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annotate man/emacs-xtra.texi @ 70075:900c28bb2ad4
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author | Bill Wohler <wohler@newt.com> |
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date | Tue, 18 Apr 2006 17:27:51 +0000 |
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56119 | 1 \input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @comment %**start of header | |
3 @setfilename ../info/emacs-xtra | |
4 @settitle Specialized Emacs Features | |
5 @syncodeindex fn cp | |
6 @syncodeindex vr cp | |
7 @syncodeindex ky cp | |
8 @comment %**end of header | |
9 | |
10 @copying | |
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11 This manual describes specialized features of Emacs. |
56119 | 12 |
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13 Copyright @copyright{} 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
56119 | 14 |
15 @quotation | |
16 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document | |
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17 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or |
56119 | 18 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no |
19 Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU | |
20 Manual'', and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the | |
21 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation | |
22 License'' in the Emacs manual. | |
23 | |
24 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify | |
25 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free | |
26 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' | |
27 | |
28 This document is part of a collection distributed under the GNU Free | |
29 Documentation License. If you want to distribute this document | |
30 separately from the collection, you can do so by adding a copy of the | |
31 license to the document, as described in section 6 of the license. | |
32 @end quotation | |
33 @end copying | |
34 | |
35 @dircategory Emacs | |
36 @direntry | |
37 * Emacs-Xtra: (emacs-xtra). Specialized Emacs features. | |
38 @end direntry | |
39 | |
40 @titlepage | |
41 @title Specialized Emacs Features | |
42 @page | |
43 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
44 @insertcopying | |
45 @end titlepage | |
46 | |
47 @contents | |
48 | |
49 @ifnottex | |
50 @node Top | |
51 @top Specialized Emacs Features | |
52 | |
53 @insertcopying | |
54 | |
55 @end ifnottex | |
56 | |
57 @menu | |
58 * Introduction:: What documentation belongs here? | |
59 * Autorevert:: Auto Reverting non-file buffers. | |
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60 * Subdir Switches:: Subdirectory switches in Dired. |
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61 * Advanced Calendar/Diary Usage:: Advanced Calendar/Diary customization. |
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62 * Emerge:: A convenient way of merging two versions |
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63 of a program. |
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64 * Picture Mode:: Editing pictures made up of characters |
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65 using the quarter-plane screen model. |
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66 |
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67 * Advanced VC Usage:: Advanced VC (version control) features. |
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68 * Fortran:: Fortran mode and its special features. |
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69 * MS-DOG:: |
56119 | 70 * Index:: |
71 @end menu | |
72 | |
73 @node Introduction | |
74 @unnumbered Introduction | |
75 | |
76 This manual contains detailed information about various features that | |
77 are too specialized to be included in the Emacs manual. It is | |
78 intended to be readable by anyone having a basic knowledge of Emacs. | |
79 However, certain sections may be intended for a more specialized | |
80 audience, such as Elisp authors. This should be clearly pointed out | |
81 at the beginning of these sections. | |
82 | |
83 This manual is intended as a complement, rather than an alternative, | |
84 to other ways to gain a more detailed knowledge of Emacs than the | |
85 Emacs manual can provide, such as browsing packages using @kbd{C-h p}, | |
86 accessing mode documentation using @kbd{C-h m} and browsing user | |
87 options using Custom. Also, certain packages, or collections of | |
88 related features, have their own manuals. The present manual is | |
89 mainly intended to be a collection of smaller specialized features, | |
90 too small to get their own manual. | |
91 | |
92 Sections intended specifically for Elisp programmers can follow the | |
93 style of the Elisp manual. Other sections should follow the style of | |
94 the Emacs manual. | |
95 | |
96 @node Autorevert | |
97 @chapter Auto Reverting non-file Buffers | |
98 | |
99 Normally Global Auto Revert Mode only reverts file buffers. There are | |
100 two ways to auto-revert certain non-file buffers: enabling Auto Revert | |
101 Mode in those buffers (using @kbd{M-x auto-revert-mode}) and setting | |
102 @code{global-auto-revert-non-file-buffers} to @code{t}. The latter | |
103 enables Auto Reverting for all types of buffers for which it is | |
104 implemented, that is, for the types of buffers listed in the menu | |
105 below. | |
106 | |
107 Like file buffers, non-file buffers should normally not revert while | |
108 you are working on them, or while they contain information that might | |
109 get lost after reverting. Therefore, they do not revert if they are | |
110 ``modified''. This can get tricky, because deciding when a non-file | |
111 buffer should be marked modified is usually more difficult than for | |
112 file buffers. | |
113 | |
114 Another tricky detail is that, for efficiency reasons, Auto Revert | |
115 often does not try to detect all possible changes in the buffer, only | |
116 changes that are ``major'' or easy to detect. Hence, enabling | |
117 auto-reverting for a non-file buffer does not always guarantee that | |
118 all information in the buffer is up to date and does not necessarily | |
119 make manual reverts useless. | |
120 | |
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121 At the other extreme, certain buffers automatically auto-revert every |
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122 @code{auto-revert-interval} seconds. (This currently only applies to |
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123 the Buffer Menu.) In this case, Auto Revert does not print any |
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124 messages while reverting, even when @code{auto-revert-verbose} is |
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125 non-@code{nil}. |
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126 |
56119 | 127 The details depend on the particular types of buffers and are |
128 explained in the corresponding sections. | |
129 | |
130 @menu | |
