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annotate man/tramp.texi @ 51554:8cf86bc95fe5
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author | Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com> |
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date | Thu, 12 Jun 2003 22:20:49 +0000 |
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45861 | 1 \input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c %**start of header | |
45864 | 3 @setfilename ../info/tramp |
45861 | 4 @settitle TRAMP User Manual |
5 @setchapternewpage odd | |
6 @c %**end of header | |
7 | |
8 @c This is *so* much nicer :) | |
9 @footnotestyle end | |
10 | |
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11 @c In the Tramp CVS, the version number is auto-frobbed from |
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12 @c configure.ac, so you should edit that file and run |
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13 @c "autoconf && ./configure" to change the version number. |
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14 |
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15 @c Additionally, flags are set with respect to the Emacs flavor; and |
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16 @c depending whether Tramp is packaged into (X)Emacs, or standalone. |
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17 |
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18 @include trampver.texi |
45861 | 19 |
20 @c Entries for @command{install-info} to use | |
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21 @dircategory Emacs |
45861 | 22 @direntry |
23 * TRAMP: (tramp). Transparent Remote Access, Multiple Protocol | |
24 Emacs remote file access via rsh and rcp. | |
25 @end direntry | |
26 | |
27 @c Macro to make formatting of the tramp program name consistent. | |
28 @macro tramp | |
29 @sc{tramp} | |
30 @end macro | |
31 | |
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32 @c Macros for formatting a filename. |
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33 @c trampfn is for a full filename, trampfnmhp means method, host, localname |
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34 @c were given, and so on. |
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35 @macro trampfn(method, user, host, localname) |
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36 @value{tramp-prefix}@value{method}@value{user}@@@value{host}@value{tramp-postfix}@value{localname} |
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37 @end macro |
45861 | 38 |
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39 @copying |
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40 Copyright @copyright{} 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 Free Software |
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41 Foundation, Inc. |
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42 |
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43 @quotation |
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44 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
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45 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or |
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46 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no |
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47 Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU |
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48 Manual'', and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the |
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49 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation |
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50 License'' in the Emacs manual. |
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51 |
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52 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify |
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53 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free |
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54 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' |
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55 |
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56 This document is part of a collection distributed under the GNU Free |
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57 Documentation License. If you want to distribute this document |
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58 separately from the collection, you can do so by adding a copy of the |
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59 license to the document, as described in section 6 of the license. |
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60 @end quotation |
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61 @end copying |
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62 |
45861 | 63 @tex |
64 | |
65 @titlepage | |
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66 @title @tramp{} version @trampver{} User Manual |
45861 | 67 |
68 @author by Daniel Pittman | |
69 @author based on documentation by Kai Gro@ss{}johann | |
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70 |
45861 | 71 @page |
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72 @insertcopying |
45861 | 73 |
74 @end titlepage | |
75 @page | |
76 | |
77 @end tex | |
78 | |
79 @ifnottex | |
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80 @node Top, Overview, (dir), (dir) |
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81 @top @tramp{} version @trampver{} User Manual |
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82 |
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83 This file documents @tramp{} version @trampver{}, a remote file |
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84 editing package for @value{emacs-name}. |
45861 | 85 |
86 @tramp{} stands for `Transparent Remote (file) Access, Multiple | |
87 Protocol'. This package provides remote file editing, similar to | |
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88 @value{ftp-package-name}. |
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89 |
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90 The difference is that @value{ftp-package-name} uses FTP to transfer |
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91 files between the local and the remote host, whereas @tramp{} uses a |
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92 combination of @command{rsh} and @command{rcp} or other work-alike |
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93 programs, such as @command{ssh}/@command{scp}. |
45861 | 94 |
95 You can find the latest version of this document on the web at | |
96 @uref{http://www.freesoftware.fsf.org/tramp/}. | |
97 | |
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98 @c Pointer to the other Emacs flavor is necessary only in case of |
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99 @c standalone installation. Text taken from trampinst.texi. |
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100 @ifset tramp-inst |
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101 @otherflavor{} |
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102 @end ifset |
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103 |
45861 | 104 @ifhtml |
105 This manual is also available as a @uref{tramp_ja.html, Japanese | |
106 translation}. | |
107 | |
108 The latest release of @tramp{} is available for | |
109 @uref{http://savannah.gnu.org/download/tramp/, | |
110 download}, or you may see @ref{Obtaining @tramp{}} for more details, | |
111 including the CVS server details. | |
112 | |
113 @tramp{} also has a @uref{https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/tramp/, | |
114 Savannah Project Page}. | |
115 @end ifhtml | |
116 | |
117 There is a mailing list for @tramp{}, available at | |
118 @email{tramp-devel@@mail.freesoftware.fsf.org}, and archived at | |
119 @uref{http://www.mail-archive.com/emacs-rcp@@ls6.cs.uni-dortmund.de/} as | |
120 well as the usual Savannah archives. | |
121 | |
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122 @insertcopying |
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123 |
45861 | 124 @end ifnottex |
125 | |
126 @menu | |
127 * Overview:: What @tramp{} can and cannot do. | |
128 | |
129 For the end user: | |
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130 |
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131 * Obtaining @tramp{}:: How to obtain @tramp{}. |
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132 * History:: History of @tramp{}. |
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133 @ifset tramp-inst |
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134 * Installation:: Installing @tramp{} with your @value{emacs-name}. |
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135 @end ifset |
45861 | 136 * Configuration:: Configuring @tramp{} for use. |
137 * Usage:: An overview of the operation of @tramp{}. | |
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138 * Bug Reports:: Reporting Bugs and Problems. |
45861 | 139 * Frequently Asked Questions:: Questions and answers from the mailing list. |
140 | |
141 For the developer: | |
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142 |
45861 | 143 * Version Control:: The inner workings of remote version control. |
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144 * Files directories and localnames:: How file names, directories and localnames are mangled and managed. |
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145 * Issues:: Debatable Issues and What Was Decided. |
45861 | 146 |
147 @detailmenu | |
148 --- The Detailed Node Listing --- | |
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149 @c |
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150 @ifset tramp-inst |
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151 Installing @tramp{} with your @value{emacs-name} |
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152 |
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153 * Installation parameters:: Parameters in order to control installation. |
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154 * Load paths:: How to plug-in @tramp{} into your environment. |
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155 |
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156 @end ifset |
45861 | 157 |
158 Configuring @tramp{} for use | |
159 | |
160 * Connection types:: Types of connections made to remote machines. | |
161 * Inline methods:: Inline methods. | |
162 * External transfer methods:: External transfer methods. | |
163 * Multi-hop Methods:: Connecting to a remote host using multiple hops. | |
164 * Default Method:: Selecting a default method. | |
165 * Customizing Methods:: Using Non-Standard Methods. | |
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166 * Customizing Completion:: Selecting config files for user/host name completion. |
45861 | 167 * Remote Programs:: How @tramp{} finds and uses programs on the remote machine. |
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168 * Remote shell setup:: Remote shell setup hints. |
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169 * Windows setup hints:: Issues with Cygwin ssh. |
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170 * Auto-save and Backup:: Auto-save and Backup. |
45861 | 171 |
172 Using @tramp | |
173 | |
174 * Filename Syntax:: @tramp{} filename conventions. | |
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175 * Multi-hop filename syntax:: Multi-hop filename conventions. |
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176 * Filename completion:: Filename completion. |
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177 * Dired:: Dired. |
45861 | 178 |
179 The inner workings of remote version control | |
180 | |
181 * Version Controlled Files:: Determining if a file is under version control. | |
182 * Remote Commands:: Executing the version control commands on the remote machine. | |
183 * Changed workfiles:: Detecting if the working file has changed. | |
184 * Checking out files:: Bringing the workfile out of the repository. | |
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185 * Miscellaneous Version Control:: Things related to Version Control that don't fit elsewhere. |
45861 | 186 |
187 Things related to Version Control that don't fit elsewhere | |
188 | |
189 * Remote File Ownership:: How VC determines who owns a workfile. | |
190 * Back-end Versions:: How VC determines what release your RCS is. | |
191 | |
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192 How file names, directories and localnames are mangled and managed |
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193 |
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194 * Localname deconstruction:: Breaking a localname into its components. |
45861 | 195 |
196 @end detailmenu | |
197 @end menu | |
198 | |
199 @node Overview | |
200 @chapter An overview of @tramp | |
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201 @cindex overview |
45861 | 202 |
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203 After the installation of @tramp{} into your @value{emacs-name}, you |
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204 will be able to access files on remote machines as though they were |
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205 local. Access to the remote file system for editing files, version |
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206 control, and @command{dired} are transparently enabled. |
45861 | 207 |
208 Your access to the remote machine can be with the @command{rsh}, | |
209 @command{rlogin}, @command{telnet} programs or with any similar | |
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210 connection method. This connection must pass ASCII successfully to be |
45861 | 211 usable but need not be 8-bit clean. |
212 | |
213 The package provides support for @command{ssh} connections out of the | |
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214 box, one of the more common uses of the package. This allows |
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215 relatively secure access to machines, especially if @command{ftp} |
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216 access is disabled. |
45861 | 217 |
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218 The majority of activity carried out by @tramp{} requires only that |
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219 the remote login is possible and is carried out at the terminal. In |
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220 order to access remote files @tramp{} needs to transfer their content |
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221 to the local machine temporarily. |
45861 | 222 |
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223 @tramp{} can transfer files between the machines in a variety of ways. |
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224 The details are easy to select, depending on your needs and the |
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225 machines in question. |
45861 | 226 |
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227 The fastest transfer methods (for large files) rely on a remote file |
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228 transfer package such as @command{rcp}, @command{scp} or |
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229 @command{rsync}. The use of these methods is only possible if the |
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230 file copy command does not ask for a password for the remote machine. |
45861 | 231 |
232 If the remote copy methods are not suitable for you, @tramp{} also | |
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233 supports the use of encoded transfers directly through the shell. |
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234 This requires that the @command{mimencode} or @command{uuencode} tools |
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235 are available on the remote machine. These methods are generally |
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236 faster for small files. |
45861 | 237 |
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238 Within these limitations, @tramp{} is quite powerful. It is worth |
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239 noting that, as of the time of writing, it is far from a polished |
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240 end-user product. For a while yet you should expect to run into rough |
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241 edges and problems with the code now and then. |
45861 | 242 |
243 It is finished enough that the developers use it for day to day work but | |
244 the installation and setup can be a little difficult to master, as can | |
245 the terminology. | |
246 | |
247 @tramp{} is still under active development and any problems you encounter, | |
248 trivial or major, should be reported to the @tramp{} developers. | |
249 @xref{Bug Reports}. | |
250 | |
251 | |
252 @subsubheading Behind the scenes | |
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253 @cindex behind the scenes |
46366 | 254 @cindex details of operation |
255 @cindex how it works | |
45861 | 256 |
257 This section tries to explain what goes on behind the scenes when you | |
258 access a remote file through @tramp{}. | |
259 | |
260 Suppose you type @kbd{C-x C-f} and enter part of an @tramp{} file name, | |
261 then hit @kbd{@key{TAB}} for completion. Suppose further that this is | |
262 the first time that @tramp{} is invoked for the host in question. Here's | |
263 what happens: | |
264 | |
265 @itemize | |
266 @item | |
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267 @tramp{} discovers that it needs a connection to the host. So it |
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268 invokes @samp{telnet @var{host}} or @samp{rsh @var{host} -l |
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269 @var{user}} or a similar tool to connect to the remote host. |
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270 Communication with this process happens through an |
