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annotate man/fixit.texi @ 66867:87c432b77d3e
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author | Jay Belanger <jay.p.belanger@gmail.com> |
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date | Mon, 14 Nov 2005 20:21:40 +0000 |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2002, 2003, |
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3 @c 2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
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5 @node Fixit, Keyboard Macros, Search, Top |
25829 | 6 @chapter Commands for Fixing Typos |
7 @cindex typos, fixing | |
8 @cindex mistakes, correcting | |
9 | |
10 In this chapter we describe the commands that are especially useful for | |
11 the times when you catch a mistake in your text just after you have made | |
12 it, or change your mind while composing text on the fly. | |
13 | |
14 The most fundamental command for correcting erroneous editing is the | |
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15 undo command, @kbd{C-x u} or @kbd{C-_} or @kbd{C-/}. This command |
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16 undoes a single command (usually), a part of a command (in the case of |
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17 @code{query-replace}), or several consecutive self-inserting |
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18 characters. Consecutive repetitions of the undo command undo earlier |
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19 and earlier changes, back to the limit of the undo information |
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20 available. @xref{Undo}, for more information. |
25829 | 21 |
22 @menu | |
23 * Kill Errors:: Commands to kill a batch of recently entered text. | |
24 * Transpose:: Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists... | |
25 * Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered. | |
26 * Spelling:: Apply spelling checker to a word, or a whole file. | |
27 @end menu | |
28 | |
29 @node Kill Errors | |
30 @section Killing Your Mistakes | |
31 | |
32 @table @kbd | |
33 @item @key{DEL} | |
34 Delete last character (@code{delete-backward-char}). | |
35 @item M-@key{DEL} | |
36 Kill last word (@code{backward-kill-word}). | |
37 @item C-x @key{DEL} | |
38 Kill to beginning of sentence (@code{backward-kill-sentence}). | |
39 @end table | |
40 | |
41 The @key{DEL} character (@code{delete-backward-char}) is the most | |
42 important correction command. It deletes the character before point. | |
43 When @key{DEL} follows a self-inserting character command, you can think | |
44 of it as canceling that command. However, avoid the mistake of thinking | |
45 of @key{DEL} as a general way to cancel a command! | |
46 | |
47 When your mistake is longer than a couple of characters, it might be | |
48 more convenient to use @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} or @kbd{C-x @key{DEL}}. | |
49 @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} kills back to the start of the last word, and @kbd{C-x | |
50 @key{DEL}} kills back to the start of the last sentence. @kbd{C-x | |
51 @key{DEL}} is particularly useful when you change your mind about the | |
52 phrasing of the text you are writing. @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} and @kbd{C-x | |
53 @key{DEL}} save the killed text for @kbd{C-y} and @kbd{M-y} to | |
54 retrieve. @xref{Yanking}.@refill | |
55 | |
56 @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} is often useful even when you have typed only a few | |
57 characters wrong, if you know you are confused in your typing and aren't | |
58 sure exactly what you typed. At such a time, you cannot correct with | |
59 @key{DEL} except by looking at the screen to see what you did. Often it | |
60 requires less thought to kill the whole word and start again. | |
61 | |
62 @node Transpose | |
63 @section Transposing Text | |
64 | |
65 @table @kbd | |
66 @item C-t | |
67 Transpose two characters (@code{transpose-chars}). | |
68 @item M-t | |
69 Transpose two words (@code{transpose-words}). | |
70 @item C-M-t | |
71 Transpose two balanced expressions (@code{transpose-sexps}). | |
72 @item C-x C-t | |
73 Transpose two lines (@code{transpose-lines}). | |
74 @end table | |
75 | |
76 @kindex C-t | |
77 @findex transpose-chars | |
78 The common error of transposing two characters can be fixed, when they | |
79 are adjacent, with the @kbd{C-t} command (@code{transpose-chars}). Normally, | |
80 @kbd{C-t} transposes the two characters on either side of point. When | |
81 given at the end of a line, rather than transposing the last character of | |
82 the line with the newline, which would be useless, @kbd{C-t} transposes the | |
83 last two characters on the line. So, if you catch your transposition error | |
84 right away, you can fix it with just a @kbd{C-t}. If you don't catch it so | |
38954 | 85 fast, you must move the cursor back between the two transposed |
86 characters before you type @kbd{C-t}. If you transposed a space with | |
87 the last character of the word before it, the word motion commands are | |
88 a good way of getting there. Otherwise, a reverse search (@kbd{C-r}) | |
89 is often the best way. @xref{Search}. | |
