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annotate man/custom.texi @ 66424:86f81b226b02
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author | Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca> |
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date | Tue, 25 Oct 2005 04:58:35 +0000 |
parents | 72170abe8953 |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001, |
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3 @c 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node Customization, Quitting, Amusements, Top | |
6 @chapter Customization | |
7 @cindex customization | |
8 | |
9 This chapter talks about various topics relevant to adapting the | |
10 behavior of Emacs in minor ways. See @cite{The Emacs Lisp Reference | |
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11 Manual} for how to make more far-reaching changes. @xref{X Resources}, |
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12 for information on using X resources to customize Emacs. |
25829 | 13 |
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14 Customization that you do within Emacs normally affects only the |
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15 particular Emacs session that you do it in---it does not persist |
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16 between sessions unless you save the customization in a file such as |
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17 @file{.emacs} or @file{.Xdefaults} that will affect future sessions. |
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18 @xref{Init File}. In the customization buffer, when you save |
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19 customizations for future sessions, this actually works by editing |
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20 @file{.emacs} for you. |
25829 | 21 |
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22 Another means of customization is the keyboard macro, which is a |
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23 sequence of keystrokes to be replayed with a single command. |
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24 @xref{Keyboard Macros}, for full instruction how to record, manage, and |
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25 replay sequences of keys. |
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26 |
25829 | 27 @menu |
28 * Minor Modes:: Each minor mode is one feature you can turn on | |
29 independently of any others. | |
62475 | 30 * Easy Customization:: Convenient way to browse and change user options. |
25829 | 31 * Variables:: Many Emacs commands examine Emacs variables |
32 to decide what to do; by setting variables, | |
33 you can control their functioning. | |
34 * Key Bindings:: The keymaps say what command each key runs. | |
35 By changing them, you can "redefine keys". | |
36 * Syntax:: The syntax table controls how words and | |
62475 | 37 expressions are parsed. |
25829 | 38 * Init File:: How to write common customizations in the |
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39 @file{.emacs} file. |
25829 | 40 @end menu |
41 | |
42 @node Minor Modes | |
43 @section Minor Modes | |
44 @cindex minor modes | |
45 @cindex mode, minor | |
46 | |
47 Minor modes are optional features which you can turn on or off. For | |
48 example, Auto Fill mode is a minor mode in which @key{SPC} breaks lines | |
49 between words as you type. All the minor modes are independent of each | |
50 other and of the selected major mode. Most minor modes say in the mode | |
51 line when they are on; for example, @samp{Fill} in the mode line means | |
52 that Auto Fill mode is on. | |
53 | |
54 Append @code{-mode} to the name of a minor mode to get the name of a | |
55 command function that turns the mode on or off. Thus, the command to | |
56 enable or disable Auto Fill mode is called @kbd{M-x auto-fill-mode}. These | |
57 commands are usually invoked with @kbd{M-x}, but you can bind keys to them | |
58 if you wish. With no argument, the function turns the mode on if it was | |
59 off and off if it was on. This is known as @dfn{toggling}. A positive | |
60 argument always turns the mode on, and an explicit zero argument or a | |
61 negative argument always turns it off. | |
62 | |
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63 Some minor modes are global: while enabled, they affect everything |
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64 you do in the Emacs session, in all buffers. Other minor modes are |
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65 buffer-local; they apply only to the current buffer, so you can enable |
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66 the mode in certain buffers and not others. |
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67 |
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68 For most minor modes, the command name is also the name of a |
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69 variable which directly controls the mode. The mode is enabled |
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70 whenever this variable's value is non-@code{nil}, and the minor-mode |
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71 command works by setting the variable. For example, the command |
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72 @code{outline-minor-mode} works by setting the value of |
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73 @code{outline-minor-mode} as a variable; it is this variable that |
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74 directly turns Outline minor mode on and off. To check whether a |
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75 given minor mode works this way, use @kbd{C-h v} to ask for |
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76 documentation on the variable name. |
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77 |
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78 These minor-mode variables provide a good way for Lisp programs to |
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79 turn minor modes on and off; they are also useful in a file's local |
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80 variables list (@pxref{File Variables}). But please think twice |
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81 before setting minor modes with a local variables list, because most |
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82 minor modes are a matter of user preference---other users editing the |
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83 same file might not want the same minor modes you prefer. |
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84 |
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85 The most useful buffer-local minor modes include Abbrev mode, Auto |
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86 Fill mode, Auto Save mode, Font-Lock mode, Glasses mode, ISO Accents |
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87 mode, Outline minor mode, Overwrite mode, and Binary Overwrite mode. |
25829 | 88 |
89 Abbrev mode allows you to define abbreviations that automatically expand | |
90 as you type them. For example, @samp{amd} might expand to @samp{abbrev | |
91 mode}. @xref{Abbrevs}, for full information. | |
92 | |
93 Auto Fill mode allows you to enter filled text without breaking lines | |
94 explicitly. Emacs inserts newlines as necessary to prevent lines from | |
95 becoming too long. @xref{Filling}. | |
96 | |
97 Auto Save mode causes the contents of a buffer to be saved | |
98 periodically to reduce the amount of work you can lose in case of a | |
99 system crash. @xref{Auto Save}. | |
100 | |
101 Enriched mode enables editing and saving of formatted text. | |
102 @xref{Formatted Text}. | |
103 | |
104 Flyspell mode automatically highlights misspelled words. | |
105 @xref{Spelling}. | |
106 | |
107 Font-Lock mode automatically highlights certain textual units found in | |
108 programs, such as comments, strings, and function names being defined. | |
109 This requires a window system that can display multiple fonts. | |
110 @xref{Faces}. | |
111 | |
112 ISO Accents mode makes the characters @samp{`}, @samp{'}, @samp{"}, | |
113 @samp{^}, @samp{/} and @samp{~} combine with the following letter, to | |
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114 produce an accented letter in the ISO Latin-1 character set. The |
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115 newer and more general feature of input methods more or less |
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116 supersedes ISO Accents mode. @xref{Single-Byte Character Support}. |
25829 | 117 |
118 Outline minor mode provides the same facilities as the major mode | |
119 called Outline mode; but since it is a minor mode instead, you can | |
120 combine it with any major mode. @xref{Outline Mode}. | |
121 | |
122 @cindex Overwrite mode | |
123 @cindex mode, Overwrite | |
124 Overwrite mode causes ordinary printing characters to replace existing | |
125 text instead of shoving it to the right. For example, if point is in | |
126 front of the @samp{B} in @samp{FOOBAR}, then in Overwrite mode typing a | |
127 @kbd{G} changes it to @samp{FOOGAR}, instead of producing @samp{FOOGBAR} | |
128 as usual. In Overwrite mode, the command @kbd{C-q} inserts the next | |
129 character whatever it may be, even if it is a digit---this gives you a | |
130 way to insert a character instead of replacing an existing character. | |
131 | |
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132 @findex overwrite-mode |
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133 @kindex INSERT |
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134 The command @code{overwrite-mode} is an exception to the rule that |
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135 commands which toggle minor modes are normally not bound to keys: it is |
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136 bound to the @key{INSERT} function key. This is because many other |
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137 programs bind @key{INSERT} to similar functions. |
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138 |
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139 @findex binary-overwrite-mode |
25829 | 140 Binary Overwrite mode is a variant of Overwrite mode for editing |
141 binary files; it treats newlines and tabs like other characters, so that | |
142 they overwrite other characters and can be overwritten by them. | |
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143 In Binary Overwrite mode, digits after @kbd{C-q} specify an |
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144 octal character code, as usual. |
25829 | 145 |
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146 Here are some useful minor modes that normally apply to all buffers |
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147 at once. Since each is enabled or disabled by the value of a |
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148 variable, you @emph{can} set them differently for particular buffers, |
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149 by explicitly making the corresponding variables local in those |
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150 buffers. @xref{Locals}. |
25829 | 151 |
152 Icomplete mode displays an indication of available completions when | |
153 you are in the minibuffer and completion is active. @xref{Completion | |
154 Options}. | |
155 | |
156 Line Number mode enables continuous display in the mode line of the | |
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157 line number of point, and Column Number mode enables display of the |
28126 | 158 column number. @xref{Mode Line}. |
25829 | 159 |
160 Scroll Bar mode gives each window a scroll bar (@pxref{Scroll Bars}). | |
161 Menu Bar mode gives each frame a menu bar (@pxref{Menu Bars}). Both of | |
162 these modes are enabled by default when you use the X Window System. | |
163 | |
164 In Transient Mark mode, every change in the buffer contents | |
165 ``deactivates'' the mark, so that commands that operate on the region | |
166 will get an error. This means you must either set the mark, or | |
167 explicitly ``reactivate'' it, before each command that uses the region. | |
168 The advantage of Transient Mark mode is that Emacs can display the | |
28126 | 169 region highlighted (currently only when using X). @xref{Mark}. |
25829 | 170 |
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171 @node Easy Customization |
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172 @section Easy Customization Interface |
25829 | 173 |
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174 @cindex user option |
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175 Emacs has many @dfn{user options} which have values that you can set |
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176 in order to customize various commands. Many user options are |
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177 documented in this manual. Most user options are actually Lisp |
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178 variables (@pxref{Variables}), so their names appear in the Variable |
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179 Index (@pxref{Variable Index}). The rest are faces and their |
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180 attributes (@pxref{Faces}). |
25829 | 181 |
182 @findex customize | |
183 @cindex customization buffer | |
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184 You can browse interactively through the user options and change |
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185 some of them using @kbd{M-x customize}. This command creates a |
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186 @dfn{customization buffer}, which offers commands to navigate through |
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187 a logically organized structure of the Emacs user options; you can |
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188 also use it to edit and set their values, and to save settings |
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189 permanently in your @file{~/.emacs} file (@pxref{Init File}). |
25829 | 190 |
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191 The appearance of the example buffers in this section is typically |
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192 different under a window system, since faces are then used to indicate |
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193 the active fields and other features. |
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194 |
25829 | 195 @menu |
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196 * Groups: Customization Groups. How options are classified in a structure. |
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197 * Changing a Variable:: How to edit a value and set an option. |
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198 * Saving Customizations:: Details of saving customizations. |
25829 | 199 * Face Customization:: How to edit the attributes of a face. |
200 * Specific Customization:: Making a customization buffer for specific | |
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201 variables, faces, or groups. |
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202 * Custom Themes:: How to define collections of customized options |
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203 that can be loaded and unloaded together. |
25829 | 204 @end menu |
205 | |
206 @node Customization Groups | |
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207 @subsection Customization Groups |
25829 | 208 @cindex customization groups |
209 | |
210 For customization purposes, user options are organized into | |
211 @dfn{groups} to help you find them. Groups are collected into bigger | |
212 groups, all the way up to a master group called @code{Emacs}. | |
213 | |
214 @kbd{M-x customize} creates a customization buffer that shows the | |
215 top-level @code{Emacs} group and the second-level groups immediately | |
216 under it. It looks like this, in part: | |
217 | |
218 @smallexample | |
219 /- Emacs group: ---------------------------------------------------\ | |
220 [State]: visible group members are all at standard settings. | |
221 Customization of the One True Editor. | |
222 See also [Manual]. | |
223 | |
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224 Editing group: [Go to Group] |
25829 | 225 Basic text editing facilities. |
226 | |
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227 External group: [Go to Group] |
25829 | 228 Interfacing to external utilities. |
229 | |
230 @var{more second-level groups} | |
231 | |
232 \- Emacs group end ------------------------------------------------/ | |
233 | |
234 @end smallexample | |
235 | |
236 @noindent | |
237 This says that the buffer displays the contents of the @code{Emacs} | |
238 group. The other groups are listed because they are its contents. But | |
239 they are listed differently, without indentation and dashes, because | |
240 @emph{their} contents are not included. Each group has a single-line | |
241 documentation string; the @code{Emacs} group also has a @samp{[State]} | |
242 line. | |
243 | |
244 @cindex editable fields (customization buffer) | |
245 @cindex active fields (customization buffer) | |
246 Most of the text in the customization buffer is read-only, but it | |
247 typically includes some @dfn{editable fields} that you can edit. There | |
248 are also @dfn{active fields}; this means a field that does something | |
249 when you @dfn{invoke} it. To invoke an active field, either click on it | |
250 with @kbd{Mouse-1}, or move point to it and type @key{RET}. | |
251 | |
252 For example, the phrase @samp{[Go to Group]} that appears in a | |
253 second-level group is an active field. Invoking the @samp{[Go to | |
254 Group]} field for a group creates a new customization buffer, which | |
255 shows that group and its contents. This field is a kind of hypertext | |
256 link to another group. | |
257 | |
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258 The @code{Emacs} group includes a few user options itself, but |
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259 mainly it contains other groups, which contain more groups, which |
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260 contain the user options. By browsing the hierarchy of groups, you |
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261 will eventually find the feature you are interested in customizing. |
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262 Then you can use the customization buffer to set the options |
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263 pertaining to that feature. You can also go straight to a particular |
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264 group by name, using the command @kbd{M-x customize-group}. |
25829 | 265 |
266 @findex customize-browse | |
267 You can view the structure of customization groups on a larger scale | |
268 with @kbd{M-x customize-browse}. This command creates a special kind of | |
269 customization buffer which shows only the names of the groups (and | |
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270 variables and faces), and their structure. |
25829 | 271 |
272 In this buffer, you can show the contents of a group by invoking | |
273 @samp{[+]}. When the group contents are visible, this button changes to | |
274 @samp{[-]}; invoking that hides the group contents. | |
275 | |
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276 Each group, variable, or face name in this buffer has an active field |
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277 which says @samp{[Group]}, @samp{[Variable]} or @samp{[Face]}. Invoking |
25829 | 278 that active field creates an ordinary customization buffer showing just |
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279 that group and its contents, just that variable, or just that face. |
25829 | 280 This is the way to set values in it. |
281 | |
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282 @node Changing a Variable |
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283 @subsection Changing a Variable |
25829 | 284 |
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285 Here is an example of what a variable looks like in the |
25829 | 286 customization buffer: |
287 | |
288 @smallexample | |
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289 Kill Ring Max: [Hide] 60 |
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290 [State]: this variable is unchanged from its standard setting. |
25829 | 291 Maximum length of kill ring before oldest elements are thrown away. |
292 @end smallexample | |
293 | |
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294 The text following @samp{[Hide]}, @samp{60} in this case, indicates |
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295 the current value of the variable. If you see @samp{[Show]} instead of |
25829 | 296 @samp{[Hide]}, it means that the value is hidden; the customization |
297 buffer initially hides values that take up several lines. Invoke | |
298 @samp{[Show]} to show the value. | |
299 | |
300 The line after the option name indicates the @dfn{customization state} | |
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301 of the variable: in the example above, it says you have not changed the |
25829 | 302 option yet. The word @samp{[State]} at the beginning of this line is |
303 active; you can get a menu of various operations by invoking it with | |
304 @kbd{Mouse-1} or @key{RET}. These operations are essential for | |
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305 customizing the variable. |
25829 | 306 |
307 The line after the @samp{[State]} line displays the beginning of the | |
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308 variable's documentation string. If there are more lines of |
25829 | 309 documentation, this line ends with @samp{[More]}; invoke this to show |
310 the full documentation string. | |
311 | |
312 To enter a new value for @samp{Kill Ring Max}, move point to the value | |
313 and edit it textually. For example, you can type @kbd{M-d}, then insert | |
