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annotate lispref/elisp.texi @ 72326:873436d4aaf2
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author | Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org> |
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date | Wed, 09 Aug 2006 04:55:10 +0000 |
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6451 | 1 \input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c %**start of header | |
3 @setfilename elisp | |
4 @settitle GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual | |
5 @c %**end of header | |
6 | |
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7 @c Version of the manual and of Emacs. |
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8 @c Please remember to update the edition number in README as well. |
64175 | 9 @set VERSION 2.9 |
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10 @set EMACSVER 22.0.50 |
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11 |
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12 @dircategory Emacs |
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13 @direntry |
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14 * Elisp: (elisp). The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. |
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15 @end direntry |
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16 |
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17 @c So that anyone making the printed manual gets the version we have |
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18 @c tuned to avoid bad line breaks, etc. |
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19 @smallbook |
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20 |
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21 @c per rms and peterb, use 10pt fonts for the main text, mostly to |
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22 @c save on paper cost. Also, do not declare @setchapternewpage odd, |
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23 @c for the same reason. Do this inside @tex for now, so the |
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24 @c last-released makeinfo does not complain. |
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25 @tex |
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26 @fonttextsize 10 |
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27 \global\hbadness=6000 % don't worry about not-too-underfull boxes |
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28 @end tex |
28952 | 29 |
30 @c Combine indices. | |
31 @synindex cp fn | |
32 @syncodeindex vr fn | |
33 @syncodeindex ky fn | |
34 @syncodeindex pg fn | |
35 @c We use the "type index" to index new functions and variables. | |
36 @c @syncodeindex tp fn | |
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37 |
63646 | 38 @copying |
39 This is edition @value{VERSION} of the GNU Emacs Lisp | |
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40 Reference Manual, corresponding to Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}. |
6451 | 41 |
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42 Copyright @copyright{} 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, |
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43 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, |
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44 Inc. |
6451 | 45 |
63646 | 46 @quotation |
28952 | 47 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
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48 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or |
28952 | 49 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the |
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50 Invariant Sections being ``GNU General Public License,'' with the |
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51 Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover |
63646 | 52 Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the |
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53 section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License.'' |
6451 | 54 |
28952 | 55 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify |
56 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free | |
57 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' | |
63646 | 58 @end quotation |
59 @end copying | |
6451 | 60 |
61 @titlepage | |
62 @title GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual | |
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63 @subtitle For Emacs Version @value{EMACSVER} |
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64 @subtitle Revision @value{VERSION}, January 2002 |
6451 | 65 |
66 @author by Bil Lewis, Dan LaLiberte, Richard Stallman | |
67 @author and the GNU Manual Group | |
68 @page | |
69 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
63646 | 70 @insertcopying |
6451 | 71 |
63646 | 72 @sp 1 |
73 Published by the Free Software Foundation @* | |
74 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor @* | |
75 Boston, MA 02110-1301 @* | |
76 USA @* | |
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77 ISBN 1-882114-73-6 |
6451 | 78 |
63646 | 79 @sp 1 |
6451 | 80 Cover art by Etienne Suvasa. |
81 @end titlepage | |
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82 |
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83 |
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84 @c Print the tables of contents |
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85 @summarycontents |
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86 @contents |
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87 |
6451 | 88 |
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89 @ifnottex |
29256 | 90 @node Top, Introduction, (dir), (dir) |
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91 @top Emacs Lisp |
6451 | 92 |
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93 This Info file contains edition @value{VERSION} of the GNU Emacs Lisp |
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94 Reference Manual, corresponding to GNU Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}. |
27193 | 95 @end ifnottex |
6451 | 96 |
97 @menu | |
98 * Introduction:: Introduction and conventions used. | |
99 | |
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100 * Lisp Data Types:: Data types of objects in Emacs Lisp. |
6451 | 101 * Numbers:: Numbers and arithmetic functions. |
102 * Strings and Characters:: Strings, and functions that work on them. | |
103 * Lists:: Lists, cons cells, and related functions. | |
104 * Sequences Arrays Vectors:: Lists, strings and vectors are called sequences. | |
105 Certain functions act on any kind of sequence. | |
106 The description of vectors is here as well. | |
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107 * Hash Tables:: Very fast lookup-tables. |
6451 | 108 * Symbols:: Symbols represent names, uniquely. |
109 | |
110 * Evaluation:: How Lisp expressions are evaluated. | |
111 * Control Structures:: Conditionals, loops, nonlocal exits. | |
112 * Variables:: Using symbols in programs to stand for values. | |
113 * Functions:: A function is a Lisp program | |
114 that can be invoked from other functions. | |
115 * Macros:: Macros are a way to extend the Lisp language. | |
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116 * Customization:: Writing customization declarations. |
6451 | 117 |
118 * Loading:: Reading files of Lisp code into Lisp. | |
119 * Byte Compilation:: Compilation makes programs run faster. | |
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120 * Advising Functions:: Adding to the definition of a function. |
6451 | 121 * Debugging:: Tools and tips for debugging Lisp programs. |
122 | |
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123 * Read and Print:: Converting Lisp objects to text and back. |
6451 | 124 * Minibuffers:: Using the minibuffer to read input. |
125 * Command Loop:: How the editor command loop works, | |
126 and how you can call its subroutines. | |
127 * Keymaps:: Defining the bindings from keys to commands. | |
128 * Modes:: Defining major and minor modes. | |
129 * Documentation:: Writing and using documentation strings. | |
130 | |
131 * Files:: Accessing files. | |
132 * Backups and Auto-Saving:: Controlling how backups and auto-save | |
133 files are made. | |
134 * Buffers:: Creating and using buffer objects. | |
135 * Windows:: Manipulating windows and displaying buffers. | |
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136 * Frames:: Making multiple system-level windows. |
6451 | 137 * Positions:: Buffer positions and motion functions. |
138 * Markers:: Markers represent positions and update | |
139 automatically when the text is changed. | |
140 | |
141 * Text:: Examining and changing text in buffers. | |
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142 * Non-ASCII Characters:: Non-ASCII text in buffers and strings. |
6451 | 143 * Searching and Matching:: Searching buffers for strings or regexps. |
144 * Syntax Tables:: The syntax table controls word and list parsing. | |
145 * Abbrevs:: How Abbrev mode works, and its data structures. | |
146 | |
147 * Processes:: Running and communicating with subprocesses. | |
33146 | 148 * Display:: Features for controlling the screen display. |
6451 | 149 * System Interface:: Getting the user id, system type, environment |
150 variables, and other such things. | |
151 | |
152 Appendices | |
153 | |
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154 * Antinews:: Info for users downgrading to Emacs 21. |
30904 | 155 * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation |
