Mercurial > emacs
annotate lispref/nonascii.texi @ 24845:87e4cdfac07b
(IT-display-table-setup): Do not remap \222 to
the ASCII apostrophe, as most DOS codepages have some other glyph
there.
author | Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org> |
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date | Mon, 14 Jun 1999 15:10:14 +0000 |
parents | a53274056f20 |
children | 7451b1458af1 |
rev | line source |
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21006 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
3 @c Copyright (C) 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
4 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. | |
5 @setfilename ../info/characters | |
6 @node Non-ASCII Characters, Searching and Matching, Text, Top | |
7 @chapter Non-ASCII Characters | |
8 @cindex multibyte characters | |
9 @cindex non-ASCII characters | |
10 | |
11 This chapter covers the special issues relating to non-@sc{ASCII} | |
12 characters and how they are stored in strings and buffers. | |
13 | |
14 @menu | |
15 * Text Representations:: | |
16 * Converting Representations:: | |
17 * Selecting a Representation:: | |
18 * Character Codes:: | |
19 * Character Sets:: | |
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20 * Chars and Bytes:: |
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21 * Splitting Characters:: |
21006 | 22 * Scanning Charsets:: |
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23 * Translation of Characters:: |
21006 | 24 * Coding Systems:: |
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25 * Input Methods:: |
21006 | 26 @end menu |
27 | |
28 @node Text Representations | |
29 @section Text Representations | |
30 @cindex text representations | |
31 | |
32 Emacs has two @dfn{text representations}---two ways to represent text | |
33 in a string or buffer. These are called @dfn{unibyte} and | |
34 @dfn{multibyte}. Each string, and each buffer, uses one of these two | |
35 representations. For most purposes, you can ignore the issue of | |
36 representations, because Emacs converts text between them as | |
37 appropriate. Occasionally in Lisp programming you will need to pay | |
38 attention to the difference. | |
39 | |
40 @cindex unibyte text | |
41 In unibyte representation, each character occupies one byte and | |
42 therefore the possible character codes range from 0 to 255. Codes 0 | |
43 through 127 are @sc{ASCII} characters; the codes from 128 through 255 | |
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44 are used for one non-@sc{ASCII} character set (you can choose which |
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45 character set by setting the variable @code{nonascii-insert-offset}). |
21006 | 46 |
47 @cindex leading code | |
48 @cindex multibyte text | |
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49 @cindex trailing codes |
21006 | 50 In multibyte representation, a character may occupy more than one |
51 byte, and as a result, the full range of Emacs character codes can be | |
52 stored. The first byte of a multibyte character is always in the range | |
53 128 through 159 (octal 0200 through 0237). These values are called | |
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54 @dfn{leading codes}. The second and subsequent bytes of a multibyte |
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55 character are always in the range 160 through 255 (octal 0240 through |
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56 0377); these values are @dfn{trailing codes}. |
21006 | 57 |
58 In a buffer, the buffer-local value of the variable | |
59 @code{enable-multibyte-characters} specifies the representation used. | |
60 The representation for a string is determined based on the string | |
61 contents when the string is constructed. | |
62 | |
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63 @defvar enable-multibyte-characters |
21006 | 64 @tindex enable-multibyte-characters |
65 This variable specifies the current buffer's text representation. | |
66 If it is non-@code{nil}, the buffer contains multibyte text; otherwise, | |
67 it contains unibyte text. | |
68 | |
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69 You cannot set this variable directly; instead, use the function |
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70 @code{set-buffer-multibyte} to change a buffer's representation. |
21006 | 71 @end defvar |
72 | |
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73 @defvar default-enable-multibyte-characters |
21006 | 74 @tindex default-enable-multibyte-characters |
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75 This variable's value is entirely equivalent to @code{(default-value |
21006 | 76 'enable-multibyte-characters)}, and setting this variable changes that |
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77 default value. Setting the local binding of |
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78 @code{enable-multibyte-characters} in a specific buffer is not allowed, |
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79 but changing the default value is supported, and it is a reasonable |
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80 thing to do, because it has no effect on existing buffers. |
21006 | 81 |
82 The @samp{--unibyte} command line option does its job by setting the | |
83 default value to @code{nil} early in startup. | |
84 @end defvar | |
85 | |
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86 @defun multibyte-string-p string |
21006 | 87 @tindex multibyte-string-p |
88 Return @code{t} if @var{string} contains multibyte characters. | |
89 @end defun | |
90 | |
91 @node Converting Representations | |
92 @section Converting Text Representations | |
93 | |
94 Emacs can convert unibyte text to multibyte; it can also convert | |
95 multibyte text to unibyte, though this conversion loses information. In | |
96 general these conversions happen when inserting text into a buffer, or | |
97 when putting text from several strings together in one string. You can | |
98 also explicitly convert a string's contents to either representation. | |
99 | |
100 Emacs chooses the representation for a string based on the text that | |
101 it is constructed from. The general rule is to convert unibyte text to | |
102 multibyte text when combining it with other multibyte text, because the | |
103 multibyte representation is more general and can hold whatever | |
104 characters the unibyte text has. | |
105 | |
106 When inserting text into a buffer, Emacs converts the text to the | |
107 buffer's representation, as specified by | |
108 @code{enable-multibyte-characters} in that buffer. In particular, when | |
109 you insert multibyte text into a unibyte buffer, Emacs converts the text | |
110 to unibyte, even though this conversion cannot in general preserve all | |
111 the characters that might be in the multibyte text. The other natural | |
112 alternative, to convert the buffer contents to multibyte, is not | |
113 acceptable because the buffer's representation is a choice made by the | |
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114 user that cannot be overridden automatically. |
21006 | 115 |
116 Converting unibyte text to multibyte text leaves @sc{ASCII} characters | |
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117 unchanged, and likewise 128 through 159. It converts the non-@sc{ASCII} |
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118 codes 160 through 255 by adding the value @code{nonascii-insert-offset} |
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119 to each character code. By setting this variable, you specify which |
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120 character set the unibyte characters correspond to (@pxref{Character |
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121 Sets}). For example, if @code{nonascii-insert-offset} is 2048, which is |
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122 @code{(- (make-char 'latin-iso8859-1) 128)}, then the unibyte |
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123 non-@sc{ASCII} characters correspond to Latin 1. If it is 2688, which |
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124 is @code{(- (make-char 'greek-iso8859-7) 128)}, then they correspond to |
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125 Greek letters. |
21006 | 126 |
127 Converting multibyte text to unibyte is simpler: it performs | |
128 logical-and of each character code with 255. If | |
129 @code{nonascii-insert-offset} has a reasonable value, corresponding to | |
130 the beginning of some character set, this conversion is the inverse of | |
131 the other: converting unibyte text to multibyte and back to unibyte | |
132 reproduces the original unibyte text. | |
133 | |
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134 @defvar nonascii-insert-offset |
21006 | 135 @tindex nonascii-insert-offset |
136 This variable specifies the amount to add to a non-@sc{ASCII} character | |
137 when converting unibyte text to multibyte. It also applies when | |
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138 @code{self-insert-command} inserts a character in the unibyte |
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139 non-@sc{ASCII} range, 128 through 255. However, the function |
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140 @code{insert-char} does not perform this conversion. |
21006 | 141 |
142 The right value to use to select character set @var{cs} is @code{(- | |
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143 (make-char @var{cs}) 128)}. If the value of |
21006 | 144 @code{nonascii-insert-offset} is zero, then conversion actually uses the |
145 value for the Latin 1 character set, rather than zero. | |
146 @end defvar | |
147 | |
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148 @defvar nonascii-translation-table |
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149 @tindex nonascii-translation-table |
21006 | 150 This variable provides a more general alternative to |
151 @code{nonascii-insert-offset}. You can use it to specify independently | |
152 how to translate each code in the range of 128 through 255 into a | |
153 multibyte character. The value should be a vector, or @code{nil}. | |
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154 If this is non-@code{nil}, it overrides @code{nonascii-insert-offset}. |
21006 | 155 @end defvar |
156 | |
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157 @defun string-make-unibyte string |
21006 | 158 @tindex string-make-unibyte |
159 This function converts the text of @var{string} to unibyte | |
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160 representation, if it isn't already, and returns the result. If |
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161 @var{string} is a unibyte string, it is returned unchanged. |
21006 | 162 @end defun |
163 | |
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164 @defun string-make-multibyte string |
21006 | 165 @tindex string-make-multibyte |
166 This function converts the text of @var{string} to multibyte | |
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167 representation, if it isn't already, and returns the result. If |
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168 @var{string} is a multibyte string, it is returned unchanged. |
21006 | 169 @end defun |
170 | |
171 @node Selecting a Representation | |
172 @section Selecting a Representation | |
173 | |
174 Sometimes it is useful to examine an existing buffer or string as | |