314 another number. | |
315 | |
316 When you begin to alter the text, you will see the @samp{[State]} line | |
317 change to say that you have edited the value: | |
318 | |
319 @smallexample | |
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320 [State]: you have edited the value as text, but not set the variable. |
25829 | 321 @end smallexample |
322 | |
323 @cindex setting option value | |
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324 Editing the value does not actually set the variable. To do |
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325 that, you must @dfn{set} it. To do this, invoke the word |
25829 | 326 @samp{[State]} and choose @samp{Set for Current Session}. |
327 | |
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328 The state of the variable changes visibly when you set it: |
25829 | 329 |
330 @smallexample | |
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331 [State]: you have set this variable, but not saved it for future sessions. |
25829 | 332 @end smallexample |
333 | |
334 You don't have to worry about specifying a value that is not valid; | |
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335 setting the variable checks for validity and will not really install an |
25829 | 336 unacceptable value. |
337 | |
338 @kindex M-TAB @r{(customization buffer)} | |
339 @findex widget-complete | |
340 While editing a value or field that is a file name, directory name, | |
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341 command name, or anything else for which completion is defined, you |
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342 can type @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} (@code{widget-complete}) to do completion. |
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343 (@kbd{@key{ESC} @key{TAB}} and @kbd{C-M-i} do the same thing.) |
25829 | 344 |
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345 Some variables have a small fixed set of possible legitimate values. |
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346 These variables don't let you edit the value textually. Instead, an |
25829 | 347 active field @samp{[Value Menu]} appears before the value; invoke this |
348 field to edit the value. For a boolean ``on or off'' value, the active | |
349 field says @samp{[Toggle]}, and it changes to the other value. | |
350 @samp{[Value Menu]} and @samp{[Toggle]} edit the buffer; the changes | |
351 take effect when you use the @samp{Set for Current Session} operation. | |
352 | |
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353 Some variables have values with complex structure. For example, the |
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354 value of @code{file-coding-system-alist} is an association list. Here |
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355 is how it appears in the customization buffer: |
25829 | 356 |
357 @smallexample | |
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358 File Coding System Alist: [Hide] |
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359 [INS] [DEL] File regexp: \.elc\' |
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360 Choice: [Value Menu] Encoding/decoding pair: |
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361 Decoding: emacs-mule |
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362 Encoding: emacs-mule |
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363 [INS] [DEL] File regexp: \(\`\|/\)loaddefs.el\' |
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364 Choice: [Value Menu] Encoding/decoding pair: |
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365 Decoding: raw-text |
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366 Encoding: raw-text-unix |
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367 [INS] [DEL] File regexp: \.tar\' |
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368 Choice: [Value Menu] Encoding/decoding pair: |
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369 Decoding: no-conversion |
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370 Encoding: no-conversion |
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371 [INS] [DEL] File regexp: |
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372 Choice: [Value Menu] Encoding/decoding pair: |
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373 Decoding: undecided |
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374 Encoding: nil |
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375 [INS] |
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376 [State]: this variable is unchanged from its standard setting. |
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377 Alist to decide a coding system to use for a file I/O operation. [Hide] |
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378 The format is ((PATTERN . VAL) ...), |
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379 where PATTERN is a regular expression matching a file name, |
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380 @r{[@dots{}more lines of documentation@dots{}]} |
25829 | 381 @end smallexample |
382 | |
383 @noindent | |
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384 Each association in the list appears on four lines, with several |
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385 editable or ``active'' fields. You can edit the regexps and coding |
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386 systems using ordinary editing commands. You can also invoke |
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387 @samp{[Value Menu]} to switch to a kind of value---for instance, to |
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388 specify a function instead of a pair of coding systems. |
25829 | 389 |
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390 To delete an association from the list, invoke the @samp{[DEL]} button |
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391 for that item. To add an association, invoke @samp{[INS]} at the |
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392 position where you want to add it. There is an @samp{[INS]} button |
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393 between each pair of association, another at the beginning and another |
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394 at the end, so you can add the new association at any position in the |
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395 list. |
25829 | 396 |
397 @kindex TAB @r{(customization buffer)} | |
398 @kindex S-TAB @r{(customization buffer)} | |
399 @findex widget-forward | |
400 @findex widget-backward | |
401 Two special commands, @key{TAB} and @kbd{S-@key{TAB}}, are useful for | |
402 moving through the customization buffer. @key{TAB} | |
403 (@code{widget-forward}) moves forward to the next active or editable | |
404 field; @kbd{S-@key{TAB}} (@code{widget-backward}) moves backward to the | |
405 previous active or editable field. | |
406 | |
407 Typing @key{RET} on an editable field also moves forward, just like | |
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408 @key{TAB}. We set it up this way because people often type @key{RET} |
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409 when they are finished editing a field. To insert a newline within an |
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410 editable field, use @kbd{C-o} or @kbd{C-q C-j}. |
25829 | 411 |
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412 @cindex saving variable value |
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413 @cindex customized variables, saving |
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414 Setting the variable changes its value in the current Emacs session; |
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415 @dfn{saving} the value changes it for future sessions as well. To |
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416 save the variable, invoke @samp{[State]} and select the @samp{Save for |
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417 Future Sessions} operation. This works by writing code so as to set |
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418 the variable again, each time you start Emacs (@pxref{Saving |
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419 Customizations}). |
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420 |
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421 You can also restore the variable to its standard value by invoking |
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422 @samp{[State]} and selecting the @samp{Erase Customization} operation. |
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423 There are actually three reset operations: |
25829 | 424 |
425 @table @samp | |
426 @item Reset | |
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427 If you have made some modifications and not yet set the variable, |
25829 | 428 this restores the text in the customization buffer to match |
429 the actual value. | |
430 | |
431 @item Reset to Saved | |
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432 This restores the value of the variable to the last saved value, |
25829 | 433 and updates the text accordingly. |
434 | |
27218 | 435 @item Erase Customization |
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436 This sets the variable to its standard value, and updates the text |
25829 | 437 accordingly. This also eliminates any saved value for the option, |
438 so that you will get the standard value in future Emacs sessions. | |
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439 |
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440 @item Use Backup Value |
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441 This sets the variable to a previous value that was set in the |
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442 customization buffer in this session. If you customize a variable |
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443 and then reset it, which discards the customized value, |
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444 you can get the customized value back again with this operation. |
25829 | 445 @end table |
446 | |
27218 | 447 @cindex comments on customized options |
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448 Sometimes it is useful to record a comment about a specific |
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449 customization. Use the @samp{Add Comment} item from the |
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450 @samp{[State]} menu to create a field for entering the comment. The |
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451 comment you enter will be saved, and displayed again if you again view |
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452 the same variable in a customization buffer, even in another session. |
27218 | 453 |
25829 | 454 The state of a group indicates whether anything in that group has been |
455 edited, set or saved. You can select @samp{Set for Current Session}, | |
456 @samp{Save for Future Sessions} and the various kinds of @samp{Reset} | |
457 operation for the group; these operations on the group apply to all | |
458 options in the group and its subgroups. | |
459 | |
460 Near the top of the customization buffer there are two lines | |
461 containing several active fields: | |
462 | |
463 @smallexample | |
464 [Set for Current Session] [Save for Future Sessions] | |
27218 | 465 [Reset] [Reset to Saved] [Erase Customization] [Finish] |
25829 | 466 @end smallexample |
467 | |
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468 @vindex custom-buffer-done-function |
25829 | 469 @noindent |
27218 | 470 Invoking @samp{[Finish]} either buries or kills this customization |
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471 buffer according to the setting of the option |
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472 @code{custom-buffer-done-function}; the default is to bury the buffer. |
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473 Each of the other fields performs an operation---set, save or |
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474 reset---on each of the options in the buffer that could meaningfully |
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475 be set, saved or reset. They do not operate on options whose values |
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476 are hidden. |
25829 | 477 |
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478 @node Saving Customizations |
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479 @subsection Saving Customizations |
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480 |
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481 @vindex custom-file |
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482 The customization buffer normally saves customizations in |
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483 @file{~/.emacs}. If you wish, you can save customizations in another |
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484 file instead. To make this work, your @file{~/.emacs} should set |
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485 @code{custom-file} to the name of that file. Then you should load the |
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486 file by calling @code{load}. For example: |
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487 |
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488 @example |
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489 (setq custom-file "~/.emacs-custom.el") |
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490 (load custom-file) |
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491 @end example |
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492 |
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493 You can also use @code{custom-file} to specify different |
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494 customization files for different Emacs versions, like this: |
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495 |
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496 @example |
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497 (cond ((< emacs-major-version 21) |
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498 ;; @r{Emacs 20 customization.} |
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499 (setq custom-file "~/.custom-20.el")) |
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500 ((and (= emacs-major-version 21) (< emacs-minor-version 4)) |
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501 ;; @r{Emacs 21 customization, before version 21.4.} |
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502 (setq custom-file "~/.custom-21.el")) |
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503 ((< emacs-major-version 22) |
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504 ;; @r{Emacs version 21.4 or later.} |
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505 (setq custom-file "~/.custom-21.4.el")) |
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506 (t |
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507 ;; @r{Emacs version 22.1 or later.} |
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508 (setq custom-file "~/.custom-22.el"))) |
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509 |
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510 (load custom-file) |
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511 @end example |
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512 |
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513 If Emacs was invoked with the @option{-q} or @option{--no-init-file} |
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514 options (@pxref{Initial Options}), it will not let you save your |
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515 customizations in your @file{~/.emacs} init file. This is because |
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516 saving customizations from such a session would wipe out all the other |
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517 customizations you might have on your init file. |
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518 |
25829 | 519 @node Face Customization |
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520 @subsection Customizing Faces |
25829 | 521 @cindex customizing faces |
522 @cindex bold font | |
523 @cindex italic font | |
524 @cindex fonts and faces | |
525 | |
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526 In addition to variables, some customization groups also include |
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527 faces. When you show the contents of a group, both the variables and |
25829 | 528 the faces in the group appear in the customization buffer. Here is an |
529 example of how a face looks: | |
530 | |
531 @smallexample | |
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532 Custom Changed Face:(sample) [Hide] |
25829 | 533 [State]: this face is unchanged from its standard setting. |
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534 Face used when the customize item has been changed. |
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535 Parent groups: => Custom Magic Faces |
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536 Attributes: [ ] Font Family: * |
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537 [ ] Width: * |
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538 [ ] Height: * |
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539 [ ] Weight: * |
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540 [ ] Slant: * |
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541 [ ] Underline: * |
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542 [ ] Overline: * |
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543 [ ] Strike-through: * |
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544 [ ] Box around text: * |
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545 [ ] Inverse-video: * |
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546 [X] Foreground: white (sample) |
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547 [X] Background: blue (sample) |
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548 [ ] Stipple: * |
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549 [ ] Inherit: * |
25829 | 550 @end smallexample |
551 | |
552 Each face attribute has its own line. The @samp{[@var{x}]} field | |
553 before the attribute name indicates whether the attribute is | |
554 @dfn{enabled}; @samp{X} means that it is. You can enable or disable the | |
555 attribute by invoking that field. When the attribute is enabled, you | |
556 can change the attribute value in the usual ways. | |
557 | |
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558 For the colors, you can specify a color name (use @kbd{M-x |
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559 list-colors-display}) for a list of them) or a hexadecimal color |
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560 specification of the form @samp{#@var{rr}@var{gg}@var{bb}}. |
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561 (@samp{#000000} is black, @samp{#ff0000} is red, @samp{#00ff00} is |
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562 green, @samp{#0000ff} is blue, and @samp{#ffffff} is white.) On a |
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563 black-and-white display, the colors you can use for the background are |
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564 @samp{black}, @samp{white}, @samp{gray}, @samp{gray1}, and |
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565 @samp{gray3}. Emacs supports these shades of gray by using background |
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566 stipple patterns instead of a color. |
25829 | 567 |
568 Setting, saving and resetting a face work like the same operations for | |
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569 variables (@pxref{Changing a Variable}). |
25829 | 570 |
571 A face can specify different appearances for different types of | |
572 display. For example, a face can make text red on a color display, but | |
573 use a bold font on a monochrome display. To specify multiple | |
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574 appearances for a face, select @samp{Show all display specs} in the menu you |
25829 | 575 get from invoking @samp{[State]}. |
576 | |
577 @findex modify-face | |
578 Another more basic way to set the attributes of a specific face is | |
579 with @kbd{M-x modify-face}. This command reads the name of a face, then | |
580 reads the attributes one by one. For the color and stipple attributes, | |
581 the attribute's current value is the default---type just @key{RET} if | |
582 you don't want to change that attribute. Type @samp{none} if you want | |
583 to clear out the attribute. | |
584 | |
585 @node Specific Customization | |
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586 @subsection Customizing Specific Items |
25829 | 587 |
588 Instead of finding the options you want to change by moving down | |
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589 through the structure of groups, you can specify the particular variable, |
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590 face, or group that you want to customize. |
25829 | 591 |
592 @table @kbd | |
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593 @item M-x customize-variable @key{RET} @var{variable} @key{RET} |
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594 Set up a customization buffer with just one variable, @var{variable}. |
25829 | 595 @item M-x customize-face @key{RET} @var{face} @key{RET} |
596 Set up a customization buffer with just one face, @var{face}. | |
597 @item M-x customize-group @key{RET} @var{group} @key{RET} | |
598 Set up a customization buffer with just one group, @var{group}. | |
599 @item M-x customize-apropos @key{RET} @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
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600 Set up a customization buffer with all the variables, faces and groups |
25829 | 601 that match @var{regexp}. |
602 @item M-x customize-changed-options @key{RET} @var{version} @key{RET} | |
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603 Set up a customization buffer with all the variables, faces and groups |