29149 | 156 * GPL:: Conditions for copying and changing GNU Emacs. |
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157 * Tips:: Advice and coding conventions for Emacs Lisp. |
6451 | 158 * GNU Emacs Internals:: Building and dumping Emacs; |
159 internal data structures. | |
160 * Standard Errors:: List of all error symbols. | |
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161 * Standard Buffer-Local Variables:: |
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162 List of variables buffer-local in all buffers. |
6451 | 163 * Standard Keymaps:: List of standard keymaps. |
164 * Standard Hooks:: List of standard hook variables. | |
165 | |
166 * Index:: Index including concepts, functions, variables, | |
167 and other terms. | |
168 | |
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169 @ignore |
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170 * New Symbols:: New functions and variables in Emacs @value{EMACSVER}. |
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171 @end ignore |
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172 |
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173 Detailed Node Listing |
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174 --------------------- |
6451 | 175 |
176 Here are other nodes that are inferiors of those already listed, | |
177 mentioned here so you can get to them in one step: | |
178 | |
179 Introduction | |
180 | |
181 * Caveats:: Flaws and a request for help. | |
182 * Lisp History:: Emacs Lisp is descended from Maclisp. | |
183 * Conventions:: How the manual is formatted. | |
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184 * Version Info:: Which Emacs version is running? |
6451 | 185 * Acknowledgements:: The authors, editors, and sponsors of this manual. |
186 | |
187 Conventions | |
188 | |
189 * Some Terms:: Explanation of terms we use in this manual. | |
190 * nil and t:: How the symbols @code{nil} and @code{t} are used. | |
191 * Evaluation Notation:: The format we use for examples of evaluation. | |
192 * Printing Notation:: The format we use for examples that print output. | |
193 * Error Messages:: The format we use for examples of errors. | |
194 * Buffer Text Notation:: The format we use for buffer contents in examples. | |
195 * Format of Descriptions:: Notation for describing functions, variables, etc. | |
196 | |
197 Format of Descriptions | |
198 | |
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199 * A Sample Function Description:: |
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200 * A Sample Variable Description:: |
6451 | 201 |
202 Lisp Data Types | |
203 | |
204 * Printed Representation:: How Lisp objects are represented as text. | |
205 * Comments:: Comments and their formatting conventions. | |
206 * Programming Types:: Types found in all Lisp systems. | |
207 * Editing Types:: Types specific to Emacs. | |
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208 * Circular Objects:: Read syntax for circular structure. |
6451 | 209 * Type Predicates:: Tests related to types. |
210 * Equality Predicates:: Tests of equality between any two objects. | |
211 | |
212 Programming Types | |
213 | |
214 * Integer Type:: Numbers without fractional parts. | |
215 * Floating Point Type:: Numbers with fractional parts and with a large range. | |
216 * Character Type:: The representation of letters, numbers and | |
25875 | 217 control characters. |
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218 * Symbol Type:: A multi-use object that refers to a function, |
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219 variable, property list, or itself. |
6451 | 220 * Sequence Type:: Both lists and arrays are classified as sequences. |
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221 * Cons Cell Type:: Cons cells, and lists (which are made from cons cells). |
6451 | 222 * Array Type:: Arrays include strings and vectors. |
223 * String Type:: An (efficient) array of characters. | |
224 * Vector Type:: One-dimensional arrays. | |
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225 * Char-Table Type:: One-dimensional sparse arrays indexed by characters. |
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226 * Bool-Vector Type:: One-dimensional arrays of @code{t} or @code{nil}. |
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227 * Hash Table Type:: Super-fast lookup tables. |
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228 * Function Type:: A piece of executable code you can call from elsewhere. |
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229 * Macro Type:: A method of expanding an expression into another |
6451 | 230 expression, more fundamental but less pretty. |
231 * Primitive Function Type:: A function written in C, callable from Lisp. | |
232 * Byte-Code Type:: A function written in Lisp, then compiled. | |
233 * Autoload Type:: A type used for automatically loading seldom-used | |
25875 | 234 functions. |
6451 | 235 |
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236 Cons Cell and List Types |
6451 | 237 |
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238 * Box Diagrams:: Drawing pictures of lists. |
6451 | 239 * Dotted Pair Notation:: An alternative syntax for lists. |
240 * Association List Type:: A specially constructed list. | |
241 | |
242 Editing Types | |
243 | |
244 * Buffer Type:: The basic object of editing. | |
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245 * Marker Type:: A position in a buffer. |
6451 | 246 * Window Type:: What makes buffers visible. |
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247 * Frame Type:: Windows subdivide frames. |
6451 | 248 * Window Configuration Type::Save what the screen looks like. |
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249 * Frame Configuration Type::Recording the status of all frames. |
6451 | 250 * Process Type:: A process running on the underlying OS. |
251 * Stream Type:: Receive or send characters. | |
252 * Keymap Type:: What function a keystroke invokes. | |
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253 * Overlay Type:: How an overlay is represented. |
6451 | 254 |
255 Numbers | |
256 | |
257 * Integer Basics:: Representation and range of integers. | |
258 * Float Basics:: Representation and range of floating point. | |
259 * Predicates on Numbers:: Testing for numbers. | |
260 * Comparison of Numbers:: Equality and inequality predicates. | |
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261 * Numeric Conversions:: Converting float to integer and vice versa. |
6451 | 262 * Arithmetic Operations:: How to add, subtract, multiply and divide. |
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263 * Rounding Operations:: Explicitly rounding floating point numbers. |
6451 | 264 * Bitwise Operations:: Logical and, or, not, shifting. |
12067 | 265 * Math Functions:: Trig, exponential and logarithmic functions. |
6451 | 266 * Random Numbers:: Obtaining random integers, predictable or not. |
267 | |
268 Strings and Characters | |
269 | |
270 * String Basics:: Basic properties of strings and characters. | |
271 * Predicates for Strings:: Testing whether an object is a string or char. | |
272 * Creating Strings:: Functions to allocate new strings. | |
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273 * Modifying Strings:: Altering the contents of an existing string. |
6451 | 274 * Text Comparison:: Comparing characters or strings. |
275 * String Conversion:: Converting characters or strings and vice versa. | |
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276 * Formatting Strings:: @code{format}: Emacs's analogue of @code{printf}. |
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277 * Case Conversion:: Case conversion functions. |
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278 * Case Tables:: Customizing case conversion. |
6451 | 279 |
280 Lists | |
281 | |
282 * Cons Cells:: How lists are made out of cons cells. | |
283 * List-related Predicates:: Is this object a list? Comparing two lists. | |
284 * List Elements:: Extracting the pieces of a list. | |
285 * Building Lists:: Creating list structure. | |
286 * Modifying Lists:: Storing new pieces into an existing list. | |
287 * Sets And Lists:: A list can represent a finite mathematical set. | |
288 * Association Lists:: A list can represent a finite relation or mapping. | |
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289 * Rings:: Managing a fixed-size ring of objects. |
6451 | 290 |
291 Modifying Existing List Structure | |
292 | |
293 * Setcar:: Replacing an element in a list. | |
294 * Setcdr:: Replacing part of the list backbone. | |
295 This can be used to remove or add elements. | |
296 * Rearrangement:: Reordering the elements in a list; combining lists. | |
297 | |
298 Sequences, Arrays, and Vectors | |
299 | |
300 * Sequence Functions:: Functions that accept any kind of sequence. | |
301 * Arrays:: Characteristics of arrays in Emacs Lisp. | |
302 * Array Functions:: Functions specifically for arrays. | |
303 * Vectors:: Functions specifically for vectors. | |
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304 * Vector Functions:: Functions specifically for vectors. |
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305 * Char-Tables:: How to work with char-tables. |
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306 * Bool-Vectors:: How to work with bool-vectors. |
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307 |
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308 Hash Tables |
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309 |
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310 * Creating Hash:: Functions to create hash tables. |
