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annotate lispref/customize.texi @ 55438:8ff66a576ed5
(emacsclient${EXEEXT}): Use makefile var `version'.
author | Thien-Thi Nguyen <ttn@gnuvola.org> |
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date | Sat, 08 May 2004 14:41:23 +0000 |
parents | 9856d5a15940 |
children | ba5561d20501 |
rev | line source |
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21006 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
21006 | 4 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @setfilename ../info/customize | |
6 @node Customization, Loading, Macros, Top | |
7 @chapter Writing Customization Definitions | |
8 | |
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9 This chapter describes how to declare user options for customization, |
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10 and also customization groups for classifying them. We use the term |
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11 @dfn{customization item} to include both kinds of customization |
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12 definitions---as well as face definitions (@pxref{Defining Faces}). |
21006 | 13 |
14 @menu | |
15 * Common Keywords:: | |
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16 * Group Definitions:: |
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17 * Variable Definitions:: |
21006 | 18 * Customization Types:: |
19 @end menu | |
20 | |
21 @node Common Keywords | |
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22 @section Common Item Keywords |
21006 | 23 |
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24 All kinds of customization declarations (for variables and groups, and |
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25 for faces) accept keyword arguments for specifying various information. |
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26 This section describes some keywords that apply to all kinds. |
21006 | 27 |
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28 All of these keywords, except @code{:tag}, can be used more than once |
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29 in a given item. Each use of the keyword has an independent effect. |
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30 The keyword @code{:tag} is an exception because any given item can only |
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31 display one name. |
21006 | 32 |
33 @table @code | |
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34 @item :tag @var{label} |
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35 Use @var{label}, a string, instead of the item's name, to label the item |
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36 in customization menus and buffers. |
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37 |
21006 | 38 @item :group @var{group} |
39 Put this customization item in group @var{group}. When you use | |
40 @code{:group} in a @code{defgroup}, it makes the new group a subgroup of | |
41 @var{group}. | |
42 | |
43 If you use this keyword more than once, you can put a single item into | |
44 more than one group. Displaying any of those groups will show this | |
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45 item. Please don't overdo this, since the result would be annoying. |
21006 | 46 |
47 @item :link @var{link-data} | |
48 Include an external link after the documentation string for this item. | |
49 This is a sentence containing an active field which references some | |
50 other documentation. | |
51 | |
43477 | 52 There are four alternatives you can use for @var{link-data}: |
21006 | 53 |
54 @table @code | |
55 @item (custom-manual @var{info-node}) | |
56 Link to an Info node; @var{info-node} is a string which specifies the | |
57 node name, as in @code{"(emacs)Top"}. The link appears as | |
58 @samp{[manual]} in the customization buffer. | |
59 | |
60 @item (info-link @var{info-node}) | |
61 Like @code{custom-manual} except that the link appears | |
62 in the customization buffer with the Info node name. | |
63 | |
64 @item (url-link @var{url}) | |
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65 Link to a web page; @var{url} is a string which specifies the @acronym{URL}. |
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66 The link appears in the customization buffer as @var{url}. |
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67 |
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68 @item (emacs-commentary-link @var{library}) |
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69 Link to the commentary section of a library; @var{library} is a string |
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70 which specifies the library name. |
21006 | 71 @end table |
72 | |
73 You can specify the text to use in the customization buffer by adding | |
74 @code{:tag @var{name}} after the first element of the @var{link-data}; | |
75 for example, @code{(info-link :tag "foo" "(emacs)Top")} makes a link to | |
76 the Emacs manual which appears in the buffer as @samp{foo}. | |
77 | |
78 An item can have more than one external link; however, most items have | |
79 none at all. | |
80 | |
81 @item :load @var{file} | |
82 Load file @var{file} (a string) before displaying this customization | |
83 item. Loading is done with @code{load-library}, and only if the file is | |
84 not already loaded. | |
85 | |
86 @item :require @var{feature} | |
87 Require feature @var{feature} (a symbol) when installing a value for | |
88 this item (an option or a face) that was saved using the customization | |
89 feature. This is done by calling @code{require}. | |
90 | |
91 The most common reason to use @code{:require} is when a variable enables | |
92 a feature such as a minor mode, and just setting the variable won't have | |
93 any effect unless the code which implements the mode is loaded. | |
94 @end table | |
95 | |
96 @node Group Definitions | |
97 @section Defining Custom Groups | |
98 | |
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99 Each Emacs Lisp package should have one main customization group which |
21006 | 100 contains all the options, faces and other groups in the package. If the |
101 package has a small number of options and faces, use just one group and | |
102 put everything in it. When there are more than twelve or so options and | |
103 faces, then you should structure them into subgroups, and put the | |
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104 subgroups under the package's main customization group. It is OK to |
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105 put some of the options and faces in the package's main group alongside |
21006 | 106 the subgroups. |
107 | |
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108 The package's main or only group should be a member of one or more of |
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109 the standard customization groups. (To display the full list of them, |
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110 use @kbd{M-x customize}.) Choose one or more of them (but not too |
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111 many), and add your group to each of them using the @code{:group} |
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112 keyword. |
21006 | 113 |
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114 The way to declare new customization groups is with @code{defgroup}. |
21006 | 115 |
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116 @defmac defgroup group members doc [keyword value]... |
21006 | 117 Declare @var{group} as a customization group containing @var{members}. |
118 Do not quote the symbol @var{group}. The argument @var{doc} specifies | |
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119 the documentation string for the group. It should not start with a |
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120 @samp{*} as in @code{defcustom}; that convention is for variables only. |
21006 | 121 |
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122 The argument @var{members} is a list specifying an initial set of |
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123 customization items to be members of the group. However, most often |
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124 @var{members} is @code{nil}, and you specify the group's members by |
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125 using the @code{:group} keyword when defining those members. |
21006 | 126 |
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127 If you want to specify group members through @var{members}, each element |
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128 should have the form @code{(@var{name} @var{widget})}. Here @var{name} |
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129 is a symbol, and @var{widget} is a widget type for editing that symbol. |
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130 Useful widgets are @code{custom-variable} for a variable, |
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131 @code{custom-face} for a face, and @code{custom-group} for a group. |
21006 | 132 |
33150 | 133 When a new group is introduced into Emacs, use this keyword in |
134 @code{defgroup}: | |
135 | |
136 @table @code | |
137 @item :version @var{version} | |
138 This option specifies that the group was first introduced in Emacs | |
139 version @var{version}. The value @var{version} must be a string. | |
140 @end table | |
141 | |
142 Tag the group with a version like this when it is introduced, rather | |
143 than the individual members (@pxref{Variable Definitions}). | |
144 | |
21006 | 145 In addition to the common keywords (@pxref{Common Keywords}), you can |
33150 | 146 also use this keyword in @code{defgroup}: |
21006 | 147 |
148 @table @code | |
149 @item :prefix @var{prefix} | |
150 If the name of an item in the group starts with @var{prefix}, then the | |
151 tag for that item is constructed (by default) by omitting @var{prefix}. | |
152 | |
153 One group can have any number of prefixes. | |
154 @end table | |
155 @end defmac | |
156 | |
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157 The prefix-discarding feature is currently turned off, which means |
