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1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual.
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985,86,87,93,94,95,97,2000,2001
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3 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
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5 @node Dired, Calendar/Diary, Rmail, Top
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6 @chapter Dired, the Directory Editor
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7 @cindex Dired
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8 @cindex file management
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9
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10 Dired makes an Emacs buffer containing a listing of a directory, and
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11 optionally some of its subdirectories as well. You can use the normal
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12 Emacs commands to move around in this buffer, and special Dired commands
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13 to operate on the files listed.
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14
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15 The Dired buffer is ``read-only,'' and inserting text in it is not
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16 useful, so ordinary printing characters such as @kbd{d} and @kbd{x} are
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17 used for special Dired commands. Some Dired commands @dfn{mark} or
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18 @dfn{flag} the @dfn{current file} (that is, the file on the current
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19 line); other commands operate on the marked files or on the flagged
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20 files.
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21
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22 The Dired-X package provides various extra features for Dired mode.
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23 @xref{Top, Dired-X,,dired-x, Dired Extra Version 2 User's Manual}.
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24
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25 @menu
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26 * Enter: Dired Enter. How to invoke Dired.
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27 * Navigation: Dired Navigation. Special motion commands in the Dired buffer.
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28 * Deletion: Dired Deletion. Deleting files with Dired.
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29 * Flagging Many Files:: Flagging files based on their names.
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30 * Visit: Dired Visiting. Other file operations through Dired.
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31 * Marks vs Flags:: Flagging for deletion vs marking.
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32 * Operating on Files:: How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc.
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33 either one file or several files.
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34 * Shell Commands in Dired:: Running a shell command on the marked files.
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35 * Transforming File Names:: Using patterns to rename multiple files.
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36 * Comparison in Dired:: Running `diff' by way of Dired.
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37 * Subdirectories in Dired:: Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer.
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38 * Subdirectory Motion:: Moving across subdirectories, and up and down.
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39 * Hiding Subdirectories:: Making subdirectories visible or invisible.
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40 * Updating: Dired Updating. Discarding lines for files of no interest.
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41 * Find: Dired and Find. Using `find' to choose the files for Dired.
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42 @end menu
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43
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44 @node Dired Enter
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45 @section Entering Dired
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46
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47 @findex dired
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48 @kindex C-x d
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49 @vindex dired-listing-switches
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50 To invoke Dired, do @kbd{C-x d} or @kbd{M-x dired}. The command reads
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51 a directory name or wildcard file name pattern as a minibuffer argument
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52 to specify which files to list. Where @code{dired} differs from
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53 @code{list-directory} is in putting the buffer into Dired mode so that
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54 the special commands of Dired are available.
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55
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56 The variable @code{dired-listing-switches} specifies the options to
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57 give to @code{ls} for listing directory; this string @emph{must} contain
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58 @samp{-l}. If you use a numeric prefix argument with the @code{dired}
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59 command, you can specify the @code{ls} switches with the minibuffer
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60 before you enter the directory specification.
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61
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62 @findex dired-other-window
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63 @kindex C-x 4 d
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64 @findex dired-other-frame
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65 @kindex C-x 5 d
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66 To display the Dired buffer in another window rather than in the
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67 selected window, use @kbd{C-x 4 d} (@code{dired-other-window}) instead
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68 of @kbd{C-x d}. @kbd{C-x 5 d} (@code{dired-other-frame}) uses a
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69 separate frame to display the Dired buffer.
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70
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71 @node Dired Navigation
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72 @section Navigation in the Dired Buffer
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73
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74 @kindex C-n @r{(Dired)}
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75 @kindex C-p @r{(Dired)}
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76 All the usual Emacs cursor motion commands are available in Dired
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77 buffers. Some special-purpose cursor motion commands are also
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78 provided. The keys @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} are redefined to put the
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79 cursor at the beginning of the file name on the line, rather than at the
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80 beginning of the line.
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81
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82 @kindex SPC @r{(Dired)}
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83 For extra convenience, @key{SPC} and @kbd{n} in Dired are equivalent
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84 to @kbd{C-n}. @kbd{p} is equivalent to @kbd{C-p}. (Moving by lines is
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85 so common in Dired that it deserves to be easy to type.) @key{DEL}
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86 (move up and unflag) is often useful simply for moving up.
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87
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88 Some additional navigation commands are available when the Dired
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89 buffer includes several directories. @xref{Subdirectory Motion}.
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90
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91 @node Dired Deletion
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92 @section Deleting Files with Dired
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93 @cindex flagging files (in Dired)
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94 @cindex deleting files (in Dired)
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95
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96 One of the most frequent uses of Dired is to first @dfn{flag} files for
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97 deletion, then delete the files that were flagged.
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98
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99 @table @kbd
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100 @item d
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101 Flag this file for deletion.
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102 @item u
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103 Remove deletion flag on this line.
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104 @item @key{DEL}
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105 Move point to previous line and remove the deletion flag on that line.
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106 @item x
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107 Delete the files that are flagged for deletion.
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108 @end table
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109
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110 @kindex d @r{(Dired)}
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111 @findex dired-flag-file-deletion
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112 You can flag a file for deletion by moving to the line describing the
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113 file and typing @kbd{d} (@code{dired-flag-file-deletion}). The deletion flag is visible as a @samp{D} at
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114 the beginning of the line. This command moves point to the next line,
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115 so that repeated @kbd{d} commands flag successive files. A numeric
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116 argument serves as a repeat count.
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117
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118 @cindex recursive deletion
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119 @vindex dired-recursive-deletes
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120 The variable @code{dired-recursive-deletes} controls whether the
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121 delete command will delete non-empty directories (including their
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122 contents). The default is to delete only empty directories.
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123
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124 @kindex u @r{(Dired deletion)}
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125 @kindex DEL @r{(Dired)}
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126 The files are flagged for deletion rather than deleted immediately to
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127 reduce the danger of deleting a file accidentally. Until you direct
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128 Dired to delete the flagged files, you can remove deletion flags using
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129 the commands @kbd{u} and @key{DEL}. @kbd{u} (@code{dired-unmark}) works
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130 just like @kbd{d}, but removes flags rather than making flags.
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131 @key{DEL} (@code{dired-unmark-backward}) moves upward, removing flags;
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132 it is like @kbd{u} with argument @minus{}1.
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133
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134 @kindex x @r{(Dired)}
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135 @findex dired-do-flagged-delete
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136 @cindex expunging (Dired)
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137 To delete the flagged files, type @kbd{x} (@code{dired-do-flagged-delete}).
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138 (This is also known as @dfn{expunging}.)
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139 This command first displays a list of all the file names flagged for
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140 deletion, and requests confirmation with @kbd{yes}. If you confirm,
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141 Dired deletes the flagged files, then deletes their lines from the text
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142 of the Dired buffer. The shortened Dired buffer remains selected.