175 multibyte when it was unibyte, or vice versa. | |
176 | |
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177 @defun set-buffer-multibyte multibyte |
21006 | 178 @tindex set-buffer-multibyte |
179 Set the representation type of the current buffer. If @var{multibyte} | |
180 is non-@code{nil}, the buffer becomes multibyte. If @var{multibyte} | |
181 is @code{nil}, the buffer becomes unibyte. | |
182 | |
183 This function leaves the buffer contents unchanged when viewed as a | |
184 sequence of bytes. As a consequence, it can change the contents viewed | |
185 as characters; a sequence of two bytes which is treated as one character | |
186 in multibyte representation will count as two characters in unibyte | |
187 representation. | |
188 | |
189 This function sets @code{enable-multibyte-characters} to record which | |
190 representation is in use. It also adjusts various data in the buffer | |
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191 (including overlays, text properties and markers) so that they cover the |
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192 same text as they did before. |
21006 | 193 @end defun |
194 | |
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195 @defun string-as-unibyte string |
21006 | 196 @tindex string-as-unibyte |
197 This function returns a string with the same bytes as @var{string} but | |
198 treating each byte as a character. This means that the value may have | |
199 more characters than @var{string} has. | |
200 | |
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201 If @var{string} is unibyte already, then the value is @var{string} |
21006 | 202 itself. |
203 @end defun | |
204 | |
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205 @defun string-as-multibyte string |
21006 | 206 @tindex string-as-multibyte |
207 This function returns a string with the same bytes as @var{string} but | |
208 treating each multibyte sequence as one character. This means that the | |
209 value may have fewer characters than @var{string} has. | |
210 | |
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211 If @var{string} is multibyte already, then the value is @var{string} |
21006 | 212 itself. |
213 @end defun | |
214 | |
215 @node Character Codes | |
216 @section Character Codes | |
217 @cindex character codes | |
218 | |
219 The unibyte and multibyte text representations use different character | |
220 codes. The valid character codes for unibyte representation range from | |
221 0 to 255---the values that can fit in one byte. The valid character | |
222 codes for multibyte representation range from 0 to 524287, but not all | |
223 values in that range are valid. In particular, the values 128 through | |
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224 255 are not legitimate in multibyte text (though they can occur in ``raw |
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225 bytes''; @pxref{Explicit Encoding}). Only the @sc{ASCII} codes 0 |
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226 through 127 are fully legitimate in both representations. |
21006 | 227 |
228 @defun char-valid-p charcode | |
229 This returns @code{t} if @var{charcode} is valid for either one of the two | |
230 text representations. | |
231 | |
232 @example | |
233 (char-valid-p 65) | |
234 @result{} t | |
235 (char-valid-p 256) | |
236 @result{} nil | |
237 (char-valid-p 2248) | |
238 @result{} t | |
239 @end example | |
240 @end defun | |
241 | |
242 @node Character Sets | |
243 @section Character Sets | |
244 @cindex character sets | |
245 | |
246 Emacs classifies characters into various @dfn{character sets}, each of | |
247 which has a name which is a symbol. Each character belongs to one and | |
248 only one character set. | |
249 | |
250 In general, there is one character set for each distinct script. For | |
251 example, @code{latin-iso8859-1} is one character set, | |
252 @code{greek-iso8859-7} is another, and @code{ascii} is another. An | |
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253 Emacs character set can hold at most 9025 characters; therefore, in some |
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254 cases, characters that would logically be grouped together are split |
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255 into several character sets. For example, one set of Chinese |
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256 characters, generally known as Big 5, is divided into two Emacs |
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257 character sets, @code{chinese-big5-1} and @code{chinese-big5-2}. |
21006 | 258 |
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259 @defun charsetp object |
21006 | 260 @tindex charsetp |
261 Return @code{t} if @var{object} is a character set name symbol, | |
262 @code{nil} otherwise. | |
263 @end defun | |
264 | |
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265 @defun charset-list |
21006 | 266 @tindex charset-list |
267 This function returns a list of all defined character set names. | |
268 @end defun | |
269 | |
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270 @defun char-charset character |
21006 | 271 @tindex char-charset |
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272 This function returns the name of the character |
21006 | 273 set that @var{character} belongs to. |
274 @end defun | |
275 | |
276 @node Chars and Bytes | |
277 @section Characters and Bytes | |
278 @cindex bytes and characters | |
279 | |
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280 @cindex introduction sequence |
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281 @cindex dimension (of character set) |
21006 | 282 In multibyte representation, each character occupies one or more |
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283 bytes. Each character set has an @dfn{introduction sequence}, which is |
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284 normally one or two bytes long. (Exception: the @sc{ASCII} character |
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285 set has a zero-length introduction sequence.) The introduction sequence |
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286 is the beginning of the byte sequence for any character in the character |
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287 set. The rest of the character's bytes distinguish it from the other |
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288 characters in the same character set. Depending on the character set, |
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289 there are either one or two distinguishing bytes; the number of such |
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290 bytes is called the @dfn{dimension} of the character set. |
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291 |
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292 @defun charset-dimension charset |
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293 @tindex charset-dimension |
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294 This function returns the dimension of @var{charset}; |
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295 at present, the dimension is always 1 or 2. |
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296 @end defun |
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297 |
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298 This is the simplest way to determine the byte length of a character |
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299 set's introduction sequence: |
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300 |
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301 @example |
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302 (- (char-bytes (make-char @var{charset})) |
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303 (charset-dimension @var{charset})) |
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304 @end example |
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305 |
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306 @node Splitting Characters |
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307 @section Splitting Characters |
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308 |
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309 The functions in this section convert between characters and the byte |
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310 values used to represent them. For most purposes, there is no need to |
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311 be concerned with the sequence of bytes used to represent a character, |
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312 because Emacs translates automatically when necessary. |
21006 | 313 |
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314 @defun char-bytes character |
21006 | 315 @tindex char-bytes |
316 This function returns the number of bytes used to represent the | |
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317 character @var{character}. This depends only on the character set that |
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318 @var{character} belongs to; it equals the dimension of that character |
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319 set (@pxref{Character Sets}), plus the length of its introduction |
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320 sequence. |
21006 | 321 |
322 @example | |
323 (char-bytes 2248) | |
324 @result{} 2 | |
325 (char-bytes 65) | |
326 @result{} 1 | |
327 (char-bytes 192) | |
328 @result{} 1 | |
329 @end example | |
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330 |
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331 The reason this function can give correct results for both multibyte and |
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332 unibyte representations is that the non-@sc{ASCII} character codes used |
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333 in those two representations do not overlap. |
21006 | 334 @end defun |
335 | |
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336 @defun split-char character |
21006 | 337 @tindex split-char |
338 Return a list containing the name of the character set of | |
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339 @var{character}, followed by one or two byte values (integers) which |
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340 identify @var{character} within that character set. The number of byte |
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341 values is the character set's dimension. |
21006 | 342 |
343 @example | |
344 (split-char 2248) | |
345 @result{} (latin-iso8859-1 72) | |
346 (split-char 65) | |
347 @result{} (ascii 65) | |
348 @end example | |
349 | |
350 Unibyte non-@sc{ASCII} characters are considered as part of | |
351 the @code{ascii} character set: | |
352 | |
353 @example | |
354 (split-char 192) | |
355 @result{} (ascii 192) | |
356 @end example | |
357 @end defun | |
358 | |
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359 @defun make-char charset &rest byte-values |
21006 | 360 @tindex make-char |
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361 This function returns the character in character set @var{charset} |
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362 identified by @var{byte-values}. This is roughly the inverse of |
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363 @code{split-char}. Normally, you should specify either one or two |
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364 @var{byte-values}, according to the dimension of @var{charset}. For |
