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annotate lispref/elisp.texi @ 26426:89f3a23871fa
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author | Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org> |
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date | Fri, 12 Nov 1999 14:35:43 +0000 |
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6451 | 1 \input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c %**start of header | |
3 @setfilename elisp | |
4 @settitle GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual | |
5 @c %**end of header | |
6 | |
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7 @dircategory Editors |
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8 @direntry |
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9 * Elisp: (elisp). The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. |
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10 @end direntry |
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11 |
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12 @smallbook |
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13 |
6451 | 14 @ifinfo |
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15 This Info file contains edition 2.6 of the GNU Emacs Lisp |
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16 Reference Manual, corresponding to Emacs version 21.1. |
6451 | 17 @c Please REMEMBER to update edition number in *four* places in this file |
18 @c and also in *one* place in intro.texi | |
19 | |
20 Published by the Free Software Foundation | |
15725 | 21 59 Temple Place, Suite 330 |
22 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
6451 | 23 |
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24 Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999 |
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25 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6451 | 26 |
27 Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this | |
28 manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are | |
29 preserved on all copies. | |
30 | |
31 @ignore | |
32 Permission is granted to process this file through TeX and print the | |
33 results, provided the printed document carries copying permission notice | |
34 identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph (this | |
35 paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual). | |
36 | |
37 @end ignore | |
38 Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this | |
39 manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the | |
40 entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a | |
41 permission notice identical to this one. | |
42 | |
43 Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual | |
44 into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, | |
45 except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation | |
46 approved by the Foundation. | |
47 | |
48 Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this | |
49 manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the | |
50 section entitled ``GNU General Public License'' is included exactly as | |
51 in the original, and provided that the entire resulting derived work is | |
52 distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this | |
53 one. | |
54 | |
55 Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual | |
56 into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, | |
57 except that the section entitled ``GNU General Public License'' may be | |
58 included in a translation approved by the Free Software Foundation | |
59 instead of in the original English. | |
60 @end ifinfo | |
61 | |
62 @c Combine indices. | |
63 @synindex cp fn | |
64 @syncodeindex vr fn | |
65 @syncodeindex ky fn | |
66 @syncodeindex pg fn | |
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67 @c We use the "type index" to index new functions and variables. |
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68 @c @syncodeindex tp fn |
6451 | 69 |
70 @setchapternewpage odd | |
71 @finalout | |
72 | |
73 @titlepage | |
74 @title GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual | |
25875 | 75 @subtitle For Emacs Version 21 |
6451 | 76 @c The edition number appears in several places in this file |
77 @c and also in the file intro.texi. | |
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78 @subtitle Revision 2.6, September 1999 |
6451 | 79 |
80 @author by Bil Lewis, Dan LaLiberte, Richard Stallman | |
81 @author and the GNU Manual Group | |
82 @page | |
83 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
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84 Copyright @copyright{} 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999 |
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85 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6451 | 86 |
87 @sp 2 | |
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88 Edition 2.6 @* |
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89 Revised for Emacs Version 21.1,@* |
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90 September 1999.@* |
6451 | 91 @sp 2 |
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92 ISBN 1-882114-73-6 |
6451 | 93 |
94 @sp 2 | |
95 Published by the Free Software Foundation @* | |
15725 | 96 59 Temple Place, Suite 330@* |
97 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
6451 | 98 |
99 Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this | |
100 manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are | |
101 preserved on all copies. | |
102 | |
103 Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this | |
104 manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the | |
105 section entitled ``GNU General Public License'' is included | |
106 exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire resulting | |
107 derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice | |
108 identical to this one. | |
109 | |
110 Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual | |
111 into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, | |
112 except that the section entitled ``GNU General Public License'' may be | |
113 included in a translation approved by the Free Software Foundation | |
114 instead of in the original English. | |
115 | |
116 Cover art by Etienne Suvasa. | |