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311 * Hash Access:: Reading and writing the hash table contents. |
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312 * Defining Hash:: Defining new comparison methods |
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313 * Other Hash:: Miscellaneous. |
6451 | 314 |
315 Symbols | |
316 | |
317 * Symbol Components:: Symbols have names, values, function definitions | |
318 and property lists. | |
319 * Definitions:: A definition says how a symbol will be used. | |
320 * Creating Symbols:: How symbols are kept unique. | |
321 * Property Lists:: Each symbol has a property list | |
322 for recording miscellaneous information. | |
323 | |
324 Evaluation | |
325 | |
326 * Intro Eval:: Evaluation in the scheme of things. | |
327 * Forms:: How various sorts of objects are evaluated. | |
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328 * Quoting:: Avoiding evaluation (to put constants in |
6451 | 329 the program). |
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330 * Eval:: How to invoke the Lisp interpreter explicitly. |
6451 | 331 |
332 Kinds of Forms | |
333 | |
334 * Self-Evaluating Forms:: Forms that evaluate to themselves. | |
335 * Symbol Forms:: Symbols evaluate as variables. | |
336 * Classifying Lists:: How to distinguish various sorts of list forms. | |
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337 * Function Indirection:: When a symbol appears as the car of a list, |
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338 we find the real function via the symbol. |
6451 | 339 * Function Forms:: Forms that call functions. |
340 * Macro Forms:: Forms that call macros. | |
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341 * Special Forms:: "Special forms" are idiosyncratic primitives, |
6451 | 342 most of them extremely important. |
343 * Autoloading:: Functions set up to load files | |
344 containing their real definitions. | |
345 | |
346 Control Structures | |
347 | |
348 * Sequencing:: Evaluation in textual order. | |
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349 * Conditionals:: @code{if}, @code{cond}, @code{when}, @code{unless}. |
6451 | 350 * Combining Conditions:: @code{and}, @code{or}, @code{not}. |
351 * Iteration:: @code{while} loops. | |
352 * Nonlocal Exits:: Jumping out of a sequence. | |
353 | |
354 Nonlocal Exits | |
355 | |
356 * Catch and Throw:: Nonlocal exits for the program's own purposes. | |
357 * Examples of Catch:: Showing how such nonlocal exits can be written. | |
358 * Errors:: How errors are signaled and handled. | |
359 * Cleanups:: Arranging to run a cleanup form if an | |
360 error happens. | |
361 | |
362 Errors | |
363 | |
364 * Signaling Errors:: How to report an error. | |
365 * Processing of Errors:: What Emacs does when you report an error. | |
366 * Handling Errors:: How you can trap errors and continue execution. | |
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367 * Error Symbols:: How errors are classified for trapping them. |
6451 | 368 |
369 Variables | |
370 | |
371 * Global Variables:: Variable values that exist permanently, everywhere. | |
372 * Constant Variables:: Certain "variables" have values that never change. | |
373 * Local Variables:: Variable values that exist only temporarily. | |
374 * Void Variables:: Symbols that lack values. | |
375 * Defining Variables:: A definition says a symbol is used as a variable. | |
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376 * Tips for Defining:: Things you should think about when you |
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377 define a variable. |
6451 | 378 * Accessing Variables:: Examining values of variables whose names |
379 are known only at run time. | |
380 * Setting Variables:: Storing new values in variables. | |
381 * Variable Scoping:: How Lisp chooses among local and global values. | |
382 * Buffer-Local Variables:: Variable values in effect only in one buffer. | |
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383 * Frame-Local Variables:: Variable values in effect only in one frame. |
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384 * Future Local Variables:: New kinds of local values we might add some day. |
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385 * File Local Variables:: Handling local variable lists in files. |
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386 * Variable Aliases:: Variables that are aliases for other variables. |
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387 * Variables with Restricted Values:: Non-constant variables whose value can |
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388 @emph{not} be an arbitrary Lisp object. |
6451 | 389 |
390 Scoping Rules for Variable Bindings | |
391 | |
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392 * Scope:: Scope means where in the program a value |
6451 | 393 is visible. Comparison with other languages. |
394 * Extent:: Extent means how long in time a value exists. | |
395 * Impl of Scope:: Two ways to implement dynamic scoping. | |
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396 * Using Scoping:: How to use dynamic scoping carefully and |
6451 | 397 avoid problems. |
398 | |
399 Buffer-Local Variables | |
400 | |
401 * Intro to Buffer-Local:: Introduction and concepts. | |
402 * Creating Buffer-Local:: Creating and destroying buffer-local bindings. | |
403 * Default Value:: The default value is seen in buffers | |
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404 that don't have their own buffer-local values. |
6451 | 405 |
406 Functions | |
407 | |
408 * What Is a Function:: Lisp functions vs primitives; terminology. | |
409 * Lambda Expressions:: How functions are expressed as Lisp objects. | |
410 * Function Names:: A symbol can serve as the name of a function. | |
411 * Defining Functions:: Lisp expressions for defining functions. | |
412 * Calling Functions:: How to use an existing function. | |
413 * Mapping Functions:: Applying a function to each element of a list, etc. | |
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414 * Anonymous Functions:: Lambda-expressions are functions with no names. |
6451 | 415 * Function Cells:: Accessing or setting the function definition |
416 of a symbol. | |
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417 * Obsolete Functions:: Declaring functions obsolete. |
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418 * Inline Functions:: Defining functions that the compiler will open code. |
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419 * Function Safety:: Determining whether a function is safe to call. |
6451 | 420 * Related Topics:: Cross-references to specific Lisp primitives |
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421 that have a special bearing on how |
6451 | 422 functions work. |
423 | |
424 Lambda Expressions | |
425 | |
426 * Lambda Components:: The parts of a lambda expression. | |
427 * Simple Lambda:: A simple example. | |
428 * Argument List:: Details and special features of argument lists. | |
429 * Function Documentation:: How to put documentation in a function. | |
430 | |
431 Macros | |
432 | |
433 * Simple Macro:: A basic example. | |
434 * Expansion:: How, when and why macros are expanded. | |
435 * Compiling Macros:: How macros are expanded by the compiler. | |
436 * Defining Macros:: How to write a macro definition. | |
437 * Backquote:: Easier construction of list structure. | |
438 * Problems with Macros:: Don't evaluate the macro arguments too many times. | |
439 Don't hide the user's variables. | |
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440 * Indenting Macros:: Specifying how to indent macro calls. |
6451 | 441 |
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442 Writing Customization Definitions |
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443 |
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444 * Common Keywords:: Common keyword arguments for all kinds of |
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445 customization declarations. |
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446 * Group Definitions:: Writing customization group definitions. |
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447 * Variable Definitions:: Declaring user options. |
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448 * Customization Types:: Specifying the type of a user option. |
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449 |
6451 | 450 Loading |
451 | |
452 * How Programs Do Loading:: The @code{load} function and others. | |
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453 * Load Suffixes:: Details about the suffixes that @code{load} tries. |
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454 * Library Search:: Finding a library to load. |
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455 * Loading Non-ASCII:: Non-@acronym{ASCII} characters in Emacs Lisp files. |
6451 | 456 * Autoload:: Setting up a function to autoload. |
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457 * Repeated Loading:: Precautions about loading a file twice. |
12098 | 458 * Named Features:: Loading a library if it isn't already loaded. |
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459 * Where Defined:: Finding which file defined a certain symbol. |
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460 * Unloading:: How to "unload" a library that was loaded. |
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461 * Hooks for Loading:: Providing code to be run when |
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462 particular libraries are loaded. |
6451 | 463 |