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365 example, |
21006 | 366 |
367 @example | |
368 (make-char 'latin-iso8859-1 72) | |
369 @result{} 2248 | |
370 @end example | |
371 @end defun | |
372 | |
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373 @cindex generic characters |
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374 If you call @code{make-char} with no @var{byte-values}, the result is |
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375 a @dfn{generic character} which stands for @var{charset}. A generic |
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376 character is an integer, but it is @emph{not} valid for insertion in the |
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377 buffer as a character. It can be used in @code{char-table-range} to |
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378 refer to the whole character set (@pxref{Char-Tables}). |
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379 @code{char-valid-p} returns @code{nil} for generic characters. |
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380 For example: |
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381 |
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382 @example |
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383 (make-char 'latin-iso8859-1) |
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384 @result{} 2176 |
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385 (char-valid-p 2176) |
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386 @result{} nil |
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387 (split-char 2176) |
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388 @result{} (latin-iso8859-1 0) |
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389 @end example |
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390 |
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391 @node Scanning Charsets |
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392 @section Scanning for Character Sets |
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393 |
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394 Sometimes it is useful to find out which character sets appear in a |
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395 part of a buffer or a string. One use for this is in determining which |
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396 coding systems (@pxref{Coding Systems}) are capable of representing all |
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397 of the text in question. |
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398 |
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399 @defun find-charset-region beg end &optional translation |
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400 @tindex find-charset-region |
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401 This function returns a list of the character sets that appear in the |
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402 current buffer between positions @var{beg} and @var{end}. |
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403 |
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404 The optional argument @var{translation} specifies a translation table to |
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405 be used in scanning the text (@pxref{Translation of Characters}). If it |
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406 is non-@code{nil}, then each character in the region is translated |
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407 through this table, and the value returned describes the translated |
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408 characters instead of the characters actually in the buffer. |
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409 @end defun |
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410 |
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411 @defun find-charset-string string &optional translation |
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412 @tindex find-charset-string |
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413 This function returns a list of the character sets |
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414 that appear in the string @var{string}. |
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415 |
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416 The optional argument @var{translation} specifies a |
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417 translation table; see @code{find-charset-region}, above. |
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418 @end defun |
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419 |
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420 @node Translation of Characters |
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421 @section Translation of Characters |
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422 @cindex character translation tables |
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423 @cindex translation tables |
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424 |
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425 A @dfn{translation table} specifies a mapping of characters |
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426 into characters. These tables are used in encoding and decoding, and |
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427 for other purposes. Some coding systems specify their own particular |
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428 translation tables; there are also default translation tables which |
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429 apply to all other coding systems. |
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430 |
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431 @defun make-translation-table translations |
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432 This function returns a translation table based on the arguments |
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433 @var{translations}. Each argument---each element of |
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434 @var{translations}---should be a list of the form @code{(@var{from} |
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435 . @var{to})}; this says to translate the character @var{from} into |
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436 @var{to}. |
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437 |
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438 You can also map one whole character set into another character set with |
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439 the same dimension. To do this, you specify a generic character (which |
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440 designates a character set) for @var{from} (@pxref{Splitting Characters}). |
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441 In this case, @var{to} should also be a generic character, for another |
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442 character set of the same dimension. Then the translation table |
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443 translates each character of @var{from}'s character set into the |
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444 corresponding character of @var{to}'s character set. |
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445 @end defun |
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446 |
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447 In decoding, the translation table's translations are applied to the |
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448 characters that result from ordinary decoding. If a coding system has |
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449 property @code{character-translation-table-for-decode}, that specifies |
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450 the translation table to use. Otherwise, if |
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451 @code{standard-translation-table-for-decode} is non-@code{nil}, decoding |
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452 uses that table. |
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453 |
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454 In encoding, the translation table's translations are applied to the |
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455 characters in the buffer, and the result of translation is actually |
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456 encoded. If a coding system has property |
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457 @code{character-translation-table-for-encode}, that specifies the |
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458 translation table to use. Otherwise the variable |
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459 @code{standard-translation-table-for-encode} specifies the translation |
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460 table. |
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461 |
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462 @defvar standard-translation-table-for-decode |
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463 This is the default translation table for decoding, for |
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464 coding systems that don't specify any other translation table. |
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465 @end defvar |
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466 |
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467 @defvar standard-translation-table-for-encode |
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468 This is the default translation table for encoding, for |
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469 coding systems that don't specify any other translation table. |
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470 @end defvar |
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471 |
21006 | 472 @node Coding Systems |
473 @section Coding Systems | |
474 | |
475 @cindex coding system | |
476 When Emacs reads or writes a file, and when Emacs sends text to a | |
477 subprocess or receives text from a subprocess, it normally performs | |
478 character code conversion and end-of-line conversion as specified | |
479 by a particular @dfn{coding system}. | |
480 | |
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481 @menu |
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482 * Coding System Basics:: |
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483 * Encoding and I/O:: |
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484 * Lisp and Coding Systems:: |
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485 * User-Chosen Coding Systems:: |
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486 * Default Coding Systems:: |
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487 * Specifying Coding Systems:: |
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488 * Explicit Encoding:: |
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489 * Terminal I/O Encoding:: |
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490 * MS-DOS File Types:: |
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491 @end menu |
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492 |
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493 @node Coding System Basics |
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494 @subsection Basic Concepts of Coding Systems |
