Mercurial > emacs
annotate etc/tutorials/TUTORIAL.sk @ 92738:8f8eec60028b
Add --enable-sync-input, default yes.
author | Jan Djärv <jan.h.d@swipnet.se> |
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date | Tue, 11 Mar 2008 08:14:18 +0000 |
parents | 107ccd98fa12 |
children | 77dae3f8271b |
rev | line source |
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1 Tútorial k Emacsu. Podmienky pozri na konci. |
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2 Do češtiny preložil Milan Zamazal <pdm@zamazal.org>, do slovenčiny Miroslav |
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3 Vaško <zemiak@zoznam.sk>. |
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4 |
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5 Máte pred sebou tútorial k Emacsu. |
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6 |
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7 Príkazy Emacsu všeobecne využívajú klávesu CONTROL (občas označovanú ako CTRL |
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8 alebo CTL) alebo klávesu META (občas označovanú EDIT alebo ALT). Aby sme tieto |
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9 názvy nemuseli stále písať v plnom znení, budeme používať nasledujúce skratky: |
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10 C-<chr> znamená podržať klávesu CONTROL a stlačiť znak <chr>. |
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11 Teda C-f znamená: podržte klávesu CONTROL a stlačte f. |
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12 M-<chr> znamená podržať klávesu META, EDIT alebo ALT a stlačiť <chr>. |
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13 Ak nemáte žiadnu z kláves META, EDIT ani ALT, tak namiesto toho |
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14 stlačte a pustite klávesu ESC a potom <chr>. Klávesu ESC budeme |
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15 označovať <ESC>. |
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16 |
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17 Dôležitá poznámka: prácu s Emacsom ukončíte stlačením C-x C-c (dva znaky). |
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18 Znaky ">>" na ľavom okraji označujú miesta, kde si máte vyskúšať príkaz. Napr.: |
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19 <<Blank lines inserted here by startup of help-with-tutorial>> |
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20 [Prostredná časť obrazovky je prázdna zámerne. Text pokračuje nižšie.] |
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21 >> Teraz stlačte C-v (view next screen) pre posun na ďalšiu obrazovku. |
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22 (Smelo do toho, spravte to pridržaním klávesy control a stlačením v.) |
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23 Od tejto chvíle by ste toto mali robiť ak dočítate zobrazenú |
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24 obrazovku. |
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25 |
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26 Všimnite si, že pri posuve obrazoviek vždy zostávajú zobrazené dva riadky |
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27 z predchádzajúcej obrazovky; to poskytuje určitú náväznosť pri postupnom |
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28 čítaní textu. |
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29 |
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30 Prvá vec, ktorú potrebujete vedieť je, ako sa v texte pohybovať |
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31 z jedného miesta na druhé. Už viete, ako sa posunúť o jednu obrazovku |
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32 vpred, pomocou C-v. Na prechod o obrazovku späť použite M-v |
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33 (podržte klávesu META a stlačte v alebo stlačte <ESC>v ak |
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34 nemáte klávesy META, EDIT ani ALT). |
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35 |
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36 >> Skúste stlačiť M-v a potom C-v, niekoľko krát to zopakujte. |
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37 |
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38 |
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39 * ZHRNUTIE |
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40 ---------- |
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41 |
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42 Na prezeranie obrazovkových stránok sú užitočné nasledujúce príkazy: |
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43 |
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44 C-v Posuv o obrazovku vpred |
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45 M-v Posuv o obrazovku späť |
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46 C-l Zmazanie obrazovky a znovuzobrazenie celého textu, |
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47 pritom sa text pod kurzorom presunie k stredu obrazovky. |
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48 (Ide o Control-L a nie Control-1.) |
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49 |
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50 >> Nájdite kurzor a zapamätajte si, aký je okolo neho text. |
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51 Potom stlačte C-l. |
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52 Nájdite kurzor znovu a všimnite si, že je okolo neho ten istý text. |
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53 |
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54 Na pohyb po celých obrazovkách môžete tiež použiť klávesy PageUp a PageDown, |
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55 ak ich Váš terminál má, ale pre pohyb sú efektívnejšie klávesy C-v a M-v. |
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56 |
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57 * ZÁKLADNÉ OVLÁDANIE KURZORU |
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58 ---------------------------- |
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59 |
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60 Pohyb medzi obrazovkami je užitočný, ale ako sa premiestnime na konkrétne |
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61 miesto v texte na obrazovke? |
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62 |
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63 Je to možné dosiahnuť niekoľkými spôsobmi. Najzákladnejším spôsobom je |
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64 použitie príkazov C-p, C-b, C-f a C-n. Každý z týchto príkazov presunie |
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65 kurzor na obrazovke o jeden riadok alebo stĺpec v danom smere. |
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66 Tu je tabuľka znázorňujúca smer posunu kurzoru vyvolaný týmito štyrmi |
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67 príkazmi: |
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68 |
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69 Predchádzajúci riadok, C-p |
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70 : |
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71 : |
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72 Dozadu, C-b .... Momentálna pozícia kurzoru .... Dopredu, C-f |
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73 : |
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74 : |
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75 Nasledujúci riadok, C-n |
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76 |
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77 >> Presuňte kurzor na prostredný riadok tohto diagramu pomocou |
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78 C-n alebo C-p. Potom stlačte C-l, aby ste na obrazovke videli celý |
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79 diagram vycentrovaný. |
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80 |
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81 Pravdepodobne si tieto príkazy ľahko zapamätáte podľa začiatočných písmen |
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82 anglických názvov: P ako previous (predchádzajúci), N ako next (nasledujúci), |
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83 B ako backward (späť), F ako forward (vpred). Sú to základné príkazy pre |
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84 pohyb kurzoru a budete ich používať stále, takže by bolo veľmi vhodné, keby |
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85 ste sa ich teraz naučili. |
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86 |
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87 >> Stlačte niekoľko krát C-n, aby ste kurzor presunuli na tento riadok. |
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88 |
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89 >> Posuňte kurzor dovnútra riadku pomocou niekoľkých C-f a potom hore |
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90 stlačením C-p. Pozorujte, čo C-p robí, keď je kurzor uprostred riadku. |
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91 |
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92 Každý riadok textu končí znakom nového riadku, ktorý ho oddeľuje od |
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93 nasledujúceho riadku. Znakom nového riadku by mal byť ukončený aj posledný |
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94 riadok súboru (napriek tomu, že to Emacs nevyžaduje). |
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95 |
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96 >> Vyskúšajte C-b na začiatku riadku. Kurzor by sa mal presunúť na koniec |
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97 predchádzajúceho riadku, pretože ho tým presuniete cez znak nového riadku. |
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98 |
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99 C-f funguje analogicky ako C-b, tj. na konci riadku dôjde k presunu na |
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100 ďalší riadok. |
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101 |
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102 >> Stlačte niekoľkokrát C-b, takže uvidíte, kde sa nachádza kurzor. |
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103 Potom stláčajte C-f, aby ste sa vrátili na koniec riadku. |
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104 Potom stlačte ešte raz C-f, aby ste sa presunuli na nasledujúci |
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105 riadok. |
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106 |
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107 Keď kurzorom prejdete cez horný alebo dolný okraj obrazovky, posunie sa |
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108 text za príslušným okrajom na obrazovku. Táto vlastnosť sa nazýva |
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109 "scrollovanie". Umožňuje premiestniť kurzor na ľubovoľné miesto v texte, |
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110 bez toho, aby kurzor opustil obrazovku. |
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111 |
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112 >> Skúste posunúť kurzor pod dolný okraj obrazovky pomocou C-n a pozorujte, |
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113 čo sa stane. |
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114 |
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115 Ak je posun po znakoch príliš pomalý, môžete sa pohybovať po |
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116 slovách. M-f (Meta-f) robí posun o slovo vpred a M-b robí posun |
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117 o slovo späť. |
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118 |
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119 >> Stlačte niekoľko krát M-f a M-b. |
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120 |
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121 Ak sa kurzor nachádza uprostred slova, M-f presunie kurzor na koniec |
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122 tohto slova. Ak sa nachádza kurzor v medzere medzi slovami, M-f presunie |
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123 kurzor na koniec nasledujúceho slova. M-b pracuje analogicky v opačnom |
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124 smere. |
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125 |
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126 >> Stlačte niekoľko krát M-f a M-b spolu s C-f a C-b, aby ste videli |
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127 výsledky príkazov M-f a M-b vykonávaných z rôznych miest vnútri slov |
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128 a medzi nimi. |
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129 |
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130 Všimnite si analógie medzi C-f a C-b na jednej strane a M-f a M-b na |
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131 strane druhej. Meta znaky sú veľmi často využívané pre operácie |
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132 vzťahujúce sa na entity definované jazykom (slová, vety, odstavce), |
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133 naopak Control znaky pracujú na základných prvkoch nezávislých na tom, |
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134 čo práve editujete (znaky, riadky, a pod.). |
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135 |
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136 Táto analógia platí tiež pre riadky a vety: C-a a C-e vykonáva presun |
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137 na začiatok a koniec riadku, M-a a M-e vykonáva presun na začiatok a koniec |
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138 vety. |