464 Byte Compilation | |
465 | |
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466 * Speed of Byte-Code:: An example of speedup from byte compilation. |
6451 | 467 * Compilation Functions:: Byte compilation functions. |
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468 * Docs and Compilation:: Dynamic loading of documentation strings. |
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469 * Dynamic Loading:: Dynamic loading of individual functions. |
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470 * Eval During Compile:: Code to be evaluated when you compile. |
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471 * Compiler Errors:: Handling compiler error messages. |
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472 * Byte-Code Objects:: The data type used for byte-compiled functions. |
6451 | 473 * Disassembly:: Disassembling byte-code; how to read byte-code. |
474 | |
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475 Advising Emacs Lisp Functions |
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476 |
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477 * Simple Advice:: A simple example to explain the basics of advice. |
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478 * Defining Advice:: Detailed description of @code{defadvice}. |
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479 * Around-Advice:: Wrapping advice around a function's definition. |
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480 * Computed Advice:: ...is to @code{defadvice} as @code{fset} is to @code{defun}. |
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481 * Activation of Advice:: Advice doesn't do anything until you activate it. |
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482 * Enabling Advice:: You can enable or disable each piece of advice. |
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483 * Preactivation:: Preactivation is a way of speeding up the |
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484 loading of compiled advice. |
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485 * Argument Access in Advice:: How advice can access the function's arguments. |
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486 * Advising Primitives:: Accessing arguments when advising a primitive. |
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487 * Combined Definition:: How advice is implemented. |
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488 |
6451 | 489 Debugging Lisp Programs |
490 | |
491 * Debugger:: How the Emacs Lisp debugger is implemented. | |
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492 * Edebug:: A source-level Emacs Lisp debugger. |
6451 | 493 * Syntax Errors:: How to find syntax errors. |
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494 * Test Coverage:: Ensuring you have tested all branches in your code. |
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495 * Compilation Errors:: How to find errors that show up in |
6451 | 496 byte compilation. |
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497 |
6451 | 498 The Lisp Debugger |
499 | |
500 * Error Debugging:: Entering the debugger when an error happens. | |
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501 * Infinite Loops:: Stopping and debugging a program that doesn't exit. |
6451 | 502 * Function Debugging:: Entering it when a certain function is called. |
503 * Explicit Debug:: Entering it at a certain point in the program. | |
504 * Using Debugger:: What the debugger does; what you see while in it. | |
505 * Debugger Commands:: Commands used while in the debugger. | |
506 * Invoking the Debugger:: How to call the function @code{debug}. | |
507 * Internals of Debugger:: Subroutines of the debugger, and global variables. | |
508 | |
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509 Edebug |
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510 |
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511 * Using Edebug:: Introduction to use of Edebug. |
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512 * Instrumenting:: You must instrument your code |
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513 in order to debug it with Edebug. |
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514 * Edebug Execution Modes:: Execution modes, stopping more or less often. |
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515 * Jumping:: Commands to jump to a specified place. |
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516 * Edebug Misc:: Miscellaneous commands. |
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517 * Breaks:: Setting breakpoints to make the program stop. |
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518 * Trapping Errors:: Trapping errors with Edebug. |
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519 * Edebug Views:: Views inside and outside of Edebug. |
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520 * Edebug Eval:: Evaluating expressions within Edebug. |
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521 * Eval List:: Expressions whose values are displayed |
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522 each time you enter Edebug. |
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523 * Printing in Edebug:: Customization of printing. |
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524 * Trace Buffer:: How to produce trace output in a buffer. |
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525 * Coverage Testing:: How to test evaluation coverage. |
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526 * The Outside Context:: Data that Edebug saves and restores. |
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527 * Edebug and Macros:: Specifying how to handle macro calls. |
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528 * Edebug Options:: Option variables for customizing Edebug. |
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529 |
6451 | 530 Debugging Invalid Lisp Syntax |
531 | |
532 * Excess Open:: How to find a spurious open paren or missing close. | |
533 * Excess Close:: How to find a spurious close paren or missing open. | |
534 | |
535 Reading and Printing Lisp Objects | |
536 | |
537 * Streams Intro:: Overview of streams, reading and printing. | |
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538 * Input Streams:: Various data types that can be used as |
6451 | 539 input streams. |
540 * Input Functions:: Functions to read Lisp objects from text. | |
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541 * Output Streams:: Various data types that can be used as |
6451 | 542 output streams. |
543 * Output Functions:: Functions to print Lisp objects as text. | |
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544 * Output Variables:: Variables that control what the printing |
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545 functions do. |
6451 | 546 |
547 Minibuffers | |
548 | |
549 * Intro to Minibuffers:: Basic information about minibuffers. | |
550 * Text from Minibuffer:: How to read a straight text string. | |
551 * Object from Minibuffer:: How to read a Lisp object or expression. | |
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552 * Minibuffer History:: Recording previous minibuffer inputs |
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553 so the user can reuse them. |
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554 * Initial Input:: Specifying initial contents for the minibuffer. |
6451 | 555 * Completion:: How to invoke and customize completion. |
556 * Yes-or-No Queries:: Asking a question with a simple answer. | |
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557 * Multiple Queries:: Asking a series of similar questions. |
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558 * Reading a Password:: Reading a password from the terminal. |
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559 * Minibuffer Commands:: Commands used as key bindings in minibuffers. |
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560 * Minibuffer Contents:: How such commands access the minibuffer text. |
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561 * Minibuffer Windows:: Operating on the special minibuffer windows. |
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562 * Recursive Mini:: Whether recursive entry to minibuffer is allowed. |
6451 | 563 * Minibuffer Misc:: Various customization hooks and variables. |
564 | |
565 Completion | |
566 | |
567 * Basic Completion:: Low-level functions for completing strings. | |
568 (These are too low level to use the minibuffer.) | |
569 * Minibuffer Completion:: Invoking the minibuffer with completion. | |
570 * Completion Commands:: Minibuffer commands that do completion. | |
571 * High-Level Completion:: Convenient special cases of completion | |
572 (reading buffer name, file name, etc.) | |
573 * Reading File Names:: Using completion to read file names. | |
574 * Programmed Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name. | |
575 | |
576 Command Loop | |
577 | |
578 * Command Overview:: How the command loop reads commands. | |
579 * Defining Commands:: Specifying how a function should read arguments. | |
580 * Interactive Call:: Calling a command, so that it will read arguments. | |
581 * Command Loop Info:: Variables set by the command loop for you to examine. | |
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582 * Adjusting Point:: Adjustment of point after a command. |
6451 | 583 * Input Events:: What input looks like when you read it. |
584 * Reading Input:: How to read input events from the keyboard or mouse. | |