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495 |
21006 | 496 @cindex character code conversion |
497 @dfn{Character code conversion} involves conversion between the encoding | |
498 used inside Emacs and some other encoding. Emacs supports many | |
499 different encodings, in that it can convert to and from them. For | |
500 example, it can convert text to or from encodings such as Latin 1, Latin | |
501 2, Latin 3, Latin 4, Latin 5, and several variants of ISO 2022. In some | |
502 cases, Emacs supports several alternative encodings for the same | |
503 characters; for example, there are three coding systems for the Cyrillic | |
504 (Russian) alphabet: ISO, Alternativnyj, and KOI8. | |
505 | |
506 Most coding systems specify a particular character code for | |
507 conversion, but some of them leave this unspecified---to be chosen | |
508 heuristically based on the data. | |
509 | |
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510 @cindex end of line conversion |
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511 @dfn{End of line conversion} handles three different conventions used |
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512 on various systems for representing end of line in files. The Unix |
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513 convention is to use the linefeed character (also called newline). The |
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514 DOS convention is to use the two character sequence, carriage-return |
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515 linefeed, at the end of a line. The Mac convention is to use just |
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516 carriage-return. |
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517 |
21006 | 518 @cindex base coding system |
519 @cindex variant coding system | |
520 @dfn{Base coding systems} such as @code{latin-1} leave the end-of-line | |
521 conversion unspecified, to be chosen based on the data. @dfn{Variant | |
522 coding systems} such as @code{latin-1-unix}, @code{latin-1-dos} and | |
523 @code{latin-1-mac} specify the end-of-line conversion explicitly as | |
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524 well. Most base coding systems have three corresponding variants whose |
21006 | 525 names are formed by adding @samp{-unix}, @samp{-dos} and @samp{-mac}. |
526 | |
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527 The coding system @code{raw-text} is special in that it prevents |
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528 character code conversion, and causes the buffer visited with that |
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529 coding system to be a unibyte buffer. It does not specify the |
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530 end-of-line conversion, allowing that to be determined as usual by the |
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531 data, and has the usual three variants which specify the end-of-line |
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532 conversion. @code{no-conversion} is equivalent to @code{raw-text-unix}: |
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533 it specifies no conversion of either character codes or end-of-line. |
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534 |
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535 The coding system @code{emacs-mule} specifies that the data is |
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536 represented in the internal Emacs encoding. This is like |
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537 @code{raw-text} in that no code conversion happens, but different in |
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538 that the result is multibyte data. |
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539 |
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540 @defun coding-system-get coding-system property |
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541 @tindex coding-system-get |
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542 This function returns the specified property of the coding system |
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543 @var{coding-system}. Most coding system properties exist for internal |
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544 purposes, but one that you might find useful is @code{mime-charset}. |
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545 That property's value is the name used in MIME for the character coding |
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546 which this coding system can read and write. Examples: |
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547 |
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548 @example |
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549 (coding-system-get 'iso-latin-1 'mime-charset) |
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550 @result{} iso-8859-1 |
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551 (coding-system-get 'iso-2022-cn 'mime-charset) |
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552 @result{} iso-2022-cn |
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553 (coding-system-get 'cyrillic-koi8 'mime-charset) |
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554 @result{} koi8-r |
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555 @end example |
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556 |
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557 The value of the @code{mime-charset} property is also defined |
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558 as an alias for the coding system. |
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559 @end defun |
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560 |
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561 @node Encoding and I/O |
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562 @subsection Encoding and I/O |
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563 |
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564 The principal purpose of coding systems is for use in reading and |
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565 writing files. The function @code{insert-file-contents} uses |
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566 a coding system for decoding the file data, and @code{write-region} |
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567 uses one to encode the buffer contents. |
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568 |
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569 You can specify the coding system to use either explicitly |
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570 (@pxref{Specifying Coding Systems}), or implicitly using the defaulting |
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571 mechanism (@pxref{Default Coding Systems}). But these methods may not |
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572 completely specify what to do. For example, they may choose a coding |
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573 system such as @code{undefined} which leaves the character code |
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574 conversion to be determined from the data. In these cases, the I/O |
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575 operation finishes the job of choosing a coding system. Very often |
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576 you will want to find out afterwards which coding system was chosen. |
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577 |
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578 @defvar buffer-file-coding-system |
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579 @tindex buffer-file-coding-system |
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580 This variable records the coding system that was used for visiting the |
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581 current buffer. It is used for saving the buffer, and for writing part |
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582 of the buffer with @code{write-region}. When those operations ask the |
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583 user to specify a different coding system, |
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584 @code{buffer-file-coding-system} is updated to the coding system |
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585 specified. |
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586 @end defvar |
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587 |
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588 @defvar save-buffer-coding-system |
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589 @tindex save-buffer-coding-system |
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590 This variable specifies the coding system for saving the buffer---but it |
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591 is not used for @code{write-region}. When saving the buffer asks the |
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592 user to specify a different coding system, and |
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593 @code{save-buffer-coding-system} was used, then it is updated to the |
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594 coding system that was specified. |
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595 @end defvar |
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596 |
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597 @defvar last-coding-system-used |
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598 @tindex last-coding-system-used |
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599 I/O operations for files and subprocesses set this variable to the |
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600 coding system name that was used. The explicit encoding and decoding |
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601 functions (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}) set it too. |
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602 |
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603 @strong{Warning:} Since receiving subprocess output sets this variable, |
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604 it can change whenever Emacs waits; therefore, you should use copy the |
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605 value shortly after the function call which stores the value you are |
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606 interested in. |
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607 @end defvar |
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608 |
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609 The variable @code{selection-coding-system} specifies how to encode |
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610 selections for the window system. @xref{Window System Selections}. |
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611 |
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612 @node Lisp and Coding Systems |
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613 @subsection Coding Systems in Lisp |
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614 |
21006 | 615 Here are Lisp facilities for working with coding systems; |
616 | |
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617 @defun coding-system-list &optional base-only |
21006 | 618 @tindex coding-system-list |
619 This function returns a list of all coding system names (symbols). If | |