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158 that @code{:prefix} currently has no effect. We did this because we |
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159 found that discarding the specified prefixes often led to confusing |
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160 names for options. This happened because the people who wrote the |
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161 @code{defgroup} definitions for various groups added @code{:prefix} |
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162 keywords whenever they make logical sense---that is, whenever the |
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163 variables in the library have a common prefix. |
21006 | 164 |
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165 In order to obtain good results with @code{:prefix}, it would be |
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166 necessary to check the specific effects of discarding a particular |
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167 prefix, given the specific items in a group and their names and |
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168 documentation. If the resulting text is not clear, then @code{:prefix} |
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169 should not be used in that case. |
21006 | 170 |
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171 It should be possible to recheck all the customization groups, delete |
21006 | 172 the @code{:prefix} specifications which give unclear results, and then |
173 turn this feature back on, if someone would like to do the work. | |
174 | |
175 @node Variable Definitions | |
176 @section Defining Customization Variables | |
177 | |
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178 Use @code{defcustom} to declare user-editable variables. |
21006 | 179 |
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180 @defmac defcustom option default doc [keyword value]@dots{} |
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181 Declare @var{option} as a customizable user option variable. Do not |
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182 quote @var{option}. The argument @var{doc} specifies the documentation |
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183 string for the variable. It should often start with a @samp{*} to mark |
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184 it as a @dfn{user option} (@pxref{Defining Variables}). Do not start |
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185 the documentation string with @samp{*} for options which cannot or |
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186 normally should not be set with @code{set-variable}; examples of the |
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187 former are global minor mode options such as |
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188 @code{global-font-lock-mode} and examples of the latter are hooks. |
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189 |
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190 If @var{option} is void, @code{defcustom} initializes it to |
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191 @var{default}. @var{default} should be an expression to compute the |
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192 value; be careful in writing it, because it can be evaluated on more |
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193 than one occasion. You should normally avoid using backquotes in |
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194 @var{default} because they are not expanded when editing the value, |
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195 causing list values to appear to have the wrong structure. |
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196 |
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197 When you evaluate a @code{defcustom} form with @kbd{C-M-x} in Emacs Lisp |
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198 mode (@code{eval-defun}), a special feature of @code{eval-defun} |
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199 arranges to set the variable unconditionally, without testing whether |
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200 its value is void. (The same feature applies to @code{defvar}.) |
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201 @xref{Defining Variables}. |
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202 @end defmac |
21006 | 203 |
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204 @code{defcustom} accepts the following additional keywords: |
21006 | 205 |
206 @table @code | |
207 @item :type @var{type} | |
208 Use @var{type} as the data type for this option. It specifies which | |
209 values are legitimate, and how to display the value. | |
210 @xref{Customization Types}, for more information. | |
211 | |
212 @item :options @var{list} | |
213 Specify @var{list} as the list of reasonable values for use in this | |
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214 option. The user is not restricted to using only these values, but they |
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215 are offered as convenient alternatives. |
21006 | 216 |
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217 This is meaningful only for certain types, currently including |
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218 @code{hook}, @code{plist} and @code{alist}. See the definition of the |
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219 individual types for a description of how to use @code{:options}. |
21006 | 220 |
221 @item :version @var{version} | |
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222 This option specifies that the variable was first introduced, or its |
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223 default value was changed, in Emacs version @var{version}. The value |
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224 @var{version} must be a string. For example, |
21006 | 225 |
226 @example | |
227 (defcustom foo-max 34 | |
228 "*Maximum number of foo's allowed." | |
229 :type 'integer | |
230 :group 'foo | |
231 :version "20.3") | |
232 @end example | |
233 | |
234 @item :set @var{setfunction} | |
235 Specify @var{setfunction} as the way to change the value of this option. | |
236 The function @var{setfunction} should take two arguments, a symbol and | |
237 the new value, and should do whatever is necessary to update the value | |
238 properly for this option (which may not mean simply setting the option | |
239 as a Lisp variable). The default for @var{setfunction} is | |
240 @code{set-default}. | |
241 | |
242 @item :get @var{getfunction} | |
243 Specify @var{getfunction} as the way to extract the value of this | |
244 option. The function @var{getfunction} should take one argument, a | |
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245 symbol, and should return whatever customize should use as the |
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246 ``current value'' for that symbol (which need not be the symbol's Lisp |
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247 value). The default is @code{default-value}. |
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248 |
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249 You have to really understand the workings of Custom to use |
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250 @code{:get} correctly. It is meant for values that are treated in |
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251 Custom as variables but are not actually stored in Lisp variables. It |
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252 is almost surely a mistake to specify @code{getfunction} for a value |
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253 that really is stored in a Lisp variable. |
21006 | 254 |
255 @item :initialize @var{function} | |
256 @var{function} should be a function used to initialize the variable when | |
257 the @code{defcustom} is evaluated. It should take two arguments, the | |
258 symbol and value. Here are some predefined functions meant for use in | |
259 this way: | |
260 | |
261 @table @code | |
262 @item custom-initialize-set | |
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263 Use the variable's @code{:set} function to initialize the variable, but |
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264 do not reinitialize it if it is already non-void. |
21006 | 265 |
266 @item custom-initialize-default | |
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267 Like @code{custom-initialize-set}, but use the function |
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268 @code{set-default} to set the variable, instead of the variable's |
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269 @code{:set} function. This is the usual choice for a variable whose |
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270 @code{:set} function enables or disables a minor mode; with this choice, |
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271 defining the variable will not call the minor mode function, but |
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272 customizing the variable will do so. |
21006 | 273 |
274 @item custom-initialize-reset | |
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275 Always use the @code{:set} function to initialize the variable. If |
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276 the variable is already non-void, reset it by calling the @code{:set} |
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277 function using the current value (returned by the @code{:get} method). |
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278 This is the default @code{:initialize} function. |
21006 | 279 |
280 @item custom-initialize-changed | |
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281 Use the @code{:set} function to initialize the variable, if it is |
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282 already set or has been customized; otherwise, just use |
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283 @code{set-default}. |