131 * Auto Reverting the Buffer Menu:: | |
132 * Auto Reverting Dired:: | |
133 * Supporting additional buffers:: | |
134 @end menu | |
135 | |
136 @node Auto Reverting the Buffer Menu | |
137 @section Auto Reverting the Buffer Menu | |
138 | |
139 If auto-reverting of non-file buffers is enabled, the Buffer Menu | |
140 automatically reverts every @code{auto-revert-interval} seconds, | |
141 whether there is a need for it or not. (It would probably take longer | |
142 to check whether there is a need than to actually revert.) | |
143 | |
144 If the Buffer Menu inappropriately gets marked modified, just revert | |
145 it manually using @kbd{g} and auto-reverting will resume. However, if | |
146 you marked certain buffers to get deleted or to be displayed, you have | |
147 to be careful, because reverting erases all marks. The fact that | |
148 adding marks sets the buffer's modified flag prevents Auto Revert from | |
149 automatically erasing the marks. | |
150 | |
151 @node Auto Reverting Dired | |
152 @section Auto Reverting Dired buffers | |
153 | |
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154 Auto-reverting Dired buffers currently works on GNU or Unix style |
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155 operating systems. It may not work satisfactorily on some other |
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156 systems. |
56119 | 157 |
158 Dired buffers only auto-revert when the file list of the buffer's main | |
159 directory changes. They do not auto-revert when information about a | |
160 particular file changes or when inserted subdirectories change. To be | |
161 sure that @emph{all} listed information is up to date, you have to | |
162 manually revert using @kbd{g}, @emph{even} if auto-reverting is | |
163 enabled in the Dired buffer. Sometimes, you might get the impression | |
164 that modifying or saving files listed in the main directory actually | |
165 does cause auto-reverting. This is because making changes to a file, | |
166 or saving it, very often causes changes in the directory itself, for | |
167 instance, through backup files or auto-save files. However, this is | |
168 not guaranteed. | |
169 | |
170 If the Dired buffer is marked modified and there are no changes you | |
171 want to protect, then most of the time you can make auto-reverting | |
172 resume by manually reverting the buffer using @kbd{g}. There is one | |
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173 exception. If you flag or mark files, you can safely revert the |
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174 buffer. This will not erase the flags or marks (unless the marked |
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175 file has been deleted, of course). However, the buffer will stay |
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176 modified, even after reverting, and auto-reverting will not resume. |
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177 This is because, if you flag or mark files, you may be working on the |
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178 buffer and you might not want the buffer to change without warning. |
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179 If you want auto-reverting to resume in the presence of marks and |
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180 flags, mark the buffer non-modified using @kbd{M-~}. However, adding, |
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181 deleting or changing marks or flags will mark it modified again. |
56119 | 182 |
183 Remote Dired buffers are not auto-reverted. Neither are Dired buffers | |
184 for which you used shell wildcards or file arguments to list only some | |
185 of the files. @samp{*Find*} and @samp{*Locate*} buffers do not | |
186 auto-revert either. | |
187 | |
188 @node Supporting additional buffers | |
189 @section Adding Support for Auto-Reverting additional Buffers. | |
190 | |
191 This section is intended for Elisp programmers who would like to add | |
192 support for auto-reverting new types of buffers. | |
193 | |
194 To support auto-reverting the buffer must first of all have a | |
195 @code{revert-buffer-function}. @xref{Definition of | |
196 revert-buffer-function,, Reverting, elisp, the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
197 | |
198 In addition, it @emph{must} have a @code{buffer-stale-function}. | |
199 | |
200 @defvar buffer-stale-function | |
201 The value of this variable is a function to check whether a non-file | |
202 buffer needs reverting. This should be a function with one optional | |
203 argument @var{noconfirm}. The function should return non-@code{nil} | |
204 if the buffer should be reverted. The buffer is current when this | |
205 function is called. | |
206 | |
207 While this function is mainly intended for use in auto-reverting, it | |
208 could be used for other purposes as well. For instance, if | |
209 auto-reverting is not enabled, it could be used to warn the user that | |
210 the buffer needs reverting. The idea behind the @var{noconfirm} | |
211 argument is that it should be @code{t} if the buffer is going to be | |
212 reverted without asking the user and @code{nil} if the function is | |
213 just going to be used to warn the user that the buffer is out of date. | |
214 In particular, for use in auto-reverting, @var{noconfirm} is @code{t}. | |
215 If the function is only going to be used for auto-reverting, you can | |
216 ignore the @var{noconfirm} argument. | |
217 | |
218 If you just want to automatically auto-revert every | |
219 @code{auto-revert-interval} seconds, use: | |
220 | |
221 @example | |
222 (set (make-local-variable 'buffer-stale-function) | |
223 #'(lambda (&optional noconfirm) 'fast)) | |
224 @end example | |
225 | |
226 @noindent | |
227 in the buffer's mode function. | |
228 | |
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229 The special return value @samp{fast} tells the caller that the need |
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230 for reverting was not checked, but that reverting the buffer is fast. |
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231 It also tells Auto Revert not to print any revert messages, even if |
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232 @code{auto-revert-verbose} is non-@code{nil}. This is important, as |
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233 getting revert messages every @code{auto-revert-interval} seconds can |
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234 be very annoying. The information provided by this return value could |
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235 also be useful if the function is consulted for purposes other than |
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236 auto-reverting. |
56119 | 237 @end defvar |
238 | |
239 Once the buffer has a @code{revert-buffer-function} and a | |
240 @code{buffer-stale-function}, several problems usually remain. | |
241 | |
242 The buffer will only auto-revert if it is marked unmodified. Hence, | |