117 @end titlepage | |
118 @page | |
119 | |
120 @node Top, Copying, (dir), (dir) | |
121 | |
122 @ifinfo | |
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123 This Info file contains edition 2.6 of the GNU Emacs Lisp |
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124 Reference Manual, corresponding to GNU Emacs version 21.1. |
6451 | 125 @end ifinfo |
126 | |
127 @menu | |
128 * Copying:: Conditions for copying and changing GNU Emacs. | |
129 * Introduction:: Introduction and conventions used. | |
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130 * Standards: Coding Conventions. Coding conventions for Emacs Lisp. |
6451 | 131 |
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132 * Lisp Data Types:: Data types of objects in Emacs Lisp. |
6451 | 133 * Numbers:: Numbers and arithmetic functions. |
134 * Strings and Characters:: Strings, and functions that work on them. | |
135 * Lists:: Lists, cons cells, and related functions. | |
136 * Sequences Arrays Vectors:: Lists, strings and vectors are called sequences. | |
137 Certain functions act on any kind of sequence. | |
138 The description of vectors is here as well. | |
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139 * Hash Tables:: Very fast lookup-tables. |
6451 | 140 * Symbols:: Symbols represent names, uniquely. |
141 | |
142 * Evaluation:: How Lisp expressions are evaluated. | |
143 * Control Structures:: Conditionals, loops, nonlocal exits. | |
144 * Variables:: Using symbols in programs to stand for values. | |
145 * Functions:: A function is a Lisp program | |
146 that can be invoked from other functions. | |
147 * Macros:: Macros are a way to extend the Lisp language. | |
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148 * Customization:: Writing customization declarations. |
6451 | 149 |
150 * Loading:: Reading files of Lisp code into Lisp. | |
151 * Byte Compilation:: Compilation makes programs run faster. | |
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152 * Advising Functions:: Adding to the definition of a function. |
6451 | 153 * Debugging:: Tools and tips for debugging Lisp programs. |
154 | |
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155 * Read and Print:: Converting Lisp objects to text and back. |
6451 | 156 * Minibuffers:: Using the minibuffer to read input. |
157 * Command Loop:: How the editor command loop works, | |
158 and how you can call its subroutines. | |
159 * Keymaps:: Defining the bindings from keys to commands. | |
160 * Modes:: Defining major and minor modes. | |
161 * Documentation:: Writing and using documentation strings. | |
162 | |
163 * Files:: Accessing files. | |
164 * Backups and Auto-Saving:: Controlling how backups and auto-save | |
165 files are made. | |
166 * Buffers:: Creating and using buffer objects. | |
167 * Windows:: Manipulating windows and displaying buffers. | |
168 * Frames:: Making multiple X windows. | |
169 * Positions:: Buffer positions and motion functions. | |
170 * Markers:: Markers represent positions and update | |
171 automatically when the text is changed. | |
172 | |
173 * Text:: Examining and changing text in buffers. | |
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174 * Non-ASCII Characters:: Non-ASCII text in buffers and strings. |
6451 | 175 * Searching and Matching:: Searching buffers for strings or regexps. |
176 * Syntax Tables:: The syntax table controls word and list parsing. | |
177 * Abbrevs:: How Abbrev mode works, and its data structures. | |
178 | |
179 * Processes:: Running and communicating with subprocesses. | |
180 * System Interface:: Getting the user id, system type, environment | |
181 variables, and other such things. | |
25875 | 182 * Display:: Features for controlling the screen display. |
6451 | 183 * Calendar:: Customizing the calendar and diary. |
184 | |
185 Appendices | |
186 | |
26211 | 187 * Antinews:: Info for users downgrading to Emacs 20. |
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188 * Tips:: Advice and coding conventions for Emacs Lisp. |
6451 | 189 * GNU Emacs Internals:: Building and dumping Emacs; |
190 internal data structures. | |
191 * Standard Errors:: List of all error symbols. | |
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192 * Standard Buffer-Local Variables:: |
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193 List of variables buffer-local in all buffers. |
6451 | 194 * Standard Keymaps:: List of standard keymaps. |
195 * Standard Hooks:: List of standard hook variables. | |
196 | |
197 * Index:: Index including concepts, functions, variables, | |
198 and other terms. | |
199 | |
25875 | 200 * New Symbols:: New functions and variables in Emacs 21. |
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201 |
6451 | 202 --- The Detailed Node Listing --- |
203 | |
204 Here are other nodes that are inferiors of those already listed, | |
205 mentioned here so you can get to them in one step: | |
206 | |
207 Introduction | |
208 | |
209 * Caveats:: Flaws and a request for help. | |
210 * Lisp History:: Emacs Lisp is descended from Maclisp. | |
211 * Conventions:: How the manual is formatted. | |
212 * Acknowledgements:: The authors, editors, and sponsors of this manual. | |
213 | |
214 Conventions | |
215 | |
216 * Some Terms:: Explanation of terms we use in this manual. | |
217 * nil and t:: How the symbols @code{nil} and @code{t} are used. | |
218 * Evaluation Notation:: The format we use for examples of evaluation. | |
219 * Printing Notation:: The format we use for examples that print output. | |
220 * Error Messages:: The format we use for examples of errors. | |
221 * Buffer Text Notation:: The format we use for buffer contents in examples. | |
222 * Format of Descriptions:: Notation for describing functions, variables, etc. | |
223 | |
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224 Tips and Conventions |
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225 |
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226 * Coding Conventions:: Conventions for clean and robust programs. |
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227 * Compilation Tips:: Making compiled code run fast. |
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228 * Documentation Tips:: Writing readable documentation strings. |