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139 |
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140 >> Skúste niekoľko krát C-a a potom niekoľko krát C-e. |
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141 Skúste niekoľko krát M-a a potom niekoľko krát M-e. |
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142 |
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143 Všimnite si, že opakované C-a nerobí nič, ale opakované M-a vždy |
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144 vykoná presun na ďalšiu vetu. Princípu analógie to síce príliš |
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145 nezodpovedá, ale napriek tomu je toto chovanie možné považovať za prirodzené. |
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146 |
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147 Pozícia kurzoru v texte sa tiež nazýva "bod" ("point"). Aby sme to |
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148 parafrázovali, kurzor je vidieť na obrazovke v mieste, kde je bod umiestnený |
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149 v texte. |
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150 |
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151 Tu je prehľad jednoduchých operácií pre pohyb kurzoru vrátane príkazov pre |
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152 pohyb medzi slovami a vetami: |
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153 |
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154 C-f Presun o znak vpred |
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155 C-b Presun o znak späť |
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156 |
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157 M-f Presun o slovo vpred |
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158 M-b Presun o slovo späť |
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159 |
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160 C-n Presun na nasledujúci riadok |
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161 C-p Presun na predchádzajúci riadok |
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162 |
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163 C-a Presun na začiatok riadku |
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164 C-e Presun na koniec riadku |
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165 |
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166 M-a Presun späť na začiatok vety |
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167 M-e Presun vpred na koniec vety |
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168 |
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169 >> Vyskúšajte si teraz niekoľko krát všetky tieto príkazy kvôli cviku. |
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170 Sú to najpoužívanejšie príkazy. |
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171 |
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172 Ďalšie dva dôležité príkazy pre pohyb kurzoru sú M-< (Meta menšie-ako), |
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173 ktorý vykoná presun na začiatok celého textu, a M-> (Meta väčší-ako), |
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174 ktorý vykoná presun na koniec celého textu. |
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175 |
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176 Na väčšine terminálov je "<" nad čiarkou, takže pre vyvolanie tohto znaku |
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177 musíte použiť klávesu Shift. Na týchto termináloch je teda nutné použiť |
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178 klávesu Shift aj v prípade príkazu M-<; bez klávesy Shift by ste stlačili |
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179 M-čiarka. |
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180 |
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181 >> Skúste teraz M-< pre presun na začiatok tútorialu. |
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182 Použite potom opakovane C-v, aby ste sa opäť vrátili sem. |
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183 |
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184 >> Skúste teraz M-> pre presun na koniec tútorialu. |
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185 Použite potom opakovane M-v, aby ste sa opäť vrátili sem. |
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186 |
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187 Kurzor môžete presúvať tiež pomocou kurzorových kláves (klávesy |
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188 so šípkami), ak ich Váš terminál má. My Vám však doporučujeme naučiť sa |
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189 C-b, C-f, C-n a C-p, a to z troch dôvodov. Za prvé, tieto klávesy fungujú |
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190 na všetkých typoch terminálov. Za druhé, akonáhle raz získate cvik |
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191 v používaní Emacsu, zistíte, že používánie týchto CTRL znakov je |
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192 rýchlejšie ako používanie kurzorových kláves (pretože nemusíte presúvať |
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193 ruku z písacej pozície). Za tretie, ak si zvyknete používať tieto CTRL-znak |
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194 príkazy, ľahko sa naučíte používať iné pokročilé príkazy pre pohyb |
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195 kurzoru. |
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196 |
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197 Väčšina príkazov Emacsu akceptuje numerický argument; ten pre väčšinu |
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198 príkazov slúži ako opakovač. Počet opakovaní príkazu zadáte |
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199 prostredníctvom stlačenia C-u nasledovaného stlačením príslušných číslic pred |
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200 vyvolaním príkazu. Ak máte META (alebo EDIT či ALT) klávesu, existuje |
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201 alternatívna možnosť zadania numerického argumentu: pridržte klávesu META |
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202 a stlačte príslušné číslice. Doporučujeme naučiť sa C-u metódu, |
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203 pretože tá funguje na akomkoľvek terminále. Číselný argument sa tiež nazýva |
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204 "prefixový argument", pretože ho píšete ešte pred príkazom, na ktorý sa |
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205 vzťahuje. |
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206 |
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207 Napríklad C-u 8 C-f vykoná presun o osem znakov vpred. |
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208 |
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209 >> Skúste použiť C-n alebo C-p s numerickým argumentom, na presun kurzoru |
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210 k tomuto riadku s jediným príkazom. |
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211 |
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212 Väčšina príkazov používa numerický argument ako opakovač, ale niektoré príkazy |
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213 ho používajú iným spôsobom. Zopár príkazov (ale žiaden z tých, ktoré ste sa |
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214 doteraz naučili) ho používa ako príznak -- prítomnosť číselného argumentu bez |
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215 ohľadu na jeho hodnotu spôsobí, že sa príkaz správa ináč. |
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216 |
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217 Iným druhom výnimky sú C-v a M-v. Ak dostanú numerický argument, posunú |
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218 obrazovku hore alebo dole o zodpovedajúci počet riadkov namiesto obrazoviek. |
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219 Napríklad C-u 4 C-v posunie obrazovku o 4 riadky. |
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220 |
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221 >> Skúste teraz stlačiť C-u 8 C-v. |
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222 |
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223 To by malo posunúť obrazovku o 8 riadkov hore. Pokiaľ by ste ju chceli |
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224 posunúť naspäť dole, môžete dať argument príkazu M-v. |
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225 |
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226 Ak používate X Windows, mali by ste mať na ľavej strane emacsového okna |
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227 vysokú obdĺžnikovú oblasť, nazvanú scrollbar. Môžete potom text |
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228 posúvať klikaním myšou na scrollbar. |
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229 |
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230 >> Skúste stlačiť prostredné tlačítko na vrchole zvýraznenej oblasti |
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231 vo vnútri scrollbaru. To by malo text posunúť na pozíciu danú tým, ako |
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232 vysoko alebo nízko ste klikli. |
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233 |
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234 >> Skúste pri stlačenom prostrednom tlačidle posúvať myšou hore a dole. |
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235 Uvidíte, ako sa text posúva hore a dole podľa toho, ako |
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236 hýbete myšou. |
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237 |
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238 |
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239 * KEĎ EMACS NEREAGUJE |
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240 --------------------- |
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241 |
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242 Ak Emacs prestane reagovať na Vaše príkazy, môžete prebiehajúcu |
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243 činnosť bezpečne zastaviť pomocou C-g. Pomocou C-g môžete zastaviť |
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244 príkaz, ktorého činnosť trvá príliš dlho. |
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245 |
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246 C-g môžete použiť tiež pre odstránenie numerického argumentu príkazu, |
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247 ktorý nechcete dokončiť. |
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248 |
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249 >> Stlačte C-u 100 pre vytvorenie numerického argumentu 100 a potom |
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250 stlačte C-g. Teraz stlačte C-f. Kurzor by sa mal posunúť iba |
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251 o jeden znak, pretože ste argument zrušili prostredníctvom |
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252 C-g. |
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253 |
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254 Ak ste omylom stlačili <ESC>, môžete sa ho zbaviť pomocou C-g. |
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255 |
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256 |
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257 * DEAKTIVOVANÉ PRÍKAZY |
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258 ---------------------- |
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259 |
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260 Niektoré príkazy Emacsu sú "deaktivované" ("disabled"), aby ich |
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261 začínajúci používatelia nemohli vyvolať náhodne. |
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262 |
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263 Ak vyvoláte niektorý z deaktivovaných príkazov, Emacs zobrazí hlásenie |
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264 oznamujúce, ktorý príkaz to bol, s otázkou, či chcete tento príkaz |
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265 vykonať. |
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266 |
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267 Ak naozaj chcete príkaz vyskúšať, stlačte medzerník ako odpoveď |
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268 na túto otázku. Zvyčajne, ak nechcete deaktivovaný príkaz |
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269 vykonať, odpovedzte na túto otázku pomocou "n". |
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270 |
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271 >> Stlačte C-x C-l (čo je deaktivovaný príkaz), |
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272 potom na otázku odpovedzte n. |
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273 |
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274 |
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275 * OKNÁ |
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276 ------ |
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277 |
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278 Emacs môže mať niekoľko okien (windows), pritom každé z nich zobrazuje svoj |
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279 vlastný text. Ako viac okien používať, objasníme neskôr. Teraz chceme |
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280 objasniť, ako sa zbaviť nadbytočných okien a vrátiť sa do základnej |
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281 jednookennej editácie. Je to jednoduché: |
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282 |