25829 | 604 whose meaning has changed since Emacs version @var{version}. |
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605 @item M-x customize-saved |
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606 Set up a customization buffer containing all variables and faces that you |
25829 | 607 have saved with customization buffers. |
608 @item M-x customize-customized | |
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609 Set up a customization buffer containing all variables and faces that you |
25829 | 610 have customized but not saved. |
611 @end table | |
612 | |
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613 @findex customize-variable |
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614 If you want to alter a particular variable with the customization |
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615 buffer, and you know its name, you can use the command @kbd{M-x |
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616 customize-variable} and specify the variable name. This sets up the |
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617 customization buffer with just one variable---the one that you asked |
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618 for. Editing, setting and saving the value work as described above, |
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619 but only for the specified variable. |
25829 | 620 |
621 @findex customize-face | |
622 Likewise, you can modify a specific face, chosen by name, using | |
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623 @kbd{M-x customize-face}. By default it operates on the face used |
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624 on the character after point. |
25829 | 625 |
626 @findex customize-group | |
627 You can also set up the customization buffer with a specific group, | |
628 using @kbd{M-x customize-group}. The immediate contents of the chosen | |
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629 group, including user options, faces, and other groups, all appear |
25829 | 630 as well. However, these subgroups' own contents start out hidden. You |
631 can show their contents in the usual way, by invoking @samp{[Show]}. | |
632 | |
633 @findex customize-apropos | |
634 To control more precisely what to customize, you can use @kbd{M-x | |
635 customize-apropos}. You specify a regular expression as argument; then | |
636 all options, faces and groups whose names match this regular expression | |
637 are set up in the customization buffer. If you specify an empty regular | |
638 expression, this includes @emph{all} groups, options and faces in the | |
639 customization buffer (but that takes a long time). | |
640 | |
641 @findex customize-changed-options | |
642 When you upgrade to a new Emacs version, you might want to customize | |
643 new options and options whose meanings or default values have changed. | |
644 To do this, use @kbd{M-x customize-changed-options} and specify a | |
645 previous Emacs version number using the minibuffer. It creates a | |
646 customization buffer which shows all the options (and groups) whose | |
647 definitions have been changed since the specified version. | |
648 | |
649 @findex customize-saved | |
650 @findex customize-customized | |
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651 If you change option values and then decide the change was a |
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652 mistake, you can use two special commands to revisit your previous |
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653 changes. Use @kbd{M-x customize-saved} to look at the options that |
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654 you have saved. Use @kbd{M-x customize-customized} to look at the |
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655 options that you have set but not saved. |
25829 | 656 |
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657 @node Custom Themes |
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658 @subsection Customization Themes |
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659 @cindex custom themes |
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660 |
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661 @dfn{Custom themes} are collections of customized options that can be |
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662 enabled or disabled as a unit. You can use Custom themes to switch |
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663 quickly and easily between various collections of settings, and to |
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664 transfer such collections from one computer to another. |
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665 |
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666 @findex customize-create-theme |
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667 To define a Custom theme, use the command |
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668 @kbd{M-x customize-create-theme}, which brings up a buffer named |
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669 @samp{*New Custom Theme*}. At the top of the buffer is an editable |
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670 field where you can specify the name of the theme. To add a |
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671 customization option to the theme, click on the @samp{INS} button to |
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672 open up a field where you can insert the name of the option. The |
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673 current value of that option is applied to the theme. After adding as |
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674 many options as you like, click on @samp{Done} to save the Custom |
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675 theme. |
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676 |
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677 @vindex custom-theme-directory |
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678 Saving a Custom theme named @var{foo} writes its definition into the |
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679 file @file{@var{foo}-theme.el}, in the directory @file{~/.emacs.d/} |
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680 (you can specify the directory by setting |
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681 @code{custom-theme-directory}). |
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682 |
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683 @findex load-theme |
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684 @findex enable-theme |
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685 @findex disable-theme |
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686 You can load the themes you've previously defined with the command |
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687 @code{load-theme}. It prompts for a theme name in the minibuffer, |
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688 then loads that theme if it isn't already loaded. It also |
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689 @dfn{enables} the theme, which means putting its settings into effect. |
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690 An enabled theme can be @dfn{disabled} with the command |
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691 @kbd{M-x disable-theme}; this returns the options specified in the |
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692 theme to their original values. To re-enable the theme, use the |
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693 command @kbd{M-x enable-theme}. |
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694 |
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695 To enable a Custom theme named @var{foo} whenever Emacs is started up, |
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696 add the line @code{(load-theme '@var{foo})} to your @file{.emacs} file |
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697 (@pxref{Init File}). |
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698 |
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699 Enabling a custom theme does not disable the themes already enabled; |
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700 instead, they are all enabled together. If two enabled Custom themes |
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701 specify different values for an option, the last theme to be enabled |
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702 takes effect. |
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703 |
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704 The options that you set in the ordinary customization buffer |
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705 (@pxref{Easy Customization}) are also considered part of a Custom |
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706 theme, called @samp{user}. The @samp{user} theme is always enabled, |
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707 and always takes precedence over all other enabled Custom themes. |
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708 Additionally, the @samp{user} theme is recorded in your @file{.emacs} |
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709 file, rather than a @file{user-theme.el} file. |
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710 |
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711 @node Variables |
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712 @section Variables |
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713 @cindex variable |
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714 @cindex option, user |
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715 @cindex user option |
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716 |
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717 A @dfn{variable} is a Lisp symbol which has a value. The symbol's |
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718 name is also called the name of the variable. A variable name can |
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719 contain any characters that can appear in a file, but conventionally |
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720 variable names consist of words separated by hyphens. A variable can |
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721 have a documentation string which describes what kind of value it should |
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722 have and how the value will be used. |
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723 |
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724 Lisp allows any variable to have any kind of value, but most variables |
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725 that Emacs uses need a value of a certain type. Often the value should |
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726 always be a string, or should always be a number. Sometimes we say that a |
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727 certain feature is turned on if a variable is ``non-@code{nil},'' meaning |
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728 that if the variable's value is @code{nil}, the feature is off, but the |
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729 feature is on for @emph{any} other value. The conventional value to use to |
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730 turn on the feature---since you have to pick one particular value when you |
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731 set the variable---is @code{t}. |
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732 |
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733 Emacs uses many Lisp variables for internal record keeping, but the |
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|
734 most interesting variables for a non-programmer user are those that |
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|
735 are also @dfn{user options}, the variables that are meant for users to |
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|
736 change. Each user option that you can set with the customization |
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737 buffer is (if it is not a face) in fact a Lisp variable. Emacs does |
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738 not (usually) change the values of these variables; instead, you set |
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739 the values, and thereby alter and control the behavior of certain |
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740 Emacs commands. Use of the customization buffer is explained above |
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741 (@pxref{Easy Customization}); here we describe other aspects of Emacs |
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742 variables. |
58763
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743 |
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744 @menu |
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745 * Examining:: Examining or setting one variable's value. |
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746 * Hooks:: Hook variables let you specify programs for parts |
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747 of Emacs to run on particular occasions. |
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748 * Locals:: Per-buffer values of variables. |
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749 * File Variables:: How files can specify variable values. |
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750 @end menu |
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751 |
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752 @node Examining |
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753 @subsection Examining and Setting Variables |
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754 @cindex setting variables |
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755 |
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756 @table @kbd |
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757 @item C-h v @var{var} @key{RET} |
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758 Display the value and documentation of variable @var{var} |
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759 (@code{describe-variable}). |
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760 @item M-x set-variable @key{RET} @var{var} @key{RET} @var{value} @key{RET} |
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761 Change the value of variable @var{var} to @var{value}. |
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762 @end table |
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763 |
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764 To examine the value of a single variable, use @kbd{C-h v} |
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765 (@code{describe-variable}), which reads a variable name using the |
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766 minibuffer, with completion. It displays both the value and the |
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767 documentation of the variable. For example, |
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768 |
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769 @example |
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770 C-h v fill-column @key{RET} |
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771 @end example |
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|
772 |
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773 @noindent |
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774 displays something like this: |
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775 |
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776 @smallexample |
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777 fill-column's value is 70 |
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778 |
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779 Documentation: |
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780 *Column beyond which automatic line-wrapping should happen. |
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781 Automatically becomes buffer-local when set in any fashion. |
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782 @end smallexample |
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783 |
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784 @noindent |
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785 The star at the beginning of the documentation indicates that this |
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786 variable is a user option. @kbd{C-h v} is not restricted to user |
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787 options; it allows any variable name. |
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788 |
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789 @findex set-variable |
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790 The most convenient way to set a specific user option variable is |
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791 with @kbd{M-x set-variable}. This reads the variable name with the |
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792 minibuffer (with completion), and then reads a Lisp expression for the |
66282
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793 new value using the minibuffer a second time (you can insert the old |
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794 value into the minibuffer for editing via @kbd{M-n}). For example, |
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795 |
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796 @example |
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797 M-x set-variable @key{RET} fill-column @key{RET} 75 @key{RET} |
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798 @end example |
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799 |
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800 @noindent |
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801 sets @code{fill-column} to 75. |
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802 |
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803 @kbd{M-x set-variable} is limited to user option variables, but you can |
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804 set any variable with a Lisp expression, using the function @code{setq}. |
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805 Here is a @code{setq} expression to set @code{fill-column}: |
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806 |
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807 @example |
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808 (setq fill-column 75) |
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809 @end example |
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810 |
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811 To execute an expression like this one, go to the @samp{*scratch*} |
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812 buffer, type in the expression, and then type @kbd{C-j}. @xref{Lisp |
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813 Interaction}. |
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814 |
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815 Setting variables, like all means of customizing Emacs except where |
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816 otherwise stated, affects only the current Emacs session. The only |
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817 way to alter the variable in future sessions is to put something in |
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818 the @file{~/.emacs} file to set it those sessions (@pxref{Init File}). |
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819 |
25829 | 820 @node Hooks |
821 @subsection Hooks | |
822 @cindex hook | |
823 @cindex running a hook | |
824 | |
825 @dfn{Hooks} are an important mechanism for customization of Emacs. A | |
826 hook is a Lisp variable which holds a list of functions, to be called on | |
827 some well-defined occasion. (This is called @dfn{running the hook}.) | |
828 The individual functions in the list are called the @dfn{hook functions} | |
829 of the hook. With rare exceptions, hooks in Emacs are empty when Emacs | |
830 starts up, so the only hook functions in any given hook are the ones you | |
831 explicitly put there as customization. | |
832 | |
833 Most major modes run one or more @dfn{mode hooks} as the last step of | |
834 initialization. This makes it easy for you to customize the behavior of | |
835 the mode, by setting up a hook function to override the local variable | |
836 assignments already made by the mode. But hooks are also used in other | |
837 contexts. For example, the hook @code{suspend-hook} runs just before | |
838 Emacs suspends itself (@pxref{Exiting}). | |
839 | |
840 @cindex normal hook | |
841 Most Emacs hooks are @dfn{normal hooks}. This means that running the | |
842 hook operates by calling all the hook functions, unconditionally, with | |
843 no arguments. We have made an effort to keep most hooks normal so that | |
844 you can use them in a uniform way. Every variable in Emacs whose name | |
845 ends in @samp{-hook} is a normal hook. | |
846 | |
847 @cindex abnormal hook | |
848 There are also a few @dfn{abnormal hooks}. These variables' names end | |
849 in @samp{-hooks} or @samp{-functions}, instead of @samp{-hook}. What | |
850 makes these hooks abnormal is that there is something peculiar about the | |
851 way its functions are called---perhaps they are given arguments, or | |
852 perhaps the values they return are used in some way. For example, | |
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853 @code{find-file-not-found-functions} (@pxref{Visiting}) is abnormal because |
25829 | 854 as soon as one hook function returns a non-@code{nil} value, the rest |
855 are not called at all. The documentation of each abnormal hook variable | |
856 explains in detail what is peculiar about it. | |
857 | |
57156
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858 You can set a hook variable with @code{setq} like any other Lisp |