21006 | 284 @end table |
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285 |
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286 @item :set-after @var{variables} |
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287 When setting variables according to saved customizations, make sure to |
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288 set the variables @var{variables} before this one; in other words, delay |
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289 setting this variable until after those others have been handled. Use |
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290 @code{:set-after} if setting this variable won't work properly unless |
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291 those other variables already have their intended values. |
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292 @end table |
21006 | 293 |
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294 The @code{:require} option is useful for an option that turns on the |
21006 | 295 operation of a certain feature. Assuming that the package is coded to |
296 check the value of the option, you still need to arrange for the package | |
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297 to be loaded. You can do that with @code{:require}. @xref{Common |
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298 Keywords}. Here is an example, from the library @file{paren.el}: |
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299 |
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300 @example |
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301 (defcustom show-paren-mode nil |
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302 "Toggle Show Paren mode..." |
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303 :set (lambda (symbol value) |
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304 (show-paren-mode (or value 0))) |
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305 :initialize 'custom-initialize-default |
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306 :type 'boolean |
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307 :group 'paren-showing |
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308 :require 'paren) |
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309 @end example |
21006 | 310 |
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311 If a customization item has a type such as @code{hook} or @code{alist}, |
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312 which supports @code{:options}, you can add additional options to the |
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313 item, outside the @code{defcustom} declaration, by calling |
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314 @code{custom-add-option}. For example, if you define a function |
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315 @code{my-lisp-mode-initialization} intended to be called from |
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316 @code{emacs-lisp-mode-hook}, you might want to add that to the list of |
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317 options for @code{emacs-lisp-mode-hook}, but not by editing its |
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318 definition. You can do it thus: |
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319 |
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320 @example |
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321 (custom-add-option 'emacs-lisp-mode-hook |
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322 'my-lisp-mode-initialization) |
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323 @end example |
21006 | 324 |
325 @defun custom-add-option symbol option | |
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326 To the customization @var{symbol}, add @var{option}. |
21006 | 327 |
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328 The precise effect of adding @var{option} depends on the customization |
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329 type of @var{symbol}. |
21006 | 330 @end defun |
331 | |
332 Internally, @code{defcustom} uses the symbol property | |
333 @code{standard-value} to record the expression for the default value, | |
334 and @code{saved-value} to record the value saved by the user with the | |
335 customization buffer. The @code{saved-value} property is actually a | |
336 list whose car is an expression which evaluates to the value. | |
337 | |
338 @node Customization Types | |
339 @section Customization Types | |
340 | |
341 When you define a user option with @code{defcustom}, you must specify | |
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342 its @dfn{customization type}. That is a Lisp object which describes (1) |
21006 | 343 which values are legitimate and (2) how to display the value in the |
344 customization buffer for editing. | |
345 | |
346 You specify the customization type in @code{defcustom} with the | |
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347 @code{:type} keyword. The argument of @code{:type} is evaluated, but |
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348 only once when the @code{defcustom} is executed, so it isn't useful |
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349 for the value to vary. Normally we use a quoted constant. For |
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350 example: |
21006 | 351 |
352 @example | |
353 (defcustom diff-command "diff" | |
354 "*The command to use to run diff." | |
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355 :type '(string) |
21006 | 356 :group 'diff) |
357 @end example | |
358 | |
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359 In general, a customization type is a list whose first element is a |
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360 symbol, one of the customization type names defined in the following |
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361 sections. After this symbol come a number of arguments, depending on |
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362 the symbol. Between the type symbol and its arguments, you can |
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363 optionally write keyword-value pairs (@pxref{Type Keywords}). |
21006 | 364 |
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365 Some of the type symbols do not use any arguments; those are called |
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366 @dfn{simple types}. For a simple type, if you do not use any |
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367 keyword-value pairs, you can omit the parentheses around the type |
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368 symbol. For example just @code{string} as a customization type is |
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369 equivalent to @code{(string)}. |
21006 | 370 |
371 @menu | |
372 * Simple Types:: | |
373 * Composite Types:: | |
374 * Splicing into Lists:: | |
375 * Type Keywords:: | |
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376 * Defining New Types:: |
21006 | 377 @end menu |
378 | |
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379 All customization types are implemented as widgets; see @ref{Top, , |
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380 Introduction, widget, The Emacs Widget Library}, for details. |
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381 |
21006 | 382 @node Simple Types |
383 @subsection Simple Types | |
384 | |
385 This section describes all the simple customization types. | |
386 | |
387 @table @code | |
388 @item sexp | |
389 The value may be any Lisp object that can be printed and read back. You | |
390 can use @code{sexp} as a fall-back for any option, if you don't want to | |
391 take the time to work out a more specific type to use. | |
392 | |
393 @item integer | |
394 The value must be an integer, and is represented textually | |
395 in the customization buffer. | |
396 | |
397 @item number | |
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398 The value must be a number (floating point or integer), and is |
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399 represented textually in the customization buffer. |
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400 |
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401 @item float |
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402 The value must be a floating point number, and is represented |
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403 textually in the customization buffer. |
21006 | 404 |
405 @item string | |
406 The value must be a string, and the customization buffer shows just the | |
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407 contents, with no delimiting @samp{"} characters and no quoting with |
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408 @samp{\}. |
21006 | 409 |
410 @item regexp | |
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411 Like @code{string} except that the string must be a valid regular |
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412 expression. |
21006 | 413 |
414 @item character | |
415 The value must be a character code. A character code is actually an | |
416 integer, but this type shows the value by inserting the character in the | |
417 buffer, rather than by showing the number. | |
418 | |
419 @item file | |
420 The value must be a file name, and you can do completion with | |
421 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. | |
422 | |
423 @item (file :must-match t) | |
424 The value must be a file name for an existing file, and you can do | |
425 completion with @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. | |
426 | |
427 @item directory | |
428 The value must be a directory name, and you can do completion with | |
429 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. | |
430 | |
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431 @item hook |
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432 The value must be a list of functions (or a single function, but that is |
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433 obsolete usage). This customization type is used for hook variables. |