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271 @value{emacs-name} buffer, that is, the output from the remote end |
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272 goes into a buffer. |
45861 | 273 |
274 @item | |
275 The remote host may prompt for a login name (for @command{telnet}). The | |
276 login name is given in the file name, so @tramp{} sends the login name and | |
277 a newline. | |
278 | |
279 @item | |
280 The remote host may prompt for a password or pass phrase (for | |
281 @command{rsh} or for @command{telnet} after sending the login name). | |
282 @tramp{} displays the prompt in the minibuffer, asking you for the | |
283 password or pass phrase. | |
284 | |
285 You enter the password or pass phrase. @tramp{} sends it to the remote | |
286 host, followed by a newline. | |
287 | |
288 @item | |
289 @tramp{} now waits for the shell prompt or for a message that the login | |
290 failed. | |
291 | |
292 If @tramp{} sees neither of them after a certain period of time (a minute, | |
293 say), then it issues an error message saying that it couldn't find the | |
294 remote shell prompt and shows you what the remote host has sent. | |
295 | |
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296 If @tramp{} sees a @samp{login failed} message, it tells you so, |
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297 aborts the login attempt and allows you to try again. |
45861 | 298 |
299 @item | |
300 Suppose that the login was successful and @tramp{} sees the shell prompt | |
301 from the remote host. Now @tramp{} invokes @command{/bin/sh} because | |
302 Bourne shells and C shells have different command | |
303 syntaxes.@footnote{Invoking @command{/bin/sh} will fail if your login | |
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304 shell doesn't recognize @samp{exec /bin/sh} as a valid command. |
45861 | 305 Maybe you use the Scheme shell @command{scsh}@dots{}} |
306 | |
307 After the Bourne shell has come up, @tramp{} sends a few commands to | |
308 ensure a good working environment. It turns off echoing, it sets the | |
309 shell prompt, and a few other things. | |
310 | |
311 @item | |
312 Now the remote shell is up and it good working order. Remember, what | |
313 was supposed to happen is that @tramp{} tries to find out what files exist | |
314 on the remote host so that it can do filename completion. | |
315 | |
316 So, @tramp{} basically issues @command{cd} and @command{ls} commands and | |
317 also sometimes @command{echo} with globbing. Another command that is | |
318 often used is @command{test} to find out whether a file is writable or a | |
319 directory or the like. The output of each command is parsed for the | |
320 necessary operation. | |
321 | |
322 @item | |
323 Suppose you are finished with filename completion, have entered @kbd{C-x | |
324 C-f}, a full file name and hit @kbd{@key{RET}}. Now comes the time to | |
325 transfer the file contents from the remote host to the local host so | |
326 that you can edit them. | |
327 | |
328 See above for an explanation of how @tramp{} transfers the file contents. | |
329 | |
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330 For inline transfers, @tramp{} issues a command like @samp{mimencode -b |
45861 | 331 /path/to/remote/file}, waits until the output has accumulated in the |
332 buffer that's used for communication, then decodes that output to | |
333 produce the file contents. | |
334 | |
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335 For out-of-band transfers, @tramp{} issues a command like the following: |
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336 @example |
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337 rcp user@@host:/path/to/remote/file /tmp/tramp.4711 |
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338 @end example |
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339 It then reads the local temporary file @file{/tmp/tramp.4711} into a |
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340 buffer and deletes the temporary file. |
45861 | 341 |
342 @item | |
343 You now edit the buffer contents, blithely unaware of what has happened | |
344 behind the scenes. (Unless you have read this section, that is.) When | |
345 you are finished, you type @kbd{C-x C-s} to save the buffer. | |
346 | |
347 @item | |
348 Again, @tramp{} transfers the file contents to the remote host either | |
349 inline or out-of-band. This is the reverse of what happens when reading | |
350 the file. | |
351 | |
352 @end itemize | |
353 | |
354 I hope this has provided you with a basic overview of what happens | |
355 behind the scenes when you open a file with @tramp{}. | |
356 | |
357 | |
358 @c For the end user | |
359 @node Obtaining @tramp{} | |
360 @chapter Obtaining @tramp{}. | |
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361 @cindex obtaining Tramp |
45861 | 362 |
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363 @tramp{} is freely available on the Internet and the latest release |
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364 may be downloaded from |
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365 @uref{http://savannah.nongnu.org/download/tramp/}. This |
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366 release includes the full documentation and code for @tramp{}, |
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367 suitable for installation. But Emacs (21.4 or later) includes |
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368 @tramp{} already, and there is a @tramp{} package for XEmacs, as well. |
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369 So maybe it is easier to just use those. But if you want the bleeding |
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370 edge, read on@dots{...} |
45861 | 371 |
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372 For the especially brave, @tramp{} is available from CVS. The CVS |
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373 version is the latest version of the code and may contain incomplete |
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374 features or new issues. Use these versions at your own risk. |
45861 | 375 |
376 Instructions for obtaining the latest development version of @tramp{} | |
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377 from CVS can be found by going to the Savannah project page at the |
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378 following URL and then clicking on the CVS link in the navigation bar |
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379 at the top. |
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380 |
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381 @noindent |
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382 @uref{http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/tramp/} |
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383 |
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384 @noindent |
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385 Or follow the example session below: |
45861 | 386 |
387 @example | |
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388 ] @strong{cd ~/@value{emacs-dir}} |
45861 | 389 ] @strong{cvs -d:pserver:anoncvs@@subversions.gnu.org:/cvsroot/tramp login} |
390 | |
391 (Logging in to anoncvs@@subversions.gnu.org) | |
392 CVS password: @strong{(just hit RET here)} | |
393 @dots{} | |
394 | |
395 ] @strong{cvs -z3 -d:pserver:anoncvs@@subversions.gnu.org:/cvsroot/tramp co tramp} | |
396 @end example | |
397 | |
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398 @noindent |
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399 You should now have a directory @file{~/@value{emacs-dir}/tramp} |
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400 containing the latest version of @tramp{}. You can fetch the latest |
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401 updates from the repository by issuing the command: |
45861 | 402 |
403 @example | |
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404 ] @strong{cd ~/@value{emacs-dir}/tramp} |
45861 | 405 ] @strong{cvs update -d} |
406 @end example | |
407 | |
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408 @noindent |
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409 Once you've got updated files from the CVS repository, you need to run |
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410 @command{autoconf} in order to get an up-to-date @file{configure} |
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411 script: |
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412 |
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413 @example |
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414 ] @strong{cd ~/@value{emacs-dir}/tramp} |
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415 ] @strong{autoconf} |
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416 @end example |
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417 |
45861 | 418 |
419 @node History | |
420 @chapter History of @tramp{} | |
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421 @cindex history |
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422 @cindex development history |
45861 | 423 |
424 Development was started end of November 1998. The package was called | |
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425 @file{rssh.el}, back then. It only provided one method to access a |
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426 file, using @command{ssh} to log in to a remote host and using |
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427 @command{scp} to transfer the file contents. After a while, the name |
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428 was changed to @file{rcp.el}, and now it's @tramp{}. Along the way, |
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429 many more methods for getting a remote shell and for transferring the |
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430 file contents were added. Support for VC was added. |
45861 | 431 |
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432 The most recent addition of major features were the multi-hop methods |
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433 added in April 2000 and the unification of @tramp{} and Ange-FTP |
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434 filenames in July 2002. |
45861 | 435 |
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436 @c Installation chapter is necessary only in case of standalone |
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437 @c installation. Text taken from trampinst.texi. |
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438 @ifset tramp-inst |
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439 @installationchapter{} |
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440 @end ifset |
45861 | 441 |
442 @node Configuration | |
443 @chapter Configuring @tramp{} for use | |
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444 @cindex configuration |
45861 | 445 |
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446 @cindex default configuration |
45861 | 447 @tramp{} is (normally) fully functional when it is initially |
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448 installed. It is initially configured to use the @command{ssh} program |
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449 to connect to the remote host and to use base-64 encoding (on the |
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450 remote host, via @command{mimencode}, and on the local host via the |
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451 built-in support for base-64 encoding in Emacs). |
45861 | 452 |
453 On some hosts, there are problems with opening a connection. These are | |
454 related to the behavior of the remote shell. See @xref{Remote shell | |
455 setup}, for details on this. | |
456 | |
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457 If you do not wish to use these commands to connect to the remote |
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458 host, you should change the default connection and transfer method |
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459 that @tramp uses. There are several different methods that @tramp{} |
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460 can use to connect to remote machines and transfer files |
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461 (@pxref{Connection types}). |
45861 | 462 |
463 | |
464 @menu | |
465 * Connection types:: Types of connections made to remote machines. | |
466 * Inline methods:: Inline methods. | |
467 * External transfer methods:: External transfer methods. | |
468 * Multi-hop Methods:: Connecting to a remote host using multiple hops. | |
469 * Default Method:: Selecting a default method. | |
470 * Customizing Methods:: Using Non-Standard Methods. | |
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471 * Customizing Completion:: Selecting config files for user/host name completion. |
45861 | 472 * Remote Programs:: How @tramp{} finds and uses programs on the remote machine. |
473 * Remote shell setup:: Remote shell setup hints. | |
474 * Windows setup hints:: Issues with Cygwin ssh. | |
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475 * Auto-save and Backup:: Auto-save and Backup. |
45861 | 476 @end menu |
477 | |
478 | |
479 @node Connection types | |
480 @section Types of connections made to remote machines. | |
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481 @cindex connection types, overview |
45861 | 482 |
483 There are two basic types of transfer methods, each with its own | |
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484 advantages and limitations. Both types of connection make use of a |
45861 | 485 remote shell access program such as @command{rsh}, @command{ssh} or |
486 @command{telnet} to connect to the remote machine. | |
487 | |
488 This connection is used to perform many of the operations that @tramp | |
489 requires to make the remote file system transparently accessible from | |
490 the local machine. It is only when visiting files that the methods | |
491 differ. | |
492 | |
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493 @cindex inline methods |
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494 @cindex external transfer methods |
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495 @cindex external methods |
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496 @cindex out-of-band methods |
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497 @cindex methods, inline |
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498 @cindex methods, external transfer |
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499 @cindex methods, out-of-band |
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500 Loading or saving a remote file requires that the content of the file |
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501 be transfered between the two machines. The content of the file can be |
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502 transfered over the same connection used to log in to the remote |
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503 machine or the file can be transfered through another connection using |
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504 a remote copy program such as @command{rcp}, @command{scp} or |
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505 @command{rsync}. The former are called @dfn{inline methods}, the |
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506 latter are called @dfn{out-of-band methods} or @dfn{external transfer |
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507 methods} (@dfn{external methods} for short). |
45861 | 508 |
509 The performance of the external transfer methods is generally better | |
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510 than that of the inline methods, at least for large files. This is |
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511 caused by the need to encode and decode the data when transferring |
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512 inline. |
45861 | 513 |
514 The one exception to this rule are the @command{scp} based transfer | |
515 methods. While these methods do see better performance when actually | |
516 transferring files, the overhead of the cryptographic negotiation at | |
517 startup may drown out the improvement in file transfer times. | |
518 | |
519 External transfer methods do require that the remote copy command is not | |
520 interactive --- that is, the command does not prompt you for a password. | |
521 If you cannot perform remote copies without a password, you will need to | |
522 use an inline transfer method to work with @tramp{}. | |
523 | |
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524 @cindex multi-hop methods |
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525 @cindex methods, multi-hop |
45861 | 526 A variant of the inline methods are the @dfn{multi-hop methods}. |
527 These methods allow you to connect a remote host using a number `hops', | |
528 each of which connects to a different host. This is useful if you are | |
529 in a secured network where you need to go through a bastion host to | |
530 connect to the outside world. | |
531 | |
532 | |
533 @node Inline methods | |
534 @section Inline methods | |
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535 @cindex inline methods |
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536 @cindex methods, inline |
45861 | 537 |
538 The inline methods in @tramp{} are quite powerful and can work in | |
539 situations where you cannot use an external transfer program to connect. | |
540 Inline methods are the only methods that work when connecting to the | |
541 remote machine via telnet. (There are also strange inline methods which | |
542 allow you to transfer files between @emph{user identities} rather than | |
543 hosts, see below.) | |
544 | |
545 These methods depend on the existence of a suitable encoding and | |
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546 decoding command on remote machine. Locally, @tramp{} may be able to use |