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283 C-x 1 Jedno okno (tj. zrušenie všetkých ostatných okien) |
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284 |
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285 Teda vloženie Control-x nasledované číslicou 1. C-x 1 rozšíri okno |
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286 obsahujúce kurzor cez celú obrazovku. Zruší to všetky ostatné okná. |
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287 |
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288 >> Presuňte kurzor na tento riadok a stlačte C-u 0 C-l |
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289 >> Stlačte Control-h k Control-f. |
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290 Pozorujte, ako sa aktuálne okno zmenší a objaví sa nové okno |
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291 kvôli zobrazeniu dokumentácie pre príkaz Control-f. |
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292 |
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293 >> Stlačte C-x 1 a pozorujte, ako okno s dokumentáciou zmizne. |
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294 |
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295 Tento príkaz sa odlišuje od už naučených príkazov tým, že pozostáva z dvoch |
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296 znakov. Začína znakom CONTROL-x. Exostuje celá séria príkazov začínajúcich |
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297 na CONTROL-x; veľa z nich sa týka okien, súborov, bufferov a súvisiacich vecí. |
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298 Tieto príkazy pozostávajú z dvoch, troch alebo štyroch znakov. |
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299 |
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300 |
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301 * VKLADANIE A MAZANIE |
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302 --------------------- |
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303 |
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304 Ak chcete vložiť text, proste ho napíšte. Znaky, ktoré vidíte, |
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305 ako A, 7, *, atď., sú Emacsom chápané ako text a vkladané okamžite. |
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306 Pre vloženie znaku nového riadku stlačte <Return> (klávesu Enter). |
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307 |
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308 Posledný znak, ktorý ste napísali, môžete zmazať stlačením <Delback>. |
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309 <Delback> je klávesa na klávesnici -- tá istá, ktorú normálne používate na |
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310 zmazanie naposledy napísaného znaku. Je to zvyčajne veľká klávesa pár riadkov |
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311 nad klávesou <Return>, a je väčšinou označovaná ako "Delete", "Del" alebo |
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312 "Backspace". |
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313 |
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314 Ak je veľká klávesa na tom mieste označená ako "Backspace", potom je to ona, |
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315 ktorú budete používať ako <Delback>. Môže tam byť niekde inde ešte klávesa |
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316 označená ako "Delete", ale to nie je <Delback>. |
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317 |
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318 Všeobecne, <Delback> maže znak bezprostredne pred momentálnou pozíciou kurzoru. |
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319 |
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320 >> Vykonajte to teraz -- napíšte niekoľko znakov a potom ich zmažte |
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321 niekoľkými stlačeniami <Delback>. Nebojte sa zmien v tomto súbore; |
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322 originálny tútorial sa nezmení. Toto je Vaša osobná kópia. |
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323 |
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324 Keď sa riadok textu zväčší natoľko, že presiahne jeden riadok obrazovky, je |
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325 zobrazený na viacerých riadkoch obrazovky. Riadok textu, ktorý pokračuje na |
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326 ďalšom riadku obrazovky, je indikovaný spätným lomítkom ("\") (alebo, ak |
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327 používate grafický systém, malá zakrivená šípka) na pravom okraji obrazovky. |
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328 |
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329 >> Vkladajte text, pokiaľ nedosiahnete pravého okraju, a pokračujte vo |
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330 vkladaní. Objaví sa Vám pokračovací riadok. |
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331 |
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332 >> Použite <Delback> pre zmazanie textu, pokiaľ se riadok textu opäť nevojde na |
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333 jeden riadok obrazovky. Pokračovací riadok zmizne. |
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334 |
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335 Znak nového riadku môžete zmazať ako ktorýkoľvek iný znak. Zmazanie |
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336 znaku nového riadku medzi dvoma riadkami spôsobí ich spojenie do jediného |
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337 riadku. Ak je výsledný riadok príliš dlhý na to, aby sa vošiel na šírku |
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338 obrazovky, bude zobrazený pokračovacím riadkom. |
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339 |
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340 >> Presuňte kurzor na začiatok riadku a stlačte <Delback>. To tento |
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341 riadok spojí s riadkom predchádzajúcim. |
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342 |
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343 >> Stlačte <Return> pre znovuvloženie zmazaného znaku nového riadku. |
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344 |
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345 Spomeňte si, že väčšina príkazov Emacsu môže dostať počet opakovaní; |
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346 vrátane textových znakov. Opakovanie textových znakov ich vloží |
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347 niekoľko krát. |
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348 |
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349 >> Vyskúšajte si to -- stlačte C-u 8 * pre vloženie ********. |
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350 |
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351 Teraz už poznáte najzákladnejšie spôsoby, ako niečo v Emacse napísať a ako |
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352 opravovať chyby. Môžete ale tiež mazať text po slovách alebo po riadkoch. |
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353 Tu je zhrnutie operácií pre mazanie textu: |
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354 |
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355 <Delback> Zmazanie znaku bezprostredne pred kurzorom |
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356 C-d Zmazanie znaku nasledujúceho za kurzorom |
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357 |
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358 M-<Delback> Zrušenie slova bezprostredne pred kurzorom |
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359 M-d Zrušenie slova nasledujúceho za kurzorom |
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360 |
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361 C-k Zrušenie textu od pozície kurzoru do konca riadku |
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362 M-k Zrušenie textu do konca aktuálnej vety |
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363 |
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364 Všimnite si, že <Delback> a C-d, resp. M-<Delback> a M-d, rozširujú paralelu |
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365 začatú C-f a M-f (pravda, <Delback> naozaj nie je control znak, ale tým sa |
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366 nebudeme trápiť). C-k a M-k sú ako C-e a M-e v zmysle vzťahu riadkov k vetám. |
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367 |
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368 Ľubovoľnú časť buffera môžete zrušiť aj nasledujúcim spôsobom. Presuňte sa |
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369 na koniec tejto časti a stlačte C-@ alebo C-SPC (ľubovoľnú z týchto |
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370 kombinácií). (SPC znamená medzerník.) Presuňte sa na druhý koniec tejto |
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371 časti a stlačte C-w. Text medzi týmito pozíciami bude zrušený. |
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372 |
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373 >> Presuňte kurzor na písmeno Ľ na začiatku predchádzajúceho odstavca. |
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374 >> Stlačte C-SPC. Emacs by mal zobraziť v spodnom riadku obrazovky správu |
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375 "Mark set". |
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376 >> Presuňte kurzor na písmeno c v slove "koniec" na druhom riadku |
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377 odstavca. |
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378 >> Stlačte C-w. Text, ktorý začína písmenom L a končí pred písmenom "c" |
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379 bude zrušený. |
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380 |
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381 Uvedomte si, že rozdiel medzi "rušením" ("killing") a "mazaním" |
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382 ("deleting") je ten, že "zrušené" veci môžu byť vhodené späť, zatiaľ čo |
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383 "zmazané" nie. Všeobecne príkazy, ktoré môžu zmazať väčšie množstvo |
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384 textu, ukladajú text, zatiaľ čo príkazy, ktoré mažú jediný znak alebo |
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385 iba prázdne riadky a medzery, mazaný text neukladajú. |
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386 |
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387 >> Presuňte kurzor na začiatok neprázdneho riadku. |
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388 Potom stlačte C-k pre zrušenie textu na tomto riadku. |
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389 >> Stlačte C-k druhý krát. Uvidíte, že to zruší znak nového riadku, ktorý |
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390 je za týmto riadkom. |
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391 |
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392 Všimnite si, že jedno C-k zruší obsah riadku a druhé C-k zruší riadok |
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393 samotný a posunie všetky ďalšie riadky hore. C-k spracováva numerický |
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394 argument špeciálne: zruší zodpovedajúci počet riadkov VRÁTANE ich |
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395 obsahu. To už nie je opakovanie. C-u 2 C-k zruší dva riadky a ich |
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396 obsah; dvojité stlačenie C-k by toto obvykle nespravilo. |
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397 |
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398 Vracanie textov späť sa nazýva "vhadzovanie" ("yanking"). (Predstavte |
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399 si opätovné vhadzovanie, vracanie späť textu, ktorý bol odstránený.) |
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400 Zmazaný text môžete vhodiť buď na to isté miesto, odkiaľ bol zmazaný, |
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401 alebo na iné miesto v bufferi, alebo dokonca aj do iného súboru. |
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402 Text môžete vhodiť aj viac krát, keď vytvárate jeho ďalšie kópie. |
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403 |
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404 Príkazom na vhadzovanie je C-y. Tento príkaz vloží posledný zmazaný |
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405 text na pozíciu, na ktorej sa nachádza kurzor. |
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406 |
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407 >> Skúste to; stlačte C-y pre vhodenie textu späť. |
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408 |
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409 Ak stlačíte C-k niekoľko krát po sebe. všetok zmazaný text je uložený |
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410 spolu tak, aby bolo možné vhodiť späť všetky riadky naraz. |
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411 |
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412 >> Stlačte niekoľko krát C-k. |
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413 |
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414 Teraz obnovte naposledy zrušený text: |
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415 |
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416 >> Stlačte C-y. Potom posuňte kurzor o niekoľko riadkov nižšie a stlačte |
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417 C-y znovu. Teraz vidíte, ako je možné kopírovať text. |