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434 You can use the @code{:options} keyword in a hook variable's |
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435 @code{defcustom} to specify a list of functions recommended for use in |
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436 the hook; see @ref{Variable Definitions}. |
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437 |
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438 @item alist |
24952 | 439 The value must be a list of cons-cells, the @sc{car} of each cell |
440 representing a key, and the @sc{cdr} of the same cell representing an | |
441 associated value. The user can add and delete key/value pairs, and | |
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442 edit both the key and the value of each pair. |
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443 |
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444 You can specify the key and value types like this: |
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445 |
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446 @smallexample |
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447 (alist :key-type @var{key-type} :value-type @var{value-type}) |
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448 @end smallexample |
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449 |
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450 @noindent |
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451 where @var{key-type} and @var{value-type} are customization type |
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452 specifications. The default key type is @code{sexp}, and the default |
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453 value type is @code{sexp}. |
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454 |
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455 The user can add any key matching the specified key type, but you can |
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456 give some keys a preferential treatment by specifying them with the |
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457 @code{:options} (see @ref{Variable Definitions}). The specified keys |
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458 will always be shown in the customize buffer (together with a suitable |
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459 value), with a checkbox to include or exclude or disable the key/value |
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460 pair from the alist. The user will not be able to edit the keys |
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461 specified by the @code{:options} keyword argument. |
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462 |
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463 The argument to the @code{:options} keywords should be a list of option |
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464 specifications. Ordinarily, the options are simply atoms, which are the |
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465 specified keys. For example: |
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466 |
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467 @smallexample |
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468 :options '("foo" "bar" "baz") |
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469 @end smallexample |
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470 |
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471 @noindent |
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472 specifies that there are three ``known'' keys, namely @code{"foo"}, |
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473 @code{"bar"} and @code{"baz"}, which will always be shown first. |
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474 |
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475 You may want to restrict the value type for specific keys, for example, |
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476 the value associated with the @code{"bar"} key can only be an integer. |
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477 You can specify this by using a list instead of an atom in the option |
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478 specification. The first element will specify the key, like before, |
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479 while the second element will specify the value type. |
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480 |
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481 @smallexample |
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482 :options '("foo" ("bar" integer) "baz") |
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483 @end smallexample |
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484 |
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485 Finally, you may want to change how the key is presented. By default, |
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486 the key is simply shown as a @code{const}, since the user cannot change |
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487 the special keys specified with the @code{:options} keyword. However, |
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488 you may want to use a more specialized type for presenting the key, like |
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489 @code{function-item} if you know it is a symbol with a function binding. |
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490 This is done by using a customization type specification instead of a |
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491 symbol for the key. |
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492 |
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493 @smallexample |
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494 :options '("foo" ((function-item some-function) integer) "baz") |
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495 @end smallexample |
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496 |
24952 | 497 Many alists use lists with two elements, instead of cons cells. For |
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498 example, |
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499 |
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500 @smallexample |
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501 (defcustom list-alist '(("foo" 1) ("bar" 2) ("baz" 3)) |
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502 "Each element is a list of the form (KEY VALUE).") |
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503 @end smallexample |
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504 |
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505 @noindent |
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506 instead of |
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507 |
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508 @smallexample |
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509 (defcustom cons-alist '(("foo" . 1) ("bar" . 2) ("baz" . 3)) |
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510 "Each element is a cons-cell (KEY . VALUE).") |
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511 @end smallexample |
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512 |
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513 Because of the way lists are implemented on top of cons cells, you can |
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514 treat @code{list-alist} in the example above as a cons cell alist, where |
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515 the value type is a list with a single element containing the real |
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516 value. |
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517 |
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518 @smallexample |
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519 (defcustom list-alist '(("foo" 1) ("bar" 2) ("baz" 3)) |
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520 "Each element is a list of the form (KEY VALUE)." |
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521 :type '(alist :value-type (group integer))) |
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522 @end smallexample |
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523 |
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524 The @code{group} widget is used here instead of @code{list} only because |
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525 the formatting is better suited for the purpose. |
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526 |
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527 Similarily, you can have alists with more values associated with each |
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528 key, using variations of this trick: |
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529 |
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530 @smallexample |
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531 (defcustom person-data '(("brian" 50 t) |
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532 ("dorith" 55 nil) |
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533 ("ken" 52 t)) |
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534 "Alist of basic info about people. |
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535 Each element has the form (NAME AGE MALE-FLAG)." |
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536 :type '(alist :value-type (group age boolean))) |
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537 |
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538 (defcustom pets '(("brian") |
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539 ("dorith" "dog" "guppy") |
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540 ("ken" "cat")) |
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541 "Alist of people's pets. |
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542 In an element (KEY . VALUE), KEY is the person's name, |