620 @var{base-only} is non-@code{nil}, the value includes only the | |
621 base coding systems. Otherwise, it includes variant coding systems as well. | |
622 @end defun | |
623 | |
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624 @defun coding-system-p object |
21006 | 625 @tindex coding-system-p |
626 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a coding system | |
627 name. | |
628 @end defun | |
629 | |
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630 @defun check-coding-system coding-system |
21006 | 631 @tindex check-coding-system |
632 This function checks the validity of @var{coding-system}. | |
633 If that is valid, it returns @var{coding-system}. | |
634 Otherwise it signals an error with condition @code{coding-system-error}. | |
635 @end defun | |
636 | |
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637 @defun coding-system-change-eol-conversion coding-system eol-type |
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638 @tindex coding-system-change-eol-conversion |
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639 This function returns a coding system which is like @var{coding-system} |
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640 except for its eol conversion, which is specified by @code{eol-type}. |
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641 @var{eol-type} should be @code{unix}, @code{dos}, @code{mac}, or |
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642 @code{nil}. If it is @code{nil}, the returned coding system determines |
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643 the end-of-line conversion from the data. |
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644 @end defun |
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645 |
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646 @defun coding-system-change-text-conversion eol-coding text-coding |
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647 @tindex coding-system-change-text-conversion |
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648 This function returns a coding system which uses the end-of-line |
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649 conversion of @var{eol-coding}, and the text conversion of |
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650 @var{text-coding}. If @var{text-coding} is @code{nil}, it returns |
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651 @code{undecided}, or one of its variants according to @var{eol-coding}. |
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652 @end defun |
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653 |
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654 @defun find-coding-systems-region from to |
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655 @tindex find-coding-systems-region |
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656 This function returns a list of coding systems that could be used to |
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657 encode a text between @var{from} and @var{to}. All coding systems in |
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658 the list can safely encode any multibyte characters in that portion of |
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659 the text. |
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660 |
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661 If the text contains no multibyte characters, the function returns the |
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662 list @code{(undecided)}. |
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663 @end defun |
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664 |
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665 @defun find-coding-systems-string string |
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666 @tindex find-coding-systems-string |
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667 This function returns a list of coding systems that could be used to |
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668 encode the text of @var{string}. All coding systems in the list can |
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669 safely encode any multibyte characters in @var{string}. If the text |
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670 contains no multibyte characters, this returns the list |
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671 @code{(undecided)}. |
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672 @end defun |
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673 |
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674 @defun find-coding-systems-for-charsets charsets |
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675 @tindex find-coding-systems-for-charsets |
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676 This function returns a list of coding systems that could be used to |
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677 encode all the character sets in the list @var{charsets}. |
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678 @end defun |
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679 |
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680 @defun detect-coding-region start end &optional highest |
21006 | 681 @tindex detect-coding-region |
682 This function chooses a plausible coding system for decoding the text | |
683 from @var{start} to @var{end}. This text should be ``raw bytes'' | |
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684 (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}). |
21006 | 685 |
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686 Normally this function returns a list of coding systems that could |
21006 | 687 handle decoding the text that was scanned. They are listed in order of |
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688 decreasing priority. But if @var{highest} is non-@code{nil}, then the |
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689 return value is just one coding system, the one that is highest in |
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690 priority. |
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691 |
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692 If the region contains only @sc{ASCII} characters, the value |
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693 is @code{undecided} or @code{(undecided)}. |
21006 | 694 @end defun |
695 | |
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696 @defun detect-coding-string string highest |
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697 @tindex detect-coding-string |
21006 | 698 This function is like @code{detect-coding-region} except that it |
699 operates on the contents of @var{string} instead of bytes in the buffer. | |
700 @end defun | |
701 | |
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702 @xref{Process Information}, for how to examine or set the coding |
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703 systems used for I/O to a subprocess. |
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704 |
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705 @node User-Chosen Coding Systems |
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706 @subsection User-Chosen Coding Systems |
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707 |
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708 @tindex select-safe-coding-system |
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709 @defun select-safe-coding-system from to &optional preferred-coding-system |
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710 This function selects a coding system for encoding the text between |
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711 @var{from} and @var{to}, asking the user to choose if necessary. |
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712 |
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713 The optional argument @var{preferred-coding-system} specifies a coding |
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714 system to try first. If that one can handle the text in the specified |
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715 region, then it is used. If this argument is omitted, the current |
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716 buffer's value of @code{buffer-file-coding-system} is tried first. |
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717 |
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718 If the region contains some multibyte characters that the preferred |
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719 coding system cannot encode, this function asks the user to choose from |
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720 a list of coding systems which can encode the text, and returns the |
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721 user's choice. |
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722 |
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723 One other kludgy feature: if @var{from} is a string, the string is the |
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724 target text, and @var{to} is ignored. |
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725 @end defun |
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726 |
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727 Here are two functions you can use to let the user specify a coding |
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728 system, with completion. @xref{Completion}. |
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729 |
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730 @defun read-coding-system prompt &optional default |
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731 @tindex read-coding-system |
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732 This function reads a coding system using the minibuffer, prompting with |
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733 string @var{prompt}, and returns the coding system name as a symbol. If |
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734 the user enters null input, @var{default} specifies which coding system |
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735 to return. It should be a symbol or a string. |
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736 @end defun |
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737 |
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738 @defun read-non-nil-coding-system prompt |
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739 @tindex read-non-nil-coding-system |
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740 This function reads a coding system using the minibuffer, prompting with |
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741 string @var{prompt}, and returns the coding system name as a symbol. If |
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742 the user tries to enter null input, it asks the user to try again. |
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743 @xref{Coding Systems}. |
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744 @end defun |
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745 |
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746 @node Default Coding Systems |
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747 @subsection Default Coding Systems |
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748 |
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749 This section describes variables that specify the default coding |