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229 * Comment Tips:: Conventions for writing comments. |
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230 * Library Headers:: Standard headers for library packages. |
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231 |
6451 | 232 Format of Descriptions |
233 | |
234 * A Sample Function Description:: | |
235 * A Sample Variable Description:: | |
236 | |
237 Lisp Data Types | |
238 | |
239 * Printed Representation:: How Lisp objects are represented as text. | |
240 * Comments:: Comments and their formatting conventions. | |
241 * Programming Types:: Types found in all Lisp systems. | |
242 * Editing Types:: Types specific to Emacs. | |
243 * Type Predicates:: Tests related to types. | |
244 * Equality Predicates:: Tests of equality between any two objects. | |
245 | |
246 Programming Types | |
247 | |
248 * Integer Type:: Numbers without fractional parts. | |
249 * Floating Point Type:: Numbers with fractional parts and with a large range. | |
250 * Character Type:: The representation of letters, numbers and | |
25875 | 251 control characters. |
6451 | 252 * Sequence Type:: Both lists and arrays are classified as sequences. |
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253 * Cons Cell Type:: Cons cells, and lists (which are made from cons cells). |
6451 | 254 * Array Type:: Arrays include strings and vectors. |
255 * String Type:: An (efficient) array of characters. | |
256 * Vector Type:: One-dimensional arrays. | |
257 * Symbol Type:: A multi-use object that refers to a function, | |
258 variable, property list, or itself. | |
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259 * Function Type:: A piece of executable code you can call from elsewhere. |
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260 * Macro Type:: A method of expanding an expression into another |
6451 | 261 expression, more fundamental but less pretty. |
262 * Primitive Function Type:: A function written in C, callable from Lisp. | |
263 * Byte-Code Type:: A function written in Lisp, then compiled. | |
264 * Autoload Type:: A type used for automatically loading seldom-used | |
25875 | 265 functions. |
6451 | 266 |
267 List Type | |
268 | |
269 * Dotted Pair Notation:: An alternative syntax for lists. | |
270 * Association List Type:: A specially constructed list. | |
271 | |
272 Editing Types | |
273 | |
274 * Buffer Type:: The basic object of editing. | |
275 * Window Type:: What makes buffers visible. | |
276 * Window Configuration Type::Save what the screen looks like. | |
277 * Marker Type:: A position in a buffer. | |
278 * Process Type:: A process running on the underlying OS. | |
279 * Stream Type:: Receive or send characters. | |
280 * Keymap Type:: What function a keystroke invokes. | |
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281 * Overlay Type:: How an overlay is represented. |
6451 | 282 |
283 Numbers | |
284 | |
285 * Integer Basics:: Representation and range of integers. | |
286 * Float Basics:: Representation and range of floating point. | |
287 * Predicates on Numbers:: Testing for numbers. | |
288 * Comparison of Numbers:: Equality and inequality predicates. | |
289 * Arithmetic Operations:: How to add, subtract, multiply and divide. | |
290 * Bitwise Operations:: Logical and, or, not, shifting. | |
291 * Numeric Conversions:: Converting float to integer and vice versa. | |
12067 | 292 * Math Functions:: Trig, exponential and logarithmic functions. |
6451 | 293 * Random Numbers:: Obtaining random integers, predictable or not. |
294 | |
295 Strings and Characters | |
296 | |
297 * String Basics:: Basic properties of strings and characters. | |
298 * Predicates for Strings:: Testing whether an object is a string or char. | |
299 * Creating Strings:: Functions to allocate new strings. | |
300 * Text Comparison:: Comparing characters or strings. | |
301 * String Conversion:: Converting characters or strings and vice versa. | |
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302 * Formatting Strings:: @code{format}: Emacs's analogue of @code{printf}. |
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303 * Case Conversion:: Case conversion functions. |
6451 | 304 |
305 Lists | |
306 | |
307 * Cons Cells:: How lists are made out of cons cells. | |
308 * Lists as Boxes:: Graphical notation to explain lists. | |
309 * List-related Predicates:: Is this object a list? Comparing two lists. | |
310 * List Elements:: Extracting the pieces of a list. | |
311 * Building Lists:: Creating list structure. | |
312 * Modifying Lists:: Storing new pieces into an existing list. | |
313 * Sets And Lists:: A list can represent a finite mathematical set. | |
314 * Association Lists:: A list can represent a finite relation or mapping. | |
315 | |
316 Modifying Existing List Structure | |
317 | |
318 * Setcar:: Replacing an element in a list. | |
319 * Setcdr:: Replacing part of the list backbone. | |
320 This can be used to remove or add elements. | |
321 * Rearrangement:: Reordering the elements in a list; combining lists. | |
322 | |
323 Sequences, Arrays, and Vectors | |
324 | |
325 * Sequence Functions:: Functions that accept any kind of sequence. | |
326 * Arrays:: Characteristics of arrays in Emacs Lisp. | |
327 * Array Functions:: Functions specifically for arrays. | |
328 * Vectors:: Functions specifically for vectors. | |
329 | |
330 Symbols | |
331 | |
332 * Symbol Components:: Symbols have names, values, function definitions | |
333 and property lists. | |
334 * Definitions:: A definition says how a symbol will be used. | |
335 * Creating Symbols:: How symbols are kept unique. | |
336 * Property Lists:: Each symbol has a property list | |
337 for recording miscellaneous information. | |
338 | |
339 Evaluation | |
340 | |
341 * Intro Eval:: Evaluation in the scheme of things. | |
342 * Eval:: How to invoke the Lisp interpreter explicitly. | |
343 * Forms:: How various sorts of objects are evaluated. | |
344 * Quoting:: Avoiding evaluation (to put constants in | |
345 the program). | |
346 | |
347 Kinds of Forms | |
348 | |
349 * Self-Evaluating Forms:: Forms that evaluate to themselves. | |
350 * Symbol Forms:: Symbols evaluate as variables. | |
351 * Classifying Lists:: How to distinguish various sorts of list forms. | |