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543 and the VALUE is a list of that person's pets." |
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544 :type '(alist :value-type (repeat string))) |
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545 @end smallexample |
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546 |
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547 @item plist |
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548 The @code{plist} custom type is similar to the @code{alist} (see above), |
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549 except that the information is stored as a property list, i.e. a list of |
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550 this form: |
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551 |
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552 @smallexample |
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553 (@var{key} @var{value} @var{key} @var{value} @var{key} @var{value} @dots{}) |
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554 @end smallexample |
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555 |
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556 The default @code{:key-type} for @code{plist} is @code{symbol}, |
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557 rather than @code{sexp}. |
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558 |
21006 | 559 @item symbol |
560 The value must be a symbol. It appears in the customization buffer as | |
561 the name of the symbol. | |
562 | |
563 @item function | |
564 The value must be either a lambda expression or a function name. When | |
565 it is a function name, you can do completion with @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. | |
566 | |
567 @item variable | |
568 The value must be a variable name, and you can do completion with | |
569 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. | |
570 | |
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571 @item face |
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572 The value must be a symbol which is a face name, and you can do |
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573 completion with @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. |
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574 |
21006 | 575 @item boolean |
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576 The value is boolean---either @code{nil} or @code{t}. Note that by |
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577 using @code{choice} and @code{const} together (see the next section), |
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578 you can specify that the value must be @code{nil} or @code{t}, but also |
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579 specify the text to describe each value in a way that fits the specific |
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580 meaning of the alternative. |
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581 |
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582 @item coding-system |
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583 The value must be a coding-system name, and you can do completion with |
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584 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. |
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585 |
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586 @item color |
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587 The value must be a valid color name, and you can do completion with |
54299 | 588 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. A sample is provided. |
21006 | 589 @end table |
590 | |
591 @node Composite Types | |
592 @subsection Composite Types | |
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593 @cindex arguments (of composite type) |
21006 | 594 |
595 When none of the simple types is appropriate, you can use composite | |
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596 types, which build new types from other types or from specified data. |
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597 The specified types or data are called the @dfn{arguments} of the |
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598 composite type. The composite type normally looks like this: |
21006 | 599 |
600 @example | |
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601 (@var{constructor} @var{arguments}@dots{}) |
21006 | 602 @end example |
603 | |
604 @noindent | |
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605 but you can also add keyword-value pairs before the arguments, like |
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606 this: |
21006 | 607 |
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608 @example |
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609 (@var{constructor} @r{@{}@var{keyword} @var{value}@r{@}}@dots{} @var{arguments}@dots{}) |
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610 @end example |
21006 | 611 |
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612 Here is a table of constructors and how to use them to write |
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613 composite types: |
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614 |
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615 @table @code |
21006 | 616 @item (cons @var{car-type} @var{cdr-type}) |
617 The value must be a cons cell, its @sc{car} must fit @var{car-type}, and | |
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618 its @sc{cdr} must fit @var{cdr-type}. For example, @code{(cons string |
21006 | 619 symbol)} is a customization type which matches values such as |
620 @code{("foo" . foo)}. | |
621 | |
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622 In the customization buffer, the @sc{car} and the @sc{cdr} are |
21006 | 623 displayed and edited separately, each according to the type |
624 that you specify for it. | |
625 | |
626 @item (list @var{element-types}@dots{}) | |
627 The value must be a list with exactly as many elements as the | |
628 @var{element-types} you have specified; and each element must fit the | |
629 corresponding @var{element-type}. | |
630 | |
631 For example, @code{(list integer string function)} describes a list of | |
632 three elements; the first element must be an integer, the second a | |
633 string, and the third a function. | |
634 | |
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635 In the customization buffer, each element is displayed and edited |
21006 | 636 separately, according to the type specified for it. |
637 | |
638 @item (vector @var{element-types}@dots{}) | |
639 Like @code{list} except that the value must be a vector instead of a | |
640 list. The elements work the same as in @code{list}. | |
641 | |
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642 @item (choice @var{alternative-types}@dots{}) |
21006 | 643 The value must fit at least one of @var{alternative-types}. |
644 For example, @code{(choice integer string)} allows either an | |
645 integer or a string. | |
646 | |
647 In the customization buffer, the user selects one of the alternatives | |
648 using a menu, and can then edit the value in the usual way for that | |
649 alternative. | |
650 | |
651 Normally the strings in this menu are determined automatically from the | |
652 choices; however, you can specify different strings for the menu by | |
653 including the @code{:tag} keyword in the alternatives. For example, if | |
654 an integer stands for a number of spaces, while a string is text to use | |
655 verbatim, you might write the customization type this way, | |
656 | |
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657 @example |
21006 | 658 (choice (integer :tag "Number of spaces") |
659 (string :tag "Literal text")) | |
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660 @end example |
21006 | 661 |
662 @noindent | |
663 so that the menu offers @samp{Number of spaces} and @samp{Literal Text}. | |
664 | |
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665 In any alternative for which @code{nil} is not a valid value, other than |
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666 a @code{const}, you should specify a valid default for that alternative |
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667 using the @code{:value} keyword. @xref{Type Keywords}. |
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668 |
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669 If some values are covered by more than one of the alternatives, |
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670 customize will choose the first alternative that the value fits. This |
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671 means you should always list the most specific types first, and the |
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672 most general last. Here's an example of proper usage: |
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673 |
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674 @example |
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675 (choice (const :tag "Off" nil) symbol (sexp :tag "Other")) |
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676 @end example |
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677 |
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678 @noindent |
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679 This way, the special value @code{nil} is not treated like other |
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680 symbols, and symbols are not treated like other Lisp expressions. |
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681 |
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682 @item (radio @var{element-types}@dots{}) |
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683 This is similar to @code{choice}, except that the choices are displayed |
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684 using `radio buttons' rather than a menu. This has the advantage of |
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685 displaying documentation for the choices when applicable and so is often |