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418 |
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419 Čo keď máte nejaký text, ktorý by ste radi vhodili späť a potom zrušíte |
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420 niečo iného? C-y by vložilo posledný zrušený text. Ale predchádzajúci |
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421 text ni je stratený. Môžete ho získať späť použitím príkazu M-y. Potom, |
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422 čo spravíte C-y pre získanie posledného zrušeného textu, stlačenie M-y |
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423 vymení tento vhodený text za predchádzajúci zrušený text. Ďalšími a |
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424 ďalšími stlačeniami M-y dostávate predchádzajúce a predchádzajúce zrušené |
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425 texty. Keď dosiahnete text, ktorý hľadáte, nemusíte s ním pre jeho |
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426 uchovanie nič ďalšieho robiť. Jednoducho vhodený text ponechajte, kde |
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427 je, a pokračujte v editácii. |
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428 |
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429 Ak opakujete M-y dostatočne dlho, dostanete se späť k východziemu |
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430 bodu (posledne zrušenému textu). |
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431 |
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432 >> Zrušte riadok, presuňte kurzor niekam inam a zrušte iný riadok. |
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433 Potom vykonajte C-y pre vrátenie druhého zrušeného riadku. |
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434 Potom stlačte M-y a vhodený riadok bude nahradený prvým zrušeným riadkom. |
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435 Opakujte M-y a pozorujte, čo dostávate. Pokračujte v tom, pokiaľ sa |
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436 znova neobjaví druhý zrušený riadok a potom niekoľko ďalších. |
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437 Ak chcete, môžete skúsiť predať M-y kladné a záporné argumenty. |
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438 |
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439 |
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440 * UNDO |
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441 ------ |
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442 |
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443 Ak vykonáte v texte zmenu a potom zistíte, že to bol omyl, môžete |
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444 zmenu vrátiť príkazom undo, C-x u. |
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445 |
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446 C-x u obvykle vráti zmeny vykonané jedným príkazom; pokiaľ C-x u |
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447 zopakujete niekoľko krát po sebe, každé opakovanie vráti jeden ďalší |
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448 príkaz. |
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449 |
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450 Sú ale dve výnimky: príkazy, ktoré nemenia text, sa nepočítajú (to |
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451 zahŕňa príkazy pre pohyb kurzoru a rolovanie) a znaky vkladajúce |
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452 samy seba sú obvykle spracovávané v skupinách až po 20. (To je kvôli |
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453 tomu, aby sa zredukoval počet C-x u nutných pre vrátenie vkladaného |
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454 textu.) |
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455 |
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456 >> Zrušte tento riadok pomocou C-k, stlačte potom C-x u a riadok by sa mal |
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457 znova objaviť. |
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458 |
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459 Alternatívny undo príkaz je C-_; pracuje rovnako ako C-x u, je však |
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460 menej pracné ho aplikovať niekoľko krát za sebou. Nevýhodou C-_ je, že |
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461 na niektorých klávesniciach nie je jasné, ako ho vyvolať. To je dôvod, |
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462 prečo ponúkame aj C-x u. Na niektorých termináloch môžete C-_ vyvolať |
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463 stlačením / pri stlačenom CTRL. |
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464 |
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465 Numerický argument pre C-_ a C-x u funguje ako počet opakovaní. |
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466 |
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467 Pomocou príkazu undo môžete vrátiť zrušený aj zmazaný text. Rozdiel medzi |
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468 mazaním a rušením textu ovplyvňuje možnosť vhodenia tohto textu pomocou |
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469 C-y, neovplyvňuje ale možnosti príkazu undo. |
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470 |
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471 |
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472 * SÚBORY |
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473 -------- |
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474 |
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475 Aby text, ktorý editujete, zostal trvale uchovaný, musíte ho uložiť do |
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476 súboru. Inak by bol po ukončení Emacsu stratený. Svoju editáciu |
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477 spojíte so súborom "vyhľadaním" ("finding") súboru. (Tiež sa to |
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478 nazýva "navštívenie" ("visiting") súboru.) |
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479 |
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480 Vyhľadanie súboru znamená, že vidíte jeho obsah v Emacse. V mnohých |
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481 ohľadoch je to, ako by ste editovali priamo ten súbor. Napriek tomu zmeny, |
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482 ktoré prostredníctvom Emacsu robíte, sa nestanú trvalými, pokiaľ tieto |
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483 zmeny do súboru "neuložíte" ("save"). Tým sa zamedzí nechcenému ponechaniu |
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484 čiastočne zmeneného súboru v systéme. Dokonca aj keď súbor uložíte, |
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485 Emacs uchová pôvodný súbor pod zmeneným názvom pre prípad, že by ste |
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486 zistili, že vaše úpravy boli chybné. |
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487 |
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488 Keď sa pozriete do dolnej časti obrazovky, uvidíte riadok, ktorý začína a |
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489 končí pomlčkami a na začiatku má "--:-- TUTORIAL.sk" alebo niečo podobného. |
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490 Táto časť obrazovky obvykle obsahuje meno súboru, ktorý je práve |
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491 navštívený. Akurát teraz máte navštívený súbor nazvaný "TUTORIAL.sk", |
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492 ktorý je Vašou osobnou čmáraciou kópiou tútorialu Emacsu. Keď v Emacse |
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493 vyhľadáte súbor, jeho meno sa objaví presne na tom mieste. |
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494 |
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495 Ďalšou vecou súvisiacou s príkazom pre vyhľadanie súboru je to, že musíte |
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496 povedať, ktoré meno súboru chcete. Hovoríme, že príkaz "číta argument |
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497 z terminálu" (v tomto prípade je argumentom meno súboru). Potom, čo |
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498 vyvoláte príkaz |
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499 |
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500 C-x C-f Vyhľadanie súboru |
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501 |
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502 Emacs sa Vás opýta na meno súboru. Meno súboru, ktoré píšete, sa |
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503 objavuje v spodnom riadku obrazovky, ktorý sa v tejto situácii nazýva |
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504 minibuffer. Pre editáciu mena súboru môžete používať obvyklé editačné |
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505 príkazy Emacsu. |
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506 |
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507 Zadávanie mena súboru (všeobecne akýkoľvek vstup z minibuffera) môžete |
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508 zrušiť príkazom C-g. |
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509 |
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510 >> Stlačte C-x C-f a potom C-g. To minibuffer zruší a tiež to zruší |
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511 príkaz C-x C-f, ktorý minibuffer použil. Takže nevyhľadáte žiadny |
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512 súbor. |
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513 |
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514 Po napísaní mena súboru stlačte <Return> na jeho ukončenie. |
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515 Príkaz C-x C-f potom začne pracovať a vyhľadá súbor, ktorý ste zvolili. |
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516 Po skončení príkazu C-x C-f minibuffer zmizne. |
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517 |
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518 Po malej chvíli sa obsah súboru objaví na obrazovke a môžete ho |
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519 editovať. Keď chcete zmeny natrvalo uložiť, použite príkaz |
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520 |
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521 C-x C-s Uloženie súboru |
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522 |
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523 To skopíruje text z Emacsu do súboru. Keď to spravíte prvý krát, Emacs |
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524 premenuje pôvodný súbor na súbor s novým menom, aby nebol stratený. |
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525 Nové meno je vytvorené pridaním "~" na koniec pôvodného mena súboru. |
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526 |
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527 Keď je ukladanie dokončené, Emacs zobrazí meno zapísaného súboru. |
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528 Mali by ste ukladať rozumne často, aby ste nestratili príliš veľa práce |
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529 v prípade pádu systému. |
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530 |
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531 >> Stlačte C-x C-s pre uloženie Vašej kópie tútorialu. |
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532 Malo by to zobraziť "Wrote ...TUTORIAL.sk" v spodnom riadku obrazovky. |
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533 |
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534 POZNÁMKA: Na niektorých systémoch spôsobí stlačenie C-x C-s zatuhnutie |
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535 obrazovky a nevidíte žiadny ďalší výstup z Emacsu. To znamená, že |
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536 "vlastnosť" operačného systému nazvaná "flow control" zachytáva C-s a |
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537 nepustí ho k Emacsu. Pre odtuhnutie obrazovky stlačte C-q. Potom |
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538 v sekcii "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" v manuále Emacsu |
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539 vyhľadajte radu, ako sa vysporiadať s touto "vlastnosťou". |
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540 |
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541 Existujúci súbor môžete vyhľadať, aby ste ho mohli prehliadať alebo |
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542 editovať. Môžete tiež vyhľadať súbor, ktorý ešte neexistuje. To je |
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543 spôsob, akým sa dá vytvoriť súbor v Emacse: vyhľadajte súbor, ktorý |
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544 bude na začiatku prázdny a potom začnite vkladať text určený pre tento |
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545 súbor. Keď požiadate o uloženie, Emacs skutočne vytvorí súbor |
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546 s textom, ktorý ste vložili. Od tej chvíle sa potom môžete cítiť, ako |
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547 keby ste editovali už existujúci súbor. |
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548 |
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549 |
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550 * BUFFERY |
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551 --------- |
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552 |
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553 Ak vyhľadáte pomocou C-x C-f druhý súbor, prvý súbor v Emacse |
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554 zostáva. Môžete sa doň späť prepnúť jeho opätovným vyhľadaním |