25829 | 90 |
91 @kindex C-x C-t | |
92 @findex transpose-lines | |
93 @kindex M-t | |
94 @findex transpose-words | |
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95 @c Don't index C-M-t and transpose-sexps here, they are indexed in |
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96 @c programs.texi, in the "List Commands" node. |
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97 @c @kindex C-M-t |
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98 @c @findex transpose-sexps |
37120 | 99 @kbd{M-t} transposes the word before point with the word after point |
100 (@code{transpose-words}). It moves point forward over a word, | |
101 dragging the word preceding or containing point forward as well. The | |
102 punctuation characters between the words do not move. For example, | |
103 @w{@samp{FOO, BAR}} transposes into @w{@samp{BAR, FOO}} rather than | |
104 @samp{@w{BAR FOO,}}. | |
25829 | 105 |
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106 @kbd{C-M-t} (@code{transpose-sexps}) is a similar command for |
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107 transposing two expressions (@pxref{Expressions}), and @kbd{C-x C-t} |
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108 (@code{transpose-lines}) exchanges lines. They work like @kbd{M-t} |
38745 | 109 except as regards what units of text they transpose. |
25829 | 110 |
111 A numeric argument to a transpose command serves as a repeat count: it | |
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112 tells the transpose command to move the character (word, expression, line) |
25829 | 113 before or containing point across several other characters (words, |
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114 expressions, lines). For example, @kbd{C-u 3 C-t} moves the character before |
25829 | 115 point forward across three other characters. It would change |
116 @samp{f@point{}oobar} into @samp{oobf@point{}ar}. This is equivalent to | |
117 repeating @kbd{C-t} three times. @kbd{C-u - 4 M-t} moves the word | |
118 before point backward across four words. @kbd{C-u - C-M-t} would cancel | |
119 the effect of plain @kbd{C-M-t}.@refill | |
120 | |
121 A numeric argument of zero is assigned a special meaning (because | |
122 otherwise a command with a repeat count of zero would do nothing): to | |
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123 transpose the character (word, expression, line) ending after point |
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124 with the one ending after the mark. |
25829 | 125 |
126 @node Fixing Case | |
127 @section Case Conversion | |
128 | |
129 @table @kbd | |
130 @item M-- M-l | |
131 Convert last word to lower case. Note @kbd{Meta--} is Meta-minus. | |
132 @item M-- M-u | |
133 Convert last word to all upper case. | |
134 @item M-- M-c | |
135 Convert last word to lower case with capital initial. | |
136 @end table | |
137 | |
138 @kindex M-@t{-} M-l | |
139 @kindex M-@t{-} M-u | |
140 @kindex M-@t{-} M-c | |
141 A very common error is to type words in the wrong case. Because of this, | |
142 the word case-conversion commands @kbd{M-l}, @kbd{M-u} and @kbd{M-c} have a | |
143 special feature when used with a negative argument: they do not move the | |
144 cursor. As soon as you see you have mistyped the last word, you can simply | |
145 case-convert it and go on typing. @xref{Case}.@refill | |
146 | |
147 @node Spelling | |
148 @section Checking and Correcting Spelling | |
149 @cindex spelling, checking and correcting | |
150 @cindex checking spelling | |
151 @cindex correcting spelling | |
152 | |
153 This section describes the commands to check the spelling of a single | |
154 word or of a portion of a buffer. These commands work with the spelling | |
155 checker program Ispell, which is not part of Emacs. | |
156 @ifinfo | |
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157 @xref{Top, Ispell, Overview ispell, ispell, The Ispell Manual}. |
25829 | 158 @end ifinfo |
159 | |
160 @table @kbd | |
161 @item M-x flyspell-mode | |
162 Enable Flyspell mode, which highlights all misspelled words. | |
59887 | 163 @item M-x flyspell-prog-mode |
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164 Enable Flyspell mode for comments and strings only. |
25829 | 165 @item M-$ |
166 Check and correct spelling of the word at point (@code{ispell-word}). | |
167 @item M-@key{TAB} | |
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168 @itemx @key{ESC} @key{TAB} |
25829 | 169 Complete the word before point based on the spelling dictionary |
170 (@code{ispell-complete-word}). | |
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171 @item M-x ispell |
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172 Spell-check the active region or the current buffer. |
25829 | 173 @item M-x ispell-buffer |
174 Check and correct spelling of each word in the buffer. | |
175 @item M-x ispell-region | |
176 Check and correct spelling of each word in the region. | |
177 @item M-x ispell-message | |
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178 Check and correct spelling of each word in a draft mail message, |
25829 | 179 excluding cited material. |
180 @item M-x ispell-change-dictionary @key{RET} @var{dict} @key{RET} | |