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143
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144 If you answer @kbd{no} or quit with @kbd{C-g} when asked to confirm, you
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145 return immediately to Dired, with the deletion flags still present in
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146 the buffer, and no files actually deleted.
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147
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148 @node Flagging Many Files
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149 @section Flagging Many Files at Once
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150 @cindex flagging many files for deletion (in Dired)
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151
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152 @table @kbd
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153 @item #
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154 Flag all auto-save files (files whose names start and end with @samp{#})
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155 for deletion (@pxref{Auto Save}).
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156
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157 @item ~
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158 Flag all backup files (files whose names end with @samp{~}) for deletion
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159 (@pxref{Backup}).
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160
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161 @item &
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162 Flag for deletion all files with certain kinds of names, names that
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163 suggest you could easily create the files again.
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164
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165 @item .@: @r{(Period)}
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166 Flag excess numeric backup files for deletion. The oldest and newest
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167 few backup files of any one file are exempt; the middle ones are
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168 flagged.
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169
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170 @item % d @var{regexp} @key{RET}
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171 Flag for deletion all files whose names match the regular expression
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172 @var{regexp}.
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173 @end table
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174
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175 The @kbd{#}, @kbd{~}, @kbd{&}, and @kbd{.} commands flag many files for
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176 deletion, based on their file names. These commands are useful
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177 precisely because they do not themselves delete any files; you can
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178 remove the deletion flags from any flagged files that you really wish to
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179 keep.@refill
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180
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181 @kindex & @r{(Dired)}
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182 @findex dired-flag-garbage-files
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183 @vindex dired-garbage-files-regexp
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184 @cindex deleting some backup files
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185 @kbd{&} (@code{dired-flag-garbage-files}) flags files whose names
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186 match the regular expression specified by the variable
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187 @code{dired-garbage-files-regexp}. By default, this matches certain
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188 files produced by @TeX{}, @samp{.bak} files, and the @samp{.orig} and
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189 @samp{.rej} files produced by @code{patch}.
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190
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191 @kindex # @r{(Dired)}
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192 @findex dired-flag-auto-save-files
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193 @cindex deleting auto-save files
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194 @kbd{#} (@code{dired-flag-auto-save-files}) flags for deletion all
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195 files whose names look like auto-save files (@pxref{Auto Save})---that
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196 is, files whose names begin and end with @samp{#}.
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197
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198 @kindex ~ @r{(Dired)}
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199 @findex dired-flag-backup-files
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200 @kbd{~} (@code{dired-flag-backup-files}) flags for deletion all files
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201 whose names say they are backup files (@pxref{Backup})---that is, files
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202 whose names end in @samp{~}.
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203
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204 @kindex . @r{(Dired)}
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205 @vindex dired-kept-versions
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206 @findex dired-clean-directory
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207 @kbd{.} (period, @code{dired-clean-directory}) flags just some of the
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208 backup files for deletion: all but the oldest few and newest few backups
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209 of any one file. Normally @code{dired-kept-versions} (@strong{not}
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210 @code{kept-new-versions}; that applies only when saving) specifies the
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211 number of newest versions of each file to keep, and
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212 @code{kept-old-versions} specifies the number of oldest versions to
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213 keep.
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214
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215 Period with a positive numeric argument, as in @kbd{C-u 3 .},
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216 specifies the number of newest versions to keep, overriding
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217 @code{dired-kept-versions}. A negative numeric argument overrides
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218 @code{kept-old-versions}, using minus the value of the argument to
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219 specify the number of oldest versions of each file to keep.
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220
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221 @findex dired-flag-files-regexp
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222 @kindex % d @r{(Dired)}
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223 The @kbd{% d} command flags all files whose names match a specified
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224 regular expression (@code{dired-flag-files-regexp}). Only the
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225 non-directory part of the file name is used in matching. You can use
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226 @samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor matches. You can exclude subdirectories
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227 by hiding them (@pxref{Hiding Subdirectories}).
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228
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229 @node Dired Visiting
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230 @section Visiting Files in Dired
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231
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232 There are several Dired commands for visiting or examining the files
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233 listed in the Dired buffer. All of them apply to the current line's
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234 file; if that file is really a directory, these commands invoke Dired on
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235 that subdirectory (making a separate Dired buffer).
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236
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237 @table @kbd
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238 @item f
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239 @kindex f @r{(Dired)}
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240 @findex dired-find-file
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241 Visit the file described on the current line, like typing @kbd{C-x C-f}
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242 and supplying that file name (@code{dired-find-file}). @xref{Visiting}.
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243
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244 @item @key{RET}
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245 @itemx e
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246 @kindex RET @r{(Dired)}
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247 @kindex e @r{(Dired)}
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248 Equivalent to @kbd{f}.
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249
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250 @item a
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251 @kindex a @r{(Dired)}
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252 @findex dired-find-alternate-file
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253 Like @kbd{f}, but replaces the contents of the Dired buffer with
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254 that of an alternate file or directory (@code{dired-find-alternate-file}).
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255
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256 @item o
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257 @kindex o @r{(Dired)}
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258 @findex dired-find-file-other-window
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259 Like @kbd{f}, but uses another window to display the file's buffer
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260 (@code{dired-find-file-other-window}). The Dired buffer remains visible
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261 in the first window. This is like using @kbd{C-x 4 C-f} to visit the
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262 file. @xref{Windows}.
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263
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264 @item C-o
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265 @kindex C-o @r{(Dired)}
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266 @findex dired-display-file
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267 Visit the file described on the current line, and display the buffer in
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268 another window, but do not select that window (@code{dired-display-file}).
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269
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270 @item Mouse-2
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271 @findex dired-mouse-find-file-other-window
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272 Visit the file named by the line you click on
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273 (@code{dired-mouse-find-file-other-window}). This uses another window
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274 to display the file, like the @kbd{o} command.
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275
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276 @item v
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277 @kindex v @r{(Dired)}
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278 @findex dired-view-file
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279 View the file described on the current line, using either an external
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280 viewing program or @kbd{M-x view-file} (@code{dired-view-file}).
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281
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282 @vindex dired-view-command-alist
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283 External viewers are used for certain file types under the control of
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284 @code{dired-view-command-alist}. Viewing a file with @code{view-file}
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285 is like visiting it, but is slanted toward moving around in the file
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286 conveniently and does not allow changing the file. @xref{Misc File
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287 Ops,View File, Miscellaneous File Operations}.
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288
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289 @item ^
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290 @kindex ^ @r{(Dired)}
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291 @findex dired-up-directory
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292 Visit the parent directory of the current directory
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293 (@code{dired-up-directory}). This is more convenient than moving to
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294 the parent directory's line and typing @kbd{f} there.