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555 pomocou C-x C-f. Týmto spôsobom môžete do Emacsu dostať pomerne veľa |
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556 súborov. |
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557 |
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558 >> Vytvorte súbor pomenovaný "foo" stlačením C-x C-f foo <Return>. |
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559 Potom vložte nejaký text, zmeňte ho a uložte "foo" stlačením C-x C-s. |
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560 Nakoniec stlačte C-x C-f TUTORIAL.sk <Return>, čím sa vrátite späť do |
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561 tútorialu. |
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562 |
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563 Emacs ukladá text každého súboru do objektu nazývaného "buffer". |
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564 Vyhľadanie súboru vytvorí v Emacse nový buffer. Ak chcete vidieť zoznam |
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565 bufferov, ktoré momentálne existujú vo Vašom procese Emacs, stlačte: |
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566 |
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567 C-x C-b Zoznam bufferov |
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568 |
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569 >> Skúste teraz C-x C-b. |
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570 |
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571 Uvidíte, že každý buffer má v zozname meno a môže tam mať tiež meno súboru, |
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572 ktorého text obsahuje. AKÝKOĽVEK text, ktorý vidíte v emacsovom okne, je vždy |
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573 súčasťou nejakého bufferu. |
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574 |
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575 >> Stlačte C-x 1, aby ste sa zbavili zoznamu bufferov. |
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576 |
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577 Ak máte niekoľko bufferov, iba jeden z nich je "aktuálny". Je to ten buffer, |
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578 ktorý práve upravujete. Ak chcete upravovať iný buffer, musíte sa doňho |
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579 "prepnúť". Ak sa chcete prepnúť do bufferu so súborom, môžete ho znova otvoriť |
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580 príkazom C-x C-f. Ale existuje jednoduchší spôsob: použite príkaz C-x b. Pri |
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581 tomto príkaze musíte napísať meno bufferu. |
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582 |
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583 >> Napíšte C-x b foo <Return> na vrátenie sa do bufferu "foo", ktorý uchováva |
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584 text súboru "foo". Potom napíšte C-x b TUTORIAL.sk <Return> na vrátenie sa |
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585 do tohto návodu. |
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586 |
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587 Väčšinu času, meno bufferu je také isté ako meno súboru (bez názvu adresára). |
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588 Ale nie je to vždy pravda. Zoznam bufferov vytvorený s C-x C-b vždy ukáže mená |
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589 každého bufferu. |
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590 |
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591 HOCAKÝ text, ktorý vidíte v okne Emacsu je vždy časť nejakého bufferu. |
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592 Niektoré buffery nezodpovedajú súborom. Napríklad, buffer pomenovaný |
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593 "*Buffer List*" nemá žiadny súbor. Je to buffer, ktorý obsahuje zoznam |
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594 bufferov, vytvorený pomocou C-x C-b. Buffer nazvaný "*Messages*" tiež |
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595 nezodpovedá súboru¨obsahuje správy, ktoré sa objavili na spodnom riadku počas |
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596 vášho sedenia s Emacsom. |
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597 |
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598 >> Napíšte C-x b *Messages* <Return> a pozrite sa na buffer so správami. Potom |
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599 napíšte C-x b TUTORIAL.sk <Return> na vrátenie sa do tohto návodu. |
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600 |
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601 Ak zmeníte text jedného súboru a potom vyhľadáte iný súbor, |
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602 nespôsobí to uloženie prvého súboru. Jeho zmeny zostávajú v Emacse |
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603 uchované v jemu zodpovedajúcom buffere. Vytvorenie a úprava druhého |
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604 súboru nemá žiadny vplyv na buffer prvého súboru. To je veľmi |
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605 užitočné, ale tiež to znamená, že potrebujete vhodný spôsob, ako uložiť |
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606 buffer prvého súboru. Nutnosť prepnúť sa späť pomocou C-x C-f, aby |
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607 ho bolo možné uložiť prostredníctvom C-x C-s, by bola nemiestne |
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608 obťažujúca. Takže máme |
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609 |
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610 C-x s Uloženie niektorých bufferov |
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611 |
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612 C-x s sa Vás spýta na každý buffer, ktorý obsahuje zmeny, ktoré ste |
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613 neuložili. Pre každý taký buffer sa Vás spýta, či ho má uložiť. |
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614 |
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615 >> Vložte riadok textu a potom stlačte C-x s. |
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616 Emacs by sa Vás mal opýtať, či má byť uložený buffer nazvaný TUTORIAL.sk. |
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617 Odpovedzte na túto otázku áno (yes) stlačením "y". |
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618 |
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619 |
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620 * ROZŠIROVANIE SADY PRÍKAZOV |
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621 ---------------------------- |
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622 |
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623 Existuje omnoho, omnoho viac príkazov Emacsu, ako tie, ktoré by vôbec mohli |
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624 byť rozmiestnené na všetky control a meta znaky. Emacs tento problém |
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625 obchádza prostredníctvom X (eXtend) príkazu. Ten vzniká dvoma spôsobmi: |
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626 |
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627 C-x Znakový eXtend. Nasledovaný jedným znakom. |
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628 M-x Pomenovaný príkaz eXtend. Nasledovaný dlhým názvom. |
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629 |
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630 To sú príkazy, ktoré sú všeobecne užitočné, ale menej často používané |
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631 ako tie, ktoré ste sa už naučili. Už ste videli dva z nich: súborové |
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632 príkazy C-x C-f pre vyhľadanie a C-x C-s pre uloženie. Iný príklad je |
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633 príkaz pre ukončenie Emacsu -- tj. príkaz C-x C-c. (Nemajte obavy |
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634 o stratu zmien, ktoré ste spravili; C-x C-c ponúkne uloženie každého |
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635 zmeneného súboru pred tým, než sa Emacs skončí.) |
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636 |
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637 C-z je príkaz na *dočasné* opustenie Emacsu -- môžete sa po ňom do |
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638 spusteného Emacsu vrátiť. |
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639 |
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640 Na systémoch, ktoré to umožňujú, C-z Emacs "pozastaví"; tzn. vráti Vás |
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641 do shellu, ale Emacs neskončí. V najbežnejších shelloch sa môžete do |
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642 Emacsu vrátiť príkazom `fg' alebo pomocou `%emacs'. |
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643 |
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644 Na systémoch, ktoré pozastavovanie procesov nemajú implementované, C-z |
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645 vytvorí subshell bežiaci pod Emacsom, aby Vám dal šancu spustiť iné |
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646 programy a potom sa do Emacsu vrátiť; nevykoná teda pravé opustenie |
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647 Emacsu. V tom prípade je obvyklou cestou návratu zo subshellu do Emacsu |
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648 shellový príkaz `exit'. |
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649 |
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650 Chvíľa pre použitie C-x C-c nastane vtedy, keď sa chystáte odhlásiť sa zo |
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651 systému. Správne je to tiež pri ukončovaní Emacsu vyvolaného poštovým |
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652 programom a rôznymi inými utilitami, pretože tie nemusia vedieť, ako si poradiť |
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653 s pozastavením Emacsu. Napriek tomu za normálnych okolností, pokiaľ sa |
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654 nechystáte odhlásiť, je lepšie Emacs pozastaviť pomocou C-z ako ho ukončiť. |
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655 |
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656 Existuje mnoho C-x príkazov. Tu je zoznam tých, ktoré ste sa už naučili: |
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657 |
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658 C-x C-f Vyhľadanie súboru |
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659 C-x C-s Uloženie súboru |
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660 C-x C-b Zoznam bufferov |
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661 C-x C-c Ukončenie Emacsu |
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662 C-x 1 Zrušenie všetkých okien okrem jedného |
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663 C-x u Undo |
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664 |
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665 Pomenované eXtended príkazy sú príkazy, ktoré sú používané ešte menej, alebo |
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666 príkazy, ktoré sú používané iba v istých módoch. Príkladom je príkaz |
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667 replace-string, ktorý globálne nahradí jeden reťazec iným. Keď stlačíte M-x, |
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668 vypíše sa na spodnom riadku obrazovky prompt M-x a vy by ste mali zadať meno |
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669 príkazu; v tomto prípade "replace-string". Jednoducho napíšte "repl s<TAB>" |
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670 a Emacs názov doplní. (<TAB> je klávesa Tab, bežne sa nachádza nad klávesou |
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671 CapsLock alebo Shift na ľavom okraji klávesnice.) Skončite zadávanie mena |
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672 príkazu pomocou <Return>. |
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673 |
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674 Príkaz replace-string vyžaduje dva argumenty -- reťazec, ktorý má byť |
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675 nahradený, a reťazec, ktorý ho má nahradiť. Každý argument musíte |
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676 ukončiť pomocou <Return>. |
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677 |
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678 >> Presuňte kurzor na prázdny riadok dva riadky pod týmto. |
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679 Potom napíšte M-x repl s<Return>zmenil<Return>modifikoval<Return>. |
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680 |
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681 Všimnite si, ako sa tento riadok zmenil: nahradili ste slovo |
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682 z-m-e-n-i-l slovom "modifikoval", kdekoľvek sa za aktuálnou pozíciou |
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683 kurzoru vyskytlo. |
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684 |
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685 |
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686 * AUTOMATICKÉ UKLADANIE |
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687 ----------------------- |
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688 |
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689 Ak ste spravili zmeny v súbore, ale nemáte ich ešte uložené, |