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750 system for certain files or when running certain subprograms, and the |
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751 function that I/O operations use to access them. |
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752 |
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753 The idea of these variables is that you set them once and for all to the |
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754 defaults you want, and then do not change them again. To specify a |
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755 particular coding system for a particular operation in a Lisp program, |
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756 don't change these variables; instead, override them using |
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757 @code{coding-system-for-read} and @code{coding-system-for-write} |
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758 (@pxref{Specifying Coding Systems}). |
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759 |
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760 @defvar file-coding-system-alist |
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761 @tindex file-coding-system-alist |
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762 This variable is an alist that specifies the coding systems to use for |
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763 reading and writing particular files. Each element has the form |
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764 @code{(@var{pattern} . @var{coding})}, where @var{pattern} is a regular |
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765 expression that matches certain file names. The element applies to file |
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766 names that match @var{pattern}. |
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767 |
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768 The @sc{cdr} of the element, @var{coding}, should be either a coding |
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769 system, a cons cell containing two coding systems, or a function symbol. |
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770 If @var{val} is a coding system, that coding system is used for both |
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771 reading the file and writing it. If @var{val} is a cons cell containing |
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772 two coding systems, its @sc{car} specifies the coding system for |
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773 decoding, and its @sc{cdr} specifies the coding system for encoding. |
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774 |
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775 If @var{val} is a function symbol, the function must return a coding |
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776 system or a cons cell containing two coding systems. This value is used |
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777 as described above. |
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778 @end defvar |
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779 |
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780 @defvar process-coding-system-alist |
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781 @tindex process-coding-system-alist |
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782 This variable is an alist specifying which coding systems to use for a |
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783 subprocess, depending on which program is running in the subprocess. It |
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784 works like @code{file-coding-system-alist}, except that @var{pattern} is |
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785 matched against the program name used to start the subprocess. The coding |
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786 system or systems specified in this alist are used to initialize the |
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787 coding systems used for I/O to the subprocess, but you can specify |
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788 other coding systems later using @code{set-process-coding-system}. |
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789 @end defvar |
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790 |
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791 @strong{Warning:} Coding systems such as @code{undecided} which |
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792 determine the coding system from the data do not work entirely reliably |
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793 with asynchronous subprocess output. This is because Emacs handles |
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794 asynchronous subprocess output in batches, as it arrives. If the coding |
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795 system leaves the character code conversion unspecified, or leaves the |
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796 end-of-line conversion unspecified, Emacs must try to detect the proper |
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797 conversion from one batch at a time, and this does not always work. |
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798 |
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799 Therefore, with an asynchronous subprocess, if at all possible, use a |
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800 coding system which determines both the character code conversion and |
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801 the end of line conversion---that is, one like @code{latin-1-unix}, |
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802 rather than @code{undecided} or @code{latin-1}. |
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803 |
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804 @defvar network-coding-system-alist |
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805 @tindex network-coding-system-alist |
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806 This variable is an alist that specifies the coding system to use for |
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807 network streams. It works much like @code{file-coding-system-alist}, |
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808 with the difference that the @var{pattern} in an element may be either a |
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809 port number or a regular expression. If it is a regular expression, it |
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810 is matched against the network service name used to open the network |
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811 stream. |
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812 @end defvar |
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813 |
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814 @defvar default-process-coding-system |
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815 @tindex default-process-coding-system |
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816 This variable specifies the coding systems to use for subprocess (and |
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817 network stream) input and output, when nothing else specifies what to |
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818 do. |
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819 |
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820 The value should be a cons cell of the form @code{(@var{input-coding} |
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821 . @var{output-coding})}. Here @var{input-coding} applies to input from |
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822 the subprocess, and @var{output-coding} applies to output to it. |
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823 @end defvar |
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824 |
21006 | 825 @defun find-operation-coding-system operation &rest arguments |
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826 @tindex find-operation-coding-system |
21006 | 827 This function returns the coding system to use (by default) for |
828 performing @var{operation} with @var{arguments}. The value has this | |
829 form: | |
830 | |
831 @example | |
832 (@var{decoding-system} @var{encoding-system}) | |
833 @end example | |
834 | |
835 The first element, @var{decoding-system}, is the coding system to use | |
836 for decoding (in case @var{operation} does decoding), and | |
837 @var{encoding-system} is the coding system for encoding (in case | |
838 @var{operation} does encoding). | |
839 | |
840 The argument @var{operation} should be an Emacs I/O primitive: | |
841 @code{insert-file-contents}, @code{write-region}, @code{call-process}, | |
842 @code{call-process-region}, @code{start-process}, or | |
843 @code{open-network-stream}. | |
844 | |
845 The remaining arguments should be the same arguments that might be given | |
846 to that I/O primitive. Depending on which primitive, one of those | |
847 arguments is selected as the @dfn{target}. For example, if | |
848 @var{operation} does file I/O, whichever argument specifies the file | |
849 name is the target. For subprocess primitives, the process name is the | |
850 target. For @code{open-network-stream}, the target is the service name | |
851 or port number. | |
852 | |
853 This function looks up the target in @code{file-coding-system-alist}, | |
854 @code{process-coding-system-alist}, or | |
855 @code{network-coding-system-alist}, depending on @var{operation}. | |
856 @xref{Default Coding Systems}. | |
857 @end defun | |
858 | |
859 @node Specifying Coding Systems | |
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860 @subsection Specifying a Coding System for One Operation |
21006 | 861 |
862 You can specify the coding system for a specific operation by binding | |
863 the variables @code{coding-system-for-read} and/or | |
864 @code{coding-system-for-write}. | |
865 | |
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866 @defvar coding-system-for-read |
21006 | 867 @tindex coding-system-for-read |
868 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, it specifies the coding system to | |
869 use for reading a file, or for input from a synchronous subprocess. | |
870 | |
871 It also applies to any asynchronous subprocess or network stream, but in | |
872 a different way: the value of @code{coding-system-for-read} when you | |
873 start the subprocess or open the network stream specifies the input | |
874 decoding method for that subprocess or network stream. It remains in | |
875 use for that subprocess or network stream unless and until overridden. | |
876 | |
877 The right way to use this variable is to bind it with @code{let} for a | |
878 specific I/O operation. Its global value is normally @code{nil}, and | |
879 you should not globally set it to any other value. Here is an example | |
880 of the right way to use the variable: | |
881 | |
882 @example | |
883 ;; @r{Read the file with no character code conversion.} | |
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884 ;; @r{Assume @sc{crlf} represents end-of-line.} |
21006 | 885 (let ((coding-system-for-write 'emacs-mule-dos)) |
886 (insert-file-contents filename)) | |
887 @end example | |
888 | |
889 When its value is non-@code{nil}, @code{coding-system-for-read} takes | |
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890 precedence over all other methods of specifying a coding system to use for |
