Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/msdog.texi @ 51356:8da3b8a0ca4f
(DECODE_EMACS_MULE_COMPOSITION_CHAR): If coding->flags
is nonzero, accept multibyte form of eight-bit-control chars.
(decode_composition_emacs_mule): Likewise.
(decode_coding_emacs_mule): Likewise.
(encode_coding_emacs_mule): If coding->flags is nonzero, produce
multibyte form of eight-bit-control chars.
author | Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org> |
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date | Sat, 31 May 2003 00:56:42 +0000 |
parents | 23a1cea22d13 |
children | 695cf19ef79e d7ddb3e565de |
rev | line source |
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24095 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985,86,87,93,94,95,1997,2000,2001 |
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3 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
24095 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
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5 @node MS-DOS, Manifesto, Mac OS, Top |
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6 @appendix Emacs and MS-DOS |
24095 | 7 @cindex MS-DOG |
8 @cindex MS-DOS peculiarities | |
9 | |
10 This section briefly describes the peculiarities of using Emacs under | |
11 the MS-DOS ``operating system'' (also known as ``MS-DOG''). If you | |
12 build Emacs for MS-DOS, the binary will also run on Windows 3.X, Windows | |
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13 NT, Windows 9X/ME, Windows 2000, or OS/2 as a DOS application; the |
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14 information in this chapter applies for all of those systems, if you use |
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15 an Emacs that was built for MS-DOS. |
24095 | 16 |
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17 Note that it is possible to build Emacs specifically for Windows NT/2K |
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18 or Windows 9X/ME. If you do that, most of this chapter does not apply; |
24095 | 19 instead, you get behavior much closer to what is documented in the rest |
20 of the manual, including support for long file names, multiple frames, | |
21 scroll bars, mouse menus, and subprocesses. However, the section on | |
22 text files and binary files does still apply. There are also two | |
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23 sections at the end of this chapter which apply specifically for the |
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24 Windows version. |
24095 | 25 |
26 @menu | |
27 * Input: MS-DOS Input. Keyboard and mouse usage on MS-DOS. | |
28 * Display: MS-DOS Display. Fonts, frames and display size on MS-DOS. | |
29 * Files: MS-DOS File Names. File name conventions on MS-DOS. | |
30 * Text and Binary:: Text files on MS-DOS use CRLF to separate lines. | |
31 * Printing: MS-DOS Printing. How to specify the printer on MS-DOS. | |
32 * I18N: MS-DOS and MULE. Support for internationalization on MS-DOS. | |
33 * Processes: MS-DOS Processes. Running subprocesses on MS-DOS. | |
34 * Windows Processes:: Running subprocesses on Windows. | |
35 * Windows System Menu:: Controlling what the ALT key does. | |
36 @end menu | |
37 | |
38 @node MS-DOS Input | |
39 @section Keyboard and Mouse on MS-DOS | |
40 | |
41 @cindex Meta (under MS-DOS) | |
42 @cindex Hyper (under MS-DOS) | |
43 @cindex Super (under MS-DOS) | |
44 @vindex dos-super-key | |
45 @vindex dos-hyper-key | |
46 The PC keyboard maps use the left @key{ALT} key as the @key{META} key. | |
47 You have two choices for emulating the @key{SUPER} and @key{HYPER} keys: | |
48 choose either the right @key{CTRL} key or the right @key{ALT} key by | |
49 setting the variables @code{dos-hyper-key} and @code{dos-super-key} to 1 | |
50 or 2 respectively. If neither @code{dos-super-key} nor | |
51 @code{dos-hyper-key} is 1, then by default the right @key{ALT} key is | |
52 also mapped to the @key{META} key. However, if the MS-DOS international | |
53 keyboard support program @file{KEYB.COM} is installed, Emacs will | |
54 @emph{not} map the right @key{ALT} to @key{META}, since it is used for | |
55 accessing characters like @kbd{~} and @kbd{@@} on non-US keyboard | |
56 layouts; in this case, you may only use the left @key{ALT} as @key{META} | |
57 key. | |
58 | |
59 @kindex C-j @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
60 @vindex dos-keypad-mode | |
61 The variable @code{dos-keypad-mode} is a flag variable that controls | |
62 what key codes are returned by keys in the numeric keypad. You can also | |
63 define the keypad @key{ENTER} key to act like @kbd{C-j}, by putting the | |
64 following line into your @file{_emacs} file: | |
65 | |
66 @smallexample | |
37847 | 67 ;; @r{Make the @key{ENTER} key from the numeric keypad act as @kbd{C-j}.} |
24095 | 68 (define-key function-key-map [kp-enter] [?\C-j]) |
69 @end smallexample | |
70 | |
71 @kindex DEL @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
72 @kindex BS @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
73 The key that is called @key{DEL} in Emacs (because that's how it is | |
74 designated on most workstations) is known as @key{BS} (backspace) on a | |
75 PC. That is why the PC-specific terminal initialization remaps the | |
76 @key{BS} key to act as @key{DEL}; the @key{DEL} key is remapped to act | |
77 as @kbd{C-d} for the same reasons. | |
78 | |
79 @kindex C-g @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
80 @kindex C-BREAK @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
81 @cindex quitting on MS-DOS | |
82 Emacs built for MS-DOS recognizes @kbd{C-@key{BREAK}} as a quit | |
83 character, just like @kbd{C-g}. This is because Emacs cannot detect | |
84 that you have typed @kbd{C-g} until it is ready for more input. As a | |
85 consequence, you cannot use @kbd{C-g} to stop a running command | |
86 (@pxref{Quitting}). By contrast, @kbd{C-@key{BREAK}} @emph{is} detected | |
87 as soon as you type it (as @kbd{C-g} is on other systems), so it can be | |
88 used to stop a running command and for emergency escape | |
89 (@pxref{Emergency Escape}). | |
90 | |
91 @cindex mouse support under MS-DOS | |
92 Emacs on MS-DOS supports a mouse (on the default terminal only). | |
93 The mouse commands work as documented, including those that use menus | |
94 and the menu bar (@pxref{Menu Bar}). Scroll bars don't work in | |
95 MS-DOS Emacs. PC mice usually have only two buttons; these act as | |
96 @kbd{Mouse-1} and @kbd{Mouse-2}, but if you press both of them | |
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97 together, that has the effect of @kbd{Mouse-3}. If the mouse does have |
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98 3 buttons, Emacs detects that at startup, and all the 3 buttons function |
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99 normally, as on X. |
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100 |
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101 Help strings for menu-bar and pop-up menus are displayed in the echo |
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102 area when the mouse pointer moves across the menu items. |
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103 Highlighting of mouse-sensitive text (@pxref{Mouse References}) is also |
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104 supported. |
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105 |
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106 @cindex mouse, set number of buttons |
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107 @findex msdos-set-mouse-buttons |
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108 Some versions of mouse drivers don't report the number of mouse |
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109 buttons correctly. For example, mice with a wheel report that they |
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110 have 3 buttons, but only 2 of them are passed to Emacs; the clicks on |
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111 the wheel, which serves as the middle button, are not passed. In |
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112 these cases, you can use the @kbd{M-x msdos-set-mouse-buttons} command |