45861 | 547 features of Emacs to decode and encode the files or it may require |
548 access to external commands to perform that task. | |
549 | |
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550 @cindex uuencode |
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551 @cindex mimencode |
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552 @cindex base-64 encoding |
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553 @tramp{} checks the availability and usability of commands like |
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554 @command{mimencode} (part of the @command{metamail} package) or |
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555 @command{uuencode} on the remote host. The first reliable command |
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556 will be used. The search path can be customized, see @ref{Remote |
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557 Programs}. |
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558 |
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559 If both commands aren't available on the remote host, @tramp{} |
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560 transfers a small piece of Perl code to the remote host, and tries to |
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561 apply it for encoding and decoding. |
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562 |
45861 | 563 |
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564 @table @asis |
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565 @item @option{rsh} |
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566 @cindex method rsh |
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567 @cindex rsh method |
45861 | 568 |
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569 Connect to the remote host with @command{rsh}. Due to the unsecure |
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570 connection it is recommended for very local host topology only. |
45861 | 571 |
572 | |
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573 @item @option{ssh} |
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574 @cindex method ssh |
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575 @cindex ssh method |
45861 | 576 |
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577 Connect to the remote host with @command{ssh}. This is identical to |
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578 the previous option except that the @command{ssh} package is used, |
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579 making the connection more secure. |
45861 | 580 |
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581 There are also two variants, @option{ssh1} and @option{ssh2}, that |
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582 call @samp{ssh -1} and @samp{ssh -2}, respectively. This way, you can |
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583 explicitly select whether you want to use the SSH protocol version 1 |
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584 or 2 to connect to the remote host. (You can also specify in |
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585 @file{~/.ssh/config}, the SSH configuration file, which protocol |
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586 should be used, and use the regular @option{ssh} method.) |
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587 |
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588 Two other variants, @option{ssh1_old} and @option{ssh2_old}, use the |
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589 @command{ssh1} and @command{ssh2} commands explicitly. If you don't |
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590 know what these are, you do not need these options. |
45861 | 591 |
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592 All the methods based on @command{ssh} have an additional kludgy |
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593 feature: you can specify a host name which looks like @file{host#42} |
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594 (the real host name, then a hash sign, then a port number). This |
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595 means to connect to the given host but to also pass @code{-p 42} as |
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596 arguments to the @command{ssh} command. |
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597 |
45861 | 598 |
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599 @item @option{telnet} |
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600 @cindex method telnet |
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601 @cindex telnet method |
45861 | 602 |
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603 Connect to the remote host with @command{telnet}. This is as unsecure |
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604 as the @option{rsh} method. |
45861 | 605 |
606 | |
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607 @item @option{su} |
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608 @cindex method su |
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609 @cindex su method |
45861 | 610 |
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611 This method does not connect to a remote host at all, rather it uses |
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612 the @command{su} program to allow you to edit files as another user. |
45861 | 613 |
614 | |
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615 @item @option{sudo} |
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616 @cindex method sudo |
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617 @cindex sudo method |
45861 | 618 |
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619 This is similar to the @option{su} method, but it uses @command{sudo} |
45861 | 620 rather than @command{su} to become a different user. |
621 | |
622 Note that @command{sudo} must be configured to allow you to start a | |
623 shell as the user. It would be nice if it was sufficient if | |
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624 @command{ls} and @command{mimencode} were allowed, but that is not |
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625 easy to implement, so I haven't got around to it, yet. |
45861 | 626 |
627 | |
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628 @item @option{sshx} |
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629 @cindex method sshx |
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630 @cindex sshx method |
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631 @cindex Cygwin (with sshx method) |
45861 | 632 |
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633 As you expect, this is similar to @option{ssh}, only a little |
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634 different. Whereas @option{ssh} opens a normal interactive shell on |
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635 the remote host, this option uses @samp{ssh -t -t @var{host} -l |
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636 @var{user} /bin/sh} to open a connection. This is useful for users |
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637 where the normal login shell is set up to ask them a number of |
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638 questions when logging in. This procedure avoids these questions, and |
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639 just gives @tramp{} a more-or-less `standard' login shell to work |
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640 with. |
45861 | 641 |
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642 Note that this procedure does not eliminate questions asked by |
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643 @command{ssh} itself. For example, @command{ssh} might ask ``Are you |
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644 sure you want to continue connecting?'' if the host key of the remote |
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645 host is not known. @tramp{} does not know how to deal with such a |
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646 question (yet), therefore you will need to make sure that you can log |
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647 in without such questions. |
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648 |
45861 | 649 This is also useful for Windows users where @command{ssh}, when |
650 invoked from an Emacs buffer, tells them that it is not allocating a | |
651 pseudo tty. When this happens, the login shell is wont to not print | |
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652 any shell prompt, which confuses @tramp{} mightily. For reasons |
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653 unknown, some Windows ports for @command{ssh} (maybe the Cygwin one) |
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654 require the doubled @samp{-t} option. |
45861 | 655 |
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656 This supports the @samp{-p} kludge. |
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657 |
45861 | 658 |
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659 @item @option{krlogin} |
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660 @cindex method krlogin |
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661 @cindex km krlogin |
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662 @cindex Kerberos (with krlogin method) |
45861 | 663 |
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664 This method is also similar to @option{ssh}. It only uses the |
45861 | 665 @command{krlogin -x} command to log in to the remote host. |
666 | |
667 | |
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668 @item @option{plink} |
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669 @cindex method plink |
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670 @cindex plink method |
45861 | 671 |
672 This method is mostly interesting for Windows users using the PuTTY | |
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673 implementation of SSH. It uses @samp{plink -ssh} to log in to the |
45861 | 674 remote host. |
675 | |
676 CCC: Do we have to connect to the remote host once from the command | |
677 line to accept the SSH key? Maybe this can be made automatic? | |
678 | |
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679 CCC: Does @command{plink} support the @samp{-p} option? @tramp{} will |
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680 support that, anyway. |
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681 |
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682 @end table |
45861 | 683 |
684 | |
685 | |
686 @node External transfer methods | |
687 @section External transfer methods | |
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688 @cindex methods, external transfer |
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689 @cindex methods, out-of-band |
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690 @cindex external transfer methods |
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691 @cindex out-of-band methods |
45861 | 692 |
693 The external transfer methods operate through multiple channels, using | |
694 the remote shell connection for many actions while delegating file | |
695 transfers to an external transfer utility. | |
696 | |
697 This saves the overhead of encoding and decoding that multiplexing the | |
698 transfer through the one connection has with the inline methods. | |
699 | |
700 If you want to use an external transfer method you @emph{must} be able | |
701 to execute the transfer utility to copy files to and from the remote | |
702 machine without any interaction. | |
703 | |
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704 @cindex ssh-agent |
45861 | 705 This means that you will need to use @command{ssh-agent} if you use the |
706 @command{scp} program for transfers, or maybe your version of | |
707 @command{scp} accepts a password on the command line.@footnote{PuTTY's | |
708 @command{pscp} allows you to specify the password on the command line.} | |
709 If you use @command{rsync} via @command{ssh} then the same rule must | |
710 apply to that connection. | |
711 | |
712 If you cannot get @command{scp} to run without asking for a password but | |
713 would still like to use @command{ssh} to secure your connection, have a | |
714 look at the @command{ssh} based inline methods. | |
715 | |
716 | |
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717 @table @asis |
45861 | 718 @item @option{rcp} --- @command{rsh} and @command{rcp} |
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719 @cindex method rcp |
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720 @cindex rcp method |
46366 | 721 @cindex rcp (with rcp method) |
722 @cindex rsh (with rcp method) | |
45861 | 723 |
724 This method uses the @command{rsh} and @command{rcp} commands to connect | |
725 to the remote machine and transfer files. This is probably the fastest | |
726 connection method available. | |
727 | |
728 | |
729 @item @option{scp} --- @command{ssh} and @command{scp} | |
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730 @cindex method scp |
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731 @cindex scp method |
46366 | 732 @cindex scp (with scp method) |
733 @cindex ssh (with scp method) | |
45861 | 734 |
735 Using @command{ssh} to connect to the remote host and @command{scp} to | |
736 transfer files between the machines is the best method for securely | |
737 connecting to a remote machine and accessing files. | |
738 | |
739 The performance of this option is also quite good. It may be slower than | |
740 the inline methods when you often open and close small files however. | |
741 The cost of the cryptographic handshake at the start of an @command{scp} | |
742 session can begin to absorb the advantage that the lack of encoding and | |
743 decoding presents. | |
744 | |
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745 There are also two variants, @option{scp1} and @option{scp2}, that |
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746 call @samp{ssh -1} and @samp{ssh -2}, respectively. This way, you can |
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747 explicitly select whether you want to use the SSH protocol version 1 |
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748 or 2 to connect to the remote host. (You can also specify in |
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749 @file{~/.ssh/config}, the SSH configuration file, which protocol |
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750 should be used, and use the regular @option{ssh} method.) |
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751 |
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752 Two other variants, @option{scp1_old} and @option{scp2_old}, use the |
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753 @command{ssh1} and @command{ssh2} commands explicitly. If you don't |
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754 know what these are, you do not need these options. |
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755 |
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756 All the @command{ssh} based methods support the kludgy @samp{-p} |
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757 feature where you can specify a port number to connect to in the host |
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758 name. For example, the host name @file{host#42} tells @tramp{} to |
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759 specify @samp{-p 42} in the argument list for @command{ssh}. |
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760 |
45861 | 761 |
762 @item @option{rsync} --- @command{ssh} and @command{rsync} | |
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763 @cindex method rsync |
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764 @cindex rsync method |
46366 | 765 @cindex rsync (with rsync method) |
766 @cindex ssh (with rsync method) | |
45861 | 767 |
768 Using the @command{ssh} command to connect securely to the remote | |
769 machine and the @command{rsync} command to transfer files is almost | |
770 identical to the @option{scp} method. | |
771 | |
772 While @command{rsync} performs much better than @command{scp} when | |
773 transferring files that exist on both hosts, this advantage is lost if | |
774 the file exists only on one side of the connection. | |
775 | |
776 The @command{rsync} based method may be considerably faster than the | |
777 @command{rcp} based methods when writing to the remote system. Reading | |
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778 files to the local machine is no faster than with a direct copy. |
45861 | 779 |
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780 This method supports the @samp{-p} hack. |
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781 |
45861 | 782 |
783 @item @option{scpx} --- @command{ssh} and @command{scp} | |
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784 @cindex method scpx |
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785 @cindex scpx method |
46366 | 786 @cindex scp (with scpx method) |
787 @cindex ssh (with scpx method) | |
788 @cindex Cygwin (with scpx method) | |
45861 | 789 |
790 As you expect, this is similar to @option{scp}, only a little | |
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791 different. Whereas @option{scp} opens a normal interactive shell on |
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792 the remote host, this option uses @samp{ssh -t -t @var{host} -l |
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793 @var{user} /bin/sh} to open a connection. This is useful for users |
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794 where the normal login shell is set up to ask them a number of |
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795 questions when logging in. This procedure avoids these questions, and |
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796 just gives @tramp{} a more-or-less `standard' login shell to work |