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690 môžu byť v prípade páde systému stratené. Aby vás Emacs pred tým ochránil, |
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691 periodicky zapisuje "auto save" súbor pre každý súbor, ktorý |
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692 editujete. Meno auto save súboru má na začiatku a na konci #; |
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693 napríklad ak sa Váš soubor nazýva "hello.c", jeho auto save |
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694 súbor sa nazýva "#hello.c#". Ak súbor uložíte normálnym spôsobom, |
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695 Emacs auto save súbor zmaže. |
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696 |
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697 Ak nastane pád systému, môžete svoje úpravy obnoviť z auto-save |
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698 súboru, a to normálnym vyhľadaním súboru (toho, ktorý ste editovali, |
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699 nie auto save súboru) a následným spustením M-x recover-file<return>. |
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700 Na žiadosť o potvrdenie odpovedzte zadaním yes<return> pre pokračovanie a |
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701 obnovenie auto-save dát. |
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702 |
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703 |
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704 * ECHO OBLASŤ |
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705 ------------- |
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706 |
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707 Keď Emacs vidí, že píšete príkazy pomaly, ukazuje Vám ich v spodnej |
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708 časti obrazovky v oblasti nazývanej "echo oblasť". Echo oblasť obsahuje |
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709 dolný riadok obrazovky. |
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710 |
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711 |
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712 * STAVOVÝ RIADOK |
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713 ---------------- |
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714 |
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715 Riadok bezprostredne nad echo oblasťou sa nazýva "stavový riadok" |
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716 ("mode line"). |
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717 Stavový riadok vraví niečo ako: |
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718 |
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719 --:** TUTORIAL.sk (Fundamental)--L670--58%---------------- |
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720 |
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721 Tento riadok podáva užitočnú informáciu o stave Emacsu a texte, ktorý |
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722 editujete. |
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723 |
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724 Už viete, čo znamená meno súboru -- je to súbor, ktorý ste vyhľadali. |
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725 -NN%-- označuje Vašu aktuálnu pozíciu v texte; vraví, že NN percent textu |
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726 je nad horným okrajom obrazovky. Ak je začiatok súboru na obrazovke, je |
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727 tu --Top-- a nie --00%--. Ak je koniec textu na obrazovke, je tu |
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728 --Bot--. Ak sa dívate na tak malý text, že sa celý vojde na obrazovku, |
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729 stavový riadok vraví --All--. |
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730 |
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731 Písmeno L a číslice označujú pozíciu iným spôsobom, udávajú riadok, na ktorom |
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732 sa nachádza kurzor. |
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733 |
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734 Hviezdičky blízko začiatku znamenajú, že ste text zmenili. Tesne po |
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735 vyhľadaní alebo uložení súboru v tejto časti stavového riadku nie sú žiadne |
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736 hviezdičky, iba pomlčky. |
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737 |
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738 Časť stavového riadku v zátvorkách vraví, v akých editačných módoch sa |
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739 nachádzate. Implicitný mód je Fundamental, čo je ten, ktorý momentálne |
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740 používate. Je príkladom hlavného módu ("major mode"). |
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741 |
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742 Emacs má celý rad hlavných módov. Niektoré z nich sú určené pre |
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743 editovanie rôznych programovacích jazykov a/alebo textov ako napr. Lisp mód, |
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744 Text mód, atď. V ľubovoľnom okamihu je aktívny práve jeden hlavný mód a |
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745 jeho meno je možné nájsť v stavovom riadku na mieste, kde je teraz |
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746 "Fundamental". |
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747 |
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748 Každý hlavný mód mení chovanie niektorých príkazov. Napríklad existujú |
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749 príkazy pre vytváranie komentárov v programe, a pretože každý programovací |
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750 jazyk má inú predstavu o tom, ako má komentár vyzerať, |
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751 musí každý hlavný mód vkladať komentáre inak. Každý hlavný mód je |
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752 vlastne meno extended príkazu, ktorým sa do tohoto módu môžete |
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753 prepnúť. Napríklad M-x fundamental-mode je príkaz pre prepnutie sa do |
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754 Fundamental módu. |
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755 |
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756 Ak sa chystát meniť normálny text, ako napríklad tento súbor, pravdepodobne by |
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757 ste mali použiť Text mód. |
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758 > Napíšte M-x text-mode <Return>. |
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759 |
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760 Nebojte sa, žiadny z príkazov, ktoré ste sa naučili, chovanie Emacsu nijako |
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761 významne nezmení. Môžete si ale všimnúť, že M-f a M-b teraz pracujú |
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762 s apostrofmi ako so súčasťou slova. Pred tým, vo Fundamental móde, M-f |
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763 a M-b pracovali s apostrofmi ako oddeľovačmi slov. |
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764 |
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765 Hlavné módy obyčajne robia menšie zmeny, ako bola táto: príkazy väčšinou |
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766 robia "to isté", ale v každom hlavnom móde pracujú trochu inak. |
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767 |
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768 Dokumentáciu k aktuálnemu hlavnému módu si môžete zobraziť stlačením C-h m. |
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769 |
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770 >> Raz alebo viac krát použite C-u C-v, aby ste tento riadok dostali |
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771 na vrchol obrazovky. |
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772 >> Stlačte C-h m, aby ste videli, ako sa Text mód líši od Fundamental |
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773 módu. |
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774 >> Stlačte C-x 1 pre odstránenie dokumentácie z obrazovky. |
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775 |
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776 Hlavné módy sa nazývajú hlavné preto, že tiež existujú vedľajšie módy |
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777 (minor modes). Vedľajšie módy nie sú alternatívou k hlavným módom, ale |
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778 ich malé modifikácie. Každý vedľajší mód môže byť zapnutý alebo vypnutý |
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779 sám o sebe nezávisle na všetkých ostatných vedľajších módoch a nezávisle na |
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780 hlavnom móde. Takže nemusíte používať žiadny vedľajší mód alebo môžete |
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781 používať jeden vedľajší mód alebo ľubovoľnú kombináciu niekoľkých |
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782 vedľajších módov. |
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783 |
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784 Jedným z veľmi užitočných vedľajších módov, hlavne pre úpravy slovenských |
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785 textov, je Auto Fill mód. Keď je tento mód zapnutý, Emacs zalomí riadok |
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786 medzi dvoma slovami, kedykoľvek vkladáte text a riadok sa stane príliš |
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787 dlhým. |
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788 |
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789 Auto Fill mód môžete zapnúť vykonaním M-x auto-fill-mode<Return>. |
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790 Ak je tento mód zapnutý, môžete ho vypnúť vykonaním M-x |
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791 auto-fill-mode<Return>. Ak je mód vypnutý, tento príkaz ho zapína, |
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792 a ak je mód zapnutý, tak ho tento príkaz vypína. Vravíme, že tento |
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793 príkaz prepína ("toggles") tento mód. |
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794 |
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795 >> Napíšte teďa M-x auto-fill-mode<Return>. Potom vkladajte "asdf " stále |
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796 dookola tak dlho, pokiaľ neuvidíte, ako sa vkladaný riadok rozdelí na dva |
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797 riadky. Do textu musíte vkladať medzery preto, že Auto Fill mód |
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798 zalamuje riadky iba v medzerách. |
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799 |
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800 Okraj je obvykle nastavený na 70 znakov, ale môžete to zmeniť príkazom |
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801 C-x f. Hodnotu okraju, ktorú si prajete, by ste mali predať ako |
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802 numerický argument. |
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803 |
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804 >> Napíšte C-x f s argumentom 20. (C-u 2 0 C-x f). |
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805 Potom napíšte nejaký text a pozorujte, ako Emacs vypĺňa riadky po |
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806 20. znakoch. Potom nastavte okraj späť na 70 opätovným použitím |
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807 C-x f. |
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808 |
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809 Ak spravíte zmeny uprostred odstavca, Auto Fill mód ho |
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810 nepreformátuje. |
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811 Pre preformátovanie odstavca stlačte M-q (Meta-q) s kurzorom vnútri |
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812 odstavca. |
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813 |
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814 >> Presuňte kurzor do predchádzajúceho odstavcu a stlačte M-q. |
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815 |
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816 |
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817 * VYHĽADÁVANIE |
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818 -------------- |
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819 |
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820 Emacs vie v texte vyhľadávať reťazce (tj. skupiny spojených znakov alebo |
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821 slov) smerom vpred alebo vzad. Hľadanie reťazca je príkaz presúvajúci |
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822 kurzor; presunie kurzor na najbližšie miesto, kde sa tento reťazec nachádza. |
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823 |
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824 Vyhľadávací príkaz Emacsu sa líši od vyhľadávacích príkazov väčšiny |
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825 editorov v tom zmysle, že je "inkrementálny". To znamená, že vyhľadávanie |
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826 sa robí už v okamžiku, keď zadávate hľadaný reťazec. |
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827 |
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828 Príkaz pre hľadanie vpred je C-s a pre hľadanie vzad C-r. |