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295 @end table
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296
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297 @node Marks vs Flags
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298 @section Dired Marks vs. Flags
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299
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300 @cindex marking many files (in Dired)
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301 Instead of flagging a file with @samp{D}, you can @dfn{mark} the
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302 file with some other character (usually @samp{*}). Most Dired
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303 commands to operate on files use the files marked with @samp{*}, the
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304 exception being @kbd{x} which deletes the flagged files.
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305
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306 Here are some commands for marking with @samp{*}, or for unmarking or
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307 operating on marks. (@xref{Dired Deletion}, for commands to flag and
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308 unflag files.)
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309
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310 @table @kbd
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311 @item m
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312 @itemx * m
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313 @kindex m @r{(Dired)}
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314 @kindex * m @r{(Dired)}
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315 @findex dired-mark
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316 Mark the current file with @samp{*} (@code{dired-mark}). With a numeric
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317 argument @var{n}, mark the next @var{n} files starting with the current
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318 file. (If @var{n} is negative, mark the previous @minus{}@var{n}
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319 files.)
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320
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321 @item * *
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322 @kindex * * @r{(Dired)}
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323 @findex dired-mark-executables
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324 @cindex marking executable files (in Dired)
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325 Mark all executable files with @samp{*}
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326 (@code{dired-mark-executables}). With a numeric argument, unmark all
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327 those files.
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328
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329 @item * @@
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330 @kindex * @@ @r{(Dired)}
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331 @findex dired-mark-symlinks
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332 @cindex marking symlinks (in Dired)
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333 Mark all symbolic links with @samp{*} (@code{dired-mark-symlinks}).
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334 With a numeric argument, unmark all those files.
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335
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336 @item * /
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337 @kindex * / @r{(Dired)}
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338 @findex dired-mark-directories
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339 @cindex marking subdirectories (in Dired)
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340 Mark with @samp{*} all files which are actually directories, except for
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341 @file{.} and @file{..} (@code{dired-mark-directories}). With a numeric
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342 argument, unmark all those files.
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343
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344 @item * s
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345 @kindex * s @r{(Dired)}
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346 @findex dired-mark-subdir-files
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347 Mark all the files in the current subdirectory, aside from @file{.}
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348 and @file{..} (@code{dired-mark-subdir-files}).
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349
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350 @item u
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351 @itemx * u
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352 @kindex u @r{(Dired)}
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353 @kindex * u @r{(Dired)}
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354 @findex dired-unmark
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355 Remove any mark on this line (@code{dired-unmark}).
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356
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357 @item @key{DEL}
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358 @itemx * @key{DEL}
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359 @kindex * DEL @r{(Dired)}
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360 @findex dired-unmark-backward
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361 @cindex unmarking files (in Dired)
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362 Move point to previous line and remove any mark on that line
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363 (@code{dired-unmark-backward}).
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364
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365 @item * !
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366 @kindex * ! @r{(Dired)}
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367 @findex dired-unmark-all-marks
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368 Remove all marks from all the files in this Dired buffer
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369 (@code{dired-unmark-all-marks}).
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370
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371 @item * ? @var{markchar}
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372 @kindex * ? @r{(Dired)}
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373 @findex dired-unmark-all-files
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374 Remove all marks that use the character @var{markchar}
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375 (@code{dired-unmark-all-files}). The argument is a single
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376 character---do not use @key{RET} to terminate it. See the description
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377 of the @kbd{* c} command below, which lets you replace one mark
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378 character with another.
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379
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380 With a numeric argument, this command queries about each marked file,
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381 asking whether to remove its mark. You can answer @kbd{y} meaning yes,
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382 @kbd{n} meaning no, or @kbd{!} to remove the marks from the remaining
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383 files without asking about them.
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384
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385 @item * C-n
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386 @findex dired-next-marked-file
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387 @kindex * C-n @r{(Dired)}
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388 Move down to the next marked file (@code{dired-next-marked-file})
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389 A file is ``marked'' if it has any kind of mark.
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390
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391 @item * C-p
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392 @findex dired-prev-marked-file
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393 @kindex * C-p @r{(Dired)}
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394 Move up to the previous marked file (@code{dired-prev-marked-file})
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395
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396 @item * t
|
|
397 @kindex * t @r{(Dired)}
|
44213
|
398 @findex dired-toggle-marks
|
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|
399 @cindex toggling marks (in Dired)
|
44213
|
400 Toggle all marks (@code{dired-toggle-marks}): files marked with @samp{*}
|
25829
|
401 become unmarked, and unmarked files are marked with @samp{*}. Files
|
|
402 marked in any other way are not affected.
|
|
403
|
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|
404 @item * c @var{old-markchar} @var{new-markchar}
|
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|
405 @kindex * c @r{(Dired)}
|
|
406 @findex dired-change-marks
|
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|
407 Replace all marks that use the character @var{old-markchar} with marks
|
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|
408 that use the character @var{new-markchar} (@code{dired-change-marks}).
|
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|
409 This command is the primary way to create or use marks other than
|
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|
410 @samp{*} or @samp{D}. The arguments are single characters---do not use
|
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|
411 @key{RET} to terminate them.
|
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|
412
|
|
413 You can use almost any character as a mark character by means of this
|
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|
414 command, to distinguish various classes of files. If @var{old-markchar}
|
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|
415 is a space (@samp{ }), then the command operates on all unmarked files;
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|
416 if @var{new-markchar} is a space, then the command unmarks the files it
|
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|
417 acts on.
|
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|
418
|
|
419 To illustrate the power of this command, here is how to put @samp{D}
|
|
420 flags on all the files that have no marks, while unflagging all those
|
|
421 that already have @samp{D} flags:
|
|
422
|
|
423 @example
|
|
424 * c D t * c SPC D * c t SPC
|
|
425 @end example
|
|
426
|
36507
|
427 This assumes that no files were already marked with @samp{t}.
|
25829
|
428
|
|
429 @item % m @var{regexp} @key{RET}
|
|
430 @itemx * % @var{regexp} @key{RET}
|
|
431 @findex dired-mark-files-regexp
|
|
432 @kindex % m @r{(Dired)}
|
|
433 @kindex * % @r{(Dired)}
|
|
434 Mark (with @samp{*}) all files whose names match the regular expression
|
|
435 @var{regexp} (@code{dired-mark-files-regexp}). This command is like
|
|
436 @kbd{% d}, except that it marks files with @samp{*} instead of flagging
|
|
437 with @samp{D}. @xref{Flagging Many Files}.
|
|
438
|
|
439 Only the non-directory part of the file name is used in matching. Use
|
|
440 @samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor matches. Exclude subdirectories by
|
|
441 hiding them (@pxref{Hiding Subdirectories}).