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797 with. |
45861 | 798 |
799 This is also useful for Windows users where @command{ssh}, when | |
800 invoked from an Emacs buffer, tells them that it is not allocating a | |
801 pseudo tty. When this happens, the login shell is wont to not print | |
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802 any shell prompt, which confuses @tramp{} mightily. Maybe this |
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803 applies to the Cygwin port of SSH. |
45861 | 804 |
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805 This method supports the @samp{-p} hack. |
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806 |
45861 | 807 |
808 @item @option{pscp} --- @command{plink} and @command{pscp} | |
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809 @cindex method pscp |
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810 @cindex pscp method |
46366 | 811 @cindex pscp (with pscp method) |
812 @cindex plink (with pscp method) | |
813 @cindex PuTTY (with pscp method) | |
45861 | 814 |
815 This method is similar to @option{scp}, but it uses the | |
816 @command{plink} command to connect to the remote host, and it uses | |
817 @command{pscp} for transferring the files. These programs are part | |
818 of PuTTY, an SSH implementation for Windows. | |
819 | |
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820 CCC: Does @command{plink} support the @samp{-p} hack? |
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821 |
45861 | 822 |
823 @item @option{fcp} --- @command{fsh} and @command{fcp} | |
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824 @cindex method fcp |
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825 @cindex fcp method |
46366 | 826 @cindex fsh (with fcp method) |
827 @cindex fcp (with fcp method) | |
45861 | 828 |
829 This method is similar to @option{scp}, but it uses the @command{fsh} | |
830 command to connect to the remote host, and it uses @command{fcp} for | |
831 transferring the files. @command{fsh/fcp} are a front-end for | |
832 @command{ssh} which allow for reusing the same @command{ssh} session | |
833 for submitting several commands. This avoids the startup overhead of | |
834 @command{scp} (which has to establish a secure connection whenever it | |
835 is called). Note, however, that you can also use one of the inline | |
836 methods to achieve a similar effect. | |
837 | |
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838 This method uses the command @samp{fsh @var{host} -l @var{user} |
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839 /bin/sh -i} to establish the connection, it does not work to just say |
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840 @command{fsh @var{host} -l @var{user}}. |
45861 | 841 |
46366 | 842 @cindex method fsh |
843 @cindex fsh method | |
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844 There is no inline method using @command{fsh} as the multiplexing |
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845 provided by the program is not very useful in our context. @tramp{} |
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846 opens just one connection to the remote host and then keeps it open, |
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|
847 anyway. |
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848 |
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849 |
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850 @ifset emacs |
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851 @item @option{ftp} |
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852 @cindex method ftp |
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853 @cindex ftp method |
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854 |
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855 This is not a native @tramp{} method. Instead of, it forwards all |
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856 requests to @value{ftp-package-name}. |
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857 @end ifset |
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858 |
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859 |
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860 @item @option{smb} --- @command{smbclient} |
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861 @cindex method smb |
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862 @cindex smb method |
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863 |
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864 This is another not natural @tramp{} method. It uses the |
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865 @command{smbclient} command on different Unices in order to connect to |
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866 an SMB server. An SMB server might be a Samba (or CIFS) server on |
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867 another UNIX host or, more interesting, a host running MS Windows. So |
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868 far, it is tested towards MS Windows NT, MS Windows 2000, and MS |
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869 Windows XP. |
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870 |
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871 The first directory in the localname must be a share name on the remote |
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872 host. Remember, that the @code{$} character in which default shares |
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873 usually end, must be written @code{$$} due to environment variable |
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874 substitution in file names. If no share name is given (i.e. remote |
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875 directory @code{/}), all available shares are listed. |
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876 |
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877 Since authorization is done on share level, you will be prompted |
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878 always for a password if you access another share on the same host. |
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879 Due to security reasons, the password is not cached. |
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880 |
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881 MS Windows uses for authorization both a user name and a domain name. |
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882 Because of this, the @tramp{} syntax has been extended: you can |
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883 specify a user name which looks like @code{user%domain} (the real user |
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884 name, then a percent sign, then the domain name). So, to connect to |
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885 the machine @code{melancholia} as user @code{daniel} of the domain |
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886 @code{BIZARRE}, and edit @file{.emacs} in the home directory (share |
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887 @code{daniel$}) I would specify the filename |
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888 @file{@value{tramp-prefix}smb@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}daniel%BIZARRE@@melancholia@value{tramp-postfix}/daniel$$/.emacs}. |
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889 |
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890 The domain name as well as the user name are optional. If no user |
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891 name is specified at all, the anonymous user (without password |
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892 prompting) is assumed. This is different from all other @tramp{} |
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893 methods, where in such a case the local user name is taken. |
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894 |
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895 The @option{smb} method supports the @samp{-p} hack. |
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896 |
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897 @strong{Please note:} If Emacs runs locally under MS Windows, this |
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898 method isn't available. Instead of, you can use UNC file names like |
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899 @file{//melancholia/daniel$$/.emacs}. The only disadvantage is that |
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900 there's no possiblity to specify another user name. |
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901 |
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902 @end table |
45861 | 903 |
904 @node Multi-hop Methods | |
905 @section Connecting to a remote host using multiple hops | |
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906 @cindex multi-hop methods |
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907 @cindex methods, multi-hop |
45861 | 908 |
909 Sometimes, the methods described before are not sufficient. Sometimes, | |
910 it is not possible to connect to a remote host using a simple command. | |
911 For example, if you are in a secured network, you might have to log in | |
912 to a `bastion host' first before you can connect to the outside world. | |
913 Of course, the target host may also require a bastion host. The format | |
914 of multi-hop filenames is slightly different than the format of normal | |
915 @tramp{} methods. | |
916 | |
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917 @cindex method multi |
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918 @cindex multi method |
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919 A multi-hop file name specifies a method, a number of hops, and a |
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920 localname (path name on the remote system). The method name is always |
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921 @option{multi}. |
45861 | 922 |
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923 Each hop consists of a @dfn{hop method} specification, a user name and |
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924 a host name. The hop method can be an inline method only. The |
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925 following hop methods are (currently) available: |
45861 | 926 |
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927 @table @option |
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928 @item telnet |
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929 @cindex hop method telnet |
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930 @cindex telnet hop method |
45861 | 931 |
932 Uses the well-known @command{telnet} program to connect to the host. | |
933 Whereas user name and host name are supplied in the file name, the | |
934 user is queried for the password. | |
935 | |
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936 @item rsh |
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937 @cindex hop method rsh |
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938 @cindex rsh hop method |
45861 | 939 |
940 This uses @command{rsh} to connect to the host. You do not need to | |
941 enter a password unless @command{rsh} explicitly asks for it. | |
942 | |
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943 @item ssh |
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944 @cindex hop method ssh |
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945 @cindex ssh hop method |
45861 | 946 |
947 This uses @command{ssh} to connect to the host. You might have to enter | |
948 a password or a pass phrase. | |
949 | |
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950 @item su |
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951 @cindex hop method su |
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952 @cindex su hop method |
45861 | 953 |
954 This method does not actually contact a different host, but it allows | |
955 you to become a different user on the host you're currently on. This | |
956 might be useful if you want to edit files as root, but the remote host | |
957 does not allow remote root logins. In this case you can use | |
958 @option{telnet}, @option{rsh} or @option{ssh} to connect to the | |
959 remote host as a non-root user, then use an @option{su} hop to become | |
960 root. But @option{su} need not be the last hop in a sequence, you could | |
961 also use it somewhere in the middle, if the need arises. | |
962 | |
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963 Even though you @emph{must} specify both user and host with an |
45861 | 964 @option{su} hop, the host name is ignored and only the user name is |
965 used. | |
966 | |
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967 @item sudo |
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968 @cindex hop method sudo |
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969 @cindex sudo hop method |
45861 | 970 |
971 This is similar to the @option{su} hop, except that it uses | |
972 @command{sudo} rather than @command{su} to become a different user. | |
973 | |
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974 @end table |
45861 | 975 |
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976 Some people might wish to use port forwarding with @command{ssh} or |
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977 maybe they have to use a nonstandard port. This can be accomplished |
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978 by putting a stanza in @file{~/.ssh/config} for the account which |
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979 specifies a different port number for a certain host name. But it can |
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980 also be accomplished within @tramp{}, by adding a multi-hop method. |
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981 For example: |
45861 | 982 |
983 @lisp | |
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984 (add-to-list |
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985 'tramp-multi-connection-function-alist |
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986 '("sshf" tramp-multi-connect-rlogin "ssh %h -l %u -p 4400%n")) |
45861 | 987 @end lisp |
988 | |
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989 Now you can use an @code{sshf} hop which connects to port 4400 instead of |
45861 | 990 the standard port. |
991 | |
992 | |
993 @node Default Method | |
994 @section Selecting a default method | |
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995 @cindex default method |
45861 | 996 |
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997 @vindex tramp-default-method |
45861 | 998 When you select an appropriate transfer method for your typical usage |
999 you should set the variable @var{tramp-default-method} to reflect that | |
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1000 choice. This variable controls which method will be used when a method |
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1001 is not specified in the @tramp{} file name. For example: |
45861 | 1002 |
1003 @lisp | |
1004 (setq tramp-default-method "scp") | |
1005 @end lisp | |
1006 | |
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1007 @vindex tramp-default-method-alist |
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1008 You can also specify different methods for certain user/host |
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1009 combinations, via the variable @var{tramp-default-method-alist}. For |
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1010 example, the following two lines specify to use the @option{ssh} |
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1011 method for all user names matching @samp{john} and the @option{rsync} |
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1012 method for all host names matching @samp{lily}. The third line |
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1013 specifies to use the @option{su} method for the user @samp{root} on |
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1014 the machine @samp{localhost}. |
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1015 |
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1016 @lisp |
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1017 (add-to-list 'tramp-default-method-alist '("" "john" "ssh")) |
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1018 (add-to-list 'tramp-default-method-alist '("lily" "" "rsync")) |
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1019 (add-to-list 'tramp-default-method-alist |
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1020 '("\\`localhost\\'" "\\`root\\'" "su")) |
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1021 @end lisp |
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1022 |
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1023 @noindent |
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1024 See the documentation for the variable |
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1025 @var{tramp-default-method-alist} for more details. |
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1026 |
45861 | 1027 External transfer methods are normally preferable to inline transfer |
1028 methods, giving better performance. They may not be useful if you use | |
1029 many remote machines where you cannot log in without a password. | |
1030 | |
1031 @xref{Inline methods}. | |
1032 @xref{External transfer methods}. | |
1033 @xref{Multi-hop Methods}. | |
1034 | |
1035 Another consideration with the selection of transfer methods is the | |
1036 environment you will use them in and, especially when used over the | |
1037 Internet, the security implications of your preferred method. | |
1038 | |
1039 The @command{rsh} and @command{telnet} methods send your password as | |
1040 plain text as you log in to the remote machine, as well as transferring | |
1041 the files in such a way that the content can easily be read from other | |
1042 machines. | |
1043 | |
1044 If you need to connect to remote systems that are accessible from the | |