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585 * Special Events:: Events processed immediately and individually. |
6451 | 586 * Waiting:: Waiting for user input or elapsed time. |
587 * Quitting:: How @kbd{C-g} works. How to catch or defer quitting. | |
588 * Prefix Command Arguments:: How the commands to set prefix args work. | |
589 * Recursive Editing:: Entering a recursive edit, | |
590 and why you usually shouldn't. | |
591 * Disabling Commands:: How the command loop handles disabled commands. | |
592 * Command History:: How the command history is set up, and how accessed. | |
593 * Keyboard Macros:: How keyboard macros are implemented. | |
594 | |
595 Defining Commands | |
596 | |
597 * Using Interactive:: General rules for @code{interactive}. | |
598 * Interactive Codes:: The standard letter-codes for reading arguments | |
599 in various ways. | |
600 * Interactive Examples:: Examples of how to read interactive arguments. | |
601 | |
602 Keymaps | |
603 | |
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604 * Key Sequences:: Key sequences as Lisp objects. |
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605 * Keymap Basics:: Basic concepts of keymaps. |
6451 | 606 * Format of Keymaps:: What a keymap looks like as a Lisp object. |
607 * Creating Keymaps:: Functions to create and copy keymaps. | |
608 * Inheritance and Keymaps:: How one keymap can inherit the bindings | |
609 of another keymap. | |
610 * Prefix Keys:: Defining a key with a keymap as its definition. | |
611 * Active Keymaps:: Each buffer has a local keymap | |
612 to override the standard (global) bindings. | |
25875 | 613 Each minor mode can also override them. |
6451 | 614 * Key Lookup:: How extracting elements from keymaps works. |
615 * Functions for Key Lookup:: How to request key lookup. | |
616 * Changing Key Bindings:: Redefining a key in a keymap. | |
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617 * Remapping Commands:: Bindings that translate one command to another. |
6451 | 618 * Key Binding Commands:: Interactive interfaces for redefining keys. |
619 * Scanning Keymaps:: Looking through all keymaps, for printing help. | |
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620 * Menu Keymaps:: A keymap can define a menu for X |
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621 or for use from the terminal. |
6451 | 622 |
623 Major and Minor Modes | |
624 | |
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625 * Hooks:: How to use hooks; how to write code that |
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626 provides hooks. |
6451 | 627 * Major Modes:: Defining major modes. |
628 * Minor Modes:: Defining minor modes. | |
629 * Mode Line Format:: Customizing the text that appears in the mode line. | |
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630 * Imenu:: How a mode can provide a menu |
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631 of definitions in the buffer. |
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632 * Font Lock Mode:: How modes can highlight text according to syntax. |
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633 * Desktop Save Mode:: How modes can have buffer state saved between |
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634 Emacs sessions. |
6451 | 635 |
636 Major Modes | |
637 | |
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638 * Major Mode Basics:: |
6451 | 639 * Major Mode Conventions:: Coding conventions for keymaps, etc. |
640 * Example Major Modes:: Text mode and Lisp modes. | |
641 * Auto Major Mode:: How Emacs chooses the major mode automatically. | |
642 * Mode Help:: Finding out how to use a mode. | |
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643 * Derived Modes:: Defining a new major mode based on another major |
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644 mode. |
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645 * Generic Modes:: Defining a simple major mode that supports |
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646 comment syntax and Font Lock mode. |
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647 * Mode Hooks:: Hooks run at the end of major mode functions. |
6451 | 648 |
649 Minor Modes | |
650 | |
651 * Minor Mode Conventions:: Tips for writing a minor mode. | |
652 * Keymaps and Minor Modes:: How a minor mode can have its own keymap. | |
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653 * Defining Minor Modes:: A convenient facility for defining minor modes. |
6451 | 654 |
655 Mode Line Format | |
656 | |
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657 * Mode Line Basics:: |
6451 | 658 * Mode Line Data:: The data structure that controls the mode line. |
659 * Mode Line Variables:: Variables used in that data structure. | |
660 * %-Constructs:: Putting information into a mode line. | |
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661 * Properties in Mode:: Using text properties in the mode line. |
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662 * Header Lines:: Like a mode line, but at the top. |
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663 * Emulating Mode Line:: Formatting text as the mode line would. |
6451 | 664 |
665 Documentation | |
666 | |
667 * Documentation Basics:: Good style for doc strings. | |
668 Where to put them. How Emacs stores them. | |
669 * Accessing Documentation:: How Lisp programs can access doc strings. | |
670 * Keys in Documentation:: Substituting current key bindings. | |
671 * Describing Characters:: Making printable descriptions of | |
672 non-printing characters and key sequences. | |
673 * Help Functions:: Subroutines used by Emacs help facilities. | |
674 | |
675 Files | |
676 | |
677 * Visiting Files:: Reading files into Emacs buffers for editing. | |
678 * Saving Buffers:: Writing changed buffers back into files. | |
679 * Reading from Files:: Reading files into other buffers. | |
680 * Writing to Files:: Writing new files from parts of buffers. | |
681 * File Locks:: Locking and unlocking files, to prevent | |
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682 simultaneous editing by two people. |
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683 * Information about Files:: Testing existence, accessibility, size of files. |
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684 * Changing Files:: Renaming files, changing protection, etc. |
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685 * File Names:: Decomposing and expanding file names. |
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686 * Contents of Directories:: Getting a list of the files in a directory. |
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687 * Create/Delete Dirs:: Creating and Deleting Directories. |
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688 * Magic File Names:: Defining "magic" special handling |
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689 for certain file names. |
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690 * Format Conversion:: Conversion to and from various file formats. |
6451 | 691 |
692 Visiting Files | |
693 | |
694 * Visiting Functions:: The usual interface functions for visiting. | |
695 * Subroutines of Visiting:: Lower-level subroutines that they use. | |
696 | |
697 Information about Files | |
698 | |
699 * Testing Accessibility:: Is a given file readable? Writable? | |
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700 * Kinds of Files:: Is it a directory? A symbolic link? |
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701 * Truenames:: Eliminating symbolic links from a file name. |
6451 | 702 * File Attributes:: How large is it? Any other names? Etc. |
703 | |
704 File Names | |
705 | |
706 * File Name Components:: The directory part of a file name, and the rest. | |
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707 * Relative File Names:: Some file names are relative to a |
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708 current directory. |
6451 | 709 * Directory Names:: A directory's name as a directory |
710 is different from its name as a file. | |
711 * File Name Expansion:: Converting relative file names to absolute ones. | |
712 * Unique File Names:: Generating names for temporary files. | |
713 * File Name Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name. | |
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714 * Standard File Names:: If your package uses a fixed file name, |
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715 how to handle various operating systems simply. |
6451 | 716 |
717 Backups and Auto-Saving | |
718 | |
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719 * Backup Files:: How backup files are made; how their names |
6451 | 720 are chosen. |
721 * Auto-Saving:: How auto-save files are made; how their | |
722 names are chosen. | |
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723 * Reverting:: @code{revert-buffer}, and how to customize |
6451 | 724 what it does. |
725 | |
726 Backup Files | |
727 | |
728 * Making Backups:: How Emacs makes backup files, and when. | |
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729 * Rename or Copy:: Two alternatives: renaming the old file |
6451 | 730 or copying it. |
731 * Numbered Backups:: Keeping multiple backups for each source file. | |
732 * Backup Names:: How backup file names are computed; customization. | |
733 | |
734 Buffers | |
735 | |
736 * Buffer Basics:: What is a buffer? | |
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737 * Current Buffer:: Designating a buffer as current |
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738 so primitives will access its contents. |
6451 | 739 * Buffer Names:: Accessing and changing buffer names. |