352 * Function Forms:: Forms that call functions. | |
353 * Macro Forms:: Forms that call macros. | |
354 * Special Forms:: ``Special forms'' are idiosyncratic primitives, | |
355 most of them extremely important. | |
356 * Autoloading:: Functions set up to load files | |
357 containing their real definitions. | |
358 | |
359 Control Structures | |
360 | |
361 * Sequencing:: Evaluation in textual order. | |
362 * Conditionals:: @code{if}, @code{cond}. | |
363 * Combining Conditions:: @code{and}, @code{or}, @code{not}. | |
364 * Iteration:: @code{while} loops. | |
365 * Nonlocal Exits:: Jumping out of a sequence. | |
366 | |
367 Nonlocal Exits | |
368 | |
369 * Catch and Throw:: Nonlocal exits for the program's own purposes. | |
370 * Examples of Catch:: Showing how such nonlocal exits can be written. | |
371 * Errors:: How errors are signaled and handled. | |
372 * Cleanups:: Arranging to run a cleanup form if an | |
373 error happens. | |
374 | |
375 Errors | |
376 | |
377 * Signaling Errors:: How to report an error. | |
378 * Processing of Errors:: What Emacs does when you report an error. | |
379 * Handling Errors:: How you can trap errors and continue execution. | |
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380 * Error Symbols:: How errors are classified for trapping them. |
6451 | 381 |
382 Variables | |
383 | |
384 * Global Variables:: Variable values that exist permanently, everywhere. | |
385 * Constant Variables:: Certain "variables" have values that never change. | |
386 * Local Variables:: Variable values that exist only temporarily. | |
387 * Void Variables:: Symbols that lack values. | |
388 * Defining Variables:: A definition says a symbol is used as a variable. | |
389 * Accessing Variables:: Examining values of variables whose names | |
390 are known only at run time. | |
391 * Setting Variables:: Storing new values in variables. | |
392 * Variable Scoping:: How Lisp chooses among local and global values. | |
393 * Buffer-Local Variables:: Variable values in effect only in one buffer. | |
394 | |
395 Scoping Rules for Variable Bindings | |
396 | |
397 * Scope:: Scope means where in the program a value | |
398 is visible. Comparison with other languages. | |
399 * Extent:: Extent means how long in time a value exists. | |
400 * Impl of Scope:: Two ways to implement dynamic scoping. | |
401 * Using Scoping:: How to use dynamic scoping carefully and | |
402 avoid problems. | |
403 | |
404 Buffer-Local Variables | |
405 | |
406 * Intro to Buffer-Local:: Introduction and concepts. | |
407 * Creating Buffer-Local:: Creating and destroying buffer-local bindings. | |
408 * Default Value:: The default value is seen in buffers | |
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409 that don't have their own buffer-local values. |
6451 | 410 |
411 Functions | |
412 | |
413 * What Is a Function:: Lisp functions vs primitives; terminology. | |
414 * Lambda Expressions:: How functions are expressed as Lisp objects. | |
415 * Function Names:: A symbol can serve as the name of a function. | |
416 * Defining Functions:: Lisp expressions for defining functions. | |
417 * Calling Functions:: How to use an existing function. | |
418 * Mapping Functions:: Applying a function to each element of a list, etc. | |
419 * Anonymous Functions:: Lambda-expressions are functions with no names. | |
420 * Function Cells:: Accessing or setting the function definition | |
421 of a symbol. | |
422 * Related Topics:: Cross-references to specific Lisp primitives | |
423 that have a special bearing on how | |
424 functions work. | |
425 | |
426 Lambda Expressions | |
427 | |
428 * Lambda Components:: The parts of a lambda expression. | |
429 * Simple Lambda:: A simple example. | |
430 * Argument List:: Details and special features of argument lists. | |
431 * Function Documentation:: How to put documentation in a function. | |
432 | |
433 Macros | |
434 | |
435 * Simple Macro:: A basic example. | |
436 * Expansion:: How, when and why macros are expanded. | |
437 * Compiling Macros:: How macros are expanded by the compiler. | |
438 * Defining Macros:: How to write a macro definition. | |
439 * Backquote:: Easier construction of list structure. | |
440 * Problems with Macros:: Don't evaluate the macro arguments too many times. | |
441 Don't hide the user's variables. | |
442 | |
443 Loading | |
444 | |
445 * How Programs Do Loading:: The @code{load} function and others. | |
446 * Autoload:: Setting up a function to autoload. | |
12098 | 447 * Named Features:: Loading a library if it isn't already loaded. |
6451 | 448 * Repeated Loading:: Precautions about loading a file twice. |
449 | |
450 Byte Compilation | |
451 | |
452 * Compilation Functions:: Byte compilation functions. | |
453 * Disassembly:: Disassembling byte-code; how to read byte-code. | |
454 | |
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455 Advising Functions |
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456 |
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457 * Simple Advice:: A simple example to explain the basics of advice. |
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458 * Defining Advice:: Detailed description of @code{defadvice}. |
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459 * Computed Advice:: ...is to @code{defadvice} as @code{fset} is to @code{defun}. |
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460 * Activation of Advice:: Advice doesn't do anything until you activate it. |
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461 * Enabling Advice:: You can enable or disable each piece of advice. |
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462 * Preactivation:: Preactivation is a way of speeding up the |
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463 loading of compiled advice. |
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464 * Argument Access in Advice:: How advice can access the function's arguments. |
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465 * Subr Arguments:: Accessing arguments when advising a primitive. |
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466 * Combined Definition:: How advice is implemented. |
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467 |
6451 | 468 Debugging Lisp Programs |
469 | |