|
|
442
|
|
443 @item % g @var{regexp} @key{RET}
|
|
444 @findex dired-mark-files-containing-regexp
|
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|
445 @kindex % g @r{(Dired)}
|
|
446 @cindex finding files containing regexp matches (in Dired)
|
25829
|
447 Mark (with @samp{*}) all files whose @emph{contents} contain a match for
|
|
448 the regular expression @var{regexp}
|
|
449 (@code{dired-mark-files-containing-regexp}). This command is like
|
|
450 @kbd{% m}, except that it searches the file contents instead of the file
|
|
451 name.
|
|
452
|
|
453 @item C-_
|
|
454 @kindex C-_ @r{(Dired)}
|
|
455 @findex dired-undo
|
|
456 Undo changes in the Dired buffer, such as adding or removing
|
37519
|
457 marks (@code{dired-undo}). @emph{This command does not revert the
|
38124
|
458 actual file operations, nor recover lost files!} It just undoes
|
37519
|
459 changes in the buffer itself. For example, if used after renaming one
|
|
460 or more files, @code{dired-undo} restores the original names, which
|
|
461 will get the Dired buffer out of sync with the actual contents of the
|
|
462 directory.
|
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|
463 @end table
|
|
464
|
|
465 @node Operating on Files
|
|
466 @section Operating on Files
|
|
467 @cindex operating on files in Dired
|
|
468
|
|
469 This section describes the basic Dired commands to operate on one file
|
|
470 or several files. All of these commands are capital letters; all of
|
|
471 them use the minibuffer, either to read an argument or to ask for
|
|
472 confirmation, before they act. All of them give you several ways to
|
|
473 specify which files to manipulate:
|
|
474
|
|
475 @itemize @bullet
|
|
476 @item
|
|
477 If you give the command a numeric prefix argument @var{n}, it operates
|
|
478 on the next @var{n} files, starting with the current file. (If @var{n}
|
|
479 is negative, the command operates on the @minus{}@var{n} files preceding
|
|
480 the current line.)
|
|
481
|
|
482 @item
|
|
483 Otherwise, if some files are marked with @samp{*}, the command operates
|
|
484 on all those files.
|
|
485
|
|
486 @item
|
|
487 Otherwise, the command operates on the current file only.
|
|
488 @end itemize
|
|
489
|
37491
|
490 @vindex dired-dwim-target
|
|
491 @cindex two directories (in Dired)
|
|
492 Commands which ask for a destination directory, such as those which
|
|
493 copy and rename files or create links for them, try to guess the default
|
|
494 target directory for the operation. Normally, they suggest the Dired
|
|
495 buffer's default directory, but if the variable @code{dired-dwim-target}
|
|
496 is non-@code{nil}, and if there is another Dired buffer displayed in the
|
|
497 next window, that other buffer's directory is suggested instead.
|
|
498
|
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|
499 Here are the file-manipulating commands that operate on files in this
|
|
500 way. (Some other Dired commands, such as @kbd{!} and the @samp{%}
|
|
501 commands, also use these conventions to decide which files to work on.)
|
|
502
|
|
503 @table @kbd
|
|
504 @findex dired-do-copy
|
|
505 @kindex C @r{(Dired)}
|
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|
506 @cindex copying files (in Dired)
|
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|
507 @item C @var{new} @key{RET}
|
|
508 Copy the specified files (@code{dired-do-copy}). The argument @var{new}
|
|
509 is the directory to copy into, or (if copying a single file) the new
|
|
510 name.
|
|
511
|
|
512 @vindex dired-copy-preserve-time
|
|
513 If @code{dired-copy-preserve-time} is non-@code{nil}, then copying with
|
|
514 this command sets the modification time of the new file to be the same
|
|
515 as that of the old file.
|
|
516
|
36149
|
517 @vindex dired-recursive-copies
|
40617
|
518 @cindex recursive copying
|
36149
|
519 The variable @code{dired-recursive-copies} controls whether
|
|
520 directories are copied recursively. The default is to not copy
|
|
521 recursively, which means that directories cannot be copied.
|
|
522
|
25829
|
523 @item D
|
|
524 @findex dired-do-delete
|
|
525 @kindex D @r{(Dired)}
|
|
526 Delete the specified files (@code{dired-do-delete}). Like the other
|
|
527 commands in this section, this command operates on the @emph{marked}
|
|
528 files, or the next @var{n} files. By contrast, @kbd{x}
|
37484
|
529 (@code{dired-do-flagged-delete}) deletes all @dfn{flagged} files.
|
25829
|
530
|
|
531 @findex dired-do-rename
|
|
532 @kindex R @r{(Dired)}
|
35056
|
533 @cindex renaming files (in Dired)
|
25829
|
534 @item R @var{new} @key{RET}
|
|
535 Rename the specified files (@code{dired-do-rename}). The argument
|
|
536 @var{new} is the directory to rename into, or (if renaming a single
|
|
537 file) the new name.
|
|
538
|
|
539 Dired automatically changes the visited file name of buffers associated
|
|
540 with renamed files so that they refer to the new names.
|
|
541
|
|
542 @findex dired-do-hardlink
|
|
543 @kindex H @r{(Dired)}
|
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|
544 @cindex hard links (in Dired)
|
25829
|
545 @item H @var{new} @key{RET}
|
|
546 Make hard links to the specified files (@code{dired-do-hardlink}). The
|
|
547 argument @var{new} is the directory to make the links in, or (if making
|
|
548 just one link) the name to give the link.
|
|
549
|
|
550 @findex dired-do-symlink
|
|
551 @kindex S @r{(Dired)}
|
35056
|
552 @cindex symlinks (in Dired)
|
25829
|
553 @item S @var{new} @key{RET}
|
|
554 Make symbolic links to the specified files (@code{dired-do-symlink}).
|
|
555 The argument @var{new} is the directory to make the links in, or (if
|
|
556 making just one link) the name to give the link.
|
|
557
|
|
558 @findex dired-do-chmod
|
|
559 @kindex M @r{(Dired)}
|
35056
|
560 @cindex changing file permissions (in Dired)
|
25829
|
561 @item M @var{modespec} @key{RET}
|
|
562 Change the mode (also called ``permission bits'') of the specified files
|
|
563 (@code{dired-do-chmod}). This uses the @code{chmod} program, so
|
|
564 @var{modespec} can be any argument that @code{chmod} can handle.
|
|
565
|
|
566 @findex dired-do-chgrp
|
|
567 @kindex G @r{(Dired)}
|
36263
|
568 @cindex changing file group (in Dired)
|
25829
|
569 @item G @var{newgroup} @key{RET}
|
|
570 Change the group of the specified files to @var{newgroup}
|
|
571 (@code{dired-do-chgrp}).
|
|
572
|
|
573 @findex dired-do-chown
|
|
574 @kindex O @r{(Dired)}
|
35056
|
575 @cindex changing file owner (in Dired)
|
25829
|
576 @item O @var{newowner} @key{RET}
|
|
577 Change the owner of the specified files to @var{newowner}
|
|
578 (@code{dired-do-chown}). (On most systems, only the superuser can do
|
|
579 this.)