1045 Internet, you should give serious thought to using @command{ssh} based | |
1046 methods to connect. These provide a much higher level of security, | |
1047 making it a non-trivial exercise for someone to obtain your password or | |
1048 read the content of the files you are editing. | |
1049 | |
1050 @node Customizing Methods | |
1051 @section Using Non-Standard Methods | |
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1052 @cindex customizing methods |
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1053 @cindex using non-standard methods |
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1054 @cindex create your own methods |
45861 | 1055 |
1056 There is a variable @code{tramp-methods} which you can change if the | |
1057 predefined methods don't seem right. | |
1058 | |
1059 For the time being, I'll refer you to the Lisp documentation of that | |
1060 variable, accessible with @kbd{C-h v tramp-methods @key{RET}}. | |
1061 | |
1062 | |
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1063 @node Customizing Completion |
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1064 @section Selecting config files for user/host name completion |
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1065 @cindex customizing completion |
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1066 @cindex selecting config files |
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1067 @vindex tramp-completion-function-alist |
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1068 |
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1069 The variable @code{tramp-completion-function-alist} is intended to |
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1070 customize which files are taken into account for user and host name |
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1071 completion (@pxref{Filename completion}). For every method, it keeps |
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1072 a set of configuration files, accompanied by a Lisp function able to |
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1073 parse that file. Entries in @code{tramp-completion-function-alist} |
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1074 have the form (@var{method} @var{pair1} @var{pair2} ...). |
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1075 |
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1076 Each @var{pair} is composed of (@var{function} @var{file}). |
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1077 @var{function} is responsible to extract user names and host names |
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1078 from @var{file} for completion. There are two functions which access |
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1079 this variable: |
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1080 |
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1081 @defun tramp-get-completion-function method |
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1082 This function returns the list of completion functions for @var{method}. |
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1083 |
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1084 Example: |
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1085 @example |
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1086 (tramp-get-completion-function "rsh") |
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1087 |
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1088 @result{} ((tramp-parse-rhosts "/etc/hosts.equiv") |
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1089 (tramp-parse-rhosts "~/.rhosts")) |
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1090 @end example |
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1091 @end defun |
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1092 |
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1093 @defun tramp-set-completion-function method function-list |
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1094 This function sets @var{function-list} as list of completion functions |
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1095 for @var{method}. |
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1096 |
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1097 Example: |
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1098 @example |
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1099 (tramp-set-completion-function "ssh" |
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1100 '((tramp-parse-sconfig "/etc/ssh_config") |
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1101 (tramp-parse-sconfig "~/.ssh/config"))) |
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1102 |
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1103 @result{} ((tramp-parse-sconfig "/etc/ssh_config") |
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1104 (tramp-parse-sconfig "~/.ssh/config")) |
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1105 @end example |
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1106 @end defun |
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1107 |
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1108 The following predefined functions parsing configuration files exist: |
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1109 |
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1110 @table @asis |
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1111 @item @code{tramp-parse-rhosts} |
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1112 @findex tramp-parse-rhosts |
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1113 |
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1114 This function parses files which are syntactical equivalent to |
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1115 @file{~/.rhosts}. It returns both host names and user names, if |
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1116 specified. |
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1117 |
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1118 @item @code{tramp-parse-shosts} |
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1119 @findex tramp-parse-shosts |
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1120 |
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1121 This function parses files which are syntactical equivalent to |
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1122 @file{~/.ssh/known_hosts}. Since there are no user names specified |
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1123 in such files, it can return host names only. |
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1124 |
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1125 @item @code{tramp-parse-sconfig} |
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1126 @findex tramp-parse-shosts |
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1127 |
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1128 This function returns the host nicnames defined by @code{Host} entries |
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1129 in @file{~/.ssh/config} style files. |
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1130 |
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1131 @item @code{tramp-parse-hosts} |
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1132 @findex tramp-parse-hosts |
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1133 |
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1134 A function dedicated to @file{/etc/hosts} style files. It returns |
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1135 host names only. |
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1136 |
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1137 @item @code{tramp-parse-passwd} |
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1138 @findex tramp-parse-passwd |
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1139 |
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1140 A function which parses @file{/etc/passwd} like files. Obviously, it |
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1141 can return user names only. |
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1142 |
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1143 @item @code{tramp-parse-netrc} |
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1144 @findex tramp-parse-netrc |
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1145 |
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1146 Finally, a function which parses @file{~/.netrc} like files. |
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1147 @end table |
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1148 |
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1149 If you want to keep your own data in a file, with your own structure, |
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1150 you might provide such a function as well. This function must meet |
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1151 the following conventions: |
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1152 |
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1153 @defun my-tramp-parse file |
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1154 @var{file} must be either a file name on your host, or @code{nil}. The |
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1155 function must return a list of (@var{user} @var{host}), which are |
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1156 taken as candidates for user and host name completion. |
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1157 |
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1158 Example: |
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1159 @example |
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1160 (my-tramp-parse "~/.my-tramp-hosts") |
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1161 |
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1162 @result{} ((nil "toto") ("daniel" "melancholia")) |
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1163 @end example |
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1164 @end defun |
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1165 |
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1166 |
45861 | 1167 @node Remote Programs |
1168 @section How @tramp{} finds and uses programs on the remote machine. | |
1169 | |
1170 @tramp{} depends on a number of programs on the remote host in order to | |
1171 function, including @command{ls}, @command{test}, @command{find} and | |
1172 @command{cat}. | |
1173 | |
1174 In addition to these required tools, there are various tools that may be | |
1175 required based on the connection method. See @ref{Inline methods} and | |
1176 @ref{External transfer methods} for details on these. | |
1177 | |
1178 Certain other tools, such as @command{perl} (or @command{perl5}) and | |
1179 @command{grep} will be used if they can be found. When they are | |
1180 available, they are used to improve the performance and accuracy of | |
1181 remote file access. | |
1182 | |
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1183 @vindex tramp-remote-path |
45861 | 1184 When @tramp{} connects to the remote machine, it searches for the |
1185 programs that it can use. The variable @var{tramp-remote-path} controls | |
1186 the directories searched on the remote machine. | |
1187 | |
1188 By default, this is set to a reasonable set of defaults for most | |
1189 machines. It is possible, however, that your local (or remote ;) system | |
1190 administrator has put the tools you want in some obscure local | |
1191 directory. | |
1192 | |
1193 In this case, you can still use them with @tramp{}. You simply need to | |
1194 add code to your @file{.emacs} to add the directory to the remote path. | |
1195 This will then be searched by @tramp{} when you connect and the software | |
1196 found. | |
1197 | |
1198 To add a directory to the remote search path, you could use code such | |
1199 as: | |
1200 | |
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1201 @lisp |
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1202 @i{;; We load @tramp{} to define the variable.} |
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1203 (require 'tramp) |
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1204 @i{;; We have @command{perl} in "/usr/local/perl/bin"} |
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1205 (add-to-list 'tramp-remote-path "/usr/local/perl/bin") |
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1206 @end lisp |
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1207 |
45861 | 1208 |
1209 @node Remote shell setup | |
1210 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
1211 @section Remote shell setup hints | |
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1212 @cindex remote shell setup |
46366 | 1213 @cindex @file{.profile} file |
1214 @cindex @file{.login} file | |
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1215 @cindex shell init files |
45861 | 1216 |
1217 As explained in the @ref{Overview} section, @tramp{} connects to the | |
1218 remote host and talks to the shell it finds there. Of course, when you | |
1219 log in, the shell executes its init files. Suppose your init file | |
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1220 requires you to enter the birth date of your mother; clearly @tramp{} |
45861 | 1221 does not know this and hence fails to log you in to that host. |
1222 | |
1223 There are different possible strategies for pursuing this problem. One | |
1224 strategy is to enable @tramp{} to deal with all possible situations. | |
1225 This is a losing battle, since it is not possible to deal with | |
1226 @emph{all} situations. The other strategy is to require you to set up | |
1227 the remote host such that it behaves like @tramp{} expect. This might | |
1228 be inconvenient because you have to invest a lot of effort into shell | |
1229 setup before you can begin to use @tramp{}. | |
1230 | |
1231 The package, therefore, pursues a combined approach. It tries to figure | |
1232 out some of the more common setups, and only requires you to avoid | |
1233 really exotic stuff. For example, it looks through a list of | |
1234 directories to find some programs on the remote host. And also, it | |
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1235 knows that it is not obvious how to check whether a file exists, and |
45861 | 1236 therefore it tries different possibilities. (On some hosts and shells, |
1237 the command @code{test -e} does the trick, on some hosts the shell | |
1238 builtin doesn't work but the program @code{/usr/bin/test -e} or | |
1239 @code{/bin/test -e} works. And on still other hosts, @code{ls -d} is | |
1240 the right way to do this.) | |
1241 | |
1242 Below you find a discussion of a few things that @tramp{} does not deal | |
1243 with, and that you therefore have to set up correctly. | |
1244 | |
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1245 @table @asis |
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1246 @item @var{shell-prompt-pattern} |
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1247 @vindex shell-prompt-pattern |
45861 | 1248 |
1249 After logging in to the remote host, @tramp{} has to wait for the remote | |
1250 shell startup to finish before it can send commands to the remote | |
1251 shell. The strategy here is to wait for the shell prompt. In order to | |
1252 recognize the shell prompt, the variable @code{shell-prompt-pattern} has | |
1253 to be set correctly to recognize the shell prompt on the remote host. | |
1254 | |
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1255 Note that @tramp{} requires the match for @code{shell-prompt-pattern} |
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1256 to be at the end of the buffer. Many people have something like the |
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1257 following as the value for the variable: @code{"^[^>$][>$] *"}. Now |
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1258 suppose your shell prompt is @code{a <b> c $ }. In this case, |
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1259 @tramp{} recognizes the @code{>} character as the end of the prompt, |
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1260 but it is not at the end of the buffer. |
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1261 |
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1262 @item @var{tramp-shell-prompt-pattern} |
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1263 @vindex tramp-shell-prompt-pattern |
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1264 |
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1265 This regular expression is used by @tramp{} in the same way as |
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1266 @code{shell-prompt-pattern}, to match prompts from the remote shell. |
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1267 This second variable exists because the prompt from the remote shell |
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1268 might be different from the prompt from a local shell --- after all, |
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1269 the whole point of @tramp{} is to log in to remote hosts as a |
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1270 different user. The default value of |
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1271 @code{tramp-shell-prompt-pattern} is the same as the default value of |
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1272 @code{shell-prompt-pattern}, which is reported to work well in many |
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1273 circumstances. |
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1274 |
45861 | 1275 @item @code{tset} and other questions |
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1276 @cindex Unix command tset |
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1277 @cindex tset Unix command |
45861 | 1278 |
1279 Some people invoke the @code{tset} program from their shell startup | |
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1280 scripts which asks the user about the terminal type of the shell. |