470 * Debugger:: How the Emacs Lisp debugger is implemented. | |
471 * Syntax Errors:: How to find syntax errors. | |
472 * Compilation Errors:: How to find errors that show up in | |
473 byte compilation. | |
474 * Edebug:: A source-level Emacs Lisp debugger. | |
475 | |
476 The Lisp Debugger | |
477 | |
478 * Error Debugging:: Entering the debugger when an error happens. | |
479 * Function Debugging:: Entering it when a certain function is called. | |
480 * Explicit Debug:: Entering it at a certain point in the program. | |
481 * Using Debugger:: What the debugger does; what you see while in it. | |
482 * Debugger Commands:: Commands used while in the debugger. | |
483 * Invoking the Debugger:: How to call the function @code{debug}. | |
484 * Internals of Debugger:: Subroutines of the debugger, and global variables. | |
485 | |
486 Debugging Invalid Lisp Syntax | |
487 | |
488 * Excess Open:: How to find a spurious open paren or missing close. | |
489 * Excess Close:: How to find a spurious close paren or missing open. | |
490 | |
491 Reading and Printing Lisp Objects | |
492 | |
493 * Streams Intro:: Overview of streams, reading and printing. | |
494 * Input Streams:: Various data types that can be used as | |
495 input streams. | |
496 * Input Functions:: Functions to read Lisp objects from text. | |
497 * Output Streams:: Various data types that can be used as | |
498 output streams. | |
499 * Output Functions:: Functions to print Lisp objects as text. | |
500 | |
501 Minibuffers | |
502 | |
503 * Intro to Minibuffers:: Basic information about minibuffers. | |
504 * Text from Minibuffer:: How to read a straight text string. | |
505 * Object from Minibuffer:: How to read a Lisp object or expression. | |
506 * Completion:: How to invoke and customize completion. | |
507 * Yes-or-No Queries:: Asking a question with a simple answer. | |
508 * Minibuffer Misc:: Various customization hooks and variables. | |
509 | |
510 Completion | |
511 | |
512 * Basic Completion:: Low-level functions for completing strings. | |
513 (These are too low level to use the minibuffer.) | |
514 * Minibuffer Completion:: Invoking the minibuffer with completion. | |
515 * Completion Commands:: Minibuffer commands that do completion. | |
516 * High-Level Completion:: Convenient special cases of completion | |
517 (reading buffer name, file name, etc.) | |
518 * Reading File Names:: Using completion to read file names. | |
519 * Programmed Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name. | |
520 | |
521 Command Loop | |
522 | |
523 * Command Overview:: How the command loop reads commands. | |
524 * Defining Commands:: Specifying how a function should read arguments. | |
525 * Interactive Call:: Calling a command, so that it will read arguments. | |
526 * Command Loop Info:: Variables set by the command loop for you to examine. | |
527 * Input Events:: What input looks like when you read it. | |
528 * Reading Input:: How to read input events from the keyboard or mouse. | |
529 * Waiting:: Waiting for user input or elapsed time. | |
530 * Quitting:: How @kbd{C-g} works. How to catch or defer quitting. | |
531 * Prefix Command Arguments:: How the commands to set prefix args work. | |
532 * Recursive Editing:: Entering a recursive edit, | |
533 and why you usually shouldn't. | |
534 * Disabling Commands:: How the command loop handles disabled commands. | |
535 * Command History:: How the command history is set up, and how accessed. | |
536 * Keyboard Macros:: How keyboard macros are implemented. | |
537 | |
538 Defining Commands | |
539 | |
540 * Using Interactive:: General rules for @code{interactive}. | |
541 * Interactive Codes:: The standard letter-codes for reading arguments | |
542 in various ways. | |
543 * Interactive Examples:: Examples of how to read interactive arguments. | |
544 | |
545 Keymaps | |
546 | |
547 * Keymap Terminology:: Definitions of terms pertaining to keymaps. | |
548 * Format of Keymaps:: What a keymap looks like as a Lisp object. | |
549 * Creating Keymaps:: Functions to create and copy keymaps. | |
550 * Inheritance and Keymaps:: How one keymap can inherit the bindings | |
551 of another keymap. | |
552 * Prefix Keys:: Defining a key with a keymap as its definition. | |
553 * Menu Keymaps:: A keymap can define a menu for X windows | |
554 or for use from the terminal. | |
555 * Active Keymaps:: Each buffer has a local keymap | |
556 to override the standard (global) bindings. | |
25875 | 557 Each minor mode can also override them. |
6451 | 558 * Key Lookup:: How extracting elements from keymaps works. |
559 * Functions for Key Lookup:: How to request key lookup. | |
560 * Changing Key Bindings:: Redefining a key in a keymap. | |
561 * Key Binding Commands:: Interactive interfaces for redefining keys. | |
562 * Scanning Keymaps:: Looking through all keymaps, for printing help. | |
563 | |
564 Major and Minor Modes | |
565 | |
566 * Major Modes:: Defining major modes. | |
567 * Minor Modes:: Defining minor modes. | |
568 * Mode Line Format:: Customizing the text that appears in the mode line. | |
569 * Hooks:: How to use hooks; how to write code that | |
570 provides hooks. | |
571 | |
572 Major Modes | |
573 | |
574 * Major Mode Conventions:: Coding conventions for keymaps, etc. | |
575 * Example Major Modes:: Text mode and Lisp modes. | |
576 * Auto Major Mode:: How Emacs chooses the major mode automatically. | |
577 * Mode Help:: Finding out how to use a mode. | |
578 | |
579 Minor Modes | |
580 | |
581 * Minor Mode Conventions:: Tips for writing a minor mode. | |
582 * Keymaps and Minor Modes:: How a minor mode can have its own keymap. | |
583 | |
584 Mode Line Format | |
585 | |
586 * Mode Line Data:: The data structure that controls the mode line. | |
587 * Mode Line Variables:: Variables used in that data structure. | |
588 * %-Constructs:: Putting information into a mode line. | |
589 | |
590 Documentation | |
591 | |
592 * Documentation Basics:: Good style for doc strings. | |
593 Where to put them. How Emacs stores them. | |
594 * Accessing Documentation:: How Lisp programs can access doc strings. | |
595 * Keys in Documentation:: Substituting current key bindings. | |
596 * Describing Characters:: Making printable descriptions of | |
597 non-printing characters and key sequences. | |