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686 a good choice for a choice between constant functions |
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687 (@code{function-item} customization types). |
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688 |
21006 | 689 @item (const @var{value}) |
690 The value must be @var{value}---nothing else is allowed. | |
691 | |
692 The main use of @code{const} is inside of @code{choice}. For example, | |
693 @code{(choice integer (const nil))} allows either an integer or | |
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694 @code{nil}. |
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695 |
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696 @code{:tag} is often used with @code{const}, inside of @code{choice}. |
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697 For example, |
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698 |
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699 @example |
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700 (choice (const :tag "Yes" t) |
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701 (const :tag "No" nil) |
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702 (const :tag "Ask" foo)) |
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703 @end example |
21006 | 704 |
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705 @noindent |
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706 describes a variable for which @code{t} means yes, @code{nil} means no, |
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707 and @code{foo} means ``ask.'' |
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708 |
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709 @item (other @var{value}) |
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710 This alternative can match any Lisp value, but if the user chooses this |
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711 alternative, that selects the value @var{value}. |
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712 |
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713 The main use of @code{other} is as the last element of @code{choice}. |
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714 For example, |
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715 |
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716 @example |
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717 (choice (const :tag "Yes" t) |
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718 (const :tag "No" nil) |
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719 (other :tag "Ask" foo)) |
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720 @end example |
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721 |
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722 @noindent |
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723 describes a variable for which @code{t} means yes, @code{nil} means no, |
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724 and anything else means ``ask.'' If the user chooses @samp{Ask} from |
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725 the menu of alternatives, that specifies the value @code{foo}; but any |
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726 other value (not @code{t}, @code{nil} or @code{foo}) displays as |
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727 @samp{Ask}, just like @code{foo}. |
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728 |
21006 | 729 @item (function-item @var{function}) |
730 Like @code{const}, but used for values which are functions. This | |
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731 displays the documentation string as well as the function name. |
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732 The documentation string is either the one you specify with |
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733 @code{:doc}, or @var{function}'s own documentation string. |
21006 | 734 |
735 @item (variable-item @var{variable}) | |
736 Like @code{const}, but used for values which are variable names. This | |
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737 displays the documentation string as well as the variable name. The |
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738 documentation string is either the one you specify with @code{:doc}, or |
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739 @var{variable}'s own documentation string. |
21006 | 740 |
23902 | 741 @item (set @var{types}@dots{}) |
742 The value must be a list, and each element of the list must match one of | |
743 the @var{types} specified. | |
744 | |
745 This appears in the customization buffer as a checklist, so that each of | |
746 @var{types} may have either one corresponding element or none. It is | |
747 not possible to specify two different elements that match the same one | |
748 of @var{types}. For example, @code{(set integer symbol)} allows one | |
749 integer and/or one symbol in the list; it does not allow multiple | |
750 integers or multiple symbols. As a result, it is rare to use | |
751 nonspecific types such as @code{integer} in a @code{set}. | |
752 | |
753 Most often, the @var{types} in a @code{set} are @code{const} types, as | |
754 shown here: | |
755 | |
756 @example | |
757 (set (const :bold) (const :italic)) | |
758 @end example | |
759 | |
760 Sometimes they describe possible elements in an alist: | |
761 | |
762 @example | |
763 (set (cons :tag "Height" (const height) integer) | |
764 (cons :tag "Width" (const width) integer)) | |
765 @end example | |
766 | |
767 @noindent | |
768 That lets the user specify a height value optionally | |
769 and a width value optionally. | |
21006 | 770 |
771 @item (repeat @var{element-type}) | |
772 The value must be a list and each element of the list must fit the type | |
773 @var{element-type}. This appears in the customization buffer as a | |
774 list of elements, with @samp{[INS]} and @samp{[DEL]} buttons for adding | |
775 more elements or removing elements. | |
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776 |
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777 @item (restricted-sexp :match-alternatives @var{criteria}) |
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778 This is the most general composite type construct. The value may be |
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779 any Lisp object that satisfies one of @var{criteria}. @var{criteria} |
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780 should be a list, and each element should be one of these |
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781 possibilities: |
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782 |
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783 @itemize @bullet |
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784 @item |
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785 A predicate---that is, a function of one argument that has no side |
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786 effects, and returns either @code{nil} or non-@code{nil} according to |
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787 the argument. Using a predicate in the list says that objects for which |
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788 the predicate returns non-@code{nil} are acceptable. |
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789 |
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790 @item |
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791 A quoted constant---that is, @code{'@var{object}}. This sort of element |
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792 in the list says that @var{object} itself is an acceptable value. |
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793 @end itemize |
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794 |
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795 For example, |
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796 |
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797 @example |
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798 (restricted-sexp :match-alternatives |
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799 (integerp 't 'nil)) |
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800 @end example |
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801 |
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802 @noindent |
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803 allows integers, @code{t} and @code{nil} as legitimate values. |
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804 |
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805 The customization buffer shows all legitimate values using their read |
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806 syntax, and the user edits them textually. |
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807 @end table |
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808 |
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809 Here is a table of the keywords you can use in keyword-value pairs |
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810 in a composite type: |
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811 |
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812 @table @code |
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813 @item :tag @var{tag} |
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814 Use @var{tag} as the name of this alternative, for user communication |
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815 purposes. This is useful for a type that appears inside of a |
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816 @code{choice}. |
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817 |
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818 @item :match-alternatives @var{criteria} |
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819 Use @var{criteria} to match possible values. This is used only in |
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820 @code{restricted-sexp}. |
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821 |
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822 @item :args @var{argumentlist} |