740 * Buffer File Name:: The buffer file name indicates which file | |
741 is visited. | |
742 * Buffer Modification:: A buffer is @dfn{modified} if it needs to be saved. | |
743 * Modification Time:: Determining whether the visited file was changed | |
71956
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744 "behind Emacs's back". |
6451 | 745 * Read Only Buffers:: Modifying text is not allowed in a |
746 read-only buffer. | |
747 * The Buffer List:: How to look at all the existing buffers. | |
748 * Creating Buffers:: Functions that create buffers. | |
749 * Killing Buffers:: Buffers exist until explicitly killed. | |
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750 * Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares text with some |
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751 other buffer. |
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752 * Buffer Gap:: The gap in the buffer. |
6451 | 753 |
754 Windows | |
755 | |
756 * Basic Windows:: Basic information on using windows. | |
757 * Splitting Windows:: Splitting one window into two windows. | |
758 * Deleting Windows:: Deleting a window gives its space to other windows. | |
759 * Selecting Windows:: The selected window is the one that you edit in. | |
760 * Cyclic Window Ordering:: Moving around the existing windows. | |
761 * Buffers and Windows:: Each window displays the contents of a buffer. | |
762 * Displaying Buffers:: Higher-lever functions for displaying a buffer | |
763 and choosing a window for it. | |
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764 * Choosing Window:: How to choose a window for displaying a buffer. |
6451 | 765 * Window Point:: Each window has its own location of point. |
766 * Window Start:: The display-start position controls which text | |
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767 is on-screen in the window. |
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768 * Textual Scrolling:: Moving text up and down through the window. |
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769 * Vertical Scrolling:: Moving the contents up and down on the window. |
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770 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving the contents sideways on the window. |
6451 | 771 * Size of Window:: Accessing the size of a window. |
772 * Resizing Windows:: Changing the size of a window. | |
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773 * Coordinates and Windows:: Converting coordinates to windows. |
6451 | 774 * Window Configurations:: Saving and restoring the state of the screen. |
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775 * Window Hooks:: Hooks for scrolling, window size changes, |
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776 redisplay going past a certain point, |
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777 or window configuration changes. |
6451 | 778 |
12098 | 779 Frames |
780 | |
781 * Creating Frames:: Creating additional frames. | |
782 * Multiple Displays:: Creating frames on other X displays. | |
783 * Frame Parameters:: Controlling frame size, position, font, etc. | |
784 * Frame Titles:: Automatic updating of frame titles. | |
785 * Deleting Frames:: Frames last until explicitly deleted. | |
786 * Finding All Frames:: How to examine all existing frames. | |
787 * Frames and Windows:: A frame contains windows; | |
788 display of text always works through windows. | |
789 * Minibuffers and Frames:: How a frame finds the minibuffer to use. | |
790 * Input Focus:: Specifying the selected frame. | |
791 * Visibility of Frames:: Frames may be visible or invisible, or icons. | |
792 * Raising and Lowering:: Raising a frame makes it hide other X windows; | |
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793 lowering it puts it underneath the others. |
12098 | 794 * Frame Configurations:: Saving the state of all frames. |
795 * Mouse Tracking:: Getting events that say when the mouse moves. | |
796 * Mouse Position:: Asking where the mouse is, or moving it. | |
797 * Pop-Up Menus:: Displaying a menu for the user to select from. | |
798 * Dialog Boxes:: Displaying a box to ask yes or no. | |
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799 * Pointer Shape:: Specifying the shape of the mouse pointer. |
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800 * Window System Selections::Transferring text to and from other windows. |
12098 | 801 * Color Names:: Getting the definitions of color names. |
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802 * Text Terminal Colors:: Defining colors for text-only terminals. |
12098 | 803 * Resources:: Getting resource values from the server. |
27476 | 804 * Display Feature Testing:: Determining the features of a terminal. |
12098 | 805 |
6451 | 806 Positions |
807 | |
808 * Point:: The special position where editing takes place. | |
809 * Motion:: Changing point. | |
810 * Excursions:: Temporary motion and buffer changes. | |
811 * Narrowing:: Restricting editing to a portion of the buffer. | |
812 | |
813 Motion | |
814 | |
815 * Character Motion:: Moving in terms of characters. | |
816 * Word Motion:: Moving in terms of words. | |
817 * Buffer End Motion:: Moving to the beginning or end of the buffer. | |
818 * Text Lines:: Moving in terms of lines of text. | |
819 * Screen Lines:: Moving in terms of lines as displayed. | |
820 * List Motion:: Moving by parsing lists and sexps. | |
821 * Skipping Characters:: Skipping characters belonging to a certain set. | |
822 | |
823 Markers | |
824 | |
825 * Overview of Markers:: The components of a marker, and how it relocates. | |
826 * Predicates on Markers:: Testing whether an object is a marker. | |
827 * Creating Markers:: Making empty markers or markers at certain places. | |
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828 * Information from Markers::Finding the marker's buffer or character |
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829 position. |
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830 * Marker Insertion Types:: Two ways a marker can relocate when you |
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831 insert where it points. |
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832 * Moving Markers:: Moving the marker to a new buffer or position. |
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833 * The Mark:: How "the mark" is implemented with a marker. |
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834 * The Region:: How to access "the region". |
6451 | 835 |
836 Text | |
837 | |
838 * Near Point:: Examining text in the vicinity of point. | |
839 * Buffer Contents:: Examining text in a general fashion. | |
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840 * Comparing Text:: Comparing substrings of buffers. |
6451 | 841 * Insertion:: Adding new text to a buffer. |
842 * Commands for Insertion:: User-level commands to insert text. | |
843 * Deletion:: Removing text from a buffer. | |
844 * User-Level Deletion:: User-level commands to delete text. | |
845 * The Kill Ring:: Where removed text sometimes is saved for | |
846 later use. | |
847 * Undo:: Undoing changes to the text of a buffer. | |
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848 * Maintaining Undo:: How to enable and disable undo information. |
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849 How to control how much information is kept. |
6451 | 850 * Filling:: Functions for explicit filling. |
12098 | 851 * Margins:: How to specify margins for filling commands. |
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852 * Adaptive Fill:: Adaptive Fill mode chooses a fill prefix |
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853 from context. |
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854 * Auto Filling:: How auto-fill mode is implemented to break lines. |
6451 | 855 * Sorting:: Functions for sorting parts of the buffer. |
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856 * Columns:: Computing horizontal positions, and using them. |
6451 | 857 * Indentation:: Functions to insert or adjust indentation. |
858 * Case Changes:: Case conversion of parts of the buffer. | |
15725 | 859 * Text Properties:: Assigning Lisp property lists to text characters. |
6451 | 860 * Substitution:: Replacing a given character wherever it appears. |
15725 | 861 * Transposition:: Swapping two portions of a buffer. |
6451 | 862 * Registers:: How registers are implemented. Accessing |
863 the text or position stored in a register. | |
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864 * Base 64:: Conversion to or from base 64 encoding. |
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865 * MD5 Checksum:: Compute the MD5 "message digest"/"checksum". |
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866 * Atomic Changes:: Installing several buffer changes "atomically". |
15725 | 867 * Change Hooks:: Supplying functions to be run when text is changed. |
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868 |
6451 | 869 The Kill Ring |
870 | |
871 * Kill Ring Concepts:: What text looks like in the kill ring. | |
872 * Kill Functions:: Functions that kill text. | |
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873 * Yanking:: How yanking is done. |
6451 | 874 * Yank Commands:: Commands that access the kill ring. |
12067 | 875 * Low-Level Kill Ring:: Functions and variables for kill ring access. |
6451 | 876 * Internals of Kill Ring:: Variables that hold kill-ring data. |
877 | |
878 Indentation | |
879 | |
880 * Primitive Indent:: Functions used to count and insert indentation. | |