598 * Help Functions:: Subroutines used by Emacs help facilities. | |
599 | |
600 Files | |
601 | |
602 * Visiting Files:: Reading files into Emacs buffers for editing. | |
603 * Saving Buffers:: Writing changed buffers back into files. | |
604 * Reading from Files:: Reading files into other buffers. | |
605 * Writing to Files:: Writing new files from parts of buffers. | |
606 * File Locks:: Locking and unlocking files, to prevent | |
607 simultaneous editing by two people. | |
608 * Information about Files:: Testing existence, accessibility, size of files. | |
609 * Contents of Directories:: Getting a list of the files in a directory. | |
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610 * Changing Files:: Renaming files, changing protection, etc. |
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611 * File Names:: Decomposing and expanding file names. |
6451 | 612 |
613 Visiting Files | |
614 | |
615 * Visiting Functions:: The usual interface functions for visiting. | |
616 * Subroutines of Visiting:: Lower-level subroutines that they use. | |
617 | |
618 Information about Files | |
619 | |
620 * Testing Accessibility:: Is a given file readable? Writable? | |
621 * Kinds of Files:: Is it a directory? A link? | |
622 * File Attributes:: How large is it? Any other names? Etc. | |
623 | |
624 File Names | |
625 | |
626 * File Name Components:: The directory part of a file name, and the rest. | |
627 * Directory Names:: A directory's name as a directory | |
628 is different from its name as a file. | |
629 * Relative File Names:: Some file names are relative to a | |
630 current directory. | |
631 * File Name Expansion:: Converting relative file names to absolute ones. | |
632 * Unique File Names:: Generating names for temporary files. | |
633 * File Name Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name. | |
634 | |
635 Backups and Auto-Saving | |
636 | |
637 * Backup Files:: How backup files are made; how their names | |
638 are chosen. | |
639 * Auto-Saving:: How auto-save files are made; how their | |
640 names are chosen. | |
641 * Reverting:: @code{revert-buffer}, and how to customize | |
642 what it does. | |
643 | |
644 Backup Files | |
645 | |
646 * Making Backups:: How Emacs makes backup files, and when. | |
647 * Rename or Copy:: Two alternatives: renaming the old file | |
648 or copying it. | |
649 * Numbered Backups:: Keeping multiple backups for each source file. | |
650 * Backup Names:: How backup file names are computed; customization. | |
651 | |
652 Buffers | |
653 | |
654 * Buffer Basics:: What is a buffer? | |
655 * Buffer Names:: Accessing and changing buffer names. | |
656 * Buffer File Name:: The buffer file name indicates which file | |
657 is visited. | |
658 * Buffer Modification:: A buffer is @dfn{modified} if it needs to be saved. | |
659 * Modification Time:: Determining whether the visited file was changed | |
660 ``behind Emacs's back''. | |
661 * Read Only Buffers:: Modifying text is not allowed in a | |
662 read-only buffer. | |
663 * The Buffer List:: How to look at all the existing buffers. | |
664 * Creating Buffers:: Functions that create buffers. | |
665 * Killing Buffers:: Buffers exist until explicitly killed. | |
666 * Current Buffer:: Designating a buffer as current | |
667 so primitives will access its contents. | |
668 | |
669 Windows | |
670 | |
671 * Basic Windows:: Basic information on using windows. | |
672 * Splitting Windows:: Splitting one window into two windows. | |
673 * Deleting Windows:: Deleting a window gives its space to other windows. | |
674 * Selecting Windows:: The selected window is the one that you edit in. | |
675 * Cyclic Window Ordering:: Moving around the existing windows. | |
676 * Buffers and Windows:: Each window displays the contents of a buffer. | |
677 * Displaying Buffers:: Higher-lever functions for displaying a buffer | |
678 and choosing a window for it. | |
679 * Window Point:: Each window has its own location of point. | |
680 * Window Start:: The display-start position controls which text | |
681 is on-screen in the window. | |
682 * Vertical Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in the window. | |
683 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text sideways on the window. | |
684 * Size of Window:: Accessing the size of a window. | |
685 * Resizing Windows:: Changing the size of a window. | |
686 * Window Configurations:: Saving and restoring the state of the screen. | |
687 | |
12098 | 688 Frames |
689 | |
690 * Creating Frames:: Creating additional frames. | |
691 * Multiple Displays:: Creating frames on other X displays. | |
692 * Frame Parameters:: Controlling frame size, position, font, etc. | |
693 * Frame Titles:: Automatic updating of frame titles. | |
694 * Deleting Frames:: Frames last until explicitly deleted. | |
695 * Finding All Frames:: How to examine all existing frames. | |
696 * Frames and Windows:: A frame contains windows; | |
697 display of text always works through windows. | |
698 * Minibuffers and Frames:: How a frame finds the minibuffer to use. | |
699 * Input Focus:: Specifying the selected frame. | |
700 * Visibility of Frames:: Frames may be visible or invisible, or icons. | |
701 * Raising and Lowering:: Raising a frame makes it hide other X windows; | |
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702 lowering it puts it underneath the others. |
12098 | 703 * Frame Configurations:: Saving the state of all frames. |
704 * Mouse Tracking:: Getting events that say when the mouse moves. | |
705 * Mouse Position:: Asking where the mouse is, or moving it. | |
706 * Pop-Up Menus:: Displaying a menu for the user to select from. | |
707 * Dialog Boxes:: Displaying a box to ask yes or no. | |
708 * Pointer Shapes:: Specifying the shape of the mouse pointer. | |
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709 * Window System Selections::Transferring text to and from other windows. |
12098 | 710 * Color Names:: Getting the definitions of color names. |
711 * Resources:: Getting resource values from the server. | |
712 * Server Data:: Getting info about the X server. | |
713 | |
6451 | 714 Positions |
715 | |
716 * Point:: The special position where editing takes place. | |
717 * Motion:: Changing point. | |
718 * Excursions:: Temporary motion and buffer changes. | |