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113 to tell Emacs how many mouse buttons to expect. You could make such a |
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114 setting permanent by adding this fragment to your @file{_emacs} init |
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115 file: |
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116 |
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117 @example |
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118 ;; @r{Treat the mouse like a 2-button mouse.} |
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119 (msdos-set-mouse-buttons 2) |
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120 @end example |
24095 | 121 |
122 @cindex Windows clipboard support | |
123 Emacs built for MS-DOS supports clipboard operations when it runs on | |
124 Windows. Commands that put text on the kill ring, or yank text from the | |
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125 ring, check the Windows clipboard first, just as Emacs does on the X |
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126 Window System (@pxref{Mouse Commands}). Only the primary selection and |
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127 the cut buffer are supported by MS-DOS Emacs on Windows; the secondary |
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128 selection always appears as empty. |
24095 | 129 |
130 Due to the way clipboard access is implemented by Windows, the | |
131 length of text you can put into the clipboard is limited by the amount | |
132 of free DOS memory that is available to Emacs. Usually, up to 620KB of | |
133 text can be put into the clipboard, but this limit depends on the system | |
134 configuration and is lower if you run Emacs as a subprocess of | |
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135 another program. If the killed text does not fit, Emacs outputs a |
24095 | 136 message saying so, and does not put the text into the clipboard. |
137 | |
138 Null characters also cannot be put into the Windows clipboard. If the | |
139 killed text includes null characters, Emacs does not put such text into | |
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140 the clipboard, and displays in the echo area a message to that effect. |
24095 | 141 |
142 @vindex dos-display-scancodes | |
143 The variable @code{dos-display-scancodes}, when non-@code{nil}, | |
144 directs Emacs to display the ASCII value and the keyboard scan code of | |
145 each keystroke; this feature serves as a complement to the | |
146 @code{view-lossage} command, for debugging. | |
147 | |
148 @node MS-DOS Display | |
149 @section Display on MS-DOS | |
150 @cindex faces under MS-DOS | |
151 @cindex fonts, emulating under MS-DOS | |
152 | |
153 Display on MS-DOS cannot use font variants, like bold or italic, | |
154 but it does support | |
155 multiple faces, each of which can specify a foreground and a background | |
156 color. Therefore, you can get the full functionality of Emacs packages | |
157 that use fonts (such as @code{font-lock}, Enriched Text mode, and | |
158 others) by defining the relevant faces to use different colors. Use the | |
159 @code{list-colors-display} command (@pxref{Frame Parameters}) and the | |
160 @code{list-faces-display} command (@pxref{Faces}) to see what colors and | |
161 faces are available and what they look like. | |
162 | |
37847 | 163 @xref{MS-DOS and MULE}, later in this chapter, for information on |
164 how Emacs displays glyphs and characters that aren't supported by the | |
24095 | 165 native font built into the DOS display. |
166 | |
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167 @cindex cursor shape on MS-DOS |
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168 When Emacs starts, it changes the cursor shape to a solid box. This |
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169 is for compatibility with other systems, where the box cursor is the |
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170 default in Emacs. This default shape can be changed to a bar by |
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171 specifying the @code{cursor-type} parameter in the variable |
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172 @code{default-frame-alist} (@pxref{Creating Frames}). The MS-DOS |
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173 terminal doesn't support a vertical-bar cursor, so the bar cursor is |
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174 horizontal, and the @code{@var{width}} parameter, if specified by the |
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175 frame parameters, actually determines its height. For this reason, |
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176 the @code{bar} and @code{hbar} cursor types produce the same effect on |
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177 MS-DOS. As an extension, the bar cursor specification can include the |
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178 starting scan line of the cursor as well as its width, like this: |
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179 |
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180 @example |
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181 '(cursor-type bar @var{width} . @var{start}) |
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182 @end example |
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183 |
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184 @noindent |
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185 In addition, if the @var{width} parameter is negative, the cursor bar |
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186 begins at the top of the character cell. |
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187 |
24095 | 188 @cindex frames on MS-DOS |
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189 The MS-DOS terminal can only display a single frame at a time. The |
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190 Emacs frame facilities work on MS-DOS much as they do on text-only |
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191 terminals (@pxref{Frames}). When you run Emacs from a DOS window on |
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192 MS-Windows, you can make the visible frame smaller than the full |
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193 screen, but Emacs still cannot display more than a single frame at a |
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194 time. |
24095 | 195 |
196 @cindex frame size under MS-DOS | |
197 @findex mode4350 | |
198 @findex mode25 | |
199 The @code{mode4350} command switches the display to 43 or 50 | |
200 lines, depending on your hardware; the @code{mode25} command switches | |
201 to the default 80x25 screen size. | |
202 | |
203 By default, Emacs only knows how to set screen sizes of 80 columns by | |
204 25, 28, 35, 40, 43 or 50 rows. However, if your video adapter has | |
205 special video modes that will switch the display to other sizes, you can | |
206 have Emacs support those too. When you ask Emacs to switch the frame to | |
207 @var{n} rows by @var{m} columns dimensions, it checks if there is a | |
208 variable called @code{screen-dimensions-@var{n}x@var{m}}, and if so, | |
209 uses its value (which must be an integer) as the video mode to switch | |
210 to. (Emacs switches to that video mode by calling the BIOS @code{Set | |
211 Video Mode} function with the value of | |
212 @code{screen-dimensions-@var{n}x@var{m}} in the @code{AL} register.) | |
213 For example, suppose your adapter will switch to 66x80 dimensions when | |
214 put into video mode 85. Then you can make Emacs support this screen | |
215 size by putting the following into your @file{_emacs} file: | |
216 | |
217 @example | |
218 (setq screen-dimensions-66x80 85) | |
219 @end example | |
220 | |
221 Since Emacs on MS-DOS can only set the frame size to specific | |
222 supported dimensions, it cannot honor every possible frame resizing | |
223 request. When an unsupported size is requested, Emacs chooses the next | |
224 larger supported size beyond the specified size. For example, if you | |
225 ask for 36x80 frame, you will get 40x80 instead. | |