21006 | 891 input, including @code{file-coding-system-alist}, |
892 @code{process-coding-system-alist} and | |
893 @code{network-coding-system-alist}. | |
894 @end defvar | |
895 | |
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896 @defvar coding-system-for-write |
21006 | 897 @tindex coding-system-for-write |
898 This works much like @code{coding-system-for-read}, except that it | |
899 applies to output rather than input. It affects writing to files, | |
900 subprocesses, and net connections. | |
901 | |
902 When a single operation does both input and output, as do | |
903 @code{call-process-region} and @code{start-process}, both | |
904 @code{coding-system-for-read} and @code{coding-system-for-write} | |
905 affect it. | |
906 @end defvar | |
907 | |
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908 @defvar inhibit-eol-conversion |
21006 | 909 @tindex inhibit-eol-conversion |
910 When this variable is non-@code{nil}, no end-of-line conversion is done, | |
911 no matter which coding system is specified. This applies to all the | |
912 Emacs I/O and subprocess primitives, and to the explicit encoding and | |
913 decoding functions (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}). | |
914 @end defvar | |
915 | |
916 @node Explicit Encoding | |
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917 @subsection Explicit Encoding and Decoding |
21006 | 918 @cindex encoding text |
919 @cindex decoding text | |
920 | |
921 All the operations that transfer text in and out of Emacs have the | |
922 ability to use a coding system to encode or decode the text. | |
923 You can also explicitly encode and decode text using the functions | |
924 in this section. | |
925 | |
926 @cindex raw bytes | |
927 The result of encoding, and the input to decoding, are not ordinary | |
928 text. They are ``raw bytes''---bytes that represent text in the same | |
929 way that an external file would. When a buffer contains raw bytes, it | |
930 is most natural to mark that buffer as using unibyte representation, | |
931 using @code{set-buffer-multibyte} (@pxref{Selecting a Representation}), | |
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932 but this is not required. If the buffer's contents are only temporarily |
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933 raw, leave the buffer multibyte, which will be correct after you decode |
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934 them. |
21006 | 935 |
936 The usual way to get raw bytes in a buffer, for explicit decoding, is | |
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937 to read them from a file with @code{insert-file-contents-literally} |
21006 | 938 (@pxref{Reading from Files}) or specify a non-@code{nil} @var{rawfile} |
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939 argument when visiting a file with @code{find-file-noselect}. |
21006 | 940 |
941 The usual way to use the raw bytes that result from explicitly | |
942 encoding text is to copy them to a file or process---for example, to | |
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943 write them with @code{write-region} (@pxref{Writing to Files}), and |
21006 | 944 suppress encoding for that @code{write-region} call by binding |
945 @code{coding-system-for-write} to @code{no-conversion}. | |
946 | |
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947 Raw bytes sometimes contain overlong byte-sequences that look like a |
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948 proper multibyte character plus extra bytes containing trailing codes. |
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949 For most purposes, Emacs treats such a sequence in a buffer or string as |
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950 a single character, and if you look at its character code, you get the |
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951 value that corresponds to the multibyte character sequence---the extra |
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952 bytes are disregarded. This behavior is not quite clean, but raw bytes |
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953 are used only in limited places in Emacs, so as a practical matter |
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954 problems can be avoided. |
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955 |
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956 @defun encode-coding-region start end coding-system |
21006 | 957 @tindex encode-coding-region |
958 This function encodes the text from @var{start} to @var{end} according | |
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959 to coding system @var{coding-system}. The encoded text replaces the |
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960 original text in the buffer. The result of encoding is ``raw bytes,'' |
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961 but the buffer remains multibyte if it was multibyte before. |
21006 | 962 @end defun |
963 | |
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964 @defun encode-coding-string string coding-system |
21006 | 965 @tindex encode-coding-string |
966 This function encodes the text in @var{string} according to coding | |
967 system @var{coding-system}. It returns a new string containing the | |
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968 encoded text. The result of encoding is a unibyte string of ``raw bytes.'' |
21006 | 969 @end defun |
970 | |
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971 @defun decode-coding-region start end coding-system |
21006 | 972 @tindex decode-coding-region |
973 This function decodes the text from @var{start} to @var{end} according | |
974 to coding system @var{coding-system}. The decoded text replaces the | |
975 original text in the buffer. To make explicit decoding useful, the text | |
976 before decoding ought to be ``raw bytes.'' | |
977 @end defun | |
978 | |
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979 @defun decode-coding-string string coding-system |
21006 | 980 @tindex decode-coding-string |
981 This function decodes the text in @var{string} according to coding | |
982 system @var{coding-system}. It returns a new string containing the | |
983 decoded text. To make explicit decoding useful, the contents of | |
984 @var{string} ought to be ``raw bytes.'' | |
985 @end defun | |
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986 |
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987 @node Terminal I/O Encoding |
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988 @subsection Terminal I/O Encoding |
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989 |
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990 Emacs can decode keyboard input using a coding system, and encode |
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991 terminal output. This is useful for terminals that transmit or display |
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992 text using a particular encoding such as Latin-1. Emacs does not set |
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993 @code{last-coding-system-used} for encoding or decoding for the |
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994 terminal. |
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995 |
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996 @defun keyboard-coding-system |
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997 @tindex keyboard-coding-system |
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998 This function returns the coding system that is in use for decoding |
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999 keyboard input---or @code{nil} if no coding system is to be used. |
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1000 @end defun |
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1001 |
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1002 @defun set-keyboard-coding-system coding-system |
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1003 @tindex set-keyboard-coding-system |
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1004 This function specifies @var{coding-system} as the coding system to |
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1005 use for decoding keyboard input. If @var{coding-system} is @code{nil}, |
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1006 that means do not decode keyboard input. |
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1007 @end defun |
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1008 |
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1009 @defun terminal-coding-system |
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1010 @tindex terminal-coding-system |
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1011 This function returns the coding system that is in use for encoding |
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1012 terminal output---or @code{nil} for no encoding. |
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1013 @end defun |
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1014 |
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1015 @defun set-terminal-coding-system coding-system |
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1016 @tindex set-terminal-coding-system |
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1017 This function specifies @var{coding-system} as the coding system to use |
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1018 for encoding terminal output. If @var{coding-system} is @code{nil}, |
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1019 that means do not encode terminal output. |
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1020 @end defun |
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1021 |
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1022 @node MS-DOS File Types |
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1023 @subsection MS-DOS File Types |
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1024 @cindex DOS file types |
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1025 @cindex MS-DOS file types |
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1026 @cindex Windows file types |
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1027 @cindex file types on MS-DOS and Windows |
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1028 @cindex text files and binary files |
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1029 @cindex binary files and text files |
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1030 |
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1031 Emacs on MS-DOS and on MS-Windows recognizes certain file names as |
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1032 text files or binary files. By ``binary file'' we mean a file of |
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1033 literal byte values that are not necessary meant to be characters. |
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1034 Emacs does no end-of-line conversion and no character code conversion |
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1035 for a binary file. Meanwhile, when you create a new file which is |
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1036 marked by its name as a ``text file'', Emacs uses DOS end-of-line |
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1037 conversion. |
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1038 |
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1039 @defvar buffer-file-type |