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823 Use the elements of @var{argumentlist} as the arguments of the type |
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824 construct. For instance, @code{(const :args (foo))} is equivalent to |
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825 @code{(const foo)}. You rarely need to write @code{:args} explicitly, |
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826 because normally the arguments are recognized automatically as |
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827 whatever follows the last keyword-value pair. |
21006 | 828 @end table |
829 | |
830 @node Splicing into Lists | |
831 @subsection Splicing into Lists | |
832 | |
833 The @code{:inline} feature lets you splice a variable number of | |
834 elements into the middle of a list or vector. You use it in a | |
835 @code{set}, @code{choice} or @code{repeat} type which appears among the | |
836 element-types of a @code{list} or @code{vector}. | |
837 | |
838 Normally, each of the element-types in a @code{list} or @code{vector} | |
839 describes one and only one element of the list or vector. Thus, if an | |
840 element-type is a @code{repeat}, that specifies a list of unspecified | |
841 length which appears as one element. | |
842 | |
843 But when the element-type uses @code{:inline}, the value it matches is | |
844 merged directly into the containing sequence. For example, if it | |
845 matches a list with three elements, those become three elements of the | |
846 overall sequence. This is analogous to using @samp{,@@} in the backquote | |
847 construct. | |
848 | |
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849 For example, to specify a list whose first element must be @code{baz} |
21006 | 850 and whose remaining arguments should be zero or more of @code{foo} and |
851 @code{bar}, use this customization type: | |
852 | |
853 @example | |
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854 (list (const baz) (set :inline t (const foo) (const bar))) |
21006 | 855 @end example |
856 | |
857 @noindent | |
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858 This matches values such as @code{(baz)}, @code{(baz foo)}, @code{(baz bar)} |
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859 and @code{(baz foo bar)}. |
21006 | 860 |
861 When the element-type is a @code{choice}, you use @code{:inline} not | |
862 in the @code{choice} itself, but in (some of) the alternatives of the | |
863 @code{choice}. For example, to match a list which must start with a | |
864 file name, followed either by the symbol @code{t} or two strings, use | |
865 this customization type: | |
866 | |
867 @example | |
868 (list file | |
869 (choice (const t) | |
870 (list :inline t string string))) | |
871 @end example | |
872 | |
873 @noindent | |
874 If the user chooses the first alternative in the choice, then the | |
875 overall list has two elements and the second element is @code{t}. If | |
876 the user chooses the second alternative, then the overall list has three | |
877 elements and the second and third must be strings. | |
878 | |
879 @node Type Keywords | |
880 @subsection Type Keywords | |
881 | |
882 You can specify keyword-argument pairs in a customization type after the | |
883 type name symbol. Here are the keywords you can use, and their | |
884 meanings: | |
885 | |
886 @table @code | |
887 @item :value @var{default} | |
888 This is used for a type that appears as an alternative inside of | |
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889 @code{choice}; it specifies the default value to use, at first, if and |
21006 | 890 when the user selects this alternative with the menu in the |
891 customization buffer. | |
892 | |
893 Of course, if the actual value of the option fits this alternative, it | |
894 will appear showing the actual value, not @var{default}. | |
895 | |
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896 If @code{nil} is not a valid value for the alternative, then it is |
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897 essential to specify a valid default with @code{:value}. |
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898 |
21006 | 899 @item :format @var{format-string} |
900 This string will be inserted in the buffer to represent the value | |
901 corresponding to the type. The following @samp{%} escapes are available | |
902 for use in @var{format-string}: | |
903 | |
904 @table @samp | |
905 @item %[@var{button}%] | |
906 Display the text @var{button} marked as a button. The @code{:action} | |
907 attribute specifies what the button will do if the user invokes it; | |
908 its value is a function which takes two arguments---the widget which | |
909 the button appears in, and the event. | |
910 | |
911 There is no way to specify two different buttons with different | |
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912 actions. |
21006 | 913 |
914 @item %@{@var{sample}%@} | |
915 Show @var{sample} in a special face specified by @code{:sample-face}. | |
916 | |
917 @item %v | |
918 Substitute the item's value. How the value is represented depends on | |
919 the kind of item, and (for variables) on the customization type. | |
920 | |
921 @item %d | |
922 Substitute the item's documentation string. | |
923 | |
924 @item %h | |
925 Like @samp{%d}, but if the documentation string is more than one line, | |
926 add an active field to control whether to show all of it or just the | |
927 first line. | |
928 | |
929 @item %t | |
930 Substitute the tag here. You specify the tag with the @code{:tag} | |
931 keyword. | |
932 | |
933 @item %% | |
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934 Display a literal @samp{%}. |
21006 | 935 @end table |
936 | |
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937 @item :action @var{action} |
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938 Perform @var{action} if the user clicks on a button. |
21006 | 939 |
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940 @item :button-face @var{face} |
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941 Use the face @var{face} (a face name or a list of face names) for button |
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942 text displayed with @samp{%[@dots{}%]}. |
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943 |
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944 @item :button-prefix @var{prefix} |
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945 @itemx :button-suffix @var{suffix} |
21006 | 946 These specify the text to display before and after a button. |
947 Each can be: | |
948 | |
949 @table @asis | |
950 @item @code{nil} | |
951 No text is inserted. | |
952 | |
953 @item a string | |
954 The string is inserted literally. | |
955 | |
956 @item a symbol | |
957 The symbol's value is used. | |
958 @end table | |
959 | |
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960 @item :tag @var{tag} |
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961 Use @var{tag} (a string) as the tag for the value (or part of the value) |
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962 that corresponds to this type. |
21006 | 963 |
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964 @item :doc @var{doc} |
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965 Use @var{doc} as the documentation string for this value (or part of the |
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966 value) that corresponds to this type. In order for this to work, you |
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967 must specify a value for @code{:format}, and use @samp{%d} or @samp{%h} |
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968 in that value. |
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969 |
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970 The usual reason to specify a documentation string for a type is to |
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971 provide more information about the meanings of alternatives inside a |
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972 @code{:choice} type or the parts of some other composite type. |
21006 | 973 |
974 @item :help-echo @var{motion-doc} | |
975 When you move to this item with @code{widget-forward} or | |
30500 | 976 @code{widget-backward}, it will display the string @var{motion-doc} in |
977 the echo area. In addition, @var{motion-doc} is used as the mouse | |
978 @code{help-echo} string and may actually be a function or form evaluated | |
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979 to yield a help string. If it is a function, it is called with one |
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980 argument, the widget. |
30904 | 981 @c @xref{Text help-echo}. |
21006 | 982 |
983 @item :match @var{function} | |
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984 Specify how to decide whether a value matches the type. The |
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985 corresponding value, @var{function}, should be a function that accepts |
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986 two arguments, a widget and a value; it should return non-@code{nil} if |
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987 the value is acceptable. |
21006 | 988 |
989 @ignore | |
990 @item :indent @var{columns} | |
991 Indent this item by @var{columns} columns. The indentation is used for | |
992 @samp{%n}, and automatically for group names, for checklists and radio | |
993 buttons, and for editable lists. It affects the whole of the | |
994 item except for the first line. | |
995 | |
996 @item :offset @var{columns} | |
997 An integer indicating how many extra spaces to indent the subitems of | |
998 this item. By default, subitems are indented the same as their parent. | |
999 | |
1000 @item :extra-offset | |
1001 An integer indicating how many extra spaces to add to this item's | |
1002 indentation, compared to its parent. | |
1003 | |
1004 @item :notify | |
1005 A function called each time the item or a subitem is changed. The | |
1006 function is called with two or three arguments. The first argument is | |
1007 the item itself, the second argument is the item that was changed, and | |