181 Restart the Ispell process, using @var{dict} as the dictionary. | |
182 @item M-x ispell-kill-ispell | |
183 Kill the Ispell subprocess. | |
184 @end table | |
185 | |
186 @cindex Flyspell mode | |
187 @findex flyspell-mode | |
188 Flyspell mode is a fully-automatic way to check spelling as you edit | |
189 in Emacs. It operates by checking words as you change or insert them. | |
190 When it finds a word that it does not recognize, it highlights that | |
191 word. This does not interfere with your editing, but when you see the | |
192 highlighted word, you can move to it and fix it. Type @kbd{M-x | |
193 flyspell-mode} to enable or disable this mode in the current buffer. | |
194 | |
195 When Flyspell mode highlights a word as misspelled, you can click on | |
196 it with @kbd{Mouse-2} to display a menu of possible corrections and | |
197 actions. You can also correct the word by editing it manually in any | |
198 way you like. | |
199 | |
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200 @findex flyspell-prog-mode |
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201 Flyspell Prog mode works just like ordinary Flyspell mode, except that |
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202 it only checks words in comments and string constants. This feature |
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203 is useful for editing programs. Type @kbd{M-x flyspell-prog-mode} to |
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204 enable or disable this mode in the current buffer. |
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205 |
25829 | 206 The other Emacs spell-checking features check or look up words when |
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207 you give an explicit command to do so. |
25829 | 208 |
209 @kindex M-$ | |
210 @findex ispell-word | |
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211 To check the spelling of the word around or before point, and |
25829 | 212 optionally correct it as well, use the command @kbd{M-$} |
213 (@code{ispell-word}). If the word is not correct, the command offers | |
214 you various alternatives for what to do about it. | |
215 | |
216 @findex ispell-buffer | |
217 @findex ispell-region | |
218 To check the entire current buffer, use @kbd{M-x ispell-buffer}. Use | |
219 @kbd{M-x ispell-region} to check just the current region. To check | |
220 spelling in an email message you are writing, use @kbd{M-x | |
38954 | 221 ispell-message}; that command checks the whole buffer, except for |
25829 | 222 material that is indented or appears to be cited from other messages. |
223 | |
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224 @findex ispell |
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225 @cindex spell-checking the active region |
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226 The @kbd{M-x ispell} command spell-checks the active region if the |
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227 Transient Mark mode is on (@pxref{Transient Mark}), otherwise it |
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228 spell-checks the current buffer. |
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229 |
25829 | 230 Each time these commands encounter an incorrect word, they ask you |
231 what to do. They display a list of alternatives, usually including | |
232 several ``near-misses''---words that are close to the word being | |
38954 | 233 checked. Then you must type a single-character response. Here are |
234 the valid responses: | |
25829 | 235 |
236 @table @kbd | |
237 @item @key{SPC} | |
238 Skip this word---continue to consider it incorrect, but don't change it | |
239 here. | |
240 | |
241 @item r @var{new} @key{RET} | |
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242 Replace the word (just this time) with @var{new}. (The replacement |
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243 string will be rescanned for more spelling errors.) |
25829 | 244 |
245 @item R @var{new} @key{RET} | |
246 Replace the word with @var{new}, and do a @code{query-replace} so you | |
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247 can replace it elsewhere in the buffer if you wish. (The replacements |
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248 will be rescanned for more spelling errors.) |
25829 | 249 |
250 @item @var{digit} | |
251 Replace the word (just this time) with one of the displayed | |
252 near-misses. Each near-miss is listed with a digit; type that digit to | |
253 select it. | |
254 | |
255 @item a | |
256 Accept the incorrect word---treat it as correct, but only in this | |
257 editing session. | |
258 | |
259 @item A | |
260 Accept the incorrect word---treat it as correct, but only in this | |
261 editing session and for this buffer. | |
262 | |
263 @item i | |
264 Insert this word in your private dictionary file so that Ispell will | |
38954 | 265 consider it correct from now on, even in future sessions. |
25829 | 266 |
267 @item u | |
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268 Insert the lower-case version of this word in your private dic@-tion@-ary |
25829 | 269 file. |
270 | |
271 @item m | |
272 Like @kbd{i}, but you can also specify dictionary completion | |
273 information. | |
274 | |
275 @item l @var{word} @key{RET} | |