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859 variable, but the recommended way to add a hook function to a hook |
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860 (either normal or abnormal) is by calling @code{add-hook}. You can |
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861 specify any valid Lisp function as the hook function, provided it can |
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862 handle the proper number of arguments (zero arguments, in the case of |
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863 a normal hook). Of course, not every Lisp function is @emph{useful} |
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864 in any particular hook. |
25829 | 865 |
866 For example, here's how to set up a hook to turn on Auto Fill mode | |
867 when entering Text mode and other modes based on Text mode: | |
868 | |
869 @example | |
870 (add-hook 'text-mode-hook 'turn-on-auto-fill) | |
871 @end example | |
872 | |
873 The next example shows how to use a hook to customize the indentation | |
874 of C code. (People often have strong personal preferences for one | |
875 format compared to another.) Here the hook function is an anonymous | |
876 lambda expression. | |
877 | |
878 @example | |
879 @group | |
880 (setq my-c-style | |
881 '((c-comment-only-line-offset . 4) | |
882 @end group | |
883 @group | |
884 (c-cleanup-list . (scope-operator | |
885 empty-defun-braces | |
886 defun-close-semi)) | |
887 @end group | |
888 @group | |
889 (c-offsets-alist . ((arglist-close . c-lineup-arglist) | |
890 (substatement-open . 0))))) | |
891 @end group | |
892 | |
893 @group | |
894 (add-hook 'c-mode-common-hook | |
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895 '(lambda () |
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|
896 (c-add-style "my-style" my-c-style t))) |
25829 | 897 @end group |
898 @end example | |
899 | |
900 It is best to design your hook functions so that the order in which | |
901 they are executed does not matter. Any dependence on the order is | |
902 ``asking for trouble.'' However, the order is predictable: the most | |
903 recently added hook functions are executed first. | |
904 | |
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905 If you play with adding various different versions of a hook |
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906 function by calling @code{add-hook} over and over, remember that all |
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907 the versions you added will remain in the hook variable together. You |
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908 can clear out individual functions with @code{remove-hook}, or do |
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909 @code{(setq @var{hook-variable} nil)} to remove everything. |
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910 |
25829 | 911 @node Locals |
912 @subsection Local Variables | |
913 | |
914 @table @kbd | |
915 @item M-x make-local-variable @key{RET} @var{var} @key{RET} | |
916 Make variable @var{var} have a local value in the current buffer. | |
917 @item M-x kill-local-variable @key{RET} @var{var} @key{RET} | |
918 Make variable @var{var} use its global value in the current buffer. | |
919 @item M-x make-variable-buffer-local @key{RET} @var{var} @key{RET} | |
920 Mark variable @var{var} so that setting it will make it local to the | |
921 buffer that is current at that time. | |
922 @end table | |
923 | |
924 @cindex local variables | |
925 Almost any variable can be made @dfn{local} to a specific Emacs | |
926 buffer. This means that its value in that buffer is independent of its | |
927 value in other buffers. A few variables are always local in every | |
928 buffer. Every other Emacs variable has a @dfn{global} value which is in | |
929 effect in all buffers that have not made the variable local. | |
930 | |
931 @findex make-local-variable | |
932 @kbd{M-x make-local-variable} reads the name of a variable and makes it | |
933 local to the current buffer. Further changes in this buffer will not | |
934 affect others, and further changes in the global value will not affect this | |
935 buffer. | |
936 | |
937 @findex make-variable-buffer-local | |
938 @cindex per-buffer variables | |
939 @kbd{M-x make-variable-buffer-local} reads the name of a variable and | |
940 changes the future behavior of the variable so that it will become local | |
941 automatically when it is set. More precisely, once a variable has been | |
942 marked in this way, the usual ways of setting the variable automatically | |
943 do @code{make-local-variable} first. We call such variables | |
944 @dfn{per-buffer} variables. | |
945 | |
946 Major modes (@pxref{Major Modes}) always make variables local to the | |
947 buffer before setting the variables. This is why changing major modes | |
948 in one buffer has no effect on other buffers. Minor modes also work by | |
949 setting variables---normally, each minor mode has one controlling | |
950 variable which is non-@code{nil} when the mode is enabled (@pxref{Minor | |
951 Modes}). For most minor modes, the controlling variable is per buffer. | |
952 | |
953 Emacs contains a number of variables that are always per-buffer. | |
954 These include @code{abbrev-mode}, @code{auto-fill-function}, | |
955 @code{case-fold-search}, @code{comment-column}, @code{ctl-arrow}, | |
956 @code{fill-column}, @code{fill-prefix}, @code{indent-tabs-mode}, | |
957 @code{left-margin}, @code{mode-line-format}, @code{overwrite-mode}, | |
958 @code{selective-display-ellipses}, @code{selective-display}, | |
959 @code{tab-width}, and @code{truncate-lines}. Some other variables are | |
960 always local in every buffer, but they are used for internal | |
961 purposes.@refill | |
962 | |
963 A few variables cannot be local to a buffer because they are always | |
964 local to each display instead (@pxref{Multiple Displays}). If you try to | |
965 make one of these variables buffer-local, you'll get an error message. | |
966 | |
967 @findex kill-local-variable | |
968 @kbd{M-x kill-local-variable} reads the name of a variable and makes | |
969 it cease to be local to the current buffer. The global value of the | |
970 variable henceforth is in effect in this buffer. Setting the major mode | |
971 kills all the local variables of the buffer except for a few variables | |
972 specially marked as @dfn{permanent locals}. | |
973 | |
974 @findex setq-default | |
975 To set the global value of a variable, regardless of whether the | |
976 variable has a local value in the current buffer, you can use the Lisp | |
977 construct @code{setq-default}. This construct is used just like | |
978 @code{setq}, but it sets variables' global values instead of their local | |
979 values (if any). When the current buffer does have a local value, the | |
980 new global value may not be visible until you switch to another buffer. | |
981 Here is an example: | |
982 | |
983 @example | |
984 (setq-default fill-column 75) | |
985 @end example | |
986 | |
987 @noindent | |
988 @code{setq-default} is the only way to set the global value of a variable | |
989 that has been marked with @code{make-variable-buffer-local}. | |
990 | |
991 @findex default-value | |
992 Lisp programs can use @code{default-value} to look at a variable's | |
993 default value. This function takes a symbol as argument and returns its | |
994 default value. The argument is evaluated; usually you must quote it | |
995 explicitly. For example, here's how to obtain the default value of | |
996 @code{fill-column}: | |
997 | |
998 @example | |
999 (default-value 'fill-column) | |
1000 @end example | |
1001 | |
1002 @node File Variables | |
1003 @subsection Local Variables in Files | |
1004 @cindex local variables in files | |
1005 @cindex file local variables | |
1006 | |
1007 A file can specify local variable values for use when you edit the | |
1008 file with Emacs. Visiting the file checks for local variable | |
1009 specifications; it automatically makes these variables local to the | |
1010 buffer, and sets them to the values specified in the file. | |
1011 | |
1012 There are two ways to specify local variable values: in the first | |
1013 line, or with a local variables list. Here's how to specify them in the | |
1014 first line: | |
1015 | |
1016 @example | |
1017 -*- mode: @var{modename}; @var{var}: @var{value}; @dots{} -*- | |
1018 @end example | |
1019 | |
1020 @noindent | |
1021 You can specify any number of variables/value pairs in this way, each | |
1022 pair with a colon and semicolon as shown above. @code{mode: | |
1023 @var{modename};} specifies the major mode; this should come first in the | |
1024 line. The @var{value}s are not evaluated; they are used literally. | |
1025 Here is an example that specifies Lisp mode and sets two variables with | |
1026 numeric values: | |
1027 | |
1028 @smallexample | |
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1029 ;; -*- mode: Lisp; fill-column: 75; comment-column: 50; -*- |
25829 | 1030 @end smallexample |
1031 | |
1032 You can also specify the coding system for a file in this way: just | |
1033 specify a value for the ``variable'' named @code{coding}. The ``value'' | |
1034 must be a coding system name that Emacs recognizes. @xref{Coding | |
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1035 Systems}. @w{@samp{unibyte: t}} specifies unibyte loading for a |
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1036 particular Lisp file. @xref{Enabling Multibyte}. |
25829 | 1037 |
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1038 The @code{eval} pseudo-variable, described below, can be specified in |
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1039 the first line as well. |
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1040 |
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1041 @cindex shell scripts, and local file variables |
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1042 In shell scripts, the first line is used to identify the script |
39263 | 1043 interpreter, so you cannot put any local variables there. To accommodate |
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1044 for this, when Emacs visits a shell script, it looks for local variable |
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1045 specifications in the @emph{second} line. |
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1046 |
25829 | 1047 A @dfn{local variables list} goes near the end of the file, in the |
1048 last page. (It is often best to put it on a page by itself.) The local | |
1049 variables list starts with a line containing the string @samp{Local | |
1050 Variables:}, and ends with a line containing the string @samp{End:}. In | |
1051 between come the variable names and values, one set per line, as | |
1052 @samp{@var{variable}:@: @var{value}}. The @var{value}s are not | |
1053 evaluated; they are used literally. If a file has both a local | |
1054 variables list and a @samp{-*-} line, Emacs processes @emph{everything} | |
1055 in the @samp{-*-} line first, and @emph{everything} in the local | |
1056 variables list afterward. | |
1057 | |
1058 Here is an example of a local variables list: | |
1059 | |
1060 @example | |
1061 ;;; Local Variables: *** | |
1062 ;;; mode:lisp *** | |
1063 ;;; comment-column:0 *** | |
1064 ;;; comment-start: ";;; " *** | |
1065 ;;; comment-end:"***" *** | |
1066 ;;; End: *** | |
1067 @end example | |
1068 | |
1069 As you see, each line starts with the prefix @samp{;;; } and each line | |
1070 ends with the suffix @samp{ ***}. Emacs recognizes these as the prefix | |
1071 and suffix based on the first line of the list, by finding them | |
1072 surrounding the magic string @samp{Local Variables:}; then it | |
1073 automatically discards them from the other lines of the list. | |
1074 | |
1075 The usual reason for using a prefix and/or suffix is to embed the | |
1076 local variables list in a comment, so it won't confuse other programs | |
1077 that the file is intended as input for. The example above is for a | |
1078 language where comment lines start with @samp{;;; } and end with | |
1079 @samp{***}; the local values for @code{comment-start} and | |
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1080 @code{comment-end} customize the rest of Emacs for this unusual |
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1081 syntax. Don't use a prefix (or a suffix) if you don't need one. |
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1082 |
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1083 If you write a multi-line string value, you should put the prefix |
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1084 and suffix on each line, even lines that start or end within the |
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1085 string. They will be stripped off for processing the list. If you |
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1086 want to split a long string across multiple lines of the file, you can |
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1087 use backslash-newline, which is ignored in Lisp string constants. |
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1088 Here's an example of doing this: |
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1089 |
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1090 @example |
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1091 # Local Variables: |
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1092 # compile-command: "cc foo.c -Dfoo=bar -Dhack=whatever \ |
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1093 # -Dmumble=blaah" |
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1094 # End: |
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1095 @end example |
25829 | 1096 |
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1097 Some ``variable names'' have special meanings in a local variables |
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1098 list. Specifying the ``variable'' @code{mode} really sets the major |
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1099 mode, while any value specified for the ``variable'' @code{eval} is |
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1100 simply evaluated as an expression (its value is ignored). A value for |
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1101 @code{coding} specifies the coding system for character code |
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1102 conversion of this file, and a value of @code{t} for @code{unibyte} |
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1103 says to visit the file in a unibyte buffer. These four ``variables'' |
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1104 are not really variables; setting them in any other context has no |
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1105 special meaning. |
25829 | 1106 |
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1107 @emph{If @code{mode} is used to set a major mode, it should be the |
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1108 first ``variable'' in the list.} Otherwise, the entries that precede |
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1109 it will usually be ignored, since most modes kill all local variables |
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1110 as part of their initialization. |
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1111 |
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1112 You can use the @code{mode} ``variable'' to set minor modes as well |
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1113 as the major modes; in fact, you can use it more than once, first to |
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1114 set the major mode and then to set minor modes which are specific to |
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1115 particular buffers. But most minor modes should not be specified in |
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1116 the file at all, regardless of how, because they represent user |
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1117 preferences. |
25829 | 1118 |
1119 For example, you may be tempted to try to turn on Auto Fill mode with | |
1120 a local variable list. That is a mistake. The choice of Auto Fill mode | |
1121 or not is a matter of individual taste, not a matter of the contents of | |
1122 particular files. If you want to use Auto Fill, set up major mode hooks | |
1123 with your @file{.emacs} file to turn it on (when appropriate) for you | |
1124 alone (@pxref{Init File}). Don't use a local variable list to impose | |
1125 your taste on everyone. | |
1126 | |
1127 The start of the local variables list must be no more than 3000 | |
1128 characters from the end of the file, and must be in the last page if the | |
1129 file is divided into pages. Otherwise, Emacs will not notice it is | |
1130 there. The purpose of this rule is so that a stray @samp{Local | |
1131 Variables:}@: not in the last page does not confuse Emacs, and so that | |
1132 visiting a long file that is all one page and has no local variables | |
1133 list need not take the time to search the whole file. | |
1134 | |
1135 Use the command @code{normal-mode} to reset the local variables and | |
1136 major mode of a buffer according to the file name and contents, | |
1137 including the local variables list if any. @xref{Choosing Modes}. | |
1138 | |
1139 @findex enable-local-variables | |
1140 The variable @code{enable-local-variables} controls whether to process | |
1141 local variables in files, and thus gives you a chance to override them. | |
1142 Its default value is @code{t}, which means do process local variables in | |
1143 files. If you set the value to @code{nil}, Emacs simply ignores local | |
1144 variables in files. Any other value says to query you about each file | |
1145 that has local variables, showing you the local variable specifications | |
1146 so you can judge. | |
1147 | |
1148 @findex enable-local-eval | |
1149 The @code{eval} ``variable,'' and certain actual variables, create a | |
1150 special risk; when you visit someone else's file, local variable | |
1151 specifications for these could affect your Emacs in arbitrary ways. | |
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1152 Therefore, the variable @code{enable-local-eval} controls whether Emacs |
25829 | 1153 processes @code{eval} variables, as well variables with names that end |
1154 in @samp{-hook}, @samp{-hooks}, @samp{-function} or @samp{-functions}, | |
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1155 and certain other variables. The three possibilities for the variable's |
25829 | 1156 value are @code{t}, @code{nil}, and anything else, just as for |
1157 @code{enable-local-variables}. The default is @code{maybe}, which is | |
1158 neither @code{t} nor @code{nil}, so normally Emacs does ask for | |
1159 confirmation about file settings for these variables. | |
1160 | |
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1161 @findex safe-local-eval-forms |
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1162 The @code{safe-local-eval-forms} is a customizable list of eval |
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1163 forms which are safe to eval, so Emacs should not ask for |
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1164 confirmation to evaluate these forms, even if |
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1165 @code{enable-local-variables} says to ask for confirmation in general. |
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1166 |
25829 | 1167 @node Key Bindings |
1168 @section Customizing Key Bindings | |
1169 @cindex key bindings | |
1170 | |
1171 This section describes @dfn{key bindings}, which map keys to commands, | |
1172 and @dfn{keymaps}, which record key bindings. It also explains how | |
1173 to customize key bindings. | |
1174 | |
1175 Recall that a command is a Lisp function whose definition provides for | |
1176 interactive use. Like every Lisp function, a command has a function | |
1177 name which usually consists of lower-case letters and hyphens. | |
1178 | |
1179 @menu | |
1180 * Keymaps:: Generalities. The global keymap. | |
1181 * Prefix Keymaps:: Keymaps for prefix keys. | |
1182 * Local Keymaps:: Major and minor modes have their own keymaps. | |
1183 * Minibuffer Maps:: The minibuffer uses its own local keymaps. | |
1184 * Rebinding:: How to redefine one key's meaning conveniently. | |
1185 * Init Rebinding:: Rebinding keys with your init file, @file{.emacs}. | |
1186 * Function Keys:: Rebinding terminal function keys. | |
1187 * Named ASCII Chars:: Distinguishing @key{TAB} from @kbd{C-i}, and so on. | |
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1188 * Non-ASCII Rebinding:: Rebinding non-@acronym{ASCII} characters such as Latin-1. |
25829 | 1189 * Mouse Buttons:: Rebinding mouse buttons in Emacs. |
1190 * Disabling:: Disabling a command means confirmation is required | |
1191 before it can be executed. This is done to protect | |
1192 beginners from surprises. | |
1193 @end menu | |
1194 | |
1195 @node Keymaps | |
1196 @subsection Keymaps | |
1197 @cindex keymap | |
1198 | |
1199 The bindings between key sequences and command functions are recorded | |
1200 in data structures called @dfn{keymaps}. Emacs has many of these, each | |
1201 used on particular occasions. | |
1202 | |
1203 Recall that a @dfn{key sequence} (@dfn{key}, for short) is a sequence | |
1204 of @dfn{input events} that have a meaning as a unit. Input events | |
1205 include characters, function keys and mouse buttons---all the inputs | |
1206 that you can send to the computer with your terminal. A key sequence | |
1207 gets its meaning from its @dfn{binding}, which says what command it | |
1208 runs. The function of keymaps is to record these bindings. | |
1209 | |
1210 @cindex global keymap | |
1211 The @dfn{global} keymap is the most important keymap because it is | |
1212 always in effect. The global keymap defines keys for Fundamental mode; | |
1213 most of these definitions are common to most or all major modes. Each | |
1214 major or minor mode can have its own keymap which overrides the global | |
1215 definitions of some keys. | |
1216 | |
1217 For example, a self-inserting character such as @kbd{g} is | |