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1040 This variable, automatically buffer-local in each buffer, records the |
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1041 file type of the buffer's visited file. When a buffer does not specify |
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1042 a coding system with @code{buffer-file-coding-system}, this variable is |
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1043 used to determine which coding system to use when writing the contents |
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1044 of the buffer. It should be @code{nil} for text, @code{t} for binary. |
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1045 If it is @code{t}, the coding system is @code{no-conversion}. |
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1046 Otherwise, @code{undecided-dos} is used. |
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1047 |
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1048 Normally this variable is set by visiting a file; it is set to |
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1049 @code{nil} if the file was visited without any actual conversion. |
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1050 @end defvar |
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1051 |
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1052 @defopt file-name-buffer-file-type-alist |
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1053 This variable holds an alist for recognizing text and binary files. |
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1054 Each element has the form (@var{regexp} . @var{type}), where |
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1055 @var{regexp} is matched against the file name, and @var{type} may be |
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1056 @code{nil} for text, @code{t} for binary, or a function to call to |
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1057 compute which. If it is a function, then it is called with a single |
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1058 argument (the file name) and should return @code{t} or @code{nil}. |
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1059 |
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1060 Emacs when running on MS-DOS or MS-Windows checks this alist to decide |
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1061 which coding system to use when reading a file. For a text file, |
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1062 @code{undecided-dos} is used. For a binary file, @code{no-conversion} |
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1063 is used. |
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1064 |
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1065 If no element in this alist matches a given file name, then |
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1066 @code{default-buffer-file-type} says how to treat the file. |
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1067 @end defopt |
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1068 |
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1069 @defopt default-buffer-file-type |
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1070 This variable says how to handle files for which |
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1071 @code{file-name-buffer-file-type-alist} says nothing about the type. |
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1072 |
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1073 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, then these files are treated as |
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1074 binary: the coding system @code{no-conversion} is used. Otherwise, |
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1075 nothing special is done for them---the coding system is deduced solely |
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1076 from the file contents, in the usual Emacs fashion. |
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1077 @end defopt |
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1078 |
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1079 @node Input Methods |
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1080 @section Input Methods |
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1081 @cindex input methods |
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1082 |
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1083 @dfn{Input methods} provide convenient ways of entering non-@sc{ASCII} |
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1084 characters from the keyboard. Unlike coding systems, which translate |
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1085 non-@sc{ASCII} characters to and from encodings meant to be read by |
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1086 programs, input methods provide human-friendly commands. (@xref{Input |
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1087 Methods,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, for information on how users |
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1088 use input methods to enter text.) How to define input methods is not |
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1089 yet documented in this manual, but here we describe how to use them. |
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1090 |
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1091 Each input method has a name, which is currently a string; |
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1092 in the future, symbols may also be usable as input method names. |
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1093 |
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1094 @tindex current-input-method |
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1095 @defvar current-input-method |
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1096 This variable holds the name of the input method now active in the |
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1097 current buffer. (It automatically becomes local in each buffer when set |
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1098 in any fashion.) It is @code{nil} if no input method is active in the |
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1099 buffer now. |
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1100 @end defvar |
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1101 |
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1102 @tindex default-input-method |
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1103 @defvar default-input-method |
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1104 This variable holds the default input method for commands that choose an |
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1105 input method. Unlike @code{current-input-method}, this variable is |
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1106 normally global. |
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1107 @end defvar |
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1108 |
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1109 @tindex set-input-method |
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1110 @defun set-input-method input-method |
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1111 This function activates input method @var{input-method} for the current |
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1112 buffer. It also sets @code{default-input-method} to @var{input-method}. |
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1113 If @var{input-method} is @code{nil}, this function deactivates any input |
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1114 method for the current buffer. |
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1115 @end defun |
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1116 |
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1117 @tindex read-input-method-name |
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1118 @defun read-input-method-name prompt &optional default inhibit-null |
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1119 This function reads an input method name with the minibuffer, prompting |
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1120 with @var{prompt}. If @var{default} is non-@code{nil}, that is returned |
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1121 by default, if the user enters empty input. However, if |
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1122 @var{inhibit-null} is non-@code{nil}, empty input signals an error. |
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1123 |
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1124 The returned value is a string. |
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1125 @end defun |
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1126 |
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1127 @tindex input-method-alist |
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1128 @defvar input-method-alist |
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1129 This variable defines all the supported input methods. |
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1130 Each element defines one input method, and should have the form: |
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1131 |
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1132 @example |
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1133 (@var{input-method} @var{language-env} @var{activate-func} |
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1134 @var{title} @var{description} @var{args}...) |
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1135 @end example |
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1136 |
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1137 Here @var{input-method} is the input method name, a string; |
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1138 @var{language-env} is another string, the name of the language |
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1139 environment this input method is recommended for. (That serves only for |
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1140 documentation purposes.) |
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1141 |
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1142 @var{title} is a string to display in the mode line while this method is |
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1143 active. @var{description} is a string describing this method and what |
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1144 it is good for. |
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1145 |
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1146 @var{activate-func} is a function to call to activate this method. The |
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1147 @var{args}, if any, are passed as arguments to @var{activate-func}. All |
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1148 told, the arguments to @var{activate-func} are @var{input-method} and |
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1149 the @var{args}. |
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1150 @end defvar |
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1151 |
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1152 The fundamental interface to input methods is through the |
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1153 variable @code{input-method-function}. @xref{Reading One Event}. |