226 | |
227 The variables @code{screen-dimensions-@var{n}x@var{m}} are used only | |
228 when they exactly match the specified size; the search for the next | |
229 larger supported size ignores them. In the above example, even if your | |
230 VGA supports 38x80 dimensions and you define a variable | |
231 @code{screen-dimensions-38x80} with a suitable value, you will still get | |
232 40x80 screen when you ask for a 36x80 frame. If you want to get the | |
233 38x80 size in this case, you can do it by setting the variable named | |
234 @code{screen-dimensions-36x80} with the same video mode value as | |
235 @code{screen-dimensions-38x80}. | |
236 | |
237 Changing frame dimensions on MS-DOS has the effect of changing all the | |
238 other frames to the new dimensions. | |
239 | |
240 @node MS-DOS File Names | |
241 @section File Names on MS-DOS | |
242 @cindex file names under MS-DOS | |
243 @cindex init file, default name under MS-DOS | |
244 | |
245 MS-DOS normally uses a backslash, @samp{\}, to separate name units | |
246 within a file name, instead of the slash used on other systems. Emacs | |
247 on MS-DOS permits use of either slash or backslash, and also knows | |
248 about drive letters in file names. | |
249 | |
250 On MS-DOS, file names are case-insensitive and limited to eight | |
251 characters, plus optionally a period and three more characters. Emacs | |
252 knows enough about these limitations to handle file names that were | |
253 meant for other operating systems. For instance, leading dots @samp{.} | |
254 in file names are invalid in MS-DOS, so Emacs transparently converts | |
255 them to underscores @samp{_}; thus your default init file (@pxref{Init | |
256 File}) is called @file{_emacs} on MS-DOS. Excess characters before or | |
257 after the period are generally ignored by MS-DOS itself; thus, if you | |
258 visit the file @file{LongFileName.EvenLongerExtension}, you will | |
259 silently get @file{longfile.eve}, but Emacs will still display the long | |
260 file name on the mode line. Other than that, it's up to you to specify | |
261 file names which are valid under MS-DOS; the transparent conversion as | |
262 described above only works on file names built into Emacs. | |
263 | |
264 @cindex backup file names on MS-DOS | |
265 The above restrictions on the file names on MS-DOS make it almost | |
266 impossible to construct the name of a backup file (@pxref{Backup | |
267 Names}) without losing some of the original file name characters. For | |
268 example, the name of a backup file for @file{docs.txt} is | |
269 @file{docs.tx~} even if single backup is used. | |
270 | |
271 @cindex file names under Windows 95/NT | |
272 @cindex long file names in DOS box under Windows 95/NT | |
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273 If you run Emacs as a DOS application under Windows 9X, Windows ME, or |
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274 Windows 2000, you can turn on support for long file names. If you do |
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275 that, Emacs doesn't truncate file names or convert them to lower case; |
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276 instead, it uses the file names that you specify, verbatim. To enable |
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277 long file name support, set the environment variable @env{LFN} to |
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278 @samp{y} before starting Emacs. Unfortunately, Windows NT doesn't allow |
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279 DOS programs to access long file names, so Emacs built for MS-DOS will |
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280 only see their short 8+3 aliases. |
24095 | 281 |
29107 | 282 @cindex @env{HOME} directory under MS-DOS |
24095 | 283 MS-DOS has no notion of home directory, so Emacs on MS-DOS pretends |
29107 | 284 that the directory where it is installed is the value of @env{HOME} |
24095 | 285 environment variable. That is, if your Emacs binary, |
286 @file{emacs.exe}, is in the directory @file{c:/utils/emacs/bin}, then | |
29107 | 287 Emacs acts as if @env{HOME} were set to @samp{c:/utils/emacs}. In |
24095 | 288 particular, that is where Emacs looks for the init file @file{_emacs}. |
289 With this in mind, you can use @samp{~} in file names as an alias for | |
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290 the home directory, as you would on GNU or Unix. You can also set |
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291 @env{HOME} variable in the environment before starting Emacs; its |
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292 value will then override the above default behavior. |
24095 | 293 |
294 Emacs on MS-DOS handles the directory name @file{/dev} specially, | |
295 because of a feature in the emulator libraries of DJGPP that pretends | |
296 I/O devices have names in that directory. We recommend that you avoid | |
297 using an actual directory named @file{/dev} on any disk. | |
298 | |
299 @node Text and Binary | |
300 @section Text Files and Binary Files | |
301 @cindex text and binary files on MS-DOS/MS-Windows | |
302 | |
303 GNU Emacs uses newline characters to separate text lines. This is the | |
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304 convention used on GNU and Unix. |
24095 | 305 |
306 @cindex end-of-line conversion on MS-DOS/MS-Windows | |
307 MS-DOS and MS-Windows normally use carriage-return linefeed, a | |
308 two-character sequence, to separate text lines. (Linefeed is the same | |
309 character as newline.) Therefore, convenient editing of typical files | |
310 with Emacs requires conversion of these end-of-line (EOL) sequences. | |
311 And that is what Emacs normally does: it converts carriage-return | |
312 linefeed into newline when reading files, and converts newline into | |
313 carriage-return linefeed when writing files. The same mechanism that | |
314 handles conversion of international character codes does this conversion | |
315 also (@pxref{Coding Systems}). | |
316 | |
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317 @cindex cursor location, on MS-DOS |
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318 @cindex point location, on MS-DOS |
24095 | 319 One consequence of this special format-conversion of most files is |
320 that character positions as reported by Emacs (@pxref{Position Info}) do | |
321 not agree with the file size information known to the operating system. | |
322 | |
323 In addition, if Emacs recognizes from a file's contents that it uses | |
324 newline rather than carriage-return linefeed as its line separator, it | |
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325 does not perform EOL conversion when reading or writing that file. |
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326 Thus, you can read and edit files from GNU and Unix systems on MS-DOS |
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327 with no special effort, and they will retain their Unix-style |
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328 end-of-line convention after you edit them. |
24095 | 329 |
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330 The mode line indicates whether end-of-line translation was used for |
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331 the current buffer. If MS-DOS end-of-line translation is in use for the |
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332 buffer, a backslash @samp{\} is displayed after the coding system |
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333 mnemonic near the beginning of the mode line (@pxref{Mode Line}). If no |
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334 EOL translation was performed, the string @samp{(Unix)} is displayed |
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335 instead of the backslash, to alert you that the file's EOL format is not |
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336 the usual carriage-return linefeed. |
24095 | 337 |
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338 @cindex DOS-to-Unix conversion of files |
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339 To visit a file and specify whether it uses DOS-style or Unix-style |