1008 the third argument is the event leading to the change, if any. | |
1009 | |
1010 @item :menu-tag | |
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1011 A tag used in the menu when the widget is used as an option in a |
21006 | 1012 @code{menu-choice} widget. |
1013 | |
1014 @item :menu-tag-get | |
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1015 A function used for finding the tag when the widget is used as an option |
21006 | 1016 in a @code{menu-choice} widget. By default, the tag used will be either the |
1017 @code{:menu-tag} or @code{:tag} property if present, or the @code{princ} | |
1018 representation of the @code{:value} property if not. | |
1019 | |
1020 @item :validate | |
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1021 A function which takes a widget as an argument, and return @code{nil} |
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1022 if the widget's current value is valid for the widget. Otherwise, it |
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1023 should return the widget containing the invalid data, and set that |
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1024 widget's @code{:error} property to a string explaining the error. |
21006 | 1025 |
1026 You can use the function @code{widget-children-validate} for this job; | |
1027 it tests that all children of @var{widget} are valid. | |
1028 | |
1029 @item :tab-order | |
1030 Specify the order in which widgets are traversed with | |
1031 @code{widget-forward} or @code{widget-backward}. This is only partially | |
1032 implemented. | |
1033 | |
1034 @enumerate a | |
1035 @item | |
1036 Widgets with tabbing order @code{-1} are ignored. | |
1037 | |
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1038 @item |
21006 | 1039 (Unimplemented) When on a widget with tabbing order @var{n}, go to the |
1040 next widget in the buffer with tabbing order @var{n+1} or @code{nil}, | |
1041 whichever comes first. | |
1042 | |
1043 @item | |
1044 When on a widget with no tabbing order specified, go to the next widget | |
1045 in the buffer with a positive tabbing order, or @code{nil} | |
1046 @end enumerate | |
1047 | |
1048 @item :parent | |
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1049 The parent of a nested widget (e.g., a @code{menu-choice} item or an |
21006 | 1050 element of a @code{editable-list} widget). |
1051 | |
1052 @item :sibling-args | |
1053 This keyword is only used for members of a @code{radio-button-choice} or | |
1054 @code{checklist}. The value should be a list of extra keyword | |
1055 arguments, which will be used when creating the @code{radio-button} or | |
1056 @code{checkbox} associated with this item. | |
1057 @end ignore | |
1058 @end table | |
52401 | 1059 |
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1060 @node Defining New Types |
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1061 @subsection Defining New Types |
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1062 |
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1063 In the previous sections we have described how to construct elaborate |
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1064 type specifications for @code{defcustom}. In some cases you may want to |
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1065 give such a type specification a name. The obvious case is when you are |
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1066 using the same type for many user options, rather than repeat the |
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1067 specification for each option, you can give the type specification a |
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1068 name once, and use that name each @code{defcustom}. The other case is |
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1069 when a user option accept a recursive datastructure. To make it |
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1070 possible for a datatype to refer to itself, it needs to have a name. |
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1071 |
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1072 Since custom types are implemented as widgets, the way to define a new |
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1073 customize type is to define a new widget. We are not going to describe |
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1074 the widget interface here in details, see @ref{Top, , Introduction, |
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1075 widget, The Emacs Widget Library}, for that. Instead we are going to |
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1076 demonstrate the minimal functionality needed for defining new customize |
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1077 types by a simple example. |
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1078 |
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1079 @example |
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1080 (define-widget 'binary-tree-of-string 'lazy |
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1081 "A binary tree made of cons-cells and strings." |
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1082 :offset 4 |
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1083 :tag "Node" |
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1084 :type '(choice (string :tag "Leaf" :value "") |
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1085 (cons :tag "Interior" |
54299 | 1086 :value ("" . "") |
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1087 binary-tree-of-string |
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1088 binary-tree-of-string))) |
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1089 |
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1090 (defcustom foo-bar "" |
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1091 "Sample variable holding a binary tree of strings." |
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1092 :type 'binary-tree-of-string) |
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1093 @end example |
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1094 |
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1095 The function to define a new widget is name @code{define-widget}. The |
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1096 first argument is the symbol we want to make a new widget type. The |
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1097 second argument is a symbol representing an existing widget, the new |
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1098 widget is going to be defined in terms of difference from the existing |
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1099 widget. For the purpose of defining new customization types, the |
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1100 @code{lazy} widget is perfect, because it accept a @code{:type} keyword |
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1101 argument with the same syntax as the keyword argument to |
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1102 @code{defcustom} with the same name. The third argument is a |
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1103 documentation string for the new widget. You will be able to see that |
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1104 string with the @kbd{M-x widget-browse @key{ret} binary-tree-of-string |
54299 | 1105 @key{ret}} command. |
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1106 |
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1107 After these mandatory arguments follows the keyword arguments. The most |
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1108 important is @code{:type}, which describes the datatype we want to match |
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1109 with this widget. Here a @code{binary-tree-of-string} is described as |
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1110 being either a string, or a cons-cell whose car and cdr are themselves |
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1111 both @code{binary-tree-of-string}. Note the reference to the widget |
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1112 type we are currently in the process of defining. The @code{:tag} |
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1113 attribute is a string to name the widget in the user interface, and the |
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1114 @code{:offset} argument are there to ensure that child nodes are |
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1115 indented four spaces relatively to the parent node, making the tree |
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1116 structure apparent in the customization buffer. |
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1117 |
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1118 The @code{defcustom} shows how the new widget can be used as an ordinary |
54299 | 1119 customization type. |
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1120 |
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1121 If you wonder about the name @code{lazy}, know that the other composite |
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1122 widgets convert their inferior widgets to internal form when the widget |
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1123 is instantiated in a buffer. This conversion is recursive, so the |
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1124 inferior widgets will convert @emph{their} inferior widgets. If the |
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1125 datastructure is itself recursive, this conversion will go on forever, |
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1126 or at least until Emacs run out of stack space. The @code{lazy} widget |
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1127 stop this recursion, it will only convert its @code{:type} argument when |
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1128 needed. |
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1129 |
52401 | 1130 @ignore |
1131 arch-tag: d1b8fad3-f48c-4ce4-a402-f73b5ef19bd2 | |
1132 @end ignore |