as specified by the |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
574 @code{dos-unsupported-character-glyph} variable; by default, this glyph |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
575 is an empty triangle. Use the @kbd{C-u C-x =} command to display the |
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576 actual code and character set of such characters. |
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|
577 @iftex |
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|
578 @xref{Position Info,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}. |
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579 @end iftex |
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580 @ifnottex |
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|
581 @xref{Position Info}. |
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|
582 @end ifnottex |
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583 |
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|
584 @findex codepage-setup |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
585 By default, Emacs defines a coding system to support the current |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
586 codepage. To define a coding system for some other codepage (e.g., to |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
587 visit a file written on a DOS machine in another country), use the |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
588 @kbd{M-x codepage-setup} command. It prompts for the 3-digit code of |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
589 the codepage, with completion, then creates the coding system for the |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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parents:
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|
590 specified codepage. You can then use the new coding system to read and |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
591 write files, but you must specify it explicitly for the file command |
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|
592 when you want to use it |
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|
593 @iftex |
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|
594 (@pxref{Text Coding,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}). |
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|
595 @end iftex |
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|
596 @ifnottex |
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|
597 (@pxref{Text Coding}). |
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598 @end ifnottex |
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|
599 |
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|
600 These coding systems are also useful for visiting a file encoded using |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
601 a DOS codepage, using Emacs running on some other operating system. |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
602 |
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|
603 @cindex MS-Windows codepages |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
604 MS-Windows provides its own codepages, which are different from the |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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diff
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|
605 DOS codepages for the same locale. For example, DOS codepage 850 |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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parents:
diff
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|
606 supports the same character set as Windows codepage 1252; DOS codepage |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
607 855 supports the same character set as Windows codepage 1251, etc. |
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|
608 The MS-Windows version of Emacs uses the current codepage for display |
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609 when invoked with the @samp{-nw} option. Support for codepages in the |
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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|
610 Windows port of Emacs is part of the @file{code-pages.el} package. |
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|
611 |
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612 @node MS-DOS Processes |
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|
613 @subsection Subprocesses on MS-DOS |
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|
614 |
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|
615 @cindex compilation under MS-DOS |
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616 @cindex inferior processes under MS-DOS |
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|
617 @findex compile @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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|
618 @findex grep @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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|
619 Because MS-DOS is a single-process ``operating system,'' |
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|
620 asynchronous subprocesses are not available. In particular, Shell |
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|
621 mode and its variants do not work. Most Emacs features that use |
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|
622 asynchronous subprocesses also don't work on MS-DOS, including |
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|
623 Shell mode and GUD. When in doubt, try and see; commands that |
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|
624 don't work output an error message saying that asynchronous processes |
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|
625 aren't supported. |
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|
626 |
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|
627 Compilation under Emacs with @kbd{M-x compile}, searching files with |
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|
628 @kbd{M-x grep} and displaying differences between files with @kbd{M-x |
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|
629 diff} do work, by running the inferior processes synchronously. This |
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|
630 means you cannot do any more editing until the inferior process |
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|
631 finishes. |
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|
632 |
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|
633 Spell checking also works, by means of special support for synchronous |
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|
634 invocation of the @code{ispell} program. This is slower than the |
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|
635 asynchronous invocation on other platforms |
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|
636 |
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|
637 Instead of the Shell mode, which doesn't work on MS-DOS, you can use |
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|
638 the @kbd{M-x eshell} command. This invokes the Eshell package that |
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|
639 implements a Posix-like shell entirely in Emacs Lisp. |
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|
640 |
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|
641 By contrast, Emacs compiled as a native Windows application |
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642 @strong{does} support asynchronous subprocesses. |
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643 @iftex |
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644 @xref{Windows Processes,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}. |
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645 @end iftex |
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646 @ifnottex |
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647 @xref{Windows Processes}. |
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648 @end ifnottex |
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649 |
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650 @cindex printing under MS-DOS |
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651 Printing commands, such as @code{lpr-buffer} |
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652 @iftex |
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653 (@pxref{Printing,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}) and |
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654 @code{ps-print-buffer} (@pxref{PostScript,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}), |
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655 work in MS-DOS by sending the output to one of the printer ports. |
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656 @xref{MS-DOS Printing,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}. |
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657 @end iftex |
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658 @ifnottex |
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659 (@pxref{Printing}) and @code{ps-print-buffer} (@pxref{PostScript}), |
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660 work in MS-DOS by sending the output to one of the printer ports. |
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661 @xref{MS-DOS Printing}. |
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662 @end ifnottex |
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663 |
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664 When you run a subprocess synchronously on MS-DOS, make sure the |
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665 program terminates and does not try to read keyboard input. If the |
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666 program does not terminate on its own, you will be unable to terminate |
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667 it, because MS-DOS provides no general way to terminate a process. |
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668 Pressing @kbd{C-c} or @kbd{C-@key{BREAK}} might sometimes help in these |
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669 cases. |
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670 |
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671 Accessing files on other machines is not supported on MS-DOS. Other |
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672 network-oriented commands such as sending mail, Web browsing, remote |
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673 login, etc., don't work either, unless network access is built into |
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674 MS-DOS with some network redirector. |
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675 |
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676 @cindex directory listing on MS-DOS |
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677 @vindex dired-listing-switches @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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678 Dired on MS-DOS uses the @code{ls-lisp} package where other |
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679 platforms use the system @code{ls} command. Therefore, Dired on |
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680 MS-DOS supports only some of the possible options you can mention in |
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681 the @code{dired-listing-switches} variable. The options that work are |
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682 @samp{-A}, @samp{-a}, @samp{-c}, @samp{-i}, @samp{-r}, @samp{-S}, |
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683 @samp{-s}, @samp{-t}, and @samp{-u}. |
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685 @ignore | |
686 arch-tag: 868d50ff-07f8-4a13-a807-dab6f1cdb431 | |
687 @end ignore |