1218 self-inserting because the global keymap binds it to the command | |
1219 @code{self-insert-command}. The standard Emacs editing characters such | |
1220 as @kbd{C-a} also get their standard meanings from the global keymap. | |
1221 Commands to rebind keys, such as @kbd{M-x global-set-key}, actually work | |
1222 by storing the new binding in the proper place in the global map. | |
1223 @xref{Rebinding}. | |
1224 | |
1225 Meta characters work differently; Emacs translates each Meta | |
1226 character into a pair of characters starting with @key{ESC}. When you | |
1227 type the character @kbd{M-a} in a key sequence, Emacs replaces it with | |
1228 @kbd{@key{ESC} a}. A meta key comes in as a single input event, but | |
1229 becomes two events for purposes of key bindings. The reason for this is | |
1230 historical, and we might change it someday. | |
1231 | |
1232 @cindex function key | |
1233 Most modern keyboards have function keys as well as character keys. | |
1234 Function keys send input events just as character keys do, and keymaps | |
1235 can have bindings for them. | |
1236 | |
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1237 On text terminals, typing a function key actually sends the computer a |
25829 | 1238 sequence of characters; the precise details of the sequence depends on |
1239 which function key and on the model of terminal you are using. (Often | |
1240 the sequence starts with @kbd{@key{ESC} [}.) If Emacs understands your | |
1241 terminal type properly, it recognizes the character sequences forming | |
1242 function keys wherever they occur in a key sequence (not just at the | |
1243 beginning). Thus, for most purposes, you can pretend the function keys | |
1244 reach Emacs directly and ignore their encoding as character sequences. | |
1245 | |
1246 @cindex mouse | |
1247 Mouse buttons also produce input events. These events come with other | |
1248 data---the window and position where you pressed or released the button, | |
1249 and a time stamp. But only the choice of button matters for key | |
1250 bindings; the other data matters only if a command looks at it. | |
1251 (Commands designed for mouse invocation usually do look at the other | |
1252 data.) | |
1253 | |
1254 A keymap records definitions for single events. Interpreting a key | |
1255 sequence of multiple events involves a chain of keymaps. The first | |
1256 keymap gives a definition for the first event; this definition is | |
1257 another keymap, which is used to look up the second event in the | |
1258 sequence, and so on. | |
1259 | |
1260 Key sequences can mix function keys and characters. For example, | |
1261 @kbd{C-x @key{SELECT}} is meaningful. If you make @key{SELECT} a prefix | |
1262 key, then @kbd{@key{SELECT} C-n} makes sense. You can even mix mouse | |
1263 events with keyboard events, but we recommend against it, because such | |
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1264 key sequences are inconvenient to use. |
25829 | 1265 |
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1266 As a user, you can redefine any key; but it is usually best to stick |
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1267 to key sequences that consist of @kbd{C-c} followed by a letter (upper |
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1268 or lower case). These keys are ``reserved for users,'' so they won't |
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1269 conflict with any properly designed Emacs extension. The function |
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1270 keys @key{F5} through @key{F9} are also reserved for users. If you |
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1271 redefine some other key, your definition may be overridden by certain |
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1272 extensions or major modes which redefine the same key. |
25829 | 1273 |
1274 @node Prefix Keymaps | |
1275 @subsection Prefix Keymaps | |
1276 | |
1277 A prefix key such as @kbd{C-x} or @key{ESC} has its own keymap, | |
1278 which holds the definition for the event that immediately follows | |
1279 that prefix. | |
1280 | |
1281 The definition of a prefix key is usually the keymap to use for | |
1282 looking up the following event. The definition can also be a Lisp | |
1283 symbol whose function definition is the following keymap; the effect is | |
1284 the same, but it provides a command name for the prefix key that can be | |
1285 used as a description of what the prefix key is for. Thus, the binding | |
1286 of @kbd{C-x} is the symbol @code{Ctl-X-Prefix}, whose function | |
1287 definition is the keymap for @kbd{C-x} commands. The definitions of | |
1288 @kbd{C-c}, @kbd{C-x}, @kbd{C-h} and @key{ESC} as prefix keys appear in | |
1289 the global map, so these prefix keys are always available. | |
1290 | |
1291 Aside from ordinary prefix keys, there is a fictitious ``prefix key'' | |
1292 which represents the menu bar; see @ref{Menu Bar,,,elisp, The Emacs Lisp | |
1293 Reference Manual}, for special information about menu bar key bindings. | |
1294 Mouse button events that invoke pop-up menus are also prefix keys; see | |
1295 @ref{Menu Keymaps,,,elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}, for more | |
1296 details. | |
1297 | |
1298 Some prefix keymaps are stored in variables with names: | |
1299 | |
1300 @itemize @bullet | |
1301 @item | |
1302 @vindex ctl-x-map | |
1303 @code{ctl-x-map} is the variable name for the map used for characters that | |
1304 follow @kbd{C-x}. | |
1305 @item | |
1306 @vindex help-map | |
1307 @code{help-map} is for characters that follow @kbd{C-h}. | |
1308 @item | |
1309 @vindex esc-map | |
1310 @code{esc-map} is for characters that follow @key{ESC}. Thus, all Meta | |
1311 characters are actually defined by this map. | |
1312 @item | |
1313 @vindex ctl-x-4-map | |
1314 @code{ctl-x-4-map} is for characters that follow @kbd{C-x 4}. | |
1315 @item | |
1316 @vindex mode-specific-map | |
1317 @code{mode-specific-map} is for characters that follow @kbd{C-c}. | |
1318 @end itemize | |
1319 | |
1320 @node Local Keymaps | |
1321 @subsection Local Keymaps | |
1322 | |
1323 @cindex local keymap | |
1324 So far we have explained the ins and outs of the global map. Major | |
1325 modes customize Emacs by providing their own key bindings in @dfn{local | |
1326 keymaps}. For example, C mode overrides @key{TAB} to make it indent the | |
1327 current line for C code. Portions of text in the buffer can specify | |
1328 their own keymaps to substitute for the keymap of the buffer's major | |
1329 mode. | |
1330 | |
1331 @cindex minor mode keymap | |
1332 Minor modes can also have local keymaps. Whenever a minor mode is | |
1333 in effect, the definitions in its keymap override both the major | |
1334 mode's local keymap and the global keymap. | |
1335 | |
1336 @vindex c-mode-map | |
1337 @vindex lisp-mode-map | |
1338 The local keymaps for Lisp mode and several other major modes always | |
1339 exist even when not in use. These are kept in variables named | |
1340 @code{lisp-mode-map} and so on. For major modes less often used, the | |
1341 local keymap is normally constructed only when the mode is used for the | |
1342 first time in a session. This is to save space. If you wish to change | |
1343 one of these keymaps, you must use the major mode's @dfn{mode | |
1344 hook}---see below. | |
1345 | |
1346 All minor mode keymaps are created in advance. There is no way to | |
1347 defer their creation until the first time the minor mode is enabled. | |
1348 | |
1349 A local keymap can locally redefine a key as a prefix key by defining | |
1350 it as a prefix keymap. If the key is also defined globally as a prefix, | |
1351 then its local and global definitions (both keymaps) effectively | |
1352 combine: both of them are used to look up the event that follows the | |
1353 prefix key. Thus, if the mode's local keymap defines @kbd{C-c} as | |
1354 another keymap, and that keymap defines @kbd{C-z} as a command, this | |
1355 provides a local meaning for @kbd{C-c C-z}. This does not affect other | |
1356 sequences that start with @kbd{C-c}; if those sequences don't have their | |
1357 own local bindings, their global bindings remain in effect. | |
1358 | |
1359 Another way to think of this is that Emacs handles a multi-event key | |
1360 sequence by looking in several keymaps, one by one, for a binding of the | |
1361 whole key sequence. First it checks the minor mode keymaps for minor | |
1362 modes that are enabled, then it checks the major mode's keymap, and then | |
1363 it checks the global keymap. This is not precisely how key lookup | |
1364 works, but it's good enough for understanding ordinary circumstances. | |
1365 | |
1366 @cindex rebinding major mode keys | |
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1367 @findex define-key |
25829 | 1368 To change the local bindings of a major mode, you must change the |
1369 mode's local keymap. Normally you must wait until the first time the | |
1370 mode is used, because most major modes don't create their keymaps until | |
1371 then. If you want to specify something in your @file{~/.emacs} file to | |
1372 change a major mode's bindings, you must use the mode's mode hook to | |
1373 delay the change until the mode is first used. | |
1374 | |
1375 For example, the command @code{texinfo-mode} to select Texinfo mode | |
1376 runs the hook @code{texinfo-mode-hook}. Here's how you can use the hook | |
1377 to add local bindings (not very useful, we admit) for @kbd{C-c n} and | |
1378 @kbd{C-c p} in Texinfo mode: | |
1379 | |
1380 @example | |
1381 (add-hook 'texinfo-mode-hook | |
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1382 '(lambda () |
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1383 (define-key texinfo-mode-map "\C-cp" |
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1384 'backward-paragraph) |
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1385 (define-key texinfo-mode-map "\C-cn" |
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1386 'forward-paragraph))) |
25829 | 1387 @end example |
1388 | |
1389 @xref{Hooks}. | |
1390 | |
1391 @node Minibuffer Maps | |
1392 @subsection Minibuffer Keymaps | |
1393 | |
1394 @cindex minibuffer keymaps | |
1395 @vindex minibuffer-local-map | |
1396 @vindex minibuffer-local-ns-map | |
1397 @vindex minibuffer-local-completion-map | |
1398 @vindex minibuffer-local-must-match-map | |
1399 The minibuffer has its own set of local keymaps; they contain various | |
1400 completion and exit commands. | |
1401 | |
1402 @itemize @bullet | |
1403 @item | |
1404 @code{minibuffer-local-map} is used for ordinary input (no completion). | |
1405 @item | |
1406 @code{minibuffer-local-ns-map} is similar, except that @key{SPC} exits | |
1407 just like @key{RET}. This is used mainly for Mocklisp compatibility. | |
1408 @item | |
1409 @code{minibuffer-local-completion-map} is for permissive completion. | |
1410 @item | |
1411 @code{minibuffer-local-must-match-map} is for strict completion and | |
1412 for cautious completion. | |
1413 @end itemize | |
1414 | |
1415 @node Rebinding | |
1416 @subsection Changing Key Bindings Interactively | |
1417 @cindex key rebinding, this session | |
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1418 @cindex redefining keys, this session |
25829 | 1419 |
1420 The way to redefine an Emacs key is to change its entry in a keymap. | |
1421 You can change the global keymap, in which case the change is effective in | |
1422 all major modes (except those that have their own overriding local | |
1423 definitions for the same key). Or you can change the current buffer's | |
1424 local map, which affects all buffers using the same major mode. | |
1425 | |
1426 @findex global-set-key | |
1427 @findex local-set-key | |
1428 @findex global-unset-key | |
1429 @findex local-unset-key | |
1430 @table @kbd | |
1431 @item M-x global-set-key @key{RET} @var{key} @var{cmd} @key{RET} | |
1432 Define @var{key} globally to run @var{cmd}. | |
1433 @item M-x local-set-key @key{RET} @var{key} @var{cmd} @key{RET} | |
1434 Define @var{key} locally (in the major mode now in effect) to run | |
1435 @var{cmd}. | |
1436 @item M-x global-unset-key @key{RET} @var{key} | |
1437 Make @var{key} undefined in the global map. | |
1438 @item M-x local-unset-key @key{RET} @var{key} | |
1439 Make @var{key} undefined locally (in the major mode now in effect). | |
1440 @end table | |
1441 | |
1442 For example, suppose you like to execute commands in a subshell within | |
1443 an Emacs buffer, instead of suspending Emacs and executing commands in | |
1444 your login shell. Normally, @kbd{C-z} is bound to the function | |
1445 @code{suspend-emacs} (when not using the X Window System), but you can | |
1446 change @kbd{C-z} to invoke an interactive subshell within Emacs, by | |
1447 binding it to @code{shell} as follows: | |
1448 | |
1449 @example | |
1450 M-x global-set-key @key{RET} C-z shell @key{RET} | |
1451 @end example | |
1452 | |
1453 @noindent | |
1454 @code{global-set-key} reads the command name after the key. After you | |
1455 press the key, a message like this appears so that you can confirm that | |
1456 you are binding the key you want: | |
1457 | |
1458 @example | |
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1459 Set key C-z to command: |
25829 | 1460 @end example |
1461 | |
1462 You can redefine function keys and mouse events in the same way; just | |
1463 type the function key or click the mouse when it's time to specify the | |
1464 key to rebind. | |
1465 | |
1466 You can rebind a key that contains more than one event in the same | |
1467 way. Emacs keeps reading the key to rebind until it is a complete key | |
1468 (that is, not a prefix key). Thus, if you type @kbd{C-f} for | |
1469 @var{key}, that's the end; the minibuffer is entered immediately to | |
1470 read @var{cmd}. But if you type @kbd{C-x}, another character is read; | |
1471 if that is @kbd{4}, another character is read, and so on. For | |
1472 example, | |
1473 | |
1474 @example | |
1475 M-x global-set-key @key{RET} C-x 4 $ spell-other-window @key{RET} | |
1476 @end example | |
1477 | |
1478 @noindent | |
1479 redefines @kbd{C-x 4 $} to run the (fictitious) command | |
1480 @code{spell-other-window}. | |
1481 | |
1482 The two-character keys consisting of @kbd{C-c} followed by a letter | |
1483 are reserved for user customizations. Lisp programs are not supposed to | |
1484 define these keys, so the bindings you make for them will be available | |
1485 in all major modes and will never get in the way of anything. | |
1486 | |
1487 You can remove the global definition of a key with | |
1488 @code{global-unset-key}. This makes the key @dfn{undefined}; if you | |
1489 type it, Emacs will just beep. Similarly, @code{local-unset-key} makes | |
1490 a key undefined in the current major mode keymap, which makes the global | |
1491 definition (or lack of one) come back into effect in that major mode. | |
1492 | |
1493 If you have redefined (or undefined) a key and you subsequently wish | |
1494 to retract the change, undefining the key will not do the job---you need | |
1495 to redefine the key with its standard definition. To find the name of | |
1496 the standard definition of a key, go to a Fundamental mode buffer and | |
1497 use @kbd{C-h c}. The documentation of keys in this manual also lists | |
1498 their command names. | |
1499 | |
1500 If you want to prevent yourself from invoking a command by mistake, it | |
1501 is better to disable the command than to undefine the key. A disabled | |
1502 command is less work to invoke when you really want to. | |
1503 @xref{Disabling}. | |
1504 | |
1505 @node Init Rebinding | |
1506 @subsection Rebinding Keys in Your Init File | |
1507 | |
1508 If you have a set of key bindings that you like to use all the time, | |
1509 you can specify them in your @file{.emacs} file by using their Lisp | |
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1510 syntax. (@xref{Init File}.) |
25829 | 1511 |
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1512 The simplest method for doing this works for @acronym{ASCII} characters and |
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1513 Meta-modified @acronym{ASCII} characters only. This method uses a string to |
25829 | 1514 represent the key sequence you want to rebind. For example, here's how |
1515 to bind @kbd{C-z} to @code{shell}: | |
1516 | |
1517 @example | |
1518 (global-set-key "\C-z" 'shell) | |
1519 @end example | |
1520 | |
1521 @noindent | |
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1522 This example uses a string constant containing one character, |
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1523 @kbd{C-z}. (@samp{\C-} is string syntax for a control character.) The |
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1524 single-quote before the command name, @code{shell}, marks it as a |
25829 | 1525 constant symbol rather than a variable. If you omit the quote, Emacs |
1526 would try to evaluate @code{shell} immediately as a variable. This | |
1527 probably causes an error; it certainly isn't what you want. | |
1528 | |
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1529 Here is another example that binds the key sequence @kbd{C-x M-l}: |
25829 | 1530 |
1531 @example | |
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1532 (global-set-key "\C-x\M-l" 'make-symbolic-link) |
25829 | 1533 @end example |
1534 | |
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1535 To put @key{TAB}, @key{RET}, @key{ESC}, or @key{DEL} in the |
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1536 string, you can use the Emacs Lisp escape sequences, @samp{\t}, |
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1537 @samp{\r}, @samp{\e}, and @samp{\d}. Here is an example which binds |
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1538 @kbd{C-x @key{TAB}}: |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
1539 |
201fa171a6e2
Explain binding TAB etc using \t etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1540 @example |
201fa171a6e2
Explain binding TAB etc using \t etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
37354
diff
changeset
|
1541 (global-set-key "\C-x\t" 'indent-rigidly) |
201fa171a6e2
Explain binding TAB etc using \t etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
37354
diff
changeset
|
1542 @end example |
201fa171a6e2
Explain binding TAB etc using \t etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
1543 |
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Replace @sc{ascii} and ASCII with @acronym{ASCII}.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
1544 These examples show how to write some other special @acronym{ASCII} characters |
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Show how to put more special ASCII characters
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1545 in strings for key bindings: |
10b97dddcb68
Show how to put more special ASCII characters
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1546 |
10b97dddcb68
Show how to put more special ASCII characters
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1547 @example |
10b97dddcb68
Show how to put more special ASCII characters
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1548 (global-set-key "\r" 'newline) ;; @key{RET} |
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Show how to put more special ASCII characters
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parents:
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|
1549 (global-set-key "\d" 'delete-backward-char) ;; @key{DEL} |
10b97dddcb68
Show how to put more special ASCII characters
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
39060
diff
changeset
|
1550 (global-set-key "\C-x\e\e" 'repeat-complex-command) ;; @key{ESC} |
10b97dddcb68
Show how to put more special ASCII characters
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
1551 @end example |
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changeset
|
1552 |
25829 | 1553 When the key sequence includes function keys or mouse button events, |
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Replace @sc{ascii} and ASCII with @acronym{ASCII}.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1554 or non-@acronym{ASCII} characters such as @code{C-=} or @code{H-a}, you must use |
25829 | 1555 the more general method of rebinding, which uses a vector to specify the |
1556 key sequence. | |
1557 | |
1558 The way to write a vector in Emacs Lisp is with square brackets around | |
1559 the vector elements. Use spaces to separate the elements. If an | |
1560 element is a symbol, simply write the symbol's name---no other | |
1561 delimiters or punctuation are needed. If a vector element is a | |
1562 character, write it as a Lisp character constant: @samp{?} followed by | |
1563 the character as it would appear in a string. | |
1564 | |
1565 Here are examples of using vectors to rebind @kbd{C-=} (a control | |
52979
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Replace @sc{ascii} and ASCII with @acronym{ASCII}.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1566 character not in @acronym{ASCII}), @kbd{C-M-=} (not in @acronym{ASCII} because @kbd{C-=} |
3649390c0f91
Replace @sc{ascii} and ASCII with @acronym{ASCII}.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1567 is not), @kbd{H-a} (a Hyper character; @acronym{ASCII} doesn't have Hyper at |
38744
d7121931b3ba
Show example of specifying C-M-= in Lisp.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
1568 all), @key{F7} (a function key), and @kbd{C-Mouse-1} (a |
25829 | 1569 keyboard-modified mouse button): |
1570 | |
1571 @example | |
1572 (global-set-key [?\C-=] 'make-symbolic-link) | |
38744
d7121931b3ba
Show example of specifying C-M-= in Lisp.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
1573 (global-set-key [?\M-\C-=] 'make-symbolic-link) |
25829 | 1574 (global-set-key [?\H-a] 'make-symbolic-link) |
1575 (global-set-key [f7] 'make-symbolic-link) | |
1576 (global-set-key [C-mouse-1] 'make-symbolic-link) | |
1577 @end example | |
1578 | |
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1579 You can use a vector for the simple cases too. Here's how to |
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(Minor Modes): Fix typo.