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829 POZOR! Ešte to neskúšajte. |
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830 |
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831 Keď stlačíte C-s, uvidíte v echo oblasti prompt "I-search". To Vám |
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832 vraví, že Emacs sa nacháza v stave, ktorý sa nazýva inkrementálne hľadanie, |
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833 a čaká, kým mu zadáte, čo chcete hľadať. <RET> hľadanie ukončí. |
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834 |
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835 >> Teraz začnite hľadanie stlačením C-s. POMALY, písmeno po písmene, píšte |
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836 slovo 'kurzor'. Po každom písmene si všimnite, čo sa deje s kurzorom. |
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837 Teraz ste vyhľadali "kurzor" prvý krát. |
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838 >> Stlačte C-s znova, aby ste našli ďalší výskyt slova "kurzor". |
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839 >> Teraz štyri krát stlačte <Delback> a pozerajte, ako sa kurzor |
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840 presúva. |
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841 >> Stlačte <RET> pre ukončenie hľadania. |
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842 |
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843 Videli ste, čo sa stalo? Emacs sa v inkrementálnom hľadaní pokúša |
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844 prejsť na ďalší výskyt reťazca, ktorý ste dosiaľ napísali. Ak chcete |
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845 prejsť na ďalší výskyt 'kurzor', jednoducho stlačte C-s zas. |
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846 Ak už žiadny taký výskyt nie je, Emacs pípne a povie Vám, že |
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847 hľadanie momentálne "zlyháva", C-g hľadanie ukončí. |
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848 |
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849 POZNÁMKA: Na niektorých systémoch stlačenie C-s spôsobí zatuhnutie |
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850 obrazovky a neuvidíte žiadny ďalší výstup z Emacsu. To znamená, že |
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851 "vlastnosť" operačného systému nazvaná "flow control" zachytáva C-s a |
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852 nepustí ho k Emacsu. Pre odtuhnutie obrazovky stlačte C-q. Potom |
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853 vyhľadajte v sekcii "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" v manuále |
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854 Emacsu radu, ako obísť túto "vlastnosť". |
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855 |
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856 Ak uprostred inkrementálneho hľadania stlačíte <Delback>, uvidíte, |
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857 že posledný znak v hľadanom reťazci zmizne a hľadanie sa vracia na posledné |
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858 miesto hľadania. Predpokladajme napríklad, že ste napísali "c", aby ste |
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859 našli prvý výskyt "k". Ak teraz stlačíte "u", kurzor sa presunie na |
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860 prvý výskyt "ku". Teraz stlačte <Delback>. To vymaže "u" z hľadaného |
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861 reťazca a kurzor sa presunie späť na prvý výskyt "k". |
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862 |
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863 Ak uprostred hľadania stlačíte control alebo meta znak (s niekoľkými |
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864 výnimkami -- znaky, ktoré sú špeciálne v hľadaní, ako C-s a C-r), |
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865 hľadanie bude ukončené. |
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866 |
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867 C-s začína hľadanie, ktoré hľadá akýkoľvek výskyt hľadaného reťazca ZA |
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868 aktuálnu pozíciu kurzoru. Ak chcete niečo hľadať v predchádzajúcom texte, |
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869 stlačte namiesto C-s C-r. Všetko, čo sme povedali o C-s, platí tiež o C-r |
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870 okrem toho, že smer hľadania je opačný. |
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871 |
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872 |
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873 * VIAC OKIEN |
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874 ------------ |
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875 |
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876 Jednou z pekných vlastností Emacsu je to, že môže na obrazovke zobraziť |
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877 viac okien súčasne. |
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878 |
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879 >> Presuňte kurzor na tento riadok a stlačte C-u 0 C-l (to je CONTROL-L, nie |
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880 CONTROL-1). |
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881 |
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882 >> Ak stlačíte C-x 2, obrazovka sa rozdelí na dve okná. |
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883 Obidve okná zobrazujú tento tútorial. Kurzor zostáva na vrchu okna. |
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884 |
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885 >> Stlačte C-M-v pre rolovanie spodného okna. |
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886 (Ak nemáte skutočnú klávesu Meta, stlačte ESC C-v.) |
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887 |
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888 >> Stlačte C-x o ("o" ako "other") pre presun kurzoru do dolného okna. |
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889 >> Použite C-v a M-v v spodnom okne pre jeho rolovanie. |
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890 Pokračujte v čítaní týchto inštrukcií v hornom okne. |
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891 |
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892 >> Znovu stlačte C-x o pre presun kurzoru späť do horného okna. |
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893 Kurzor v hornom okne je presne na mieste, kde bol pôvodne. |
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894 |
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895 Môžete ďalej používať C-x o pre prepínanie medzi oknami. Každé okno má svoju |
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896 vlastnú pozíciu kurzoru, ale kurzor zobrazuje iba jedno okno. |
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897 Všetky obvyklé editačné príkazy platia pre okno, v ktorom sa nachádza |
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898 kurzor. Toto okno nazývame "aktívne okno" ("selected window"). |
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899 |
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900 Príkaz C-M-v je veľmi užitočný, ak v jednom okne editujete text a |
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901 druhé okno používate iba pre prehľad. Môžete nechávať kurzor stále |
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902 v okne, kde editujete, a postupovať po druhom okne pomocou C-M-v. |
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903 |
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904 C-M-v je príkladom CONTROL-META znaku. Ak máte skutočnú META klávesu, |
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905 môžete vyvolať C-M-v pridržaním oboch kláves CTRL a META pri stlačení v. |
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906 Nezáleží na tom, či stlačíte ako prvú klávesu CTRL alebo META, pretože obe |
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907 tieto klávesy fungujú ako modifikátory kláves, ktoré stlačíte. |
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908 |
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909 Ak nemáte skutočnú META klávesu, môžete namiesto nej použiť ESC, na |
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910 poradí záleží: musíte stlačiť ESC a potom CTRL-v; CTRL-ESC v by |
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911 nefungovalo. To preto, lebo ESC je samostatný znak, a nie modifikátor. |
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912 |
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913 >> Stlačte C-x 1 (v hornom okne), aby ste sa zbavili dolného okna. |
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914 |
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915 (Ak by ste C-x 1 stlačili v dolnom okne, odstránilo by to horné okno. |
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916 Chápte tento príkaz ako "ponechaj akurát jedno okno -- to, v ktorom |
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917 akurát som".) |
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918 |
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919 Nemusíte v oboch oknách zobrazovať ten istý buffer. Ak použijete |
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920 C-x C-f pre vyhľadanie súboru v jednom z okien, druhé okno sa nezmení. |
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921 Môžete vyhľadávať súbory v oboch oknách nezávisle. |
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922 |
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923 Tu je ďalší spôsob, ako využiť dve okná na zobrazenie dvoch rôznych vecí: |
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924 |
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925 >> Stlačte C-x 4 C-f nasledované menom niektorého z Vašich súborov. |
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926 Dokončite to pomocou <Return>. Vidíte zadaný súbor v dolnom okne. |
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927 Presunul sa tam aj kurzor. |
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928 |
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929 >> Stlačte C-x o pre presun späť do horného okna a C-x 1 pre zmazanie |
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930 dolného okna. |
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931 |
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932 |
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933 * REKURZÍVNE EDITAČNÉ ÚROVNE |
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934 ---------------------------- |
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935 |
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936 Občas sa dostanete do niečoho, čo sa nazýva "rekurzívna editačná úroveň" |
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937 ("recursive editing level"). To je indikované hranatými zátvorkami v |
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938 stavovom riadku obklopujúcemu zátvorky okolo mena hlavného módu. |
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939 Napríklad môžete vidieť [(Fundamental)] namiesto (Fundamental). |
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940 |
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941 Aby ste sa dostali z rekurzívnej editačnej úrovne, stlačte ESC ESC ESC. |
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942 To je všeobecný "vyskakovací" príkaz. Môžete ho použiť tiež pre odstránenie |
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943 niektorých okien a vyskočenie z minibuffera. |
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944 |
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945 >> Stlačte M-x, aby ste sa dostali do minibuffera; potom stlačte |
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946 ESC ESC ESC, aby ste sa z neho dostali von. |
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|
947 |
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948 Z rekurzívnej editačnej úrovne nemôžete vyskočiť pomocou C-g. To preto, že |
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949 C-g je využívané pre rušenie príkazov a argumentov VO VNÚTRI rekurzívnej |
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950 editačnej vrstvy. |
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|
951 |
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952 |
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953 * ZÍSKANIE ĎALŠEJ NÁPOVEDY |
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954 -------------------------- |
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955 |
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956 V tomto tútoriale sme sa pokúsili Vám poskytnúť dostatok informácií, |
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957 aby ste mohli začať Emacs používať. V Emacse je toho toľko, že by bolo |
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958 nemožné to všetko objasniť v tomto návode. V každom prípade sa o Emacse |
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959 môžete naučiť viac, pretože má veľa užitočných vlastností. Emacs ponúka |
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|
960 príkazy pre čítanie dokumentácie svojich príkazov. Všetky tieto "help" |
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961 príkazy začínajú znakom Control-h, ktorý sa nazýva "help znak". |
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962 |
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963 Pre použitie vlastností nápovedy stlačte znak C-h a potom znak hovoriaci, |
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964 aký druh nápovedy si žiadate. Ak ste NAOZAJ stratení, stlačte C-h ? a |