881 * Mode-Specific Indent:: Customize indentation for different modes. | |
882 * Region Indent:: Indent all the lines in a region. | |
883 * Relative Indent:: Indent the current line based on previous lines. | |
884 * Indent Tabs:: Adjustable, typewriter-like tab stops. | |
885 * Motion by Indent:: Move to first non-blank character. | |
886 | |
15725 | 887 Text Properties |
888 | |
889 * Examining Properties:: Looking at the properties of one character. | |
890 * Changing Properties:: Setting the properties of a range of text. | |
891 * Property Search:: Searching for where a property changes value. | |
892 * Special Properties:: Particular properties with special meanings. | |
893 * Format Properties:: Properties for representing formatting of text. | |
894 * Sticky Properties:: How inserted text gets properties from | |
895 neighboring text. | |
896 * Saving Properties:: Saving text properties in files, and reading | |
897 them back. | |
898 * Lazy Properties:: Computing text properties in a lazy fashion | |
899 only when text is examined. | |
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900 * Clickable Text:: Using text properties to make regions of text |
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901 do something when you click on them. |
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902 * Links and Mouse-1:: How to make @key{Mouse-1} follow a link. |
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903 * Fields:: The @code{field} property defines |
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904 fields within the buffer. |
15725 | 905 * Not Intervals:: Why text properties do not use |
906 Lisp-visible text intervals. | |
907 | |
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908 Non-ASCII Characters |
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909 |
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910 * Text Representations:: Unibyte and multibyte representations |
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911 * Converting Representations:: Converting unibyte to multibyte and vice versa. |
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912 * Selecting a Representation:: Treating a byte sequence as unibyte or multi. |
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913 * Character Codes:: How unibyte and multibyte relate to |
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914 codes of individual characters. |
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915 * Character Sets:: The space of possible characters codes |
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916 is divided into various character sets. |
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917 * Chars and Bytes:: More information about multibyte encodings. |
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918 * Splitting Characters:: Converting a character to its byte sequence. |
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919 * Scanning Charsets:: Which character sets are used in a buffer? |
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920 * Translation of Characters:: Translation tables are used for conversion. |
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921 * Coding Systems:: Coding systems are conversions for saving files. |
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922 * Input Methods:: Input methods allow users to enter various |
40834 | 923 non-ASCII characters without special keyboards. |
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924 * Locales:: Interacting with the POSIX locale. |
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925 |
6451 | 926 Searching and Matching |
927 | |
928 * String Search:: Search for an exact match. | |
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929 * Searching and Case:: Case-independent or case-significant searching. |
6451 | 930 * Regular Expressions:: Describing classes of strings. |
931 * Regexp Search:: Searching for a match for a regexp. | |
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932 * POSIX Regexps:: Searching POSIX-style for the longest match. |
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933 * Match Data:: Finding out which part of the text matched, |
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934 after a string or regexp search. |
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935 * Search and Replace:: Commands that loop, searching and replacing. |
6451 | 936 * Standard Regexps:: Useful regexps for finding sentences, pages,... |
937 | |
938 Regular Expressions | |
939 | |
940 * Syntax of Regexps:: Rules for writing regular expressions. | |
941 * Regexp Example:: Illustrates regular expression syntax. | |
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942 * Regexp Functions:: Functions for operating on regular expressions. |
6451 | 943 |
944 Syntax Tables | |
945 | |
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946 * Syntax Basics:: Basic concepts of syntax tables. |
6451 | 947 * Syntax Descriptors:: How characters are classified. |
948 * Syntax Table Functions:: How to create, examine and alter syntax tables. | |
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949 * Syntax Properties:: Overriding syntax with text properties. |
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950 * Motion and Syntax:: Moving over characters with certain syntaxes. |
6451 | 951 * Parsing Expressions:: Parsing balanced expressions |
952 using the syntax table. | |
953 * Standard Syntax Tables:: Syntax tables used by various major modes. | |
954 * Syntax Table Internals:: How syntax table information is stored. | |
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955 * Categories:: Another way of classifying character syntax. |
6451 | 956 |
957 Syntax Descriptors | |
958 | |
959 * Syntax Class Table:: Table of syntax classes. | |
960 * Syntax Flags:: Additional flags each character can have. | |
961 | |
962 Abbrevs And Abbrev Expansion | |
963 | |
964 * Abbrev Mode:: Setting up Emacs for abbreviation. | |
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965 * Abbrev Tables:: Creating and working with abbrev tables. |
6451 | 966 * Defining Abbrevs:: Specifying abbreviations and their expansions. |
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967 * Abbrev Files:: Saving abbrevs in files. |
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968 * Abbrev Expansion:: Controlling expansion; expansion subroutines. |
6451 | 969 * Standard Abbrev Tables:: Abbrev tables used by various major modes. |
970 | |
971 Processes | |
972 | |
973 * Subprocess Creation:: Functions that start subprocesses. | |
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974 * Shell Arguments:: Quoting an argument to pass it to a shell. |
6451 | 975 * Synchronous Processes:: Details of using synchronous subprocesses. |
976 * Asynchronous Processes:: Starting up an asynchronous subprocess. | |
977 * Deleting Processes:: Eliminating an asynchronous subprocess. | |
978 * Process Information:: Accessing run-status and other attributes. | |
979 * Input to Processes:: Sending input to an asynchronous subprocess. | |
980 * Signals to Processes:: Stopping, continuing or interrupting | |
981 an asynchronous subprocess. | |
982 * Output from Processes:: Collecting output from an asynchronous subprocess. | |
983 * Sentinels:: Sentinels run when process run-status changes. | |
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984 * Query Before Exit:: Whether to query if exiting will kill a process. |
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985 * Transaction Queues:: Transaction-based communication with subprocesses. |
12098 | 986 * Network:: Opening network connections. |
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987 * Network Servers:: Network servers let Emacs accept net connections. |
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988 * Datagrams:: UDP network connections. |
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989 * Low-Level Network:: Lower-level but more general function |
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990 to create connections and servers. |
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991 * Misc Network:: Additional relevant functions for network connections. |
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992 * Byte Packing:: Using bindat to pack and unpack binary data. |
6451 | 993 |
994 Receiving Output from Processes | |
995 | |
996 * Process Buffers:: If no filter, output is put in a buffer. | |
997 * Filter Functions:: Filter functions accept output from the process. | |
52157 | 998 * Decoding Output:: Filters can get unibyte or multibyte strings. |
6451 | 999 * Accepting Output:: How to wait until process output arrives. |
1000 | |
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1001 Emacs Display |
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1002 |
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1003 * Refresh Screen:: Clearing the screen and redrawing everything on it. |
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1004 * Forcing Redisplay:: Forcing redisplay. |
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1005 * Truncation:: Folding or wrapping long text lines. |
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1006 * The Echo Area:: Displaying messages at the bottom of the screen. |
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1007 * Warnings:: Displaying warning messages for the user. |
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1008 * Invisible Text:: Hiding part of the buffer text. |
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1009 * Selective Display:: Hiding part of the buffer text (the old way). |