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1281 Maybe some shells ask other questions when they are started. @tramp{} |
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1282 does not know how to answer these questions. There are two approaches |
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1283 for dealing with this problem. One approach is to take care that the |
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1284 shell does not ask any questions when invoked from @tramp{}. You can |
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1285 do this by checking the @code{TERM} environment variable, it will be |
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1286 set to @code{dumb} when connecting. |
45861 | 1287 |
1288 @vindex tramp-terminal-type | |
1289 The variable @code{tramp-terminal-type} can be used to change this value | |
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1290 to @code{dumb}. |
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1291 |
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1292 The other approach is to teach @tramp{} about these questions. See |
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1293 the variables @code{tramp-actions-before-shell} and |
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1294 @code{tramp-multi-actions} (for multi-hop connections). |
45861 | 1295 |
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1296 @end table |
45861 | 1297 |
1298 | |
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1299 @node Auto-save and Backup |
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1300 @section Auto-save and Backup configuration |
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1301 @cindex auto-save |
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1302 @cindex backup |
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1303 @vindex backup-directory-alist |
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1304 |
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1305 Explaining auto-save is still to do. |
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1306 |
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1307 Normally, Emacs writes backup files to the same directory as the |
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1308 original files, but this behavior can be changed via the variable |
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1309 @code{backup-directory-alist}. In connection with @tramp{}, this can |
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1310 have unexpected side effects. Suppose that you specify that all backups |
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1311 should go to the directory @file{~/.emacs.d/backups/}, and then you edit |
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1312 the file @file{/su:root@@localhost:/etc/secretfile}. The effect is that |
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1313 the backup file will be owned by you and not by root, thus possibly |
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1314 enabling others to see it even if they were not intended to see it. |
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1315 |
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1316 When @code{backup-directory-alist} is nil (the default), such problems |
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1317 do not occur. |
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1318 |
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1319 If you wish to customize the variable, the workaround is to include |
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1320 special settings for Tramp files. For example, the following statement |
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1321 effectively `turns off' the effect of @code{backup-directory-alist} for |
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1322 @tramp{} files: |
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1323 |
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1324 @lisp |
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1325 (require 'tramp) |
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1326 (add-to-list 'backup-directory-alist |
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1327 (cons tramp-file-name-regexp nil)) |
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1328 @end lisp |
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1329 |
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1330 |
45861 | 1331 @node Windows setup hints |
1332 @section Issues with Cygwin ssh | |
46366 | 1333 @cindex Cygwin, issues |
45861 | 1334 |
1335 This section needs a lot of work! Please help. | |
1336 | |
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1337 @cindex method sshx with Cygwin |
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1338 @cindex sshx method with Cygwin |
45861 | 1339 If you use the Cygwin installation of ssh (you have to explicitly select |
1340 it in the installer), then it should work out of the box to just select | |
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1341 @code{sshx} as the connection method. You can find information about |
45861 | 1342 setting up Cygwin in their FAQ at @uref{http://cygwin.com/faq/}. |
1343 | |
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1344 @cindex method scpx with Cygwin |
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1345 @cindex scpx method with Cygwin |
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1346 If you wish to use the @code{scpx} connection method, then you might |
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1347 have the problem that Emacs calls @code{scp} with a Windows filename |
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1348 such as @code{c:/foo}. The Cygwin version of @code{scp} does not know |
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1349 about Windows filenames and interprets this as a remote filename on the |
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1350 host @code{c}. |
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1351 |
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1352 One possible workaround is to write a wrapper script for @code{scp} |
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1353 which converts the Windows filename to a Cygwinized filename. |
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1354 |
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1355 I guess that another workaround is to run Emacs under Cygwin, or to run |
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1356 a Cygwinized Emacs. |
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1357 |
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1358 @cindex Cygwin and ssh-agent |
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1359 @cindex SSH_AUTH_SOCK and Emacs on Windows |
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1360 If you want to use either @code{ssh} based method on Windows, then you |
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1361 might encounter problems with @code{ssh-agent}. Using this program, |
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1362 you can avoid typing the pass-phrase every time you log in (and the |
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1363 @code{scpx} method more or less requires you to use @code{ssh-agent} |
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1364 because it does not allow you to type a password or pass-phrase). |
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1365 However, if you start Emacs from a desktop shortcut, then the |
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1366 environment variable @code{SSH_AUTH_SOCK} is not set and so Emacs and |
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1367 thus @tramp{} and thus @code{ssh} and @code{scp} started from @tramp{} |
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1368 cannot communicate with @code{ssh-agent}. It works better to start |
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1369 Emacs from the shell. |
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1370 |
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1371 If anyone knows how to start @code{ssh-agent} under Windows in such a |
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1372 way that desktop shortcuts can profit, please holler. I don't really |
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1373 know anything at all about Windows@dots{} |
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1374 |
45861 | 1375 |
1376 @node Usage | |
1377 @chapter Using @tramp | |
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1378 @cindex using @tramp |
45861 | 1379 |
1380 Once you have installed @tramp{} it will operate fairly transparently. You | |
1381 will be able to access files on any remote machine that you can log in | |
1382 to as though they were local. | |
1383 | |
1384 Files are specified to @tramp{} using a formalized syntax specifying the | |
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1385 details of the system to connect to. This is similar to the syntax used |
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1386 by the @value{ftp-package-name} package. |
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1387 |
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1388 @cindex type-ahead |
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1389 Something that might happen which surprises you is that Emacs |
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1390 remembers all your keystrokes, so if you see a password prompt from |
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1391 Emacs, say, and hit @kbd{@key{RET}} twice instead of once, then the |
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1392 second keystroke will be processed by Emacs after @tramp{} has done |
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1393 its thing. Why, this type-ahead is normal behavior, you say. Right |
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1394 you are, but be aware that opening a remote file might take quite a |
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1395 while, maybe half a minute when a connection needs to be opened. |
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1396 Maybe after half a minute you have already forgotten that you hit that |
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1397 key! |
45861 | 1398 |
1399 @menu | |
1400 * Filename Syntax:: @tramp{} filename conventions. | |
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1401 * Multi-hop filename syntax:: Multi-hop filename conventions. |
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1402 * Filename completion:: Filename completion. |
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1403 * Dired:: Dired. |
45861 | 1404 @end menu |
1405 | |
1406 | |
1407 @node Filename Syntax | |
1408 @section @tramp{} filename conventions | |
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1409 @cindex filename syntax |
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1410 @cindex filename examples |
45861 | 1411 |
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1412 To access the file @var{localname} on the remote machine @var{machine} you |
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1413 would specify the filename |
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1414 @file{@value{tramp-prefix}@var{machine}@value{tramp-postfix}@var{localname}}. |
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1415 This will connect to @var{machine} and transfer the file using the |
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1416 default method. @xref{Default Method}. |
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1417 |
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1418 Some examples of @tramp{} filenames are shown below. |
45861 | 1419 |
1420 @table @file | |
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1421 @item @value{tramp-prefix}melancholia@value{tramp-postfix}.emacs |
45861 | 1422 Edit the file @file{.emacs} in your home directory on the machine |
1423 @code{melancholia}. | |
1424 | |
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1425 @item @value{tramp-prefix}melancholia.danann.net@value{tramp-postfix}.emacs |
45861 | 1426 This edits the same file, using the fully qualified domain name of |
1427 the machine. | |
1428 | |
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1429 @item @value{tramp-prefix}melancholia@value{tramp-postfix}~/.emacs |
45861 | 1430 This also edits the same file --- the @file{~} is expanded to your |
1431 home directory on the remote machine, just like it is locally. | |
1432 | |
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1433 @item @value{tramp-prefix}melancholia@value{tramp-postfix}~daniel/.emacs |
45861 | 1434 This edits the file @file{.emacs} in the home directory of the user |
1435 @code{daniel} on the machine @code{melancholia}. The @file{~<user>} | |
1436 construct is expanded to the home directory of that user on the remote | |
1437 machine. | |
1438 | |
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1439 @item @value{tramp-prefix}melancholia@value{tramp-postfix}/etc/squid.conf |
45861 | 1440 This edits the file @file{/etc/squid.conf} on the machine |
1441 @code{melancholia}. | |
1442 | |
1443 @end table | |
1444 | |
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1445 Unless you specify a different name to use, @tramp{} will use the |
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|
1446 current local user name as the remote user name to log in with. If you |
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1447 need to log in as a different user, you can specify the user name as |
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1448 part of the filename. |
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1449 |
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1450 To log in to the remote machine as a specific user, you use the syntax |
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1451 @file{@value{tramp-prefix}@var{user}@@@var{machine}@value{tramp-postfix}/@var{path/to.file}}. |
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1452 That means that connecting to @code{melancholia} as @code{daniel} and |
46348 | 1453 editing @file{.emacs} in your home directory you would specify |
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1454 @file{@value{tramp-prefix}daniel@@melancholia@value{tramp-postfix}.emacs}. |
45861 | 1455 |
1456 It is also possible to specify other file transfer methods | |
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1457 (@pxref{Default Method}) as part of the filename. |
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|
1458 @ifset emacs |
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1459 This is done by putting the method before the user and host name, as |
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|
1460 in |
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1461 @file{@value{tramp-prefix}@var{method}@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}} |
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1462 (Note the trailing colon). |
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1463 @end ifset |
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1464 @ifset xemacs |
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1465 This is done by replacing the initial |
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1466 @file{@value{tramp-prefix}} with |
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1467 @file{@value{tramp-prefix}<method>@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}}. |
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1468 (Note the trailing slash!). |
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1469 @end ifset |
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1470 The user, machine and file specification remain the same. |
45861 | 1471 |
46348 | 1472 So, to connect to the machine @code{melancholia} as @code{daniel}, |
1473 using the @option{su} method to transfer files, and edit @file{.emacs} | |
1474 in my home directory I would specify the filename | |
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1475 @file{@value{tramp-prefix}su@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}daniel@@melancholia@value{tramp-postfix}.emacs}. |
45861 | 1476 |
1477 | |
1478 @node Multi-hop filename syntax | |
1479 @section Multi-hop filename conventions | |
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1480 @cindex filename syntax for multi-hop files |
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1481 @cindex multi-hop filename syntax |
45861 | 1482 |
1483 The syntax of multi-hop file names is necessarily slightly different | |
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1484 than the syntax of other @tramp{} file names. Here's an example |
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1485 multi-hop file name, first in Emacs syntax and then in XEmacs syntax: |
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1486 |
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1487 @example |
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1488 @value{tramp-prefix}multi@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}rsh@value{tramp-postfix-multi-hop}out@@gate@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}telnet@value{tramp-postfix-multi-hop}kai@@real.host@value{tramp-postfix}/path/to.file |
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1489 @end example |
45861 | 1490 |
1491 This is quite a mouthful. So let's go through it step by step. The | |
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1492 file name consists of three parts. |
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1493 @ifset emacs |
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1494 The parts are separated by colons |
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1495 @end ifset |
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1496 @ifset xemacs |
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1497 The parts are separated by slashes and square brackets. |