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340 end-of-line, specify a coding system (@pxref{Specify Coding}). For |
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341 example, @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c unix @key{RET} C-x C-f foobar.txt} |
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342 visits the file @file{foobar.txt} without converting the EOLs; if some |
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343 line ends with a carriage-return linefeed pair, Emacs will display |
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344 @samp{^M} at the end of that line. Similarly, you can direct Emacs to |
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345 save a buffer in a specified EOL format with the @kbd{C-x @key{RET} f} |
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346 command. For example, to save a buffer with Unix EOL format, type |
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347 @kbd{C-x @key{RET} f unix @key{RET} C-x C-s}. If you visit a file |
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348 with DOS EOL conversion, then save it with Unix EOL format, that |
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349 effectively converts the file to Unix EOL style, like @code{dos2unix}. |
24095 | 350 |
351 @cindex untranslated file system | |
352 @findex add-untranslated-filesystem | |
353 When you use NFS or Samba to access file systems that reside on | |
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354 computers using GNU or Unix systems, Emacs should not perform |
24095 | 355 end-of-line translation on any files in these file systems--not even |
356 when you create a new file. To request this, designate these file | |
357 systems as @dfn{untranslated} file systems by calling the function | |
358 @code{add-untranslated-filesystem}. It takes one argument: the file | |
359 system name, including a drive letter and optionally a directory. For | |
360 example, | |
361 | |
362 @example | |
363 (add-untranslated-filesystem "Z:") | |
364 @end example | |
365 | |
366 @noindent | |
367 designates drive Z as an untranslated file system, and | |
368 | |
369 @example | |
370 (add-untranslated-filesystem "Z:\\foo") | |
371 @end example | |
372 | |
373 @noindent | |
374 designates directory @file{\foo} on drive Z as an untranslated file | |
375 system. | |
376 | |
377 Most often you would use @code{add-untranslated-filesystem} in your | |
378 @file{_emacs} file, or in @file{site-start.el} so that all the users at | |
379 your site get the benefit of it. | |
380 | |
381 @findex remove-untranslated-filesystem | |
382 To countermand the effect of @code{add-untranslated-filesystem}, use | |
383 the function @code{remove-untranslated-filesystem}. This function takes | |
384 one argument, which should be a string just like the one that was used | |
385 previously with @code{add-untranslated-filesystem}. | |
386 | |
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387 Designating a file system as untranslated does not affect character |
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388 set conversion, only end-of-line conversion. Essentially, it directs |
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389 Emacs to create new files with the Unix-style convention of using |
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390 newline at the end of a line. @xref{Coding Systems}. |
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391 |
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392 @vindex file-name-buffer-file-type-alist |
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393 @cindex binary files, on MS-DOS/MS-Windows |
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394 Some kinds of files should not be converted at all, because their |
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395 contents are not really text. Therefore, Emacs on MS-DOS distinguishes |
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396 certain files as @dfn{binary files}. (This distinction is not part of |
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397 MS-DOS; it is made by Emacs only.) Binary files include executable |
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398 programs, compressed archives, etc. Emacs uses the file name to decide |
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399 whether to treat a file as binary: the variable |
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400 @code{file-name-buffer-file-type-alist} defines the file-name patterns |
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401 that indicate binary files. If a file name matches one of the patterns |
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402 for binary files (those whose associations are of the type |
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403 @code{(@var{pattern} . t)}, Emacs reads and writes that file using the |
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404 @code{no-conversion} coding system (@pxref{Coding Systems}) which turns |
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405 off @emph{all} coding-system conversions, not only the EOL conversion. |
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406 @code{file-name-buffer-file-type-alist} also includes file-name patterns |
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407 for files which are known to be DOS-style text files with |
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408 carriage-return linefeed EOL format, such as @file{CONFIG.SYS}; Emacs |
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409 always writes those files with DOS-style EOLs. |
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410 |
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411 If a file which belongs to an untranslated file system matches one of |
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412 the file-name patterns in @code{file-name-buffer-file-type-alist}, the |
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413 EOL conversion is determined by @code{file-name-buffer-file-type-alist}. |
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414 |
24095 | 415 @node MS-DOS Printing |
416 @section Printing and MS-DOS | |
417 | |
418 Printing commands, such as @code{lpr-buffer} (@pxref{Hardcopy}) and | |
27213 | 419 @code{ps-print-buffer} (@pxref{PostScript}) can work in MS-DOS and |
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420 MS-Windows by sending the output to one of the printer ports, if a |
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421 Posix-style @code{lpr} program is unavailable. The same Emacs |
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422 variables control printing on all systems (@pxref{Hardcopy}), but in |
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423 some cases they have different default values on MS-DOS and |
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424 MS-Windows. |
24095 | 425 |
24723 | 426 @vindex printer-name @r{(MS-DOS)} |
24095 | 427 If you want to use your local printer, printing on it in the usual DOS |
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428 manner, then set the Lisp variable @code{lpr-command} to @code{""} (its |
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429 default value) and @code{printer-name} to the name of the printer |
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430 port---for example, @code{"PRN"}, the usual local printer port (that's |
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431 the default), or @code{"LPT2"}, or @code{"COM1"} for a serial printer. |
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432 You can also set @code{printer-name} to a file name, in which case |
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433 ``printed'' output is actually appended to that file. If you set |
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434 @code{printer-name} to @code{"NUL"}, printed output is silently |
24095 | 435 discarded (sent to the system null device). |
436 | |
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437 On MS-Windows, when the Windows network software is installed, you can |