719 * Narrowing:: Restricting editing to a portion of the buffer. | |
720 | |
721 Motion | |
722 | |
723 * Character Motion:: Moving in terms of characters. | |
724 * Word Motion:: Moving in terms of words. | |
725 * Buffer End Motion:: Moving to the beginning or end of the buffer. | |
726 * Text Lines:: Moving in terms of lines of text. | |
727 * Screen Lines:: Moving in terms of lines as displayed. | |
728 * List Motion:: Moving by parsing lists and sexps. | |
729 * Skipping Characters:: Skipping characters belonging to a certain set. | |
730 | |
731 Markers | |
732 | |
733 * Overview of Markers:: The components of a marker, and how it relocates. | |
734 * Predicates on Markers:: Testing whether an object is a marker. | |
735 * Creating Markers:: Making empty markers or markers at certain places. | |
736 * Information from Markers:: Finding the marker's buffer or character | |
737 position. | |
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738 * Moving Markers:: Moving the marker to a new buffer or position. |
6451 | 739 * The Mark:: How ``the mark'' is implemented with a marker. |
740 * The Region:: How to access ``the region''. | |
741 | |
742 Text | |
743 | |
744 * Near Point:: Examining text in the vicinity of point. | |
745 * Buffer Contents:: Examining text in a general fashion. | |
746 * Insertion:: Adding new text to a buffer. | |
747 * Commands for Insertion:: User-level commands to insert text. | |
748 * Deletion:: Removing text from a buffer. | |
749 * User-Level Deletion:: User-level commands to delete text. | |
750 * The Kill Ring:: Where removed text sometimes is saved for | |
751 later use. | |
752 * Undo:: Undoing changes to the text of a buffer. | |
753 * Auto Filling:: How auto-fill mode is implemented to break lines. | |
754 * Filling:: Functions for explicit filling. | |
12098 | 755 * Margins:: How to specify margins for filling commands. |
6451 | 756 * Sorting:: Functions for sorting parts of the buffer. |
757 * Indentation:: Functions to insert or adjust indentation. | |
758 * Columns:: Computing horizontal positions, and using them. | |
759 * Case Changes:: Case conversion of parts of the buffer. | |
15725 | 760 * Text Properties:: Assigning Lisp property lists to text characters. |
6451 | 761 * Substitution:: Replacing a given character wherever it appears. |
15725 | 762 * Transposition:: Swapping two portions of a buffer. |
6451 | 763 * Registers:: How registers are implemented. Accessing |
764 the text or position stored in a register. | |
15725 | 765 * Change Hooks:: Supplying functions to be run when text is changed. |
6451 | 766 |
767 The Kill Ring | |
768 | |
769 * Kill Ring Concepts:: What text looks like in the kill ring. | |
770 * Kill Functions:: Functions that kill text. | |
771 * Yank Commands:: Commands that access the kill ring. | |
12067 | 772 * Low-Level Kill Ring:: Functions and variables for kill ring access. |
6451 | 773 * Internals of Kill Ring:: Variables that hold kill-ring data. |
774 | |
775 Indentation | |
776 | |
777 * Primitive Indent:: Functions used to count and insert indentation. | |
778 * Mode-Specific Indent:: Customize indentation for different modes. | |
779 * Region Indent:: Indent all the lines in a region. | |
780 * Relative Indent:: Indent the current line based on previous lines. | |
781 * Indent Tabs:: Adjustable, typewriter-like tab stops. | |
782 * Motion by Indent:: Move to first non-blank character. | |
783 | |
15725 | 784 Text Properties |
785 | |
786 * Examining Properties:: Looking at the properties of one character. | |
787 * Changing Properties:: Setting the properties of a range of text. | |
788 * Property Search:: Searching for where a property changes value. | |
789 * Special Properties:: Particular properties with special meanings. | |
790 * Format Properties:: Properties for representing formatting of text. | |
791 * Sticky Properties:: How inserted text gets properties from | |
792 neighboring text. | |
793 * Saving Properties:: Saving text properties in files, and reading | |
794 them back. | |
795 * Lazy Properties:: Computing text properties in a lazy fashion | |
796 only when text is examined. | |
797 * Not Intervals:: Why text properties do not use | |
798 Lisp-visible text intervals. | |
799 | |
6451 | 800 Searching and Matching |
801 | |
802 * String Search:: Search for an exact match. | |
803 * Regular Expressions:: Describing classes of strings. | |
804 * Regexp Search:: Searching for a match for a regexp. | |
805 * Match Data:: Finding out which part of the text matched | |
806 various parts of a regexp, after regexp search. | |
807 * Saving Match Data:: Saving and restoring this information. | |
808 * Standard Regexps:: Useful regexps for finding sentences, pages,... | |
809 * Searching and Case:: Case-independent or case-significant searching. | |
810 | |
811 Regular Expressions | |
812 | |
813 * Syntax of Regexps:: Rules for writing regular expressions. | |
814 * Regexp Example:: Illustrates regular expression syntax. | |
815 | |
816 Syntax Tables | |
817 | |
818 * Syntax Descriptors:: How characters are classified. | |
819 * Syntax Table Functions:: How to create, examine and alter syntax tables. | |
820 * Parsing Expressions:: Parsing balanced expressions | |
821 using the syntax table. | |
822 * Standard Syntax Tables:: Syntax tables used by various major modes. | |
823 * Syntax Table Internals:: How syntax table information is stored. | |
824 | |
825 Syntax Descriptors | |
826 | |
827 * Syntax Class Table:: Table of syntax classes. | |
828 * Syntax Flags:: Additional flags each character can have. | |
829 | |
830 Abbrevs And Abbrev Expansion | |
831 | |
832 * Abbrev Mode:: Setting up Emacs for abbreviation. | |
833 * Tables: Abbrev Tables. Creating and working with abbrev tables. | |
834 * Defining Abbrevs:: Specifying abbreviations and their expansions. | |
835 * Files: Abbrev Files. Saving abbrevs in files. | |
836 * Expansion: Abbrev Expansion. Controlling expansion; expansion subroutines. | |
837 * Standard Abbrev Tables:: Abbrev tables used by various major modes. | |
838 | |
839 Processes | |
840 | |
841 * Subprocess Creation:: Functions that start subprocesses. | |
842 * Synchronous Processes:: Details of using synchronous subprocesses. | |
843 * Asynchronous Processes:: Starting up an asynchronous subprocess. | |