|
|
580
|
|
581 @vindex dired-chown-program
|
|
582 The variable @code{dired-chown-program} specifies the name of the
|
|
583 program to use to do the work (different systems put @code{chown} in
|
|
584 different places).
|
|
585
|
|
586 @findex dired-do-print
|
|
587 @kindex P @r{(Dired)}
|
35056
|
588 @cindex printing files (in Dired)
|
25829
|
589 @item P @var{command} @key{RET}
|
|
590 Print the specified files (@code{dired-do-print}). You must specify the
|
|
591 command to print them with, but the minibuffer starts out with a
|
|
592 suitable guess made using the variables @code{lpr-command} and
|
|
593 @code{lpr-switches} (the same variables that @code{lpr-buffer} uses;
|
|
594 @pxref{Hardcopy}).
|
|
595
|
|
596 @findex dired-do-compress
|
|
597 @kindex Z @r{(Dired)}
|
35056
|
598 @cindex compressing files (in Dired)
|
25829
|
599 @item Z
|
|
600 Compress the specified files (@code{dired-do-compress}). If the file
|
|
601 appears to be a compressed file already, it is uncompressed instead.
|
|
602
|
|
603 @findex dired-do-load
|
|
604 @kindex L @r{(Dired)}
|
35056
|
605 @cindex loading several files (in Dired)
|
25829
|
606 @item L
|
|
607 Load the specified Emacs Lisp files (@code{dired-do-load}).
|
|
608 @xref{Lisp Libraries}.
|
|
609
|
|
610 @findex dired-do-byte-compile
|
|
611 @kindex B @r{(Dired)}
|
35056
|
612 @cindex byte-compiling several files (in Dired)
|
25829
|
613 @item B
|
|
614 Byte compile the specified Emacs Lisp files
|
|
615 (@code{dired-do-byte-compile}). @xref{Byte Compilation,, Byte
|
|
616 Compilation, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.
|
|
617
|
|
618 @kindex A @r{(Dired)}
|
|
619 @findex dired-do-search
|
35056
|
620 @cindex search multiple files (in Dired)
|
25829
|
621 @item A @var{regexp} @key{RET}
|
|
622 Search all the specified files for the regular expression @var{regexp}
|
|
623 (@code{dired-do-search}).
|
|
624
|
|
625 This command is a variant of @code{tags-search}. The search stops at
|
|
626 the first match it finds; use @kbd{M-,} to resume the search and find
|
|
627 the next match. @xref{Tags Search}.
|
|
628
|
|
629 @kindex Q @r{(Dired)}
|
37484
|
630 @findex dired-do-query-replace-regexp
|
35056
|
631 @cindex search and replace in multiple files (in Dired)
|
37484
|
632 @item Q @var{regexp} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET}
|
25829
|
633 Perform @code{query-replace-regexp} on each of the specified files,
|
37484
|
634 replacing matches for @var{regexp} with the string
|
|
635 @var{to} (@code{dired-do-query-replace-regexp}).
|
25829
|
636
|
|
637 This command is a variant of @code{tags-query-replace}. If you exit the
|
|
638 query replace loop, you can use @kbd{M-,} to resume the scan and replace
|
|
639 more matches. @xref{Tags Search}.
|
|
640 @end table
|
|
641
|
|
642 @kindex + @r{(Dired)}
|
|
643 @findex dired-create-directory
|
|
644 One special file-operation command is @kbd{+}
|
|
645 (@code{dired-create-directory}). This command reads a directory name and
|
|
646 creates the directory if it does not already exist.
|
|
647
|
|
648 @node Shell Commands in Dired
|
|
649 @section Shell Commands in Dired
|
|
650 @cindex shell commands, Dired
|
|
651
|
|
652 @findex dired-do-shell-command
|
|
653 @kindex ! @r{(Dired)}
|
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|
654 @kindex X @r{(Dired)}
|
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changeset
|
655 The Dired command @kbd{!} (@code{dired-do-shell-command}) reads a shell
|
25829
|
656 command string in the minibuffer and runs that shell command on all the
|
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|
657 specified files. @kbd{X} is a synonym for @kbd{!}. You can specify the
|
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changeset
|
658 files to operate on in the usual ways for Dired commands
|
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|
659 (@pxref{Operating on Files}). There are two ways of applying a shell
|
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changeset
|
660 command to multiple files:
|
25829
|
661
|
|
662 @itemize @bullet
|
|
663 @item
|
46203
|
664 If you use @samp{*} surrounded by whitespace in the shell command,
|
|
665 then the command runs just once, with the list of file names
|
|
666 substituted for the @samp{*}. The order of file names is the order of
|
|
667 appearance in the Dired buffer.
|
25829
|
668
|
|
669 Thus, @kbd{! tar cf foo.tar * @key{RET}} runs @code{tar} on the entire
|
|
670 list of file names, putting them into one tar file @file{foo.tar}.
|
|
671
|
46203
|
672 If you want to use @samp{*} as a shell wildcard with whitespace around
|
|
673 it, write @samp{*""}. In the shell, this is equivalent to @samp{*};
|
|
674 but since the @samp{*} is not surrounded by whitespace, Dired does
|
|
675 not treat it specially.
|
|
676
|
25829
|
677 @item
|
46203
|
678 If the command string doesn't contain @samp{*} surrounded by
|
|
679 whitespace, then it runs once @emph{for each file}. Normally the file
|
|
680 name is added at the end.
|
25829
|
681
|
|
682 For example, @kbd{! uudecode @key{RET}} runs @code{uudecode} on each
|
|
683 file.
|
|
684
|
46203
|
685 @item
|
|
686 If the command string contains @samp{?} surrounded by whitespace, the
|
|
687 current file name is substituted for @samp{?}. You can use @samp{?}
|
|
688 this way more than once in the command, and each occurrence is
|
|
689 replaced. For instance, here is how to uuencode each file, making the
|
|
690 output file name by appending @samp{.uu} to the input file name:
|
36149
|
691
|
|
692 @example
|
|
693 uuencode ? ? > ?.uu
|
|
694 @end example
|
46203
|
695 @end itemize
|
36149
|
696
|
46203
|
697 To iterate over the file names in a more complicated fashion, use an
|
|
698 explicit shell loop. For example, this shell command is another way
|
|
699 to uuencode each file:
|
25829
|
700
|
|
701 @example
|
46203
|
702 for file in * ; do uuencode "$file" "$file" >"$file".uu; done
|
25829
|
703 @end example
|
|
704
|
46203
|
705 @noindent
|
|
706 This simple example doesn't require a shell loop (you can do it
|
|
707 with @samp{?}, but it illustrates the technique.
|
|
708
|
25829
|
709 The working directory for the shell command is the top-level directory
|
|
710 of the Dired buffer.