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1010 * Temporary Displays:: Displays that go away automatically. |
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1011 * Overlays:: Use overlays to highlight parts of the buffer. |
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1012 * Width:: How wide a character or string is on the screen. |
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1013 * Line Height:: Controlling the height of lines. |
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1014 * Faces:: A face defines a graphics style |
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1015 for text characters: font, colors, etc. |
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1016 * Fringes:: Controlling window fringes. |
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1017 * Scroll Bars:: Controlling vertical scroll bars. |
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1018 * Display Property:: Enabling special display features. |
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1019 * Images:: Displaying images in Emacs buffers. |
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1020 * Buttons:: Adding clickable buttons to Emacs buffers. |
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1021 * Abstract Display:: Emacs' Widget for Object Collections. |
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1022 * Blinking:: How Emacs shows the matching open parenthesis. |
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1023 * Usual Display:: The usual conventions for displaying nonprinting chars. |
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1024 * Display Tables:: How to specify other conventions. |
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1025 * Beeping:: Audible signal to the user. |
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1026 * Window Systems:: Which window system is being used. |
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1027 |
6451 | 1028 Operating System Interface |
1029 | |
1030 * Starting Up:: Customizing Emacs start-up processing. | |
1031 * Getting Out:: How exiting works (permanent or temporary). | |
1032 * System Environment:: Distinguish the name and kind of system. | |
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1033 * User Identification:: Finding the name and user id of the user. |
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1034 * Time of Day:: Getting the current time. |
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1035 * Time Conversion:: Converting a time from numeric form to a string, or |
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1036 to calendrical data (or vice versa). |
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1037 * Time Parsing:: Converting a time from numeric form to text |
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1038 and vice versa. |
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1039 * Processor Run Time:: Getting the run time used by Emacs. |
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1040 * Time Calculations:: Adding, subtracting, comparing times, etc. |
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1041 * Timers:: Setting a timer to call a function at a certain time. |
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1042 * Terminal Input:: Accessing and recordingo terminal input. |
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1043 * Terminal Output:: Controlling and recording terminal output. |
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1044 * Sound Output:: Playing sounds on the computer's speaker. |
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1045 * X11 Keysyms:: Operating on key symbols for X Windows |
6451 | 1046 * Batch Mode:: Running Emacs without terminal interaction. |
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1047 * Session Management:: Saving and restoring state with X Session Management. |
6451 | 1048 |
1049 Starting Up Emacs | |
1050 | |
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1051 * Startup Summary:: Sequence of actions Emacs performs at start-up. |
6451 | 1052 * Init File:: Details on reading the init file (@file{.emacs}). |
1053 * Terminal-Specific:: How the terminal-specific Lisp file is read. | |
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1054 * Command-Line Arguments:: How command line arguments are processed, |
6451 | 1055 and how you can customize them. |
1056 | |
1057 Getting out of Emacs | |
1058 | |
1059 * Killing Emacs:: Exiting Emacs irreversibly. | |
1060 * Suspending Emacs:: Exiting Emacs reversibly. | |
1061 | |
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1062 Tips and Conventions |
6451 | 1063 |
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1064 * Coding Conventions:: Conventions for clean and robust programs. |
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1065 * Key Binding Conventions:: Which keys should be bound by which programs. |
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1066 * Programming Tips:: Making Emacs code fit smoothly in Emacs. |
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1067 * Compilation Tips:: Making compiled code run fast. |
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1068 * Warning Tips:: Turning off compiler warnings. |
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1069 * Documentation Tips:: Writing readable documentation strings. |
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1070 * Comment Tips:: Conventions for writing comments. |
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1071 * Library Headers:: Standard headers for library packages. |
6451 | 1072 |
1073 GNU Emacs Internals | |
1074 | |
1075 * Building Emacs:: How to preload Lisp libraries into Emacs. | |
1076 * Pure Storage:: A kludge to make preloaded Lisp functions sharable. | |
1077 * Garbage Collection:: Reclaiming space for Lisp objects no longer used. | |
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1078 * Memory Usage:: Info about total size of Lisp objects made so far. |
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1079 * Writing Emacs Primitives:: Writing C code for Emacs. |
6451 | 1080 * Object Internals:: Data formats of buffers, windows, processes. |
1081 | |
1082 Object Internals | |
1083 | |
1084 * Buffer Internals:: Components of a buffer structure. | |
1085 * Window Internals:: Components of a window structure. | |
1086 * Process Internals:: Components of a process structure. | |
1087 @end menu | |
1088 | |
1089 @include intro.texi | |
1090 @include objects.texi | |
1091 @include numbers.texi | |
1092 @include strings.texi | |
1093 | |
1094 @include lists.texi | |
1095 @include sequences.texi | |
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1096 @include hash.texi |
6451 | 1097 @include symbols.texi |
1098 @include eval.texi | |
1099 | |
1100 @include control.texi | |
1101 @include variables.texi | |
1102 @include functions.texi | |
1103 @include macros.texi | |
1104 | |
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1105 @include customize.texi |
6451 | 1106 @include loading.texi |
1107 @include compile.texi | |
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1108 @include advice.texi |
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1109 |
6451 | 1110 @include debugging.texi |
1111 @include streams.texi | |
1112 @include minibuf.texi | |
1113 @include commands.texi | |
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1114 |
6451 | 1115 @include keymaps.texi |
1116 @include modes.texi | |
1117 @include help.texi | |
1118 @include files.texi | |
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1119 |
6451 | 1120 @include backups.texi |
1121 @include buffers.texi | |
1122 @include windows.texi | |
1123 @include frames.texi | |
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1124 |
6451 | 1125 @include positions.texi |
1126 @include markers.texi | |
1127 @include text.texi | |
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1128 @include nonascii.texi |
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1129 |
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1130 @include searching.texi |
6451 | 1131 @include syntax.texi |
1132 @include abbrevs.texi | |
1133 @include processes.texi | |
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1134 |
6451 | 1135 @include display.texi |
26211 | 1136 @include os.texi |
6451 | 1137 |
1138 @c MOVE to Emacs Manual: include misc-modes.texi | |
1139 | |
1140 @c appendices | |
1141 | |
1142 @c REMOVE this: include non-hacker.texi | |
1143 | |
25875 | 1144 @include anti.texi |
29116 | 1145 @include doclicense.texi |
1146 @include gpl.texi | |
6451 | 1147 @include tips.texi |
1148 @include internals.texi | |
1149 @include errors.texi | |
1150 @include locals.texi | |
1151 @include maps.texi | |
1152 @include hooks.texi | |
1153 | |
1154 @include index.texi | |
1155 | |
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1156 @ignore |
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1157 @node New Symbols, , Index, Top |
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1158 @unnumbered New Symbols Since the Previous Edition |
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1159 |
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1160 @printindex tp |
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1161 @end ignore |
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1162 |
6451 | 1163 @bye |
1164 | |
1165 | |
1166 These words prevent "local variables" above from confusing Emacs. | |
52401 | 1167 |
1168 @ignore | |
1169 arch-tag: f7e9a219-a0e1-4776-b631-08eaa1d49b34 | |
1170 @end ignore |