243 you will have to make sure that various functions mark the buffer | |
244 modified if and only if either the buffer contains information that | |
245 might be lost by reverting or there is reason to believe that the user | |
246 might be inconvenienced by auto-reverting, because he is actively | |
247 working on the buffer. The user can always override this by manually | |
248 adjusting the modified status of the buffer. To support this, calling | |
249 the @code{revert-buffer-function} on a buffer that is marked | |
250 unmodified should always keep the buffer marked unmodified. | |
251 | |
252 It is important to assure that point does not continuously jump around | |
253 as a consequence of auto-reverting. Of course, moving point might be | |
254 inevitable if the buffer radically changes. | |
255 | |
256 You should make sure that the @code{revert-buffer-function} does not | |
257 print messages that unnecessarily duplicate Auto Revert's own messages | |
258 if @code{auto-revert-verbose} is @code{t} and effectively override a | |
259 @code{nil} value for @code{auto-revert-verbose}. Hence, adapting a | |
260 mode for auto-reverting often involves getting rid of such messages. | |
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261 This is especially important for buffers that automatically |
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262 auto-revert every @code{auto-revert-interval} seconds. |
56119 | 263 |
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264 Also, you may want to update the documentation string of |
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265 @code{global-auto-revert-non-file-buffers}. |
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266 |
56119 | 267 @ifinfo |
268 Finally, you should add a node to this chapter's menu. This node | |
269 @end ifinfo | |
270 @ifnotinfo | |
271 Finally, you should add a section to this chapter. This section | |
272 @end ifnotinfo | |
273 should at the very least make clear whether enabling auto-reverting | |
274 for the buffer reliably assures that all information in the buffer is | |
275 completely up to date (or will be after @code{auto-revert-interval} | |
276 seconds). | |
277 | |
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278 @node Subdir Switches |
56119 | 279 @chapter Subdirectory Switches in Dired |
280 | |
281 You can insert subdirectories with specified @code{ls} switches in | |
282 Dired buffers, using @kbd{C-u i}. You can change the @code{ls} | |
283 switches of an already inserted subdirectory using @kbd{C-u l}. | |
284 | |
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285 In Emacs versions 22.1 and later, Dired remembers the switches, so |
56119 | 286 that reverting the buffer will not change them back to the main |
287 directory's switches. Deleting a subdirectory forgets about its | |
288 switches. | |
289 | |
290 Using @code{dired-undo} (usually bound to @kbd{C-_} and @kbd{C-x u}) | |
291 to reinsert or delete subdirectories, that were inserted with explicit | |
292 switches, can bypass Dired's machinery for remembering (or forgetting) | |
293 switches. Deleting a subdirectory using @code{dired-undo} does not | |
294 forget its switches. When later reinserted using @kbd{i}, it will be | |
295 reinserted using its old switches. Using @code{dired-undo} to | |
296 reinsert a subdirectory that was deleted using the regular | |
297 Dired commands (not @code{dired-undo}) will originally insert it with | |
298 its old switches. However, reverting the buffer will relist it using | |
299 the buffer's default switches. If any of this yields problems, you | |
300 can easily correct the situation using @kbd{C-u i} or @kbd{C-u l}. | |
301 | |
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302 Dired does not remember the @code{R} switch. Inserting a subdirectory |
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303 with switches that include the @code{R} switch is equivalent with |
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304 inserting each of its subdirectories using all remaining switches. |
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305 For instance, updating or killing a subdirectory that was inserted |
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306 with the @code{R} switch will not update or kill its subdirectories. |
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307 |
56119 | 308 The buffer's default switches do not affect subdirectories that were |
309 inserted using explicitly specified switches. In particular, | |
310 commands such as @kbd{s}, that change the buffer's switches do not | |
311 affect such subdirectories. (They do affect subdirectories without | |
312 explicitly assigned switches, however.) | |
313 | |
314 You can make Dired forget about all subdirectory switches and relist | |
315 all subdirectories with the buffer's default switches using | |
316 @kbd{M-x dired-reset-subdir-switches}. This also reverts the Dired buffer. | |
317 | |
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318 |
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319 @c Moved here from the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual, 2005-03-26. |
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320 @node Advanced Calendar/Diary Usage |
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321 @chapter Customizing the Calendar and Diary |
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322 |
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323 There are many customizations that you can use to make the calendar and |
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324 diary suit your personal tastes. |
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325 |
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326 @menu |
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327 * Calendar Customizing:: Defaults you can set. |
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328 * Holiday Customizing:: Defining your own holidays. |
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329 * Date Display Format:: Changing the format. |
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330 * Time Display Format:: Changing the format. |
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331 * Daylight Savings:: Changing the default. |
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332 * Diary Customizing:: Defaults you can set. |
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333 * Hebrew/Islamic Entries:: How to obtain them. |
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334 * Fancy Diary Display:: Enhancing the diary display, sorting entries, |
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335 using included diary files. |
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336 * Sexp Diary Entries:: Fancy things you can do. |
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337 @end menu |
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338 |