276 Look in the dictionary for words that match @var{word}. These words | |
38954 | 277 become the new list of ``near-misses''; you can select one of them as |
278 the replacement by typing a digit. You can use @samp{*} in @var{word} as a | |
25829 | 279 wildcard. |
280 | |
281 @item C-g | |
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282 Quit interactive spell checking, leaving point at the word that was |
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283 being checked. You can restart checking again afterward with @kbd{C-u |
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284 M-$}. |
25829 | 285 |
286 @item X | |
287 Same as @kbd{C-g}. | |
288 | |
289 @item x | |
290 Quit interactive spell checking and move point back to where it was | |
291 when you started spell checking. | |
292 | |
293 @item q | |
294 Quit interactive spell checking and kill the Ispell subprocess. | |
295 | |
296 @item C-l | |
297 Refresh the screen. | |
298 | |
299 @item C-z | |
300 This key has its normal command meaning (suspend Emacs or iconify this | |
301 frame). | |
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302 |
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303 @item ? |
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304 Show the list of options. |
25829 | 305 @end table |
306 | |
307 @findex ispell-complete-word | |
308 The command @code{ispell-complete-word}, which is bound to the key | |
309 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} in Text mode and related modes, shows a list of | |
310 completions based on spelling correction. Insert the beginning of a | |
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311 word, and then type @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}; the command displays a |
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312 completion list window. (If your window manager intercepts |
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313 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}, type @kbd{@key{ESC} @key{TAB}} or @kbd{C-M-i}.) To |
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314 choose one of the completions listed, click @kbd{Mouse-2} or |
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315 @kbd{Mouse-1} fast on it, or move the cursor there in the completions |
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316 window and type @key{RET}. @xref{Text Mode}. |
25829 | 317 |
318 @ignore | |
319 @findex reload-ispell | |
320 The first time you use any of the spell checking commands, it starts | |
321 an Ispell subprocess. The first thing the subprocess does is read your | |
322 private dictionary, which defaults to the file @file{~/ispell.words}. | |
323 Words that you ``insert'' with the @kbd{i} command are added to that | |
324 file, but not right away---only at the end of the interactive | |
325 replacement procedure. Use the @kbd{M-x reload-ispell} command to | |
326 reload your private dictionary if you edit the file outside of Ispell. | |
327 @end ignore | |
328 | |
329 @cindex @code{ispell} program | |
330 @findex ispell-kill-ispell | |
331 Once started, the Ispell subprocess continues to run (waiting for | |
332 something to do), so that subsequent spell checking commands complete | |
333 more quickly. If you want to get rid of the Ispell process, use | |
334 @kbd{M-x ispell-kill-ispell}. This is not usually necessary, since the | |
335 process uses no time except when you do spelling correction. | |
336 | |
337 @vindex ispell-dictionary | |
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338 Ispell uses two dictionaries together for spell checking: the |
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339 standard dictionary and your private dictionary. The variable |
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340 @code{ispell-dictionary} specifies the file name to use for the |
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341 standard dictionary; a value of @code{nil} selects the default |
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342 dictionary. The command @kbd{M-x ispell-change-dictionary} sets this |
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343 variable and then restarts the Ispell subprocess, so that it will use |
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344 a different standard dictionary. |
25829 | 345 |
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(Spelling): Document ispell-complete-word-dict.
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346 @vindex ispell-complete-word-dict |
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347 Ispell uses a separate dictionary for word completion. The variable |
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348 @code{ispell-complete-word-dict} specifies the file name of this |
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349 dictionary. The completion dictionary must be different because it |
56652 | 350 cannot use root and affix information. For some languages |
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351 there is a spell checking dictionary but no word completion |
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352 dictionary. |
52401 | 353 |
354 @ignore | |
355 arch-tag: 3359a443-96ed-448f-9f05-c8111ba8eac0 | |
356 @end ignore |