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438 also use a printer shared by another machine by setting |
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439 @code{printer-name} to the UNC share name for that printer--for example, |
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440 @code{"//joes_pc/hp4si"}. (It doesn't matter whether you use forward |
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441 slashes or backslashes here.) To find out the names of shared printers, |
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442 run the command @samp{net view} at a DOS command prompt to obtain a list |
24731 | 443 of servers, and @samp{net view @var{server-name}} to see the names of printers |
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444 (and directories) shared by that server. Alternatively, click the |
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445 @samp{Network Neighborhood} icon on your desktop, and look for machines |
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446 which share their printers via the network. |
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447 |
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448 @cindex @samp{net use}, and printing on MS-Windows |
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449 @cindex networked printers (MS-Windows) |
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450 If the printer doesn't appear in the output of @samp{net view}, or |
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451 if setting @code{printer-name} to the UNC share name doesn't produce a |
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452 hardcopy on that printer, you can use the @samp{net use} command to |
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453 connect a local print port such as @code{"LPT2"} to the networked |
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454 printer. For example, typing @kbd{net use LPT2: |
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455 \\joes_pc\hp4si}@footnote{ |
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456 Note that the @samp{net use} command requires the UNC share name to be |
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457 typed with the Windows-style backslashes, while the value of |
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458 @code{printer-name} can be set with either forward- or backslashes.} |
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459 causes Windows to @dfn{capture} the LPT2 port and redirect the printed |
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460 material to the printer connected to the machine @code{joes_pc}. |
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461 After this command, setting @code{printer-name} to @code{"LPT2"} |
37081 | 462 should produce the hardcopy on the networked printer. |
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463 |
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464 With some varieties of Windows network software, you can instruct |
38788 | 465 Windows to capture a specific printer port such as @code{"LPT2"}, and |
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466 redirect it to a networked printer via the @w{@code{Control |
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467 Panel->Printers}} applet instead of @samp{net use}. |
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468 |
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469 Some printers expect DOS codepage encoding of non-ASCII text, even |
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470 though they are connected to a Windows machine which uses a different |
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471 encoding for the same locale. For example, in the Latin-1 locale, DOS |
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472 uses codepage 850 whereas Windows uses codepage 1252. @xref{MS-DOS and |
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473 MULE}. When you print to such printers from Windows, you can use the |
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474 @kbd{C-x RET c} (@code{universal-coding-system-argument}) command before |
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475 @kbd{M-x lpr-buffer}; Emacs will then convert the text to the DOS |
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476 codepage that you specify. For example, @kbd{C-x RET c cp850-dos RET |
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477 M-x lpr-region RET} will print the region while converting it to the |
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478 codepage 850 encoding. You may need to create the @code{cp@var{nnn}} |
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479 coding system with @kbd{M-x codepage-setup}. |
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480 |
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481 If you set @code{printer-name} to a file name, it's best to use an |
24095 | 482 absolute file name. Emacs changes the working directory according to |
483 the default directory of the current buffer, so if the file name in | |
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484 @code{printer-name} is relative, you will end up with several such |
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485 files, each one in the directory of the buffer from which the printing |
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486 was done. |
24095 | 487 |
488 @findex print-buffer @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
489 @findex print-region @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
490 @vindex lpr-headers-switches @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
491 The commands @code{print-buffer} and @code{print-region} call the | |
492 @code{pr} program, or use special switches to the @code{lpr} program, to | |
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493 produce headers on each printed page. MS-DOS and MS-Windows don't |
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494 normally have these programs, so by default, the variable |
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495 @code{lpr-headers-switches} is set so that the requests to print page |
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496 headers are silently ignored. Thus, @code{print-buffer} and |
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497 @code{print-region} produce the same output as @code{lpr-buffer} and |
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498 @code{lpr-region}, respectively. If you do have a suitable @code{pr} |
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499 program (for example, from GNU Textutils), set |
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500 @code{lpr-headers-switches} to @code{nil}; Emacs will then call |
24095 | 501 @code{pr} to produce the page headers, and print the resulting output as |
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502 specified by @code{printer-name}. |
24095 | 503 |
504 @vindex print-region-function @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
505 @cindex lpr usage under MS-DOS | |
506 @vindex lpr-command @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
507 @vindex lpr-switches @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
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508 Finally, if you do have an @code{lpr} work-alike, you can set the |
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509 variable @code{lpr-command} to @code{"lpr"}. Then Emacs will use |
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510 @code{lpr} for printing, as on other systems. (If the name of the |
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511 program isn't @code{lpr}, set @code{lpr-command} to specify where to |
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512 find it.) The variable @code{lpr-switches} has its standard meaning |
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513 when @code{lpr-command} is not @code{""}. If the variable |
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514 @code{printer-name} has a string value, it is used as the value for the |