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339 @node Calendar Customizing |
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340 @section Customizing the Calendar |
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341 @vindex calendar-holiday-marker |
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342 @vindex diary-entry-marker |
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343 The variable @code{calendar-holiday-marker} specifies how to mark a |
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344 date as being a holiday. Its value may be a single-character string |
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345 to insert next to the date, or a face name to use for displaying the |
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346 date. Likewise, the variable @code{diary-entry-marker} specifies how |
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347 to mark a date that has diary entries. The calendar creates faces |
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348 named @code{holiday-face} and @code{diary-face} for these purposes; |
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349 those symbols are the default values of these variables. |
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350 |
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351 @vindex calendar-load-hook |
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352 The variable @code{calendar-load-hook} is a normal hook run when the |
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353 calendar package is first loaded (before actually starting to display |
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354 the calendar). |
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355 |
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356 @vindex initial-calendar-window-hook |
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357 Starting the calendar runs the normal hook |
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358 @code{initial-calendar-window-hook}. Recomputation of the calendar |
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359 display does not run this hook. But if you leave the calendar with the |
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360 @kbd{q} command and reenter it, the hook runs again.@refill |
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361 |
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362 @vindex today-visible-calendar-hook |
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363 The variable @code{today-visible-calendar-hook} is a normal hook run |
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364 after the calendar buffer has been prepared with the calendar when the |
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365 current date is visible in the window. One use of this hook is to |
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366 replace today's date with asterisks; to do that, use the hook function |
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367 @code{calendar-star-date}. |
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368 |
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369 @findex calendar-star-date |
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370 @example |
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371 (add-hook 'today-visible-calendar-hook 'calendar-star-date) |
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372 @end example |
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373 |
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374 @noindent |
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375 Another standard hook function marks the current date, either by |
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376 changing its face or by adding an asterisk. Here's how to use it: |
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377 |
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378 @findex calendar-mark-today |
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379 @example |
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380 (add-hook 'today-visible-calendar-hook 'calendar-mark-today) |
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381 @end example |
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382 |
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383 @noindent |
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384 @vindex calendar-today-marker |
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385 The variable @code{calendar-today-marker} specifies how to mark |
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386 today's date. Its value should be a single-character string to insert |
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387 next to the date or a face name to use for displaying the date. A |
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388 face named @code{calendar-today-face} is provided for this purpose; |
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389 that symbol is the default for this variable. |
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390 |
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391 @vindex today-invisible-calendar-hook |
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392 @noindent |
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393 A similar normal hook, @code{today-invisible-calendar-hook} is run if |
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394 the current date is @emph{not} visible in the window. |
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395 |
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396 @vindex calendar-move-hook |
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397 Each of the calendar cursor motion commands runs the hook |
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398 @code{calendar-move-hook} after it moves the cursor. |
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399 |
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400 @node Holiday Customizing |
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401 @section Customizing the Holidays |
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402 |
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403 @vindex calendar-holidays |
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404 @vindex christian-holidays |
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405 @vindex hebrew-holidays |
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406 @vindex islamic-holidays |
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407 Emacs knows about holidays defined by entries on one of several lists. |
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408 You can customize these lists of holidays to your own needs, adding or |
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409 deleting holidays. The lists of holidays that Emacs uses are for |
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410 general holidays (@code{general-holidays}), local holidays |