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1580 rewrite the first six examples above to use vectors: |
25829 | 1581 |
1582 @example | |
1583 (global-set-key [?\C-z] 'shell) | |
1584 (global-set-key [?\C-x ?l] 'make-symbolic-link) | |
37419
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Explain binding TAB etc using \t etc.
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|
1585 (global-set-key [?\C-x ?\t] 'indent-rigidly) |
39161
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|
1586 (global-set-key [?\r] 'newline) |
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|
1587 (global-set-key [?\d] 'delete-backward-char) |
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|
1588 (global-set-key [?\C-x ?\e ?\e] 'repeat-complex-command) |
25829 | 1589 @end example |
1590 | |
39161
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|
1591 @noindent |
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1592 As you see, you represent a multi-character key sequence with a vector |
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1593 by listing all of the characters in order within the square brackets that |
39161
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|
1594 delimit the vector. |
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|
1595 |
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(Init Rebinding): Replace previous change with xref.
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|
1596 Language and coding systems can cause problems with key bindings |
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|
1597 for non-@acronym{ASCII} characters. @xref{Non-ASCII Rebinding}. |
51274
78a8be5d896c
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|
1598 |
25829 | 1599 @node Function Keys |
1600 @subsection Rebinding Function Keys | |
1601 | |
1602 Key sequences can contain function keys as well as ordinary | |
1603 characters. Just as Lisp characters (actually integers) represent | |
1604 keyboard characters, Lisp symbols represent function keys. If the | |
1605 function key has a word as its label, then that word is also the name of | |
1606 the corresponding Lisp symbol. Here are the conventional Lisp names for | |
1607 common function keys: | |
1608 | |
1609 @table @asis | |
1610 @item @code{left}, @code{up}, @code{right}, @code{down} | |
1611 Cursor arrow keys. | |
1612 | |
1613 @item @code{begin}, @code{end}, @code{home}, @code{next}, @code{prior} | |
1614 Other cursor repositioning keys. | |
1615 | |
1616 @item @code{select}, @code{print}, @code{execute}, @code{backtab} | |
1617 @itemx @code{insert}, @code{undo}, @code{redo}, @code{clearline} | |
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1618 @itemx @code{insertline}, @code{deleteline}, @code{insertchar}, @code{deletechar} |
25829 | 1619 Miscellaneous function keys. |
1620 | |
1621 @item @code{f1}, @code{f2}, @dots{} @code{f35} | |
1622 Numbered function keys (across the top of the keyboard). | |
1623 | |
1624 @item @code{kp-add}, @code{kp-subtract}, @code{kp-multiply}, @code{kp-divide} | |
1625 @itemx @code{kp-backtab}, @code{kp-space}, @code{kp-tab}, @code{kp-enter} | |
1626 @itemx @code{kp-separator}, @code{kp-decimal}, @code{kp-equal} | |
1627 Keypad keys (to the right of the regular keyboard), with names or punctuation. | |
1628 | |
1629 @item @code{kp-0}, @code{kp-1}, @dots{} @code{kp-9} | |
1630 Keypad keys with digits. | |
1631 | |
1632 @item @code{kp-f1}, @code{kp-f2}, @code{kp-f3}, @code{kp-f4} | |
1633 Keypad PF keys. | |
1634 @end table | |
1635 | |
1636 These names are conventional, but some systems (especially when using | |
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1637 X) may use different names. To make certain what symbol is used for a |
94d46968a93f
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1638 given function key on your terminal, type @kbd{C-h c} followed by that |
94d46968a93f
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|
1639 key. |
25829 | 1640 |
1641 A key sequence which contains function key symbols (or anything but | |
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1642 @acronym{ASCII} characters) must be a vector rather than a string. |
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1643 Thus, to bind function key @samp{f1} to the command @code{rmail}, |
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1644 write the following: |
25829 | 1645 |
1646 @example | |
1647 (global-set-key [f1] 'rmail) | |
1648 @end example | |
1649 | |
1650 @noindent | |
1651 To bind the right-arrow key to the command @code{forward-char}, you can | |
1652 use this expression: | |
1653 | |
1654 @example | |
1655 (global-set-key [right] 'forward-char) | |
1656 @end example | |
1657 | |
1658 @noindent | |
1659 This uses the Lisp syntax for a vector containing the symbol | |
1660 @code{right}. (This binding is present in Emacs by default.) | |
1661 | |
1662 @xref{Init Rebinding}, for more information about using vectors for | |
1663 rebinding. | |
1664 | |
1665 You can mix function keys and characters in a key sequence. This | |
1666 example binds @kbd{C-x @key{NEXT}} to the command @code{forward-page}. | |
1667 | |
1668 @example | |
1669 (global-set-key [?\C-x next] 'forward-page) | |
1670 @end example | |
1671 | |
1672 @noindent | |
1673 where @code{?\C-x} is the Lisp character constant for the character | |
1674 @kbd{C-x}. The vector element @code{next} is a symbol and therefore | |
1675 does not take a question mark. | |
1676 | |
1677 You can use the modifier keys @key{CTRL}, @key{META}, @key{HYPER}, | |
1678 @key{SUPER}, @key{ALT} and @key{SHIFT} with function keys. To represent | |
1679 these modifiers, add the strings @samp{C-}, @samp{M-}, @samp{H-}, | |
1680 @samp{s-}, @samp{A-} and @samp{S-} at the front of the symbol name. | |
1681 Thus, here is how to make @kbd{Hyper-Meta-@key{RIGHT}} move forward a | |
1682 word: | |
1683 | |
1684 @example | |
1685 (global-set-key [H-M-right] 'forward-word) | |
1686 @end example | |
1687 | |
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|
1688 @cindex keypad |
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(Function Keys): Document kp- event types and keypad-setup package.
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|
1689 Many keyboards have a ``numeric keypad'' on the right hand side. |
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1690 The numeric keys in the keypad double up as cursor motion keys, |
a45405053cb1
(Function Keys): Document kp- event types and keypad-setup package.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1691 toggled by a key labelled @samp{Num Lock}. By default, Emacs |
65031
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(Minor Modes): Say that the list here is not complete.
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|
1692 translates these keys to the corresponding keys in the main keyboard. |
177b0fcf58b9
(Minor Modes): Say that the list here is not complete.
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|
1693 For example, when @samp{Num Lock} is on, the key labelled @samp{8} on |
177b0fcf58b9
(Minor Modes): Say that the list here is not complete.
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|
1694 the numeric keypad produces @code{kp-8}, which is translated to |
177b0fcf58b9
(Minor Modes): Say that the list here is not complete.
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|
1695 @kbd{8}; when @samp{Num Lock} is off, the same key produces |
177b0fcf58b9
(Minor Modes): Say that the list here is not complete.
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|
1696 @code{kp-up}, which is translated to @key{UP}. If you rebind a key |
177b0fcf58b9
(Minor Modes): Say that the list here is not complete.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1697 such as @kbd{8} or @key{UP}, it affects the equivalent keypad key too. |
177b0fcf58b9
(Minor Modes): Say that the list here is not complete.
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|
1698 However, if you rebind a @samp{kp-} key directly, that won't affect |
177b0fcf58b9
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|
1699 its non-keypad equivalent. |
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|
1700 |
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(Function Keys): Document kp- event types and keypad-setup package.
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|
1701 Emacs provides a convenient method for binding the numeric keypad |
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(Function Keys): Document kp- event types and keypad-setup package.
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|
1702 keys, using the variables @code{keypad-setup}, |
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|
1703 @code{keypad-numlock-setup}, @code{keypad-shifted-setup}, and |
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(Function Keys): Document kp- event types and keypad-setup package.
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|
1704 @code{keypad-numlock-shifted-setup}. These can be found in the |
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(Function Keys): Document kp- event types and keypad-setup package.
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|
1705 @samp{keyboard} customization group (@pxref{Easy Customization}). You |
a45405053cb1
(Function Keys): Document kp- event types and keypad-setup package.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
1706 can rebind the keys to perform other tasks, such as issuing numeric |
a45405053cb1
(Function Keys): Document kp- event types and keypad-setup package.
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|
1707 prefix arguments. |
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|
1708 |
25829 | 1709 @node Named ASCII Chars |
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|
1710 @subsection Named @acronym{ASCII} Control Characters |
25829 | 1711 |
1712 @key{TAB}, @key{RET}, @key{BS}, @key{LFD}, @key{ESC} and @key{DEL} | |
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|
1713 started out as names for certain @acronym{ASCII} control characters, |
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(Minor Modes): Fix typo.
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|
1714 used so often that they have special keys of their own. For instance, |
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(Minor Modes): Fix typo.
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|
1715 @key{TAB} was another name for @kbd{C-i}. Later, users found it |
25829 | 1716 convenient to distinguish in Emacs between these keys and the ``same'' |
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|
1717 control characters typed with the @key{CTRL} key. Therefore, on most |
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(Minor Modes): Fix typo.
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parents:
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diff
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|
1718 modern terminals, they are no longer the same, and @key{TAB} is |
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(Minor Modes): Fix typo.
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|
1719 distinguishable from @kbd{C-i}. |
25829 | 1720 |
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|
1721 Emacs can distinguish these two kinds of input if the keyboard does. |
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|
1722 It treats the ``special'' keys as function keys named @code{tab}, |
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|
1723 @code{return}, @code{backspace}, @code{linefeed}, @code{escape}, and |
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(Minor Modes): Fix typo.
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|
1724 @code{delete}. These function keys translate automatically into the |
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(Minor Modes): Fix typo.