|
|
711
|
|
712 The @kbd{!} command does not attempt to update the Dired buffer to show
|
|
713 new or modified files, because it doesn't really understand shell
|
|
714 commands, and does not know what files the shell command changed. Use
|
|
715 the @kbd{g} command to update the Dired buffer (@pxref{Dired
|
|
716 Updating}).
|
|
717
|
|
718 @node Transforming File Names
|
|
719 @section Transforming File Names in Dired
|
|
720
|
37519
|
721 This section describes Dired commands which alter file names in a
|
|
722 systematic way.
|
|
723
|
|
724 Like the basic Dired file-manipulation commands (@pxref{Operating on
|
|
725 Files}), the commands described here operate either on the next
|
|
726 @var{n} files, or on all files marked with @samp{*}, or on the current
|
|
727 file. (To mark files, use the commands described in @ref{Marks vs
|
|
728 Flags}.)
|
|
729
|
|
730 All of the commands described in this section work
|
|
731 @emph{interactively}: they ask you to confirm the operation for each
|
|
732 candidate file. Thus, you can select more files than you actually
|
|
733 need to operate on (e.g., with a regexp that matches many files), and
|
|
734 then refine the selection by typing @kbd{y} or @kbd{n} when the
|
|
735 command prompts for confirmation.
|
25829
|
736
|
|
737 @table @kbd
|
|
738 @findex dired-upcase
|
|
739 @kindex % u @r{(Dired)}
|
35056
|
740 @cindex upcase file names
|
25829
|
741 @item % u
|
|
742 Rename each of the selected files to an upper-case name
|
|
743 (@code{dired-upcase}). If the old file names are @file{Foo}
|
|
744 and @file{bar}, the new names are @file{FOO} and @file{BAR}.
|
|
745
|
|
746 @item % l
|
|
747 @findex dired-downcase
|
|
748 @kindex % l @r{(Dired)}
|
35056
|
749 @cindex downcase file names
|
25829
|
750 Rename each of the selected files to a lower-case name
|
|
751 (@code{dired-downcase}). If the old file names are @file{Foo} and
|
|
752 @file{bar}, the new names are @file{foo} and @file{bar}.
|
|
753
|
|
754 @item % R @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET}
|
|
755 @kindex % R @r{(Dired)}
|
|
756 @findex dired-do-rename-regexp
|
|
757 @itemx % C @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET}
|
|
758 @kindex % C @r{(Dired)}
|
|
759 @findex dired-do-copy-regexp
|
|
760 @itemx % H @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET}
|
|
761 @kindex % H @r{(Dired)}
|
|
762 @findex dired-do-hardlink-regexp
|
|
763 @itemx % S @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET}
|
|
764 @kindex % S @r{(Dired)}
|
|
765 @findex dired-do-symlink-regexp
|
|
766 These four commands rename, copy, make hard links and make soft links,
|
|
767 in each case computing the new name by regular-expression substitution
|
|
768 from the name of the old file.
|
|
769 @end table
|
|
770
|
|
771 The four regular-expression substitution commands effectively perform
|
|
772 a search-and-replace on the selected file names in the Dired buffer.
|
|
773 They read two arguments: a regular expression @var{from}, and a
|
|
774 substitution pattern @var{to}.
|
|
775
|
|
776 The commands match each ``old'' file name against the regular
|
|
777 expression @var{from}, and then replace the matching part with @var{to}.
|
|
778 You can use @samp{\&} and @samp{\@var{digit}} in @var{to} to refer to
|
|
779 all or part of what the pattern matched in the old file name, as in
|
|
780 @code{replace-regexp} (@pxref{Regexp Replace}). If the regular expression
|
|
781 matches more than once in a file name, only the first match is replaced.
|
|
782
|
|
783 For example, @kbd{% R ^.*$ @key{RET} x-\& @key{RET}} renames each
|
|
784 selected file by prepending @samp{x-} to its name. The inverse of this,
|
|
785 removing @samp{x-} from the front of each file name, is also possible:
|
|
786 one method is @kbd{% R ^x-\(.*\)$ @key{RET} \1 @key{RET}}; another is
|
|
787 @kbd{% R ^x- @key{RET} @key{RET}}. (Use @samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor
|
|
788 matches that should span the whole filename.)
|
|
789
|
|
790 Normally, the replacement process does not consider the files'
|
|
791 directory names; it operates on the file name within the directory. If
|
|
792 you specify a numeric argument of zero, then replacement affects the
|
37519
|
793 entire absolute file name including directory name. (Non-zero
|
|
794 argument specifies the number of files to operate on.)
|
25829
|
795
|
|
796 Often you will want to select the set of files to operate on using the
|
|
797 same @var{regexp} that you will use to operate on them. To do this,
|
|
798 mark those files with @kbd{% m @var{regexp} @key{RET}}, then use the
|
|
799 same regular expression in the command to operate on the files. To make
|
|
800 this easier, the @kbd{%} commands to operate on files use the last
|
|
801 regular expression specified in any @kbd{%} command as a default.
|
|
802
|
|
803 @node Comparison in Dired
|
|
804 @section File Comparison with Dired
|
35056
|
805 @cindex file comparison (in Dired)
|
|
806 @cindex compare files (in Dired)
|
25829
|
807
|
|
808 Here are two Dired commands that compare specified files using
|
|
809 @code{diff}.
|
|
810
|
|
811 @table @kbd
|
|
812 @item =
|
|
813 @findex dired-diff
|
|
814 @kindex = @r{(Dired)}
|
|
815 Compare the current file (the file at point) with another file (the file
|
|
816 at the mark) using the @code{diff} program (@code{dired-diff}). The
|
|
817 file at the mark is the first argument of @code{diff}, and the file at
|
37549
b7c260d40c0b
(Comparison in Dired): Make it clear that ``the mark'' is settable by C-SPC.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
818 point is the second argument. Use @kbd{C-@key{SPC}}
|
b7c260d40c0b
(Comparison in Dired): Make it clear that ``the mark'' is settable by C-SPC.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
819 (@code{set-mark-command}) to set the mark at the first file's line
|
b7c260d40c0b
(Comparison in Dired): Make it clear that ``the mark'' is settable by C-SPC.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
820 (@pxref{Setting Mark}), since @code{dired-diff} ignores the files marked
|
b7c260d40c0b
(Comparison in Dired): Make it clear that ``the mark'' is settable by C-SPC.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
821 with the Dired's @kbd{m} command.
|
25829
|
822
|
|
823 @findex dired-backup-diff
|
|
824 @kindex M-= @r{(Dired)}
|
|
825 @item M-=
|
|
826 Compare the current file with its latest backup file
|
|
827 (@code{dired-backup-diff}). If the current file is itself a backup,
|
|
828 compare it with the file it is a backup of; this way, you can compare
|
|
829 a file with any backup version of your choice.