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411 (@code{local-holidays}), Christian holidays (@code{christian-holidays}), |
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412 Hebrew (Jewish) holidays (@code{hebrew-holidays}), Islamic (Muslim) |
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413 holidays (@code{islamic-holidays}), and other holidays |
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414 (@code{other-holidays}). |
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415 |
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416 @vindex general-holidays |
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417 The general holidays are, by default, holidays common throughout the |
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418 United States. To eliminate these holidays, set @code{general-holidays} |
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419 to @code{nil}. |
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420 |
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421 @vindex local-holidays |
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422 There are no default local holidays (but sites may supply some). You |
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423 can set the variable @code{local-holidays} to any list of holidays, as |
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424 described below. |
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425 |
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426 @vindex all-christian-calendar-holidays |
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427 @vindex all-hebrew-calendar-holidays |
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428 @vindex all-islamic-calendar-holidays |
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429 By default, Emacs does not include all the holidays of the religions |
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430 that it knows, only those commonly found in secular calendars. For a |
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431 more extensive collection of religious holidays, you can set any (or |
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432 all) of the variables @code{all-christian-calendar-holidays}, |
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433 @code{all-hebrew-calendar-holidays}, or |
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434 @code{all-islamic-calendar-holidays} to @code{t}. If you want to |
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435 eliminate the religious holidays, set any or all of the corresponding |
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436 variables @code{christian-holidays}, @code{hebrew-holidays}, and |
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437 @code{islamic-holidays} to @code{nil}.@refill |
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438 |
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439 @vindex other-holidays |
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440 You can set the variable @code{other-holidays} to any list of |
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441 holidays. This list, normally empty, is intended for individual use. |
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442 |
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443 @cindex holiday forms |
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444 Each of the lists (@code{general-holidays}, @code{local-holidays}, |
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445 @code{christian-holidays}, @code{hebrew-holidays}, |
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446 @code{islamic-holidays}, and @code{other-holidays}) is a list of |
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447 @dfn{holiday forms}, each holiday form describing a holiday (or |
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448 sometimes a list of holidays). |
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449 |
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450 Here is a table of the possible kinds of holiday form. Day numbers |
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451 and month numbers count starting from 1, but ``dayname'' numbers |
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452 count Sunday as 0. The element @var{string} is always the |
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453 name of the holiday, as a string. |
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454 |
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455 @table @code |
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456 @item (holiday-fixed @var{month} @var{day} @var{string}) |
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457 A fixed date on the Gregorian calendar. |
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458 |
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459 @item (holiday-float @var{month} @var{dayname} @var{k} @var{string}) |
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460 The @var{k}th @var{dayname} in @var{month} on the Gregorian calendar |
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461 (@var{dayname}=0 for Sunday, and so on); negative @var{k} means count back |
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462 from the end of the month. |
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463 |
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464 @item (holiday-hebrew @var{month} @var{day} @var{string}) |
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465 A fixed date on the Hebrew calendar. |
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466 |
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467 @item (holiday-islamic @var{month} @var{day} @var{string}) |
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468 A fixed date on the Islamic calendar. |
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469 |
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470 @item (holiday-julian @var{month} @var{day} @var{string}) |
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471 A fixed date on the Julian calendar. |
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472 |
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473 @item (holiday-sexp @var{sexp} @var{string}) |
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474 A date calculated by the Lisp expression @var{sexp}. The expression |
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475 should use the variable @code{year} to compute and return the date of a |
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476 holiday, or @code{nil} if the holiday doesn't happen this year. The |
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477 value of @var{sexp} must represent the date as a list of the form |
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478 @code{(@var{month} @var{day} @var{year})}. |
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479 |