844 * Deleting Processes:: Eliminating an asynchronous subprocess. | |
845 * Process Information:: Accessing run-status and other attributes. | |
846 * Input to Processes:: Sending input to an asynchronous subprocess. | |
847 * Signals to Processes:: Stopping, continuing or interrupting | |
848 an asynchronous subprocess. | |
849 * Output from Processes:: Collecting output from an asynchronous subprocess. | |
850 * Sentinels:: Sentinels run when process run-status changes. | |
12098 | 851 * Network:: Opening network connections. |
6451 | 852 |
853 Receiving Output from Processes | |
854 | |
855 * Process Buffers:: If no filter, output is put in a buffer. | |
856 * Filter Functions:: Filter functions accept output from the process. | |
857 * Accepting Output:: How to wait until process output arrives. | |
858 | |
859 Operating System Interface | |
860 | |
861 * Starting Up:: Customizing Emacs start-up processing. | |
862 * Getting Out:: How exiting works (permanent or temporary). | |
863 * System Environment:: Distinguish the name and kind of system. | |
864 * Terminal Input:: Recording terminal input for debugging. | |
865 * Terminal Output:: Recording terminal output for debugging. | |
866 * Flow Control:: How to turn output flow control on or off. | |
867 * Batch Mode:: Running Emacs without terminal interaction. | |
868 | |
869 Starting Up Emacs | |
870 | |
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871 * Startup Summary:: Sequence of actions Emacs performs at start-up. |
6451 | 872 * Init File:: Details on reading the init file (@file{.emacs}). |
873 * Terminal-Specific:: How the terminal-specific Lisp file is read. | |
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874 * Command-Line Arguments:: How command line arguments are processed, |
6451 | 875 and how you can customize them. |
876 | |
877 Getting out of Emacs | |
878 | |
879 * Killing Emacs:: Exiting Emacs irreversibly. | |
880 * Suspending Emacs:: Exiting Emacs reversibly. | |
881 | |
882 Emacs Display | |
883 | |
884 * Refresh Screen:: Clearing the screen and redrawing everything on it. | |
885 * Truncation:: Folding or wrapping long text lines. | |
886 * The Echo Area:: Where messages are displayed. | |
887 * Selective Display:: Hiding part of the buffer text. | |
888 * Overlay Arrow:: Display of an arrow to indicate position. | |
889 * Temporary Displays:: Displays that go away automatically. | |
890 * Waiting:: Forcing display update and waiting for user. | |
891 * Blinking:: How Emacs shows the matching open parenthesis. | |
892 * Usual Display:: How control characters are displayed. | |
893 * Beeping:: Audible signal to the user. | |
894 * Window Systems:: Which window system is being used. | |
895 | |
896 GNU Emacs Internals | |
897 | |
898 * Building Emacs:: How to preload Lisp libraries into Emacs. | |
899 * Pure Storage:: A kludge to make preloaded Lisp functions sharable. | |
900 * Garbage Collection:: Reclaiming space for Lisp objects no longer used. | |
901 * Object Internals:: Data formats of buffers, windows, processes. | |
902 * Writing Emacs Primitives:: Writing C code for Emacs. | |
903 | |
904 Object Internals | |
905 | |
906 * Buffer Internals:: Components of a buffer structure. | |
907 * Window Internals:: Components of a window structure. | |
908 * Process Internals:: Components of a process structure. | |
909 @end menu | |
910 | |
911 @include intro.texi | |
912 @include objects.texi | |
913 @include numbers.texi | |
914 @include strings.texi | |
915 | |
916 @include lists.texi | |
917 @include sequences.texi | |
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918 @include hash.texi |
6451 | 919 @include symbols.texi |
920 @include eval.texi | |
921 | |
922 @include control.texi | |
923 @include variables.texi | |
924 @include functions.texi | |
925 @include macros.texi | |
926 | |
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927 @include customize.texi |
6451 | 928 @include loading.texi |
929 @include compile.texi | |
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930 @include advice.texi |
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931 |
6451 | 932 @include debugging.texi |
933 @include streams.texi | |
934 @include minibuf.texi | |
935 @include commands.texi | |
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936 |
6451 | 937 @include keymaps.texi |
938 @include modes.texi | |
939 @include help.texi | |
940 @include files.texi | |
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941 |
6451 | 942 @include backups.texi |
943 @include buffers.texi | |
944 @include windows.texi | |
945 @include frames.texi | |
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946 |
6451 | 947 @include positions.texi |
948 @include markers.texi | |
949 @include text.texi | |
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950 @include nonascii.texi |
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951 |
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952 @include searching.texi |
6451 | 953 @include syntax.texi |
954 @include abbrevs.texi | |
955 @include processes.texi | |
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956 |
6451 | 957 @include display.texi |
958 @include calendar.texi | |
26211 | 959 @include os.texi |
6451 | 960 |
961 @c MOVE to Emacs Manual: include misc-modes.texi | |
962 | |
963 @c appendices | |
964 | |
965 @c REMOVE this: include non-hacker.texi | |
966 | |
25875 | 967 @include anti.texi |
6451 | 968 @include tips.texi |
969 @include internals.texi | |
970 @include errors.texi | |
971 @include locals.texi | |
972 @include maps.texi | |
973 @include hooks.texi | |
974 | |
975 @include index.texi | |
976 | |
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977 @node New Symbols, , Index, Top |
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978 @unnumbered New Symbols Since the Previous Edition |
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979 |
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980 @printindex tp |
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981 |
6451 | 982 @c Print the tables of contents |
983 @summarycontents | |
984 @contents | |
985 @c That's all | |
986 | |
987 @bye | |
988 | |
989 | |
990 These words prevent "local variables" above from confusing Emacs. |