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1498 @end ifset |
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1499 The first part is @file{@value{tramp-prefix}multi}, the method |
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|
1500 specification. The second part is |
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|
1501 @file{rsh@value{tramp-postfix-multi-hop}out@@gate@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}telnet@value{tramp-postfix-multi-hop}kai@@real.host} |
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1502 and specifies the hops. The final part is @file{/path/to.file} and |
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1503 specifies the file name on the remote host. |
45861 | 1504 |
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1505 The first part and the final part should be clear. See @ref{Multi-hop |
45861 | 1506 Methods}, for a list of alternatives for the method specification. |
1507 | |
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1508 The second part can be subdivided again into components, so-called |
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1509 hops. In the above file name, there are two hops, |
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1510 @file{rsh@value{tramp-postfix-multi-hop}out@@gate} and |
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1511 @file{telnet@value{tramp-postfix-multi-hop}kai@@real.host}. |
45861 | 1512 |
1513 Each hop can @emph{again} be subdivided into (three) components, the | |
1514 @dfn{hop method}, the @dfn{user name} and the @dfn{host name}. The | |
1515 meaning of the second and third component should be clear, and the hop | |
1516 method says what program to use to perform that hop. | |
1517 | |
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|
1518 The first hop, @file{rsh@value{tramp-postfix-multi-hop}out@@gate}, |
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|
1519 says to use @command{rsh} to log in as user @code{out} to the host |
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1520 @code{gate}. Starting at that host, the second hop, |
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1521 @file{telnet@value{tramp-postfix-multi-hop}kai@@real.host}, says to |
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1522 use @command{telnet} to log in as user @code{kai} to host |
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|
1523 @code{real.host}. |
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1524 |
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1525 @xref{Multi-hop Methods}, for a list of possible hop method values. |
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1526 The variable @code{tramp-multi-connection-function-alist} contains the |
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|
1527 list of possible hop methods and information on how to execute them, |
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1528 should you want to add your own. |
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|
1529 |
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|
1530 |
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|
1531 @node Filename completion |
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|
1532 @section Filename completion |
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|
1533 @cindex filename completion |
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|
1534 |
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|
1535 Filename completion works with @tramp{} for both completing methods, |
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|
1536 user names and machine names (except multi hop methods) as well as for |
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|
1537 files on remote machines. |
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|
1538 |
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|
1539 If you, for example, type @kbd{C-x C-f @value{tramp-prefix}t |
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1540 @key{TAB}}, @tramp{} might give you as result the choice for |
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|
1541 |
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|
1542 @example |
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|
1543 @ifset emacs |
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1544 @value{tramp-prefix-single-hop}telnet@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop} tmp/ |
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1545 @value{tramp-prefix-single-hop}toto@value{tramp-postfix} |
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|
1546 @end ifset |
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|
1547 @ifset xemacs |
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|
1548 @value{tramp-prefix-single-hop}telnet@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop} @value{tramp-prefix-single-hop}toto@value{tramp-postfix} |
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|
1549 @end ifset |
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|
1550 @end example |
49600
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1551 |
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|
1552 @samp{@value{tramp-prefix-single-hop}telnet@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}} |
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|
1553 is a possible completion for the respective method, |
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|
1554 @ifset emacs |
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|
1555 @samp{tmp/} stands for the directory @file{/tmp} on your local |
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|
1556 machine, |
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|
1557 @end ifset |
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1558 and @samp{@value{tramp-prefix-single-hop}toto@value{tramp-postfix}} |
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|
1559 might be a host @tramp has detected in your @file{~/.ssh/known_hosts} |
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|
1560 file (given you're using default method @option{ssh}). |
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|
1561 |
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|
1562 If you go on to type @kbd{e @key{TAB}}, the minibuffer is completed to |
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|
1563 @samp{@value{tramp-prefix}telnet@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}}. |
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|
1564 Next @kbd{@key{TAB}} brings you all machine names @tramp{} detects in |
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|
1565 your @file{/etc/hosts} file, let's say |
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|
1566 |
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|
1567 @example |
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|
1568 @value{tramp-prefix-single-hop}telnet@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}127.0.0.1@value{tramp-postfix} @value{tramp-prefix-single-hop}telnet@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}192.168.0.1@value{tramp-postfix} |
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|
1569 @value{tramp-prefix-single-hop}telnet@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}localhost@value{tramp-postfix} @value{tramp-prefix-single-hop}telnet@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}melancholia.danann.net@value{tramp-postfix} |
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|
1570 @value{tramp-prefix-single-hop}telnet@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}melancholia@value{tramp-postfix} |
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|
1571 @end example |
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|
1572 |
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|
1573 Now you can choose the desired machine, and you can continue to |
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|
1574 complete file names on that machine. |
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|
1575 |
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|
1576 As filename completion needs to fetch the listing of files from the |
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|
1577 remote machine, this feature is sometimes fairly slow. As @tramp{} |
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|
1578 does not yet cache the results of directory listing, there is no gain |
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|
1579 in performance the second time you complete filenames. |
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|
1580 |
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|
1581 If the configuration files (@pxref{Customizing Completion}), which |
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|
1582 @tramp{} uses for analysis of completion, offer user names, those user |
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|
1583 names will be taken into account as well. |
45861 | 1584 |
1585 | |
1586 @node Dired | |
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|
1587 @section Dired |
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|
1588 @cindex dired |
45861 | 1589 |
1590 @tramp{} works transparently with dired, enabling you to use this powerful | |
1591 file management tool to manage files on any machine you have access to | |
1592 over the Internet. | |
1593 | |
1594 If you need to browse a directory tree, Dired is a better choice, at | |
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|
1595 present, than filename completion. Dired has its own cache mechanism |
45861 | 1596 and will only fetch the directory listing once. |
1597 | |
1598 | |
1599 @node Bug Reports | |
1600 @chapter Reporting Bugs and Problems | |
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1601 @cindex bug reports |
45861 | 1602 |
1603 Bugs and problems with @tramp{} are actively worked on by the development | |
1604 team. Feature requests and suggestions are also more than welcome. | |
1605 | |
1606 The @tramp{} mailing list is a great place to get information on working | |
1607 with @tramp{}, solving problems and general discussion and advice on topics | |
1608 relating to the package. | |
1609 | |
1610 The mailing list is at @email{tramp-devel@@mail.freesoftware.fsf.org}. | |
1611 Messages sent to this address go to all the subscribers. This is | |
1612 @emph{not} the address to send subscription requests to. | |
1613 | |
1614 For help on subscribing to the list, send mail to the administrative | |
1615 address, @email{tramp-devel-request@@mail.freesoftware.fsf.org}, with the | |
1616 subject @samp{help}. | |
1617 | |
1618 To report a bug in @tramp{}, you should execute @kbd{M-x tramp-bug}. This | |
1619 will automatically generate a buffer with the details of your system and | |
1620 @tramp{} version. | |
1621 | |
1622 When submitting a bug report, please try to describe in excruciating | |
1623 detail the steps required to reproduce the problem, the setup of the | |
1624 remote machine and any special conditions that exist. | |
1625 | |
1626 If you can identify a minimal test case that reproduces the problem, | |
1627 include that with your bug report. This will make it much easier for the | |
1628 development team to analyze and correct the problem. | |
1629 | |
1630 @node Frequently Asked Questions | |
1631 @chapter Frequently Asked Questions | |
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1632 @cindex frequently asked questions |
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1633 @cindex FAQ |
45861 | 1634 |
1635 @itemize @bullet | |
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1636 @item |
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1637 Where can I get the latest @tramp{}? |
45861 | 1638 |
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|
1639 @tramp{} is available under the URL below. |
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1640 |
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1641 @noindent |
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1642 @uref{http://savannah.nongnu.org/download/tramp/} |
47576
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1643 |
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1644 @noindent |
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|
1645 There is also a Savannah project page. |
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1646 |
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1647 @noindent |
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|
1648 @uref{https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/tramp/} |
45861 | 1649 |
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1650 @item |
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1651 Which systems does it work on? |
45861 | 1652 |
1653 The package has been used successfully on Emacs 20 and Emacs 21, as well | |
1654 as XEmacs 21. XEmacs 20 is more problematic, see the notes in | |
1655 @file{tramp.el}. I don't think anybody has really tried it on Emacs 19. | |
1656 | |
1657 The package was intended to work on Unix, and it really expects a | |
1658 Unix-like system on the remote end, but some people seemed to have some | |
1659 success getting it to work on NT Emacs. | |
1660 | |
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1661 There is some informations on @tramp{} on NT at the following URL; |
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1662 many thanks to Joe Stoy for providing the information: |
45861 | 1663 @uref{ftp://ftp.comlab.ox.ac.uk/tmp/Joe.Stoy/} |
1664 | |
1665 The above mostly contains patches to old ssh versions; Tom Roche has a | |
1666 Web page with instructions: | |
1667 @uref{http://www4.ncsu.edu/~tlroche/plinkTramp.html} | |
1668 | |
1669 ??? Is the XEmacs info correct? | |
1670 | |
1671 ??? Can somebody provide some information for getting it to work on NT | |
1672 Emacs? I think there was some issue with @command{ssh}? | |
1673 | |
1674 | |
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1675 @item |
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1676 I can't stop @value{ftp-package-name} starting with @value{emacs-name} |
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1677 |
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1678 @ifset emacs |
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1679 @value{ftp-package-name} is loaded from @tramp{} automatically if you |
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1680 require a file by the ftp method. Unfortunately, there are some Lisp |
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1681 packages which make @value{ftp-package-name} file name handlers active. |
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1682 You can see it applying @kbd{C-h v file-name-handler-alist}: |
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1683 |
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1684 @example |
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1685 file-name-handler-alist's value is |
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1686 (("^/[^/:]*\\'" . ange-ftp-completion-hook-function) |
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1687 ("^/[^/:]*[^/:.]:" . ange-ftp-hook-function) |
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1688 ("^/[^/]*$" . tramp-completion-file-name-handler) |
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1689 ("\\`/[^/:]+:" . tramp-file-name-handler) |
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1690 ("\\`/:" . file-name-non-special)) |
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1691 @end example |
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1692 |
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1693 Please try to find out which package is responsible for loading |
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1694 @value{ftp-package-name}, and raise a bug report. |
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1695 |
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1696 A workaround is to require @value{ftp-package-name} before @tramp{} in |
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1697 your @file{~/.emacs}, because @tramp{} cleans up the entries in |
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1698 @code{file-name-handler-alist}: |
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1699 |
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1700 @lisp |
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1701 ;; @value{ftp-package-name} temporarily required |
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1702 (require 'ange-ftp) |
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1703 ;; @tramp{} cleans up @code{file-name-handler-alist} |
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1704 (require 'tramp) |
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1705 @end lisp |
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1706 @end ifset |
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1707 |
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1708 @ifset xemacs |
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1709 Not all the older versions of @tramp{} supported @value{emacs-name} |
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1710 correctly. The first thing to do is to make sure that you have the |
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1711 latest version of @tramp{} installed. |
45861 | 1712 |
1713 If you do, please try and find out exactly the conditions required for | |
49610
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1714 the @value{ftp-package-name} handlers to fire. If you can, putting a |
ffda74ab6dc4
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1715 breakpoint on @code{efs-ftp-path} and sending in the stack trace along |
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1716 with your bug report would make it easier for the developers to work out |
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1717 what is going wrong. |
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1718 @end ifset |
45861 | 1719 |
1720 | |