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515 @code{-P} option to @code{lpr}, as on Unix. |
24095 | 516 |
517 @findex ps-print-buffer @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
518 @findex ps-spool-buffer @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
24715 | 519 @vindex ps-printer-name @r{(MS-DOS)} |
24095 | 520 @vindex ps-lpr-command @r{(MS-DOS)} |
521 @vindex ps-lpr-switches @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
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522 A parallel set of variables, @code{ps-lpr-command}, |
27213 | 523 @code{ps-lpr-switches}, and @code{ps-printer-name} (@pxref{PostScript |
24564 | 524 Variables}), defines how PostScript files should be printed. These |
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525 variables are used in the same way as the corresponding variables |
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526 described above for non-PostScript printing. Thus, the value of |
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527 @code{ps-printer-name} is used as the name of the device (or file) to |
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528 which PostScript output is sent, just as @code{printer-name} is used for |
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529 non-PostScript printing. (There are two distinct sets of variables in |
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530 case you have two printers attached to two different ports, and only one |
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531 of them is a PostScript printer.) |
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532 |
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533 The default value of the variable @code{ps-lpr-command} is @code{""}, |
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534 which causes PostScript output to be sent to the printer port specified |
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535 by @code{ps-printer-name}, but @code{ps-lpr-command} can also be set to |
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536 the name of a program which will accept PostScript files. Thus, if you |
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537 have a non-PostScript printer, you can set this variable to the name of |
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538 a PostScript interpreter program (such as Ghostscript). Any switches |
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539 that need to be passed to the interpreter program are specified using |
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540 @code{ps-lpr-switches}. (If the value of @code{ps-printer-name} is a |
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541 string, it will be added to the list of switches as the value for the |
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542 @code{-P} option. This is probably only useful if you are using |
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543 @code{lpr}, so when using an interpreter typically you would set |
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544 @code{ps-printer-name} to something other than a string so it is |
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545 ignored.) |
24095 | 546 |
547 For example, to use Ghostscript for printing on an Epson printer | |
24715 | 548 connected to the @samp{LPT2} port, put this in your @file{_emacs} file: |
24095 | 549 |
550 @example | |
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551 (setq ps-printer-name t) ; Ghostscript doesn't understand -P |
24095 | 552 (setq ps-lpr-command "c:/gs/gs386") |
553 (setq ps-lpr-switches '("-q" "-dNOPAUSE" | |
554 "-sDEVICE=epson" | |
555 "-r240x72" | |
556 "-sOutputFile=LPT2" | |
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557 "-Ic:/gs")) |
24095 | 558 @end example |
559 | |
560 @noindent | |
561 (This assumes that Ghostscript is installed in the @file{"c:/gs"} | |
562 directory.) | |
563 | |
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564 @vindex dos-printer |
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565 @vindex dos-ps-printer |
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566 For backwards compatibility, the value of @code{dos-printer} |
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567 (@code{dos-ps-printer}), if it has a value, overrides the value of |
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568 @code{printer-name} (@code{ps-printer-name}), on MS-DOS and MS-Windows |
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569 only. |
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570 |
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571 |
24095 | 572 @node MS-DOS and MULE |
573 @section International Support on MS-DOS | |
574 @cindex international support @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
575 | |
576 Emacs on MS-DOS supports the same international character sets as it | |
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577 does on GNU, Unix and other platforms (@pxref{International}), including |
24095 | 578 coding systems for converting between the different character sets. |
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579 However, due to incompatibilities between MS-DOS/MS-Windows and other systems, |
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580 there are several DOS-specific aspects of this support that you should |
24095 | 581 be aware of. This section describes these aspects. |
582 | |
583 @table @kbd | |
584 @item M-x dos-codepage-setup | |
585 Set up Emacs display and coding systems as appropriate for the current | |
586 DOS codepage. | |
587 | |
588 @item M-x codepage-setup | |
589 Create a coding system for a certain DOS codepage. | |
590 @end table | |
591 | |
592 @cindex codepage, MS-DOS | |
593 @cindex DOS codepages | |
594 MS-DOS is designed to support one character set of 256 characters at | |
595 any given time, but gives you a variety of character sets to choose | |
596 from. The alternative character sets are known as @dfn{DOS codepages}. | |
597 Each codepage includes all 128 ASCII characters, but the other 128 | |
598 characters (codes 128 through 255) vary from one codepage to another. | |
599 Each DOS codepage is identified by a 3-digit number, such as 850, 862, | |
600 etc. | |
601 | |
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602 In contrast to X, which lets you use several fonts at the same time, |
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603 MS-DOS normally doesn't allow use of several codepages in a single |
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604 session. MS-DOS was designed to load a single codepage at system |
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605 startup, and require you to reboot in order to change |
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606 it@footnote{Normally, one particular codepage is burnt into the display |
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607 memory, while other codepages can be installed by modifying system |
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608 configuration files, such as @file{CONFIG.SYS}, and rebooting. While |
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609 third-party software is known to exist that allows to change the |
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610 codepage without rebooting, we describe here how a stock MS-DOS system |
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611 behaves.}. Much the same limitation applies when you run DOS |
24095 | 612 executables on other systems such as MS-Windows. |
613 | |
614 @cindex unibyte operation @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
615 If you invoke Emacs on MS-DOS with the @samp{--unibyte} option | |
616 (@pxref{Initial Options}), Emacs does not perform any conversion of | |
617 non-ASCII characters. Instead, it reads and writes any non-ASCII | |
618 characters verbatim, and sends their 8-bit codes to the display | |
619 verbatim. Thus, unibyte Emacs on MS-DOS supports the current codepage, | |
620 whatever it may be, but cannot even represent any other characters. | |
621 | |
622 @vindex dos-codepage | |
623 For multibyte operation on MS-DOS, Emacs needs to know which | |