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|
1725 corresponding @acronym{ASCII} characters @emph{if} they have no |
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|
1726 bindings of their own. As a result, neither users nor Lisp programs |
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|
1727 need to pay attention to the distinction unless they care to. |
25829 | 1728 |
1729 If you do not want to distinguish between (for example) @key{TAB} and | |
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|
1730 @kbd{C-i}, make just one binding, for the @acronym{ASCII} character @key{TAB} |
25829 | 1731 (octal code 011). If you do want to distinguish, make one binding for |
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|
1732 this @acronym{ASCII} character, and another for the ``function key'' @code{tab}. |
25829 | 1733 |
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1734 With an ordinary @acronym{ASCII} terminal, there is no way to distinguish |
25829 | 1735 between @key{TAB} and @kbd{C-i} (and likewise for other such pairs), |
1736 because the terminal sends the same character in both cases. | |
1737 | |
1738 @node Non-ASCII Rebinding | |
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1739 @subsection Non-@acronym{ASCII} Characters on the Keyboard |
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1740 @cindex rebinding non-@acronym{ASCII} keys |
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1741 @cindex non-@acronym{ASCII} keys, binding |
25829 | 1742 |
56690 | 1743 If your keyboard has keys that send non-@acronym{ASCII} |
1744 characters, such as accented letters, rebinding these keys | |
1745 must be done by using a vector like this@footnote{Note that | |
1746 you should avoid the string syntax for binding | |
1747 non-@acronym{ASCII} characters, since they will be | |
1748 interpreted as meta keys. @xref{Strings of Events,,,elisp, | |
1749 The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.}: | |
25829 | 1750 |
1751 @example | |
1752 (global-set-key [?@var{char}] 'some-function) | |
1753 @end example | |
1754 | |
1755 @noindent | |
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1756 Type @kbd{C-q} followed by the key you want to bind, to insert @var{char}. |
25829 | 1757 |
56690 | 1758 Since this puts a non-@acronym{ASCII} character in the @file{.emacs}, |
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1759 you should specify a coding system for that file that supports the |
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1760 character in question. @xref{Init Syntax}. |
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1761 |
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1762 @strong{Warning:} if you change the keyboard encoding, or change |
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1763 between multibyte and unibyte mode, or anything that would alter which |
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1764 code @kbd{C-q} would insert for that character, you'll need to edit |
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1765 the Lisp expression accordingly, to use the character code generated |
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1766 by @kbd{C-q} in the new mode. |
27218 | 1767 |
25829 | 1768 @node Mouse Buttons |
1769 @subsection Rebinding Mouse Buttons | |
1770 @cindex mouse button events | |
1771 @cindex rebinding mouse buttons | |
1772 @cindex click events | |
1773 @cindex drag events | |
1774 @cindex down events | |
1775 @cindex button down events | |
1776 | |
1777 Emacs uses Lisp symbols to designate mouse buttons, too. The ordinary | |
1778 mouse events in Emacs are @dfn{click} events; these happen when you | |
1779 press a button and release it without moving the mouse. You can also | |
1780 get @dfn{drag} events, when you move the mouse while holding the button | |
1781 down. Drag events happen when you finally let go of the button. | |
1782 | |
1783 The symbols for basic click events are @code{mouse-1} for the leftmost | |
1784 button, @code{mouse-2} for the next, and so on. Here is how you can | |
1785 redefine the second mouse button to split the current window: | |
1786 | |
1787 @example | |
1788 (global-set-key [mouse-2] 'split-window-vertically) | |
1789 @end example | |
1790 | |
1791 The symbols for drag events are similar, but have the prefix | |
1792 @samp{drag-} before the word @samp{mouse}. For example, dragging the | |
1793 first button generates a @code{drag-mouse-1} event. | |
1794 | |
1795 You can also define bindings for events that occur when a mouse button | |
1796 is pressed down. These events start with @samp{down-} instead of | |
1797 @samp{drag-}. Such events are generated only if they have key bindings. | |
1798 When you get a button-down event, a corresponding click or drag event | |
1799 will always follow. | |
1800 | |
1801 @cindex double clicks | |
1802 @cindex triple clicks | |
1803 If you wish, you can distinguish single, double, and triple clicks. A | |
1804 double click means clicking a mouse button twice in approximately the | |
1805 same place. The first click generates an ordinary click event. The | |
1806 second click, if it comes soon enough, generates a double-click event | |
1807 instead. The event type for a double-click event starts with | |
1808 @samp{double-}: for example, @code{double-mouse-3}. | |
1809 | |
1810 This means that you can give a special meaning to the second click at | |
1811 the same place, but it must act on the assumption that the ordinary | |
1812 single click definition has run when the first click was received. | |
1813 | |
1814 This constrains what you can do with double clicks, but user interface | |
1815 designers say that this constraint ought to be followed in any case. A | |
1816 double click should do something similar to the single click, only | |
1817 ``more so.'' The command for the double-click event should perform the | |
1818 extra work for the double click. | |
1819 | |
1820 If a double-click event has no binding, it changes to the | |
1821 corresponding single-click event. Thus, if you don't define a | |
1822 particular double click specially, it executes the single-click command | |
1823 twice. | |
1824 | |
1825 Emacs also supports triple-click events whose names start with | |
1826 @samp{triple-}. Emacs does not distinguish quadruple clicks as event | |
1827 types; clicks beyond the third generate additional triple-click events. | |
1828 However, the full number of clicks is recorded in the event list, so you | |
1829 can distinguish if you really want to. We don't recommend distinct | |
1830 meanings for more than three clicks, but sometimes it is useful for | |
1831 subsequent clicks to cycle through the same set of three meanings, so | |
1832 that four clicks are equivalent to one click, five are equivalent to | |
1833 two, and six are equivalent to three. | |
1834 | |
1835 Emacs also records multiple presses in drag and button-down events. | |
1836 For example, when you press a button twice, then move the mouse while | |
1837 holding the button, Emacs gets a @samp{double-drag-} event. And at the | |
1838 moment when you press it down for the second time, Emacs gets a | |
1839 @samp{double-down-} event (which is ignored, like all button-down | |
1840 events, if it has no binding). | |
1841 | |
1842 @vindex double-click-time | |
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1843 The variable @code{double-click-time} specifies how much time can |
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1844 elapse between clicks and still allow them to be grouped as a multiple |
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1845 click. Its value is in units of milliseconds. If the value is |
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1846 @code{nil}, double clicks are not detected at all. If the value is |
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1847 @code{t}, then there is no time limit. The default is 500. |
25829 | 1848 |
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1849 @vindex double-click-fuzz |
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1850 The variable @code{double-click-fuzz} specifies how much the mouse |
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1851 can move between clicks still allow them to be grouped as a multiple |
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1852 click. Its value is in units of pixels on windowed displays and in |
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1853 units of 1/8 of a character cell on text-mode terminals; the default is |
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1854 3. |
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1855 |
25829 | 1856 The symbols for mouse events also indicate the status of the modifier |
1857 keys, with the usual prefixes @samp{C-}, @samp{M-}, @samp{H-}, | |
1858 @samp{s-}, @samp{A-} and @samp{S-}. These always precede @samp{double-} | |
1859 or @samp{triple-}, which always precede @samp{drag-} or @samp{down-}. | |
1860 | |
1861 A frame includes areas that don't show text from the buffer, such as | |
1862 the mode line and the scroll bar. You can tell whether a mouse button | |
1863 comes from a special area of the screen by means of dummy ``prefix | |
1864 keys.'' For example, if you click the mouse in the mode line, you get | |
1865 the prefix key @code{mode-line} before the ordinary mouse-button symbol. | |
1866 Thus, here is how to define the command for clicking the first button in | |
1867 a mode line to run @code{scroll-up}: | |
1868 | |
1869 @example | |
1870 (global-set-key [mode-line mouse-1] 'scroll-up) | |
1871 @end example | |
1872 | |
1873 Here is the complete list of these dummy prefix keys and their | |
1874 meanings: | |
1875 | |
1876 @table @code | |
1877 @item mode-line | |
1878 The mouse was in the mode line of a window. | |
1879 @item vertical-line | |
1880 The mouse was in the vertical line separating side-by-side windows. (If | |
1881 you use scroll bars, they appear in place of these vertical lines.) | |
1882 @item vertical-scroll-bar | |
1883 The mouse was in a vertical scroll bar. (This is the only kind of | |
1884 scroll bar Emacs currently supports.) | |
1885 @ignore | |
1886 @item horizontal-scroll-bar | |
1887 The mouse was in a horizontal scroll bar. Horizontal scroll bars do | |
1888 horizontal scrolling, and people don't use them often. | |
1889 @end ignore | |
1890 @end table | |
1891 | |
1892 You can put more than one mouse button in a key sequence, but it isn't | |
1893 usual to do so. | |
1894 | |
1895 @node Disabling | |
1896 @subsection Disabling Commands | |
1897 @cindex disabled command | |
1898 | |
1899 Disabling a command marks the command as requiring confirmation before it | |
1900 can be executed. The purpose of disabling a command is to prevent | |
1901 beginning users from executing it by accident and being confused. | |
1902 | |
1903 An attempt to invoke a disabled command interactively in Emacs | |
1904 displays a window containing the command's name, its documentation, and | |
1905 some instructions on what to do immediately; then Emacs asks for input | |
1906 saying whether to execute the command as requested, enable it and | |
1907 execute it, or cancel. If you decide to enable the command, you are | |
1908 asked whether to do this permanently or just for the current session. | |
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1909 (Enabling permanently works by automatically editing your @file{.emacs} |
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1910 file.) You can also type @kbd{!} to enable @emph{all} commands, |
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1911 for the current session only. |
25829 | 1912 |
1913 The direct mechanism for disabling a command is to put a | |
1914 non-@code{nil} @code{disabled} property on the Lisp symbol for the | |
1915 command. Here is the Lisp program to do this: | |
1916 | |
1917 @example | |
1918 (put 'delete-region 'disabled t) | |
1919 @end example | |
1920 | |
1921 If the value of the @code{disabled} property is a string, that string | |
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1922 is included in the message displayed when the command is used: |
25829 | 1923 |
1924 @example | |
1925 (put 'delete-region 'disabled | |
1926 "It's better to use `kill-region' instead.\n") | |
1927 @end example | |
1928 | |
1929 @findex disable-command | |
1930 @findex enable-command | |
1931 You can make a command disabled either by editing the @file{.emacs} | |
1932 file directly or with the command @kbd{M-x disable-command}, which edits | |
1933 the @file{.emacs} file for you. Likewise, @kbd{M-x enable-command} | |
1934 edits @file{.emacs} to enable a command permanently. @xref{Init File}. | |
1935 | |
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1936 If Emacs was invoked with the @option{-q} or @option{--no-init-file} |
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1937 options (@pxref{Initial Options}), it will not edit your |
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1938 @file{~/.emacs} init file. This is because editing the init file from |
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1939 such a session might overwrite the lines you might have on your init |
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1940 file which enable and disable commands. |
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1941 |
25829 | 1942 Whether a command is disabled is independent of what key is used to |
1943 invoke it; disabling also applies if the command is invoked using | |
1944 @kbd{M-x}. Disabling a command has no effect on calling it as a | |
1945 function from Lisp programs. | |
1946 | |
1947 @node Syntax | |
1948 @section The Syntax Table | |
1949 @cindex syntax table | |
1950 | |
1951 All the Emacs commands which parse words or balance parentheses are | |
1952 controlled by the @dfn{syntax table}. The syntax table says which | |
1953 characters are opening delimiters, which are parts of words, which are | |
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1954 string quotes, and so on. It does this by assigning each character to |
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1955 one of fifteen-odd @dfn{syntax classes}. In some cases it specifies |
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1956 some additional information also. |
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1957 |
38114 | 1958 Each major mode has its own syntax table (though related major modes |
1959 sometimes share one syntax table) which it installs in each buffer | |
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1960 that uses the mode. The syntax table installed in the current buffer |
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1961 is the one that all commands use, so we call it ``the'' syntax table. |
25829 | 1962 |
1963 @kindex C-h s | |
1964 @findex describe-syntax | |
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1965 To display a description of the contents of the current syntax |
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1966 table, type @kbd{C-h s} (@code{describe-syntax}). The description of |
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1967 each character includes both the string you would have to give to |
25829 | 1968 @code{modify-syntax-entry} to set up that character's current syntax, |
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1969 starting with the character which designates its syntax class, plus |
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1970 some English text to explain its meaning. |
25829 | 1971 |
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1972 A syntax table is actually a Lisp object, a char-table, whose |
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1973 elements are cons cells. For full information on the syntax table, |
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1974 see @ref{Syntax Tables,, Syntax Tables, elisp, The Emacs Lisp |
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1975 Reference Manual}. |
25829 | 1976 |
1977 @node Init File | |
1978 @section The Init File, @file{~/.emacs} | |
1979 @cindex init file | |
1980 @cindex Emacs initialization file | |
1981 @cindex key rebinding, permanent | |
1982 @cindex rebinding keys, permanently | |
1983 @cindex startup (init file) | |
1984 | |
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1985 When Emacs is started, it normally loads a Lisp program from the |
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1986 file @file{.emacs} or @file{.emacs.el} in your home directory. (You |
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1987 can also put it in a subdirectory @file{~/.emacs.d} and Emacs will |
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1988 still find it.) We call this file your @dfn{init file} because it |
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1989 specifies how to initialize Emacs for you. You can use the command |
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1990 line switch @samp{-q} to prevent loading your init file, and @samp{-u} |
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1991 (or @samp{--user}) to specify a different user's init file |
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1992 (@pxref{Initial Options}). |
25829 | 1993 |
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1994 @cindex @file{default.el}, the default init file |
25829 | 1995 There can also be a @dfn{default init file}, which is the library |
1996 named @file{default.el}, found via the standard search path for | |
1997 libraries. The Emacs distribution contains no such library; your site | |
1998 may create one for local customizations. If this library exists, it is | |
1999 loaded whenever you start Emacs (except when you specify @samp{-q}). | |
2000 But your init file, if any, is loaded first; if it sets | |
2001 @code{inhibit-default-init} non-@code{nil}, then @file{default} is not | |
2002 loaded. | |
2003 | |
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2004 @cindex site init file |
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2005 @cindex @file{site-start.el}, the site startup file |
25829 | 2006 Your site may also have a @dfn{site startup file}; this is named |
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2007 @file{site-start.el}, if it exists. Like @file{default.el}, Emacs |
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2008 finds this file via the standard search path for Lisp libraries. |
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2009 Emacs loads this library before it loads your init file. To inhibit |
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2010 loading of this library, use the option @samp{--no-site-file}. |
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2011 @xref{Initial Options}. We recommend against using |
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2012 @file{site-start.el} for changes that some users may not like. It is |
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2013 better to put them in @file{default.el}, so that users can more easily |
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2014 override them. |
37596
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2015 |
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2016 You can place @file{default.el} and @file{site-start.el} in any of |
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2017 the directories which Emacs searches for Lisp libraries. The variable |
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2018 @code{load-path} (@pxref{Lisp Libraries}) specifies these directories. |
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2019 Many sites put these files in the @file{site-lisp} subdirectory of the |
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2020 Emacs installation directory, typically |
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2021 @file{/usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp}. |
25829 | 2022 |
2023 If you have a large amount of code in your @file{.emacs} file, you | |
2024 should rename it to @file{~/.emacs.el}, and byte-compile it. @xref{Byte | |
2025 Compilation,, Byte Compilation, elisp, the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}, | |
2026 for more information about compiling Emacs Lisp programs. | |
2027 | |
2028 If you are going to write actual Emacs Lisp programs that go beyond | |
2029 minor customization, you should read the @cite{Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
2030 @ifinfo | |
2031 @xref{Top, Emacs Lisp, Emacs Lisp, elisp, the Emacs Lisp Reference | |
2032 Manual}. | |
2033 @end ifinfo | |
2034 | |
2035 @menu | |
2036 * Init Syntax:: Syntax of constants in Emacs Lisp. | |
2037 * Init Examples:: How to do some things with an init file. | |