|
|
830
|
|
831 The backup file is the first file given to @code{diff}.
|
|
832 @end table
|
|
833
|
|
834 @node Subdirectories in Dired
|
|
835 @section Subdirectories in Dired
|
|
836 @cindex subdirectories in Dired
|
|
837 @cindex expanding subdirectories in Dired
|
|
838
|
|
839 A Dired buffer displays just one directory in the normal case;
|
|
840 but you can optionally include its subdirectories as well.
|
|
841
|
|
842 The simplest way to include multiple directories in one Dired buffer is
|
|
843 to specify the options @samp{-lR} for running @code{ls}. (If you give a
|
|
844 numeric argument when you run Dired, then you can specify these options
|
|
845 in the minibuffer.) That produces a recursive directory listing showing
|
|
846 all subdirectories at all levels.
|
|
847
|
|
848 But usually all the subdirectories are too many; usually you will
|
|
849 prefer to include specific subdirectories only. You can do this with
|
|
850 the @kbd{i} command:
|
|
851
|
|
852 @table @kbd
|
|
853 @findex dired-maybe-insert-subdir
|
|
854 @kindex i @r{(Dired)}
|
|
855 @item i
|
|
856 @cindex inserted subdirectory (Dired)
|
|
857 @cindex in-situ subdirectory (Dired)
|
|
858 Insert the contents of a subdirectory later in the buffer.
|
|
859 @end table
|
|
860
|
|
861 Use the @kbd{i} (@code{dired-maybe-insert-subdir}) command on a line
|
|
862 that describes a file which is a directory. It inserts the contents of
|
|
863 that directory into the same Dired buffer, and moves there. Inserted
|
|
864 subdirectory contents follow the top-level directory of the Dired
|
|
865 buffer, just as they do in @samp{ls -lR} output.
|
|
866
|
|
867 If the subdirectory's contents are already present in the buffer, the
|
|
868 @kbd{i} command just moves to it.
|
|
869
|
|
870 In either case, @kbd{i} sets the Emacs mark before moving, so @kbd{C-u
|
|
871 C-@key{SPC}} takes you back to the old position in the buffer (the line
|
|
872 describing that subdirectory).
|
|
873
|
|
874 Use the @kbd{l} command (@code{dired-do-redisplay}) to update the
|
36477
957e48a1565e
(Dired Visiting): Fix wording, suggested by Ron Ross <ronross@colba.net>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
875 subdirectory's contents. Use @kbd{C-u k} on the subdirectory header
|
957e48a1565e
(Dired Visiting): Fix wording, suggested by Ron Ross <ronross@colba.net>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
876 line to delete the subdirectory. @xref{Dired Updating}.
|
25829
|
877
|
|
878 @node Subdirectory Motion
|
|
879 @section Moving Over Subdirectories
|
|
880
|
|
881 When a Dired buffer lists subdirectories, you can use the page motion
|
37484
|
882 commands @kbd{C-x [} and @kbd{C-x ]} to move by entire directories
|
|
883 (@pxref{Pages}).
|
25829
|
884
|
|
885 @cindex header line (Dired)
|
|
886 @cindex directory header lines
|
|
887 The following commands move across, up and down in the tree of
|
|
888 directories within one Dired buffer. They move to @dfn{directory header
|
|
889 lines}, which are the lines that give a directory's name, at the
|
|
890 beginning of the directory's contents.
|
|
891
|
|
892 @table @kbd
|
|
893 @findex dired-next-subdir
|
|
894 @kindex C-M-n @r{(Dired)}
|
|
895 @item C-M-n
|
|
896 Go to next subdirectory header line, regardless of level
|
|
897 (@code{dired-next-subdir}).
|
|
898
|
|
899 @findex dired-prev-subdir
|
|
900 @kindex C-M-p @r{(Dired)}
|
|
901 @item C-M-p
|
|
902 Go to previous subdirectory header line, regardless of level
|
|
903 (@code{dired-prev-subdir}).
|
|
904
|
|
905 @findex dired-tree-up
|
|
906 @kindex C-M-u @r{(Dired)}
|
|
907 @item C-M-u
|
|
908 Go up to the parent directory's header line (@code{dired-tree-up}).
|
|
909
|
|
910 @findex dired-tree-down
|
|
911 @kindex C-M-d @r{(Dired)}
|
|
912 @item C-M-d
|
|
913 Go down in the directory tree, to the first subdirectory's header line
|
|
914 (@code{dired-tree-down}).
|
|
915
|
|
916 @findex dired-prev-dirline
|
|
917 @kindex < @r{(Dired)}
|
|
918 @item <
|
|
919 Move up to the previous directory-file line (@code{dired-prev-dirline}).
|
|
920 These lines are the ones that describe a directory as a file in its
|
|
921 parent directory.
|
|
922
|
|
923 @findex dired-next-dirline
|
|
924 @kindex > @r{(Dired)}
|
|
925 @item >
|
|
926 Move down to the next directory-file line (@code{dired-prev-dirline}).
|
|
927 @end table
|
|
928
|
|
929 @node Hiding Subdirectories
|
|
930 @section Hiding Subdirectories
|
|
931
|
|
932 @cindex hiding in Dired (Dired)
|
|
933 @dfn{Hiding} a subdirectory means to make it invisible, except for its
|
|
934 header line, via selective display (@pxref{Selective Display}).
|
|
935
|
|
936 @table @kbd
|
|
937 @item $
|
|
938 @findex dired-hide-subdir
|
|
939 @kindex $ @r{(Dired)}
|
|
940 Hide or reveal the subdirectory that point is in, and move point to the
|
|
941 next subdirectory (@code{dired-hide-subdir}). A numeric argument serves
|
|
942 as a repeat count.
|
|
943
|
|
944 @item M-$
|
|
945 @findex dired-hide-all
|
|
946 @kindex M-$ @r{(Dired)}
|
|
947 Hide all subdirectories in this Dired buffer, leaving only their header
|
|
948 lines (@code{dired-hide-all}). Or, if any subdirectory is currently
|
|
949 hidden, make all subdirectories visible again. You can use this command
|
|
950 to get an overview in very deep directory trees or to move quickly to
|
|
951 subdirectories far away.
|
|
952 @end table
|
|
953
|
|
954 Ordinary Dired commands never consider files inside a hidden
|
|
955 subdirectory. For example, the commands to operate on marked files
|
|
956 ignore files in hidden directories even if they are marked. Thus you
|
|
957 can use hiding to temporarily exclude subdirectories from operations
|
|
958 without having to remove the markers.
|
|
959
|
|
960 The subdirectory hiding commands toggle; that is, they hide what was
|
|
961 visible, and show what was hidden.
|
|
962
|
|
963 @node Dired Updating
|
|
964 @section Updating the Dired Buffer
|
35056
|
965 @cindex updating Dired buffer
|
|
966 @cindex refreshing displayed files
|
25829
|
967
|
|
968 This section describes commands to update the Dired buffer to reflect
|
|
969 outside (non-Dired) changes in the directories and files, and to delete
|
|
970 part of the Dired buffer.