624 characters the chosen DOS codepage can display. So it queries the | |
625 system shortly after startup to get the chosen codepage number, and | |
626 stores the number in the variable @code{dos-codepage}. Some systems | |
627 return the default value 437 for the current codepage, even though the | |
628 actual codepage is different. (This typically happens when you use the | |
629 codepage built into the display hardware.) You can specify a different | |
630 codepage for Emacs to use by setting the variable @code{dos-codepage} in | |
631 your init file. | |
632 | |
633 @cindex language environment, automatic selection on @r{MS-DOS} | |
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634 Multibyte Emacs supports only certain DOS codepages: those which can |
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635 display Far-Eastern scripts, like the Japanese codepage 932, and those |
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636 that encode a single ISO 8859 character set. |
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637 |
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638 The Far-Eastern codepages can directly display one of the MULE |
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639 character sets for these countries, so Emacs simply sets up to use the |
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640 appropriate terminal coding system that is supported by the codepage. |
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641 The special features described in the rest of this section mostly |
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642 pertain to codepages that encode ISO 8859 character sets. |
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643 |
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644 For the codepages which correspond to one of the ISO character sets, |
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645 Emacs knows the character set name based on the codepage number. Emacs |
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646 automatically creates a coding system to support reading and writing |
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647 files that use the current codepage, and uses this coding system by |
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648 default. The name of this coding system is @code{cp@var{nnn}}, where |
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649 @var{nnn} is the codepage number.@footnote{The standard Emacs coding |
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650 systems for ISO 8859 are not quite right for the purpose, because |
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651 typically the DOS codepage does not match the standard ISO character |
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652 codes. For example, the letter @samp{@,{c}} (@samp{c} with cedilla) has |
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653 code 231 in the standard Latin-1 character set, but the corresponding |
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654 DOS codepage 850 uses code 135 for this glyph.} |
24095 | 655 |
656 @cindex mode line @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
657 All the @code{cp@var{nnn}} coding systems use the letter @samp{D} (for | |
658 ``DOS'') as their mode-line mnemonic. Since both the terminal coding | |
659 system and the default coding system for file I/O are set to the proper | |
660 @code{cp@var{nnn}} coding system at startup, it is normal for the mode | |
661 line on MS-DOS to begin with @samp{-DD\-}. @xref{Mode Line}. | |
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662 Far-Eastern DOS terminals do not use the @code{cp@var{nnn}} coding |
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663 systems, and thus their initial mode line looks like the Emacs default. |
24095 | 664 |
665 Since the codepage number also indicates which script you are using, | |
666 Emacs automatically runs @code{set-language-environment} to select the | |
667 language environment for that script (@pxref{Language Environments}). | |
668 | |
669 If a buffer contains a character belonging to some other ISO 8859 | |
670 character set, not the one that the chosen DOS codepage supports, Emacs | |
671 displays it using a sequence of ASCII characters. For example, if the | |
672 current codepage doesn't have a glyph for the letter @samp{@`o} (small | |
673 @samp{o} with a grave accent), it is displayed as @samp{@{`o@}}, where | |
674 the braces serve as a visual indication that this is a single character. | |
675 (This may look awkward for some non-Latin characters, such as those from | |
676 Greek or Hebrew alphabets, but it is still readable by a person who | |
677 knows the language.) Even though the character may occupy several | |
678 columns on the screen, it is really still just a single character, and | |
679 all Emacs commands treat it as one. | |
680 | |
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681 @cindex IBM graphics characters (MS-DOS) |
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682 @cindex box-drawing characters (MS-DOS) |
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683 @cindex line-drawing characters (MS-DOS) |
24095 | 684 Not all characters in DOS codepages correspond to ISO 8859 |
685 characters---some are used for other purposes, such as box-drawing | |
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686 characters and other graphics. Emacs maps these characters to two |
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687 special character sets called @code{eight-bit-control} and |
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688 @code{eight-bit-graphic}, and displays them as their IBM glyphs. |
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689 However, you should be aware that other systems might display these |
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690 characters differently, so you should avoid them in text that might be |
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691 copied to a different operating system, or even to another DOS machine |
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692 that uses a different codepage. |
24095 | 693 |
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694 @vindex dos-unsupported-character-glyph |
24095 | 695 Emacs supports many other characters sets aside from ISO 8859, but it |
696 cannot display them on MS-DOS. So if one of these multibyte characters | |
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697 appears in a buffer, Emacs on MS-DOS displays them as specified by the |
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698 @code{dos-unsupported-character-glyph} variable; by default, this glyph |
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699 is an empty triangle. Use the @kbd{C-u C-x =} command to display the |
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700 actual code and character set of such characters. @xref{Position Info}. |
24095 | 701 |
702 @findex codepage-setup | |
703 By default, Emacs defines a coding system to support the current | |
704 codepage. To define a coding system for some other codepage (e.g., to | |
705 visit a file written on a DOS machine in another country), use the | |
706 @kbd{M-x codepage-setup} command. It prompts for the 3-digit code of | |
707 the codepage, with completion, then creates the coding system for the | |
708 specified codepage. You can then use the new coding system to read and | |
709 write files, but you must specify it explicitly for the file command | |
710 when you want to use it (@pxref{Specify Coding}). | |
711 | |
712 These coding systems are also useful for visiting a file encoded using | |
713 a DOS codepage, using Emacs running on some other operating system. | |
714 | |
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715 @cindex MS-Windows codepages |
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716 MS-Windows provides its own codepages, which are different from the |
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717 DOS codepages for the same locale. For example, DOS codepage 850 |
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718 supports the same character set as Windows codepage 1252; DOS codepage |