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480 @item (if @var{condition} @var{holiday-form}) |
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481 A holiday that happens only if @var{condition} is true. |
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482 |
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483 @item (@var{function} @r{[}@var{args}@r{]}) |
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484 A list of dates calculated by the function @var{function}, called with |
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485 arguments @var{args}. |
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486 @end table |
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487 |
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488 For example, suppose you want to add Bastille Day, celebrated in |
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489 France on July 14. You can do this as follows: |
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490 |
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491 @smallexample |
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492 (setq other-holidays '((holiday-fixed 7 14 "Bastille Day"))) |
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493 @end smallexample |
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494 |
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495 @noindent |
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496 The holiday form @code{(holiday-fixed 7 14 "Bastille Day")} specifies the |
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497 fourteenth day of the seventh month (July). |
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498 |
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499 Many holidays occur on a specific day of the week, at a specific time |
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500 of month. Here is a holiday form describing Hurricane Supplication Day, |
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501 celebrated in the Virgin Islands on the fourth Monday in August: |
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502 |
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503 @smallexample |
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504 (holiday-float 8 1 4 "Hurricane Supplication Day") |
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505 @end smallexample |
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506 |
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507 @noindent |
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508 Here the 8 specifies August, the 1 specifies Monday (Sunday is 0, |
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509 Tuesday is 2, and so on), and the 4 specifies the fourth occurrence in |
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510 the month (1 specifies the first occurrence, 2 the second occurrence, |
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511 @minus{}1 the last occurrence, @minus{}2 the second-to-last occurrence, and |
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512 so on). |
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513 |
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514 You can specify holidays that occur on fixed days of the Hebrew, |
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515 Islamic, and Julian calendars too. For example, |
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516 |
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517 @smallexample |
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518 (setq other-holidays |
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519 '((holiday-hebrew 10 2 "Last day of Hanukkah") |
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520 (holiday-islamic 3 12 "Mohammed's Birthday") |
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521 (holiday-julian 4 2 "Jefferson's Birthday"))) |
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522 @end smallexample |
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523 |
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524 @noindent |
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525 adds the last day of Hanukkah (since the Hebrew months are numbered with |
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526 1 starting from Nisan), the Islamic feast celebrating Mohammed's |
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527 birthday (since the Islamic months are numbered from 1 starting with |
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528 Muharram), and Thomas Jefferson's birthday, which is 2 April 1743 on the |
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529 Julian calendar. |
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530 |
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531 To include a holiday conditionally, use either Emacs Lisp's @code{if} or the |
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532 @code{holiday-sexp} form. For example, American presidential elections |
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533 occur on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November of years |
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534 divisible by 4: |
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535 |
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536 @smallexample |
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537 (holiday-sexp '(if (= 0 (% year 4)) |
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538 (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute |
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539 (1+ (calendar-dayname-on-or-before |
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540 1 (+ 6 (calendar-absolute-from-gregorian |
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541 (list 11 1 year))))))) |
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542 "US Presidential Election") |
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543 @end smallexample |
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544 |
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545 @noindent |
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546 or |
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547 |
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548 @smallexample |
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549 (if (= 0 (% displayed-year 4)) |
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550 (fixed 11 |
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551 (extract-calendar-day |
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552 (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute |
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553 (1+ (calendar-dayname-on-or-before |
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554 1 (+ 6 (calendar-absolute-from-gregorian |
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555 (list 11 1 displayed-year))))))) |
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556 "US Presidential Election")) |