|
|
971
|
|
972 @table @kbd
|
|
973 @item g
|
|
974 Update the entire contents of the Dired buffer (@code{revert-buffer}).
|
|
975
|
|
976 @item l
|
|
977 Update the specified files (@code{dired-do-redisplay}).
|
|
978
|
|
979 @item k
|
|
980 Delete the specified @emph{file lines}---not the files, just the lines
|
|
981 (@code{dired-do-kill-lines}).
|
|
982
|
|
983 @item s
|
|
984 Toggle between alphabetical order and date/time order
|
|
985 (@code{dired-sort-toggle-or-edit}).
|
|
986
|
|
987 @item C-u s @var{switches} @key{RET}
|
|
988 Refresh the Dired buffer using @var{switches} as
|
|
989 @code{dired-listing-switches}.
|
|
990 @end table
|
|
991
|
|
992 @kindex g @r{(Dired)}
|
|
993 @findex revert-buffer @r{(Dired)}
|
|
994 Type @kbd{g} (@code{revert-buffer}) to update the contents of the
|
|
995 Dired buffer, based on changes in the files and directories listed.
|
|
996 This preserves all marks except for those on files that have vanished.
|
|
997 Hidden subdirectories are updated but remain hidden.
|
|
998
|
|
999 @kindex l @r{(Dired)}
|
|
1000 @findex dired-do-redisplay
|
|
1001 To update only some of the files, type @kbd{l}
|
37484
|
1002 (@code{dired-do-redisplay}). Like the Dired file-operating commands,
|
|
1003 this command operates on the next @var{n} files (or previous
|
|
1004 @minus{}@var{n} files), or on the marked files if any, or on the
|
|
1005 current file. Updating the files means reading their current status,
|
|
1006 then updating their lines in the buffer to indicate that status.
|
25829
|
1007
|
|
1008 If you use @kbd{l} on a subdirectory header line, it updates the
|
|
1009 contents of the corresponding subdirectory.
|
|
1010
|
|
1011 @kindex k @r{(Dired)}
|
|
1012 @findex dired-do-kill-lines
|
37484
|
1013 To delete the specified @emph{file lines} from the buffer---not
|
|
1014 delete the files---type @kbd{k} (@code{dired-do-kill-lines}). Like
|
|
1015 the file-operating commands, this command operates on the next @var{n}
|
|
1016 files, or on the marked files if any; but it does not operate on the
|
|
1017 current file as a last resort.
|
25829
|
1018
|
|
1019 If you kill the line for a file that is a directory, the directory's
|
|
1020 contents are also deleted from the buffer. Typing @kbd{C-u k} on the
|
|
1021 header line for a subdirectory is another way to delete a subdirectory
|
|
1022 from the Dired buffer.
|
|
1023
|
|
1024 The @kbd{g} command brings back any individual lines that you have
|
|
1025 killed in this way, but not subdirectories---you must use @kbd{i} to
|
37484
|
1026 reinsert a subdirectory.
|
25829
|
1027
|
|
1028 @cindex Dired sorting
|
|
1029 @cindex sorting Dired buffer
|
|
1030 @kindex s @r{(Dired)}
|
|
1031 @findex dired-sort-toggle-or-edit
|
|
1032 The files in a Dired buffers are normally listed in alphabetical order
|
|
1033 by file names. Alternatively Dired can sort them by date/time. The
|
|
1034 Dired command @kbd{s} (@code{dired-sort-toggle-or-edit}) switches
|
|
1035 between these two sorting modes. The mode line in a Dired buffer
|
|
1036 indicates which way it is currently sorted---by name, or by date.
|
|
1037
|
|
1038 @kbd{C-u s @var{switches} @key{RET}} lets you specify a new value for
|
|
1039 @code{dired-listing-switches}.
|
|
1040
|
|
1041 @node Dired and Find
|
|
1042 @section Dired and @code{find}
|
|
1043 @cindex @code{find} and Dired
|
|
1044
|
|
1045 You can select a set of files for display in a Dired buffer more
|
|
1046 flexibly by using the @code{find} utility to choose the files.
|
|
1047
|
|
1048 @findex find-name-dired
|
|
1049 To search for files with names matching a wildcard pattern use
|
|
1050 @kbd{M-x find-name-dired}. It reads arguments @var{directory} and
|
|
1051 @var{pattern}, and chooses all the files in @var{directory} or its
|
|
1052 subdirectories whose individual names match @var{pattern}.
|
|
1053
|
|
1054 The files thus chosen are displayed in a Dired buffer in which the
|
|
1055 ordinary Dired commands are available.
|
|
1056
|
|
1057 @findex find-grep-dired
|
|
1058 If you want to test the contents of files, rather than their names,
|
|
1059 use @kbd{M-x find-grep-dired}. This command reads two minibuffer
|
|
1060 arguments, @var{directory} and @var{regexp}; it chooses all the files in
|
|
1061 @var{directory} or its subdirectories that contain a match for
|
|
1062 @var{regexp}. It works by running the programs @code{find} and
|
|
1063 @code{grep}. See also @kbd{M-x grep-find}, in @ref{Compilation}.
|
|
1064 Remember to write the regular expression for @code{grep}, not for Emacs.
|
35056
|
1065 (An alternative method of showing files whose contents match a given
|
|
1066 regexp is the @kbd{% g @var{regexp}} command, see @ref{Marks vs Flags}.)
|
25829
|
1067
|
|
1068 @findex find-dired
|
|
1069 The most general command in this series is @kbd{M-x find-dired}, which
|
|
1070 lets you specify any condition that @code{find} can test. It takes two
|
|
1071 minibuffer arguments, @var{directory} and @var{find-args}; it runs
|
|
1072 @code{find} in @var{directory}, passing @var{find-args} to tell
|
|
1073 @code{find} what condition to test. To use this command, you need to
|
|
1074 know how to use @code{find}.
|
|
1075
|
36149
|
1076 @findex locate
|
|
1077 @findex locate-with-filter
|
|
1078 @cindex file database (locate)
|
|
1079 @vindex locate-command
|
38124
|
1080 @kbd{M-x locate} provides a similar interface to the @code{locate}
|
38156
|
1081 program. @kbd{M-x locate-with-filter} is similar, but keeps only lines
|
38124
|
1082 matching a given regular expression.
|
36149
|
1083
|
25829
|
1084 @vindex find-ls-option
|
|
1085 The format of listing produced by these commands is controlled by the
|
|
1086 variable @code{find-ls-option}, whose default value specifies using
|
|
1087 options @samp{-ld} for @code{ls}. If your listings are corrupted, you
|
|
1088 may need to change the value of this variable.
|