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719 855 supports the same character set as Windows codepage 1251, etc. |
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720 The MS-Windows version of Emacs uses the current codepage for display |
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721 when invoked with the @samp{-nw} option. |
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722 |
24095 | 723 @node MS-DOS Processes |
724 @section Subprocesses on MS-DOS | |
725 | |
726 @cindex compilation under MS-DOS | |
727 @cindex inferior processes under MS-DOS | |
728 @findex compile @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
729 @findex grep @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
730 Because MS-DOS is a single-process ``operating system,'' | |
731 asynchronous subprocesses are not available. In particular, Shell | |
732 mode and its variants do not work. Most Emacs features that use | |
733 asynchronous subprocesses also don't work on MS-DOS, including | |
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734 Shell mode and GUD. When in doubt, try and see; commands that |
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735 don't work output an error message saying that asynchronous processes |
24095 | 736 aren't supported. |
737 | |
738 Compilation under Emacs with @kbd{M-x compile}, searching files with | |
739 @kbd{M-x grep} and displaying differences between files with @kbd{M-x | |
740 diff} do work, by running the inferior processes synchronously. This | |
741 means you cannot do any more editing until the inferior process | |
742 finishes. | |
743 | |
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744 Spell checking also works, by means of special support for synchronous |
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745 invocation of the @code{ispell} program. This is slower than the |
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746 asynchronous invocation on other platforms |
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747 |
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748 Instead of the Shell mode, which doesn't work on MS-DOS, you can use |
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749 the @kbd{M-x eshell} command. This invokes the Eshell package that |
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750 implements a Posix-like shell entirely in Emacs Lisp. |
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751 |
24095 | 752 By contrast, Emacs compiled as native Windows application |
753 @strong{does} support asynchronous subprocesses. @xref{Windows | |
754 Processes}. | |
755 | |
756 @cindex printing under MS-DOS | |
757 Printing commands, such as @code{lpr-buffer} (@pxref{Hardcopy}) and | |
27213 | 758 @code{ps-print-buffer} (@pxref{PostScript}), work in MS-DOS by sending |
24095 | 759 the output to one of the printer ports. @xref{MS-DOS Printing}. |
760 | |
761 When you run a subprocess synchronously on MS-DOS, make sure the | |
762 program terminates and does not try to read keyboard input. If the | |
763 program does not terminate on its own, you will be unable to terminate | |
764 it, because MS-DOS provides no general way to terminate a process. | |
765 Pressing @kbd{C-c} or @kbd{C-@key{BREAK}} might sometimes help in these | |
766 cases. | |
767 | |
768 Accessing files on other machines is not supported on MS-DOS. Other | |
769 network-oriented commands such as sending mail, Web browsing, remote | |
770 login, etc., don't work either, unless network access is built into | |
771 MS-DOS with some network redirector. | |
772 | |
773 @cindex directory listing on MS-DOS | |
774 @vindex dired-listing-switches @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
775 Dired on MS-DOS uses the @code{ls-lisp} package where other | |
776 platforms use the system @code{ls} command. Therefore, Dired on | |
777 MS-DOS supports only some of the possible options you can mention in | |
778 the @code{dired-listing-switches} variable. The options that work are | |
779 @samp{-A}, @samp{-a}, @samp{-c}, @samp{-i}, @samp{-r}, @samp{-S}, | |
780 @samp{-s}, @samp{-t}, and @samp{-u}. | |
781 | |
782 @node Windows Processes | |
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783 @section Subprocesses on Windows 9X/ME and Windows NT/2K |
24095 | 784 |
785 Emacs compiled as a native Windows application (as opposed to the DOS | |
786 version) includes full support for asynchronous subprocesses. | |
787 In the Windows version, synchronous and asynchronous subprocesses work | |
788 fine on both | |
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789 Windows 9X and Windows NT/2K as long as you run only 32-bit Windows |
24095 | 790 applications. However, when you run a DOS application in a subprocess, |
791 you may encounter problems or be unable to run the application at all; | |
792 and if you run two DOS applications at the same time in two | |
793 subprocesses, you may have to reboot your system. | |
794 | |
795 Since the standard command interpreter (and most command line utilities) | |
796 on Windows 95 are DOS applications, these problems are significant when | |
797 using that system. But there's nothing we can do about them; only | |
798 Microsoft can fix them. | |
799 | |
800 If you run just one DOS application subprocess, the subprocess should | |
801 work as expected as long as it is ``well-behaved'' and does not perform | |
802 direct screen access or other unusual actions. If you have a CPU | |
803 monitor application, your machine will appear to be 100% busy even when | |
804 the DOS application is idle, but this is only an artifact of the way CPU | |
805 monitors measure processor load. | |
806 | |
807 You must terminate the DOS application before you start any other DOS | |
808 application in a different subprocess. Emacs is unable to interrupt or | |
809 terminate a DOS subprocess. The only way you can terminate such a | |
810 subprocess is by giving it a command that tells its program to exit. | |
811 | |
812 If you attempt to run two DOS applications at the same time in separate | |
813 subprocesses, the second one that is started will be suspended until the | |
814 first one finishes, even if either or both of them are asynchronous. | |
815 | |
816 If you can go to the first subprocess, and tell it to exit, the second | |
817 subprocess should continue normally. However, if the second subprocess | |
818 is synchronous, Emacs itself will be hung until the first subprocess | |
819 finishes. If it will not finish without user input, then you have no | |
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820 choice but to reboot if you are running on Windows 9X. If you are |
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821 running on Windows NT/2K, you can use a process viewer application to kill |
24095 | 822 the appropriate instance of ntvdm instead (this will terminate both DOS |
823 subprocesses). | |
824 | |
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825 If you have to reboot Windows 9X in this situation, do not use the |
24095 | 826 @code{Shutdown} command on the @code{Start} menu; that usually hangs the |
827 system. Instead, type @kbd{CTL-ALT-@key{DEL}} and then choose | |
828 @code{Shutdown}. That usually works, although it may take a few minutes | |
829 to do its job. | |
830 | |
831 @node Windows System Menu | |
832 @section Using the System Menu on Windows | |
833 | |
834 Emacs compiled as a native Windows application normally turns off the | |
835 Windows feature that tapping the @key{ALT} | |
836 key invokes the Windows menu. The reason is that the @key{ALT} also | |
837 serves as @key{META} in Emacs. When using Emacs, users often press the | |
838 @key{META} key temporarily and then change their minds; if this has the | |
839 effect of bringing up the Windows menu, it alters the meaning of | |
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840 subsequent commands. Many users find this frustrating. |
24095 | 841 |
842 @vindex w32-pass-alt-to-system | |
843 You can reenable Windows's default handling of tapping the @key{ALT} key | |
844 by setting @code{w32-pass-alt-to-system} to a non-@code{nil} value. | |
845 |