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965 Emacs Vám povie, aké druhy nápovedy Vám môže poskytnúť. Ak ste stlačili |
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966 C-h a potom ste sa rozhodli, že žiadnu nápovedu nechcete, jednoducho ju |
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967 zrušte stlačením C-g. |
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968 |
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969 (Na niektorých počítačoch je význam znaku C-h zmenený. To by naozaj |
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970 nemalo byť všeobecným nastavením pre všetkých používateľov, takže máte právo |
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971 posťažovať sa systémovému administrátorovi. Do tej doby, ak C-h |
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972 nezobrazuje hlásenie o nápovede v dolnej časti obrazovky, skúste namiesto |
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973 toho používať klávesu F1 alebo M-x help RET.) |
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974 |
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975 Najzákladnejší príkaz nápovedy je C-h c. Stlačte C-h, znak c a klávesový |
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976 príkaz; Emacs potom zobrazí veľmi stručný popis príkazu. |
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977 |
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978 >> Stlačte C-h c C-p. |
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979 |
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980 Hlásenie by malo vyzerať asi takto |
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981 |
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982 C-p runs the command previous-line |
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983 |
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984 To vám oznamuje "meno funkcie". Mená funkcií sú používané hlavne pre |
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985 konfiguráciu a rozširovanie Emacsu. Ale pretože mená funkcií sú volené |
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986 tak, aby naznačovali, čo zodpovedajúci príkaz robí, môžu slúžiť tiež |
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987 ako veľmi stručná dokumentácia -- dostatočná na to, aby Vám pripomenula |
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988 príkazy, ktoré ste sa už naučili. |
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989 |
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990 Viacznakové príkazy ako C-x C-s a (ak nemáte META, EDIT ani ALT |
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991 klávesu) <ESC>v sú pre C-h c povolené tiež. |
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992 |
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993 Na získanie viac informácií o príkaze použite namiesto C-h c C-h k. |
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994 |
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995 >> Stlačte C-h k C-p. |
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996 |
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997 To zobrazí dokumentáciu k funkcii a jej meno v emacsovom okne. Ak |
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998 výstup prečítate, stlačte C-x 1, aby ste sa textu nápovedy zbavili. |
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999 Nemusíte to robiť hneď. Môžete chvíľu editovať a nazerať do textu |
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1000 nápovedy a až potom stlačiť C-x 1. |
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1001 |
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1002 Tu sú ďalšie užitočné voľby C-h: |
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1003 |
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1004 C-h f Popis funkcie. Zadáváte meno funkcie. |
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1005 |
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1006 >> Skúste napísať C-h f previous-line<Return>. |
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1007 To vypíše všetky informácie, ktoré Emacs má o funkcii implementujúcej |
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1008 príkaz C-p. |
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1009 |
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1010 Podobný príkaz C-h v zobrazí dokumentáciu premennej, ktorej hodnotu |
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1011 môžete nastaviť pre ovplyvnenie chovania Emacsu. Meno premennej musíte |
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1012 zadať, až keď sa naň Emacs spýta. |
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1013 |
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1014 C-h a Príkazové apropos. Zadajte kľúčové slovo a Emacs vypíše |
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1015 všetky príkazy, ktorých meno obsahuje toto kľúčové |
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1016 slovo. Všetky tieto príkazy môžu byť vyvolané pomocou |
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1017 Meta-x. Pre niektoré príkazy príkazové apropos vypíše |
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1018 tiež jedno alebo dvojznakové sekvencie, ktoré vykonávajú |
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1019 ten istý príkaz. |
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1020 |
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1021 >> Napíšte C-h a file<Return>. |
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1022 |
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1023 To zobrazí v druhom okne zoznam všetkých M-x príkazov obsahujúcich "file" vo |
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1024 svojom názve. Znakové príkazy ako C-x C-f uvidíte vypísané vedľa |
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1025 zodpovedajúcich mien príkazov ako find-file. |
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1026 |
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1027 >> Stlačte C-M-v pre posun okna s nápovedou. Urobte to viac krát. |
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1028 |
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1029 >> Stlačte C-x 1 pre zmazanie okna s nápovedou. |
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1030 |
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1031 C-h i Čítanie on-line manuálov (tiež Info). Tento príkaz |
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1032 Vás prepne do špeciálneho buffera s názvom `*info*', |
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1033 v ktorom môžete čítať on-line manuály pre balíky |
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1034 inštalované na vašom systéme. Ak stlačíte m emacs <Return>, |
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1035 môžete si napríklad prečítať manuál k Emacsu. Ak ste |
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1036 doteraz nikdy nepoužívali Info, stlačte ? a Emacs vám |
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1037 predstaví hlavné možnosti módu pre Info. Ak toto |
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1038 predstavenie absolvujete, mali by ste používať Info |
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1039 manuál Emacsu ako svoju primárnu dokumentáciu. |
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1040 |
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1041 |
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1042 * VIAC VLASTNOSTÍ |
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1043 ----------------- |
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1044 |
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1045 Na to, aby ste sa naučili viac o Emacse, prečítajte si jeho manuál, buď ako |
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1046 knihu alebo on-line vo formáte Info (použite Help menu alebo stlačte F10 h r). |
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1047 Dve vlastnosti, ktoré sa vám môžu páčiť, je dopĺňanie, ktoré šetrí písanie a |
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1048 dired, ktorý zjednodušuje prácu so súbormi. |
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1049 |
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1050 Dopĺňanie je na vyvarovanie sa zbytočného písania. Napríklad, keď sa chcete |
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1051 dostať do bufferu *Messages*, môžete napísať C-x b *M<Tab> a Emacs doplní |
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1052 zvyšok mena bufferu, až potiaľ, pokiaľ ho dokáže zistiť z toho, čo ste už |
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1053 napísali. Dopĺňanie je popísané v Info verzii manuálu Emacsu, v kapitole |
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1054 nazvanej "Completion". |
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1055 |
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1056 Dired vám dovoľuje zobraziť zoznam súborov v adresári (a voliteľne jeho |
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1057 podadresároch), presúvať, upravovať, premenovávať, mazať a ináč manipulovať so |
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1058 súbormi. Dired je popísané v Info verzii manuálu Emacsu, v kapitole nazvanej |
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1059 "Dired". |
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1060 |
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1061 Manuál tiež popisuje veľa iných vlastností Emacsu. |
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1062 |
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1063 * ZÁVER |
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1064 ------- |
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1065 |
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1066 Nezabudnite, Emacs ukončíte vykonaním príkazu C-x C-c. Pre dočasný |
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1067 odskok do shellu, z ktorého sa do Emacsu môžete opäť vrátiť, |
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1068 použite C-z. |
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1069 |
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1070 Zámerom tohto tútorialu je byť zrozumiteľný všetkým novým používateľom, takže |
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1071 ak narazíte na niečo nejasného, tak nezúfajte a nedávajte to za vinu sebe |
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1072 -- sťažujte sa! |
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1073 |
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1074 |
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1075 KOPÍROVANIE |
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1076 ----------- |
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1077 |
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1078 Tento tútorial vychádza z dlhej rady emacsových tútorialov začatej |
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1079 tútorialom napísaným Stuartom Cracraftom pre pôvodný Emacs. |
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1080 |
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1081 Táto verzia tútorialu je, podobne ako GNU Emacs, chránená copyrightom |
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1082 a je šírená s povolením distribuovať kópie za istých podmienok: |
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1083 |
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1084 Copyright (C) 1985, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, |
87649 | 1085 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
82722
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1086 |
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1087 Každému je zaručené právo vytvárať a distribuovať presné kópie tohto |
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1088 dokumentu tak, ako ho dostal, na akomkoľvek médiu, s tým, že bude |
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1089 zachovaná táto poznámka o autorstve a poznámka o povolení, a že |
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1090 distribútor zaručuje príjemcovi právo na ďalšiu redistribúciu povolenú |
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1091 touto poznámkou. |
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1092 |
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1093 Je zaručené právo distribuovať modifikované verzie tohto dokumentu |
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1094 alebo jeho častí pod hore uvedenými podmienkami za predpokladu, že |
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1095 obsahuje jasné poznámky uvádzajúce, kto urobil posledné úpravy. |
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1096 |
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1097 Podmienky pre kopírovanie Emacsu samotného sú zložitejšie, ale |
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1098 v rovnakom duchu. Prečítajte si, prosím, súbor COPYING a potom dajte kópie |
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1099 GNU Emacsu svojim priateľom. Pomáhajte potlačovať softwarovú obštrukciu |
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1100 ("vlastníctvo") používaním, písaním a zdieľaním free softwaru! |
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1101 |
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1102 ;;; Local Variables: |
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1103 ;;; coding: iso-latin-2 |
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1104 ;;; End: |
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1105 |
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1106 ;;; arch-tag: 87861cfa-5cf6-4b87-9fab-86c93c5ca9f3 |