2038 * Terminal Init:: Each terminal type can have an init file. | |
2039 * Find Init:: How Emacs finds the init file. | |
2040 @end menu | |
2041 | |
2042 @node Init Syntax | |
2043 @subsection Init File Syntax | |
2044 | |
2045 The @file{.emacs} file contains one or more Lisp function call | |
2046 expressions. Each of these consists of a function name followed by | |
2047 arguments, all surrounded by parentheses. For example, @code{(setq | |
2048 fill-column 60)} calls the function @code{setq} to set the variable | |
2049 @code{fill-column} (@pxref{Filling}) to 60. | |
2050 | |
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2051 You can set any Lisp variable with @code{setq}, but with certain |
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2052 variables @code{setq} won't do what you probably want in the |
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2053 @file{.emacs} file. Some variables automatically become buffer-local |
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2054 when set with @code{setq}; what you want in @file{.emacs} is to set |
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2055 the default value, using @code{setq-default}. Some customizable minor |
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2056 mode variables do special things to enable the mode when you set them |
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2057 with Customize, but ordinary @code{setq} won't do that; to enable the |
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2058 mode in your @file{.emacs} file, call the minor mode command. The |
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2059 following section has examples of both of these methods. |
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2060 |
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2061 The second argument to @code{setq} is an expression for the new |
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2062 value of the variable. This can be a constant, a variable, or a |
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2063 function call expression. In @file{.emacs}, constants are used most |
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2064 of the time. They can be: |
25829 | 2065 |
2066 @table @asis | |
2067 @item Numbers: | |
2068 Numbers are written in decimal, with an optional initial minus sign. | |
2069 | |
2070 @item Strings: | |
2071 @cindex Lisp string syntax | |
2072 @cindex string syntax | |
2073 Lisp string syntax is the same as C string syntax with a few extra | |
2074 features. Use a double-quote character to begin and end a string constant. | |
2075 | |
2076 In a string, you can include newlines and special characters literally. | |
2077 But often it is cleaner to use backslash sequences for them: @samp{\n} | |
2078 for newline, @samp{\b} for backspace, @samp{\r} for carriage return, | |
2079 @samp{\t} for tab, @samp{\f} for formfeed (control-L), @samp{\e} for | |
2080 escape, @samp{\\} for a backslash, @samp{\"} for a double-quote, or | |
2081 @samp{\@var{ooo}} for the character whose octal code is @var{ooo}. | |
2082 Backslash and double-quote are the only characters for which backslash | |
2083 sequences are mandatory. | |
2084 | |
2085 @samp{\C-} can be used as a prefix for a control character, as in | |
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2086 @samp{\C-s} for @acronym{ASCII} control-S, and @samp{\M-} can be used as a prefix for |
25829 | 2087 a Meta character, as in @samp{\M-a} for @kbd{Meta-A} or @samp{\M-\C-a} for |
2088 @kbd{Control-Meta-A}.@refill | |
2089 | |
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2090 @cindex international characters in @file{.emacs} |
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2091 @cindex non-@acronym{ASCII} characters in @file{.emacs} |
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2092 If you want to include non-@acronym{ASCII} characters in strings in your init |
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2093 file, you should consider putting a @w{@samp{-*-coding: |
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2094 @var{coding-system}-*-}} tag on the first line which states the coding |
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2095 system used to save your @file{.emacs}, as explained in @ref{Recognize |
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2096 Coding}. This is because the defaults for decoding non-@acronym{ASCII} text might |
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2097 not yet be set up by the time Emacs reads those parts of your init file |
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2098 which use such strings, possibly leading Emacs to decode those strings |
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2099 incorrectly. |
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2100 |
25829 | 2101 @item Characters: |
2102 Lisp character constant syntax consists of a @samp{?} followed by | |
2103 either a character or an escape sequence starting with @samp{\}. | |
2104 Examples: @code{?x}, @code{?\n}, @code{?\"}, @code{?\)}. Note that | |
2105 strings and characters are not interchangeable in Lisp; some contexts | |
2106 require one and some contexts require the other. | |
2107 | |
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2108 @xref{Non-ASCII Rebinding}, for information about binding commands to |
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2109 keys which send non-@acronym{ASCII} characters. |
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2110 |
25829 | 2111 @item True: |
2112 @code{t} stands for `true'. | |
2113 | |
2114 @item False: | |
2115 @code{nil} stands for `false'. | |
2116 | |
2117 @item Other Lisp objects: | |
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2118 Write a single-quote (@code{'}) followed by the Lisp object you want. |
25829 | 2119 @end table |
2120 | |
2121 @node Init Examples | |
2122 @subsection Init File Examples | |
2123 | |
2124 Here are some examples of doing certain commonly desired things with | |
2125 Lisp expressions: | |
2126 | |
2127 @itemize @bullet | |
2128 @item | |
2129 Make @key{TAB} in C mode just insert a tab if point is in the middle of a | |
2130 line. | |
2131 | |
2132 @example | |
2133 (setq c-tab-always-indent nil) | |
2134 @end example | |
2135 | |
2136 Here we have a variable whose value is normally @code{t} for `true' | |
2137 and the alternative is @code{nil} for `false'. | |
2138 | |
2139 @item | |
2140 Make searches case sensitive by default (in all buffers that do not | |
2141 override this). | |
2142 | |
2143 @example | |
2144 (setq-default case-fold-search nil) | |
2145 @end example | |
2146 | |
2147 This sets the default value, which is effective in all buffers that do | |
2148 not have local values for the variable. Setting @code{case-fold-search} | |
2149 with @code{setq} affects only the current buffer's local value, which | |
2150 is not what you probably want to do in an init file. | |
2151 | |
2152 @item | |
2153 @vindex user-mail-address | |
2154 Specify your own email address, if Emacs can't figure it out correctly. | |
2155 | |
2156 @example | |
2157 (setq user-mail-address "coon@@yoyodyne.com") | |
2158 @end example | |
2159 | |
2160 Various Emacs packages that need your own email address use the value of | |
2161 @code{user-mail-address}. | |
2162 | |
2163 @item | |
2164 Make Text mode the default mode for new buffers. | |
2165 | |
2166 @example | |
2167 (setq default-major-mode 'text-mode) | |
2168 @end example | |
2169 | |
2170 Note that @code{text-mode} is used because it is the command for | |
2171 entering Text mode. The single-quote before it makes the symbol a | |
2172 constant; otherwise, @code{text-mode} would be treated as a variable | |
2173 name. | |
2174 | |
2175 @need 1500 | |
2176 @item | |
2177 Set up defaults for the Latin-1 character set | |
2178 which supports most of the languages of Western Europe. | |
2179 | |
2180 @example | |
2181 (set-language-environment "Latin-1") | |
2182 @end example | |
2183 | |
2184 @need 1500 | |
2185 @item | |
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2186 Turn off Line Number mode, a global minor mode. |
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2187 |
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2188 @example |
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2189 (line-number-mode 0) |
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2190 @end example |
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2191 |
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2192 @need 1500 |
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2193 @item |
25829 | 2194 Turn on Auto Fill mode automatically in Text mode and related modes. |
2195 | |
2196 @example | |
2197 (add-hook 'text-mode-hook | |
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2198 '(lambda () (auto-fill-mode 1))) |
25829 | 2199 @end example |
2200 | |
2201 This shows how to add a hook function to a normal hook variable | |
2202 (@pxref{Hooks}). The function we supply is a list starting with | |
2203 @code{lambda}, with a single-quote in front of it to make it a list | |
2204 constant rather than an expression. | |
2205 | |
2206 It's beyond the scope of this manual to explain Lisp functions, but for | |
2207 this example it is enough to know that the effect is to execute | |
2208 @code{(auto-fill-mode 1)} when Text mode is entered. You can replace | |
2209 that with any other expression that you like, or with several | |
2210 expressions in a row. | |
2211 | |
2212 Emacs comes with a function named @code{turn-on-auto-fill} whose | |
2213 definition is @code{(lambda () (auto-fill-mode 1))}. Thus, a simpler | |
2214 way to write the above example is as follows: | |
2215 | |
2216 @example | |
2217 (add-hook 'text-mode-hook 'turn-on-auto-fill) | |
2218 @end example | |
2219 | |
2220 @item | |
2221 Load the installed Lisp library named @file{foo} (actually a file | |
2222 @file{foo.elc} or @file{foo.el} in a standard Emacs directory). | |
2223 | |
2224 @example | |
2225 (load "foo") | |
2226 @end example | |
2227 | |
2228 When the argument to @code{load} is a relative file name, not starting | |
2229 with @samp{/} or @samp{~}, @code{load} searches the directories in | |
2230 @code{load-path} (@pxref{Lisp Libraries}). | |
2231 | |
2232 @item | |
2233 Load the compiled Lisp file @file{foo.elc} from your home directory. | |
2234 | |
2235 @example | |
2236 (load "~/foo.elc") | |
2237 @end example | |
2238 | |
2239 Here an absolute file name is used, so no searching is done. | |
2240 | |
2241 @item | |
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2242 @cindex loading Lisp libraries automatically |
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2243 @cindex autoload Lisp libraries |
38114 | 2244 Tell Emacs to find the definition for the function @code{myfunction} |
2245 by loading a Lisp library named @file{mypackage} (i.e.@: a file | |
2246 @file{mypackage.elc} or @file{mypackage.el}): | |
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2247 |
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2248 @example |
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2249 (autoload 'myfunction "mypackage" "Do what I say." t) |
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2250 @end example |
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2251 |
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2252 @noindent |
38114 | 2253 Here the string @code{"Do what I say."} is the function's |
2254 documentation string. You specify it in the @code{autoload} | |
2255 definition so it will be available for help commands even when the | |
2256 package is not loaded. The last argument, @code{t}, indicates that | |
2257 this function is interactive; that is, it can be invoked interactively | |
2258 by typing @kbd{M-x myfunction @key{RET}} or by binding it to a key. | |
2259 If the function is not interactive, omit the @code{t} or use | |
2260 @code{nil}. | |
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2261 |
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2262 @item |
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2263 Rebind the key @kbd{C-x l} to run the function @code{make-symbolic-link} |
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2264 (@pxref{Init Rebinding}). |
25829 | 2265 |
2266 @example | |
2267 (global-set-key "\C-xl" 'make-symbolic-link) | |
2268 @end example | |
2269 | |
2270 or | |
2271 | |
2272 @example | |
2273 (define-key global-map "\C-xl" 'make-symbolic-link) | |
2274 @end example | |
2275 | |
2276 Note once again the single-quote used to refer to the symbol | |
2277 @code{make-symbolic-link} instead of its value as a variable. | |
2278 | |
2279 @item | |
2280 Do the same thing for Lisp mode only. | |
2281 | |
2282 @example | |
2283 (define-key lisp-mode-map "\C-xl" 'make-symbolic-link) | |
2284 @end example | |
2285 | |
2286 @item | |
2287 Redefine all keys which now run @code{next-line} in Fundamental mode | |
2288 so that they run @code{forward-line} instead. | |
2289 | |
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2290 @findex substitute-key-definition |
25829 | 2291 @example |
2292 (substitute-key-definition 'next-line 'forward-line | |
2293 global-map) | |
2294 @end example | |
2295 | |
2296 @item | |
2297 Make @kbd{C-x C-v} undefined. | |
2298 | |
2299 @example | |
2300 (global-unset-key "\C-x\C-v") | |
2301 @end example | |
2302 | |
2303 One reason to undefine a key is so that you can make it a prefix. | |
2304 Simply defining @kbd{C-x C-v @var{anything}} will make @kbd{C-x C-v} a | |
2305 prefix, but @kbd{C-x C-v} must first be freed of its usual non-prefix | |
2306 definition. | |
2307 | |
2308 @item | |
2309 Make @samp{$} have the syntax of punctuation in Text mode. | |
2310 Note the use of a character constant for @samp{$}. | |
2311 | |
2312 @example | |
2313 (modify-syntax-entry ?\$ "." text-mode-syntax-table) | |
2314 @end example | |
2315 | |
2316 @item | |
2317 Enable the use of the command @code{narrow-to-region} without confirmation. | |
2318 | |
2319 @example | |
2320 (put 'narrow-to-region 'disabled nil) | |
2321 @end example | |
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2322 |
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2323 @item |
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2324 Adjusting the configuration to various platforms and Emacs versions. |
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2325 |
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2326 Users typically want Emacs to behave the same on all systems, so the |
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2327 same init file is right for all platforms. However, sometimes it |
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2328 happens that a function you use for customizing Emacs is not available |
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2329 on some platforms or in older Emacs versions. To deal with that |
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2330 situation, put the customization inside a conditional that tests whether |
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2331 the function or facility is available, like this: |
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2332 |
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2333 @example |
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2334 (if (fboundp 'blink-cursor-mode) |
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2335 (blink-cursor-mode 0)) |
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2336 |
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2337 (if (boundp 'coding-category-utf-8) |
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2338 (set-coding-priority '(coding-category-utf-8))) |
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2339 @end example |
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2340 |
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2341 @noindent |
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2342 You can also simply disregard the errors that occur if the |
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2343 function is not defined. |
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2344 |
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2345 @example |
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2346 (condition case () |
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2347 (set-face-background 'region "grey75") |
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2348 (error nil)) |
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2349 @end example |
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2350 |
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2351 A @code{setq} on a variable which does not exist is generally |
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2352 harmless, so those do not need a conditional. |
25829 | 2353 @end itemize |
2354 | |
2355 @node Terminal Init | |
2356 @subsection Terminal-specific Initialization | |
2357 | |
2358 Each terminal type can have a Lisp library to be loaded into Emacs when | |
2359 it is run on that type of terminal. For a terminal type named | |
2360 @var{termtype}, the library is called @file{term/@var{termtype}} and it is | |
2361 found by searching the directories @code{load-path} as usual and trying the | |
2362 suffixes @samp{.elc} and @samp{.el}. Normally it appears in the | |
2363 subdirectory @file{term} of the directory where most Emacs libraries are | |
2364 kept.@refill | |
2365 | |
2366 The usual purpose of the terminal-specific library is to map the | |
2367 escape sequences used by the terminal's function keys onto more | |
2368 meaningful names, using @code{function-key-map}. See the file | |
2369 @file{term/lk201.el} for an example of how this is done. Many function | |
2370 keys are mapped automatically according to the information in the | |
2371 Termcap data base; the terminal-specific library needs to map only the | |
2372 function keys that Termcap does not specify. | |
2373 | |
2374 When the terminal type contains a hyphen, only the part of the name | |
2375 before the first hyphen is significant in choosing the library name. | |
2376 Thus, terminal types @samp{aaa-48} and @samp{aaa-30-rv} both use | |
2377 the library @file{term/aaa}. The code in the library can use | |
2378 @code{(getenv "TERM")} to find the full terminal type name.@refill | |
2379 | |
2380 @vindex term-file-prefix | |
2381 The library's name is constructed by concatenating the value of the | |
2382 variable @code{term-file-prefix} and the terminal type. Your @file{.emacs} | |
2383 file can prevent the loading of the terminal-specific library by setting | |
2384 @code{term-file-prefix} to @code{nil}. | |
2385 | |
2386 @vindex term-setup-hook | |
2387 Emacs runs the hook @code{term-setup-hook} at the end of | |
2388 initialization, after both your @file{.emacs} file and any | |
2389 terminal-specific library have been read in. Add hook functions to this | |
2390 hook if you wish to override part of any of the terminal-specific | |
2391 libraries and to define initializations for terminals that do not have a | |
2392 library. @xref{Hooks}. | |
2393 | |
2394 @node Find Init | |
2395 @subsection How Emacs Finds Your Init File | |
2396 | |
29107 | 2397 Normally Emacs uses the environment variable @env{HOME} to find |
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2398 @file{.emacs}; that's what @samp{~} means in a file name. If @file{.emacs} |
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2399 is not found directly inside @file{~/}, Emacs looks for it in |
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2400 @file{~/.emacs.d/}. |
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2401 |
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2402 However, if you run Emacs from a shell started by @code{su}, Emacs |
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2403 tries to find your own @file{.emacs}, not that of the user you are |
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2404 currently pretending to be. The idea is that you should get your own |
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2405 editor customizations even if you are running as the super user. |
25829 | 2406 |
2407 More precisely, Emacs first determines which user's init file to use. | |
29107 | 2408 It gets the user name from the environment variables @env{LOGNAME} and |
2409 @env{USER}; if neither of those exists, it uses effective user-ID. | |
2410 If that user name matches the real user-ID, then Emacs uses @env{HOME}; | |
25829 | 2411 otherwise, it looks up the home directory corresponding to that user |
2412 name in the system's data base of users. | |
2413 @c LocalWords: backtab | |
52401 | 2414 |
2415 @ignore | |
2416 arch-tag: c68abddb-4410-4fb5-925f-63394e971d93 | |
2417 @end ignore |