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1721 @item |
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1722 File name completion does not work with @tramp{} |
45861 | 1723 |
1724 When you log in to the remote machine, do you see the output of | |
1725 @command{ls} in color? If so, this may be the cause of your problems. | |
1726 | |
1727 @command{ls} outputs @acronym{ANSI} escape sequences that your terminal | |
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1728 emulator interprets to set the colors. These escape sequences will |
45861 | 1729 confuse @tramp{} however. |
1730 | |
1731 In your @file{.bashrc}, @file{.profile} or equivalent on the remote | |
1732 machine you probably have an alias configured that adds the option | |
1733 @option{--color=yes} or @option{--color=auto}. | |
1734 | |
1735 You should remove that alias and ensure that a new login @emph{does not} | |
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1736 display the output of @command{ls} in color. If you still cannot use |
45861 | 1737 filename completion, report a bug to the @tramp{} developers. |
1738 | |
1739 | |
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1740 @item |
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1741 File name completion does not work in large directories |
45861 | 1742 |
1743 @tramp{} uses globbing for some operations. (Globbing means to use the | |
1744 shell to expand wildcards such as `*.c'.) This might create long | |
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1745 command lines, especially in directories with many files. Some shells |
45861 | 1746 choke on long command lines, or don't cope well with the globbing |
1747 itself. | |
1748 | |
1749 If you have a large directory on the remote end, you may wish to execute | |
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1750 a command like @samp{ls -d * ..?* > /dev/null} and see if it hangs. |
45861 | 1751 Note that you must first start the right shell, which might be |
1752 @command{/bin/sh}, @command{ksh} or @command{bash}, depending on which | |
1753 of those supports tilde expansion. | |
1754 | |
1755 | |
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1756 @item |
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1757 What kinds of systems does @tramp{} work on |
45861 | 1758 |
1759 @tramp{} really expects the remote system to be a Unix-like system. The | |
1760 local system should preferably be Unix-like, as well, but @tramp{} might | |
1761 work on NT with some tweaking. | |
1762 | |
1763 | |
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1764 @item |
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1765 How can I get notified when @tramp{} file transfers are complete? |
45861 | 1766 |
1767 The following snippet can be put in your @file{~/.emacs} file. It makes | |
1768 Emacs beep after reading from or writing to the remote host. | |
1769 | |
1770 @lisp | |
1771 (defadvice tramp-handle-write-region | |
1772 (after tramp-write-beep-advice activate) | |
1773 " make tramp beep after writing a file." | |
1774 (interactive) | |
1775 (beep)) | |
1776 (defadvice tramp-handle-do-copy-or-rename-file | |
1777 (after tramp-copy-beep-advice activate) | |
1778 " make tramp beep after copying a file." | |
1779 (interactive) | |
1780 (beep)) | |
1781 (defadvice tramp-handle-insert-file-contents | |
1782 (after tramp-copy-beep-advice activate) | |
1783 " make tramp beep after copying a file." | |
1784 (interactive) | |
1785 (beep)) | |
1786 @end lisp | |
1787 | |
1788 | |
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1789 @item |
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1790 There's this @file{~/.sh_history} file on the remote host which keeps |
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1791 growing and growing. What's that? |
45861 | 1792 |
1793 Sometimes, @tramp{} starts @code{ksh} on the remote host for tilde | |
1794 expansion. Maybe @code{ksh} saves the history by default. @tramp{} | |
1795 tries to turn off saving the history, but maybe you have to help. For | |
1796 example, you could put this in your @file{.kshrc}: | |
1797 | |
1798 @example | |
1799 if [ -f $HOME/.sh_history ] ; then | |
1800 /bin/rm $HOME/.sh_history | |
1801 fi | |
1802 if [ "$@{HISTFILE-unset@}" != "unset" ] ; then | |
1803 unset HISTFILE | |
1804 fi | |
1805 if [ "$@{HISTSIZE-unset@}" != "unset" ] ; then | |
1806 unset HISTSIZE | |
1807 fi | |
1808 @end example | |
1809 | |
49996
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1810 |
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1811 @item @tramp{} doesn't transfer strings with more than 500 characters |
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1812 correctly |
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1813 |
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1814 On some few systems, the implementation of @code{process-send-string} |
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1815 seems to be broken for longer strings. This case, you should |
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1816 customize the variable @code{tramp-chunksize} to 500. For a |
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1817 description how to determine whether this is necessary see the |
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1818 documentation of @code{tramp-chunksize}. |
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1819 |
45861 | 1820 @end itemize |
1821 | |
1822 | |
1823 @c For the developer | |
1824 @node Version Control | |
1825 @chapter The inner workings of remote version control | |
1826 | |
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1827 Unlike @value{ftp-package-name}, @tramp{} has full shell access to the |
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1828 remote machine. This makes it possible to provide version control for |
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1829 files accessed under @tramp{}. |
45861 | 1830 |
1831 The actual version control binaries must be installed on the remote | |
1832 machine, accessible in the directories specified in | |
1833 @var{tramp-remote-path}. | |
1834 | |
1835 This transparent integration with the version control systems is one of | |
1836 the most valuable features provided by @tramp{}, but it is far from perfect. | |
1837 Work is ongoing to improve the transparency of the system. | |
1838 | |
1839 @menu | |
1840 * Version Controlled Files:: Determining if a file is under version control. | |
1841 * Remote Commands:: Executing the version control commands on the remote machine. | |
1842 * Changed workfiles:: Detecting if the working file has changed. | |
1843 * Checking out files:: Bringing the workfile out of the repository. | |
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1844 * Miscellaneous Version Control:: Things related to Version Control that don't fit elsewhere. |
45861 | 1845 @end menu |
1846 | |
1847 | |
1848 @node Version Controlled Files | |
1849 @section Determining if a file is under version control | |
1850 | |
1851 The VC package uses the existence of on-disk revision control master | |
1852 files to determine if a given file is under revision control. These file | |
1853 tests happen on the remote machine through the standard @tramp{} mechanisms. | |
1854 | |
1855 | |
1856 @node Remote Commands | |
1857 @section Executing the version control commands on the remote machine | |
1858 | |
1859 There are no hooks provided by VC to allow intercepting of the version | |
1860 control command execution. The calls occur through the | |
1861 @code{call-process} mechanism, a function that is somewhat more | |
1862 efficient than the @code{shell-command} function but that does not | |
1863 provide hooks for remote execution of commands. | |
1864 | |
1865 To work around this, the functions @code{vc-do-command} and | |
1866 @code{vc-simple-command} have been advised to intercept requests for | |
1867 operations on files accessed via @tramp{}. | |
1868 | |
1869 In the case of a remote file, the @code{shell-command} interface is | |
1870 used, with some wrapper code, to provide the same functionality on the | |
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1871 remote machine as would be seen on the local machine. |
45861 | 1872 |
1873 | |
1874 @node Changed workfiles | |
1875 @section Detecting if the working file has changed | |
1876 | |
1877 As there is currently no way to get access to the mtime of a file on a | |
1878 remote machine in a portable way, the @code{vc-workfile-unchanged-p} | |
1879 function is advised to call an @tramp{} specific function for remote files. | |
1880 | |
1881 The @code{tramp-vc-workfile-unchanged-p} function uses the functioning VC | |
1882 diff functionality to determine if any changes have occurred between the | |
1883 workfile and the version control master. | |
1884 | |
1885 This requires that a shell command be executed remotely, a process that | |
1886 is notably heavier-weight than the mtime comparison used for local | |
1887 files. Unfortunately, unless a portable solution to the issue is found, | |
1888 this will remain the cost of remote version control. | |
1889 | |
1890 | |
1891 @node Checking out files | |
1892 @section Bringing the workfile out of the repository | |
1893 | |
1894 VC will, by default, check for remote files and refuse to act on them | |
1895 when checking out files from the repository. To work around this | |
1896 problem, the function @code{vc-checkout} knows about @tramp{} files and | |
1897 allows version control to occur. | |
1898 | |
1899 | |
1900 @node Miscellaneous Version Control | |
1901 @section Things related to Version Control that don't fit elsewhere | |
1902 | |
1903 Minor implementation details, &c. | |
1904 | |
1905 @menu | |
1906 * Remote File Ownership:: How VC determines who owns a workfile. | |
1907 * Back-end Versions:: How VC determines what release your RCS is. | |
1908 @end menu | |
1909 | |
1910 | |
1911 @node Remote File Ownership | |
1912 @subsection How VC determines who owns a workfile | |
1913 | |
1914 Emacs provides the @code{user-full-name} function to return the login name | |
1915 of the current user as well as mapping from arbitrary user id values | |
1916 back to login names. The VC code uses this functionality to map from the | |
1917 uid of the owner of a workfile to the login name in some circumstances. | |
1918 | |
1919 This will not, for obvious reasons, work if the remote system has a | |
1920 different set of logins. As such, it is necessary to delegate to the | |
1921 remote machine the job of determining the login name associated with a | |
1922 uid. | |
1923 | |
1924 Unfortunately, with the profusion of distributed management systems such | |
1925 as @code{NIS}, @code{NIS+} and @code{NetInfo}, there is no simple, | |
1926 reliable and portable method for performing this mapping. | |
1927 | |
1928 Thankfully, the only place in the VC code that depends on the mapping of | |
1929 a uid to a login name is the @code{vc-file-owner} function. This returns | |
1930 the login of the owner of the file as a string. | |
1931 | |
1932 This function has been advised to use the output of @command{ls} on the | |
1933 remote machine to determine the login name, delegating the problem of | |
1934 mapping the uid to the login to the remote system which should know more | |
1935 about it than I do. | |
1936 | |
1937 | |
1938 @node Back-end Versions | |
1939 @subsection How VC determines what release your RCS is | |
1940 | |
1941 VC needs to know what release your revision control binaries you are | |
1942 running as not all features VC supports are available with older | |
1943 versions of @command{rcs(1)}, @command{cvs(1)} or @command{sccs(1)}. | |
1944 | |
1945 The default implementation of VC determines this value the first time it | |
1946 is needed and then stores the value globally to avoid the overhead of | |
1947 executing a process and parsing its output each time the information is | |
1948 needed. | |
1949 | |
1950 Unfortunately, life is not quite so easy when remote version control | |
1951 comes into the picture. Each remote machine may have a different version | |
1952 of the version control tools and, while this is painful, we need to | |
1953 ensure that unavailable features are not used remotely. | |
1954 | |
1955 To resolve this issue, @tramp{} currently takes the sledgehammer | |
1956 approach of making the release values of the revision control tools | |
1957 local to each @tramp{} buffer, forcing VC to determine these values | |
1958 again each time a new file is visited. | |
1959 | |
1960 This has, quite obviously, some performance implications. Thankfully, | |
1961 most of the common operations performed by VC do not actually require | |
1962 that the remote version be known. This makes the problem far less | |
1963 apparent. | |
1964 | |
1965 Eventually these values will be captured by @tramp{} on a system by | |
1966 system basis and the results cached to improve performance. | |
1967 | |
1968 | |
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1969 @node Files directories and localnames |
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1970 @chapter How file names, directories and localnames are mangled and managed. |
45861 | 1971 |
1972 @menu | |
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1973 * Localname deconstruction:: Breaking a localname into its components. |
45861 | 1974 @end menu |
1975 | |
1976 | |
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1977 @node Localname deconstruction |
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1978 @section Breaking a localname into its components. |
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1979 |
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1980 @tramp{} file names are somewhat different, obviously, to ordinary file |
45861 | 1981 names. As such, the lisp functions @code{file-name-directory} and |
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1982 @code{file-name-nondirectory} are overridden within the @tramp{} |
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1983 package. |
45861 | 1984 |
1985 Their replacements are reasonably simplistic in their approach. They | |
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1986 dissect the filename, call the original handler on the localname and |
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1987 then rebuild the @tramp{} file name with the result. |
45861 | 1988 |
1989 This allows the platform specific hacks in the original handlers to take | |
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1990 effect while preserving the @tramp{} file name information. |
45861 | 1991 |
1992 | |
1993 @node Issues | |
1994 @chapter Debatable Issues and What Was Decided | |
1995 | |
1996 @itemize @bullet | |
1997 @item The uuencode method does not always work. | |
1998 | |
1999 Due to the design of @tramp{}, the encoding and decoding programs need to | |
2000 read from stdin and write to stdout. On some systems, @code{uudecode -o | |
2001 -} will read stdin and write the decoded file to stdout, on other | |
2002 systems @code{uudecode -p} does the same thing. But some systems have | |
2003 uudecode implementations which cannot do this at all---it is not | |
2004 possible to call these uudecode implementations with suitable parameters | |
2005 so that they write to stdout. | |
2006 | |
2007 Of course, this could be circumvented: the @code{begin foo 644} line | |
2008 could be rewritten to put in some temporary file name, then | |
2009 @code{uudecode} could be called, then the temp file could be printed and | |
2010 deleted. | |
2011 | |
2012 But I have decided that this is too fragile to reliably work, so on some | |
2013 systems you'll have to do without the uuencode methods. | |
2014 | |
2015 @item @tramp{} does not work on XEmacs 20. | |
2016 | |
2017 This is because it requires the macro @code{with-timeout} which does not | |
2018 appear to exist in XEmacs 20. I'm somewhat reluctant to add an | |
2019 emulation macro to @tramp{}, but if somebody who uses XEmacs 20 steps | |
2020 forward and wishes to implement and test it, please contact me or the | |
2021 mailing list. | |
2022 | |
46348 | 2023 @item The @tramp{} filename syntax differs between Emacs and XEmacs. |
2024 | |
2025 The Emacs maintainers wish to use a unified filename syntax for | |
2026 Ange-FTP and @tramp{} so that users don't have to learn a new | |
2027 syntax. It is sufficient to learn some extensions to the old syntax. | |
2028 | |
2029 For the XEmacs maintainers, the problems caused from using a unified | |
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2030 filename syntax are greater than the gains. The XEmacs package system |
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2031 uses EFS for downloading new packages. So, obviously, EFS has to be |
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2032 installed from the start. If the filenames were unified, @tramp{} |
46348 | 2033 would have to be installed from the start, too. |
2034 | |
45861 | 2035 @end itemize |
2036 | |
2037 | |
2038 @c End of tramp.texi - the TRAMP User Manual | |
2039 @bye | |
2040 | |
2041 @c TODO | |
2042 @c | |
2043 @c * Say something about the .login and .profile files of the remote | |
2044 @c shells. | |
2045 @c * Explain how tramp.el works in principle: open a shell on a remote | |
2046 @c host and then send commands to it. | |
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2047 @c * Mention that bookmarks are a cool feature to go along with Tramp. |
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2048 @c * Make terminology "inline" vs "out-of-band" consistent. |
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2049 @c It seems that "external" is also used instead of "out-of-band". |
45861 | 2050 |
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2051 @c * M. Albinus |
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2052 @c ** Use `filename' resp. `file name' consistently. |
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2053 @c ** Use `host' resp. `machine' consistently. |
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2054 @c ** Consistent small or capitalized words especially in menues. |