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557 @end smallexample |
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558 |
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559 Some holidays just don't fit into any of these forms because special |
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560 calculations are involved in their determination. In such cases you |
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561 must write a Lisp function to do the calculation. To include eclipses, |
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562 for example, add @code{(eclipses)} to @code{other-holidays} |
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563 and write an Emacs Lisp function @code{eclipses} that returns a |
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564 (possibly empty) list of the relevant Gregorian dates among the range |
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565 visible in the calendar window, with descriptive strings, like this: |
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566 |
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567 @smallexample |
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568 (((6 27 1991) "Lunar Eclipse") ((7 11 1991) "Solar Eclipse") ... ) |
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569 @end smallexample |
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570 |
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571 @node Date Display Format |
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572 @section Date Display Format |
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573 @vindex calendar-date-display-form |
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574 |
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575 You can customize the manner of displaying dates in the diary, in mode |
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576 lines, and in messages by setting @code{calendar-date-display-form}. |
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577 This variable holds a list of expressions that can involve the variables |
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578 @code{month}, @code{day}, and @code{year}, which are all numbers in |
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579 string form, and @code{monthname} and @code{dayname}, which are both |
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580 alphabetic strings. In the American style, the default value of this |
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581 list is as follows: |
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582 |
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583 @smallexample |
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584 ((if dayname (concat dayname ", ")) monthname " " day ", " year) |
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585 @end smallexample |
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586 |
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587 @noindent |
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588 while in the European style this value is the default: |
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589 |
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590 @smallexample |
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591 ((if dayname (concat dayname ", ")) day " " monthname " " year) |
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592 @end smallexample |
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593 |
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594 @noindent |
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595 The ISO standard date representation is this: |
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596 |
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597 @smallexample |
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598 (year "-" month "-" day) |
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599 @end smallexample |
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600 |
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601 @noindent |
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602 This specifies a typical American format: |
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603 |
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604 @smallexample |
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605 (month "/" day "/" (substring year -2)) |
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606 @end smallexample |
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607 |
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608 @node Time Display Format |
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609 @section Time Display Format |
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610 @vindex calendar-time-display-form |
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611 |
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612 The calendar and diary by default display times of day in the |
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613 conventional American style with the hours from 1 through 12, minutes, |
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614 and either @samp{am} or @samp{pm}. If you prefer the European style, |
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615 also known in the US as military, in which the hours go from 00 to 23, |
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616 you can alter the variable @code{calendar-time-display-form}. This |
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617 variable is a list of expressions that can involve the variables |
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618 @code{12-hours}, @code{24-hours}, and @code{minutes}, which are all |
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619 numbers in string form, and @code{am-pm} and @code{time-zone}, which are |
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620 both alphabetic strings. The default value of |
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621 @code{calendar-time-display-form} is as follows: |
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622 |
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623 @smallexample |
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624 (12-hours ":" minutes am-pm |
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625 (if time-zone " (") time-zone (if time-zone ")")) |
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626 @end smallexample |
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627 |
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628 @noindent |
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629 Here is a value that provides European style times: |
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630 |
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631 @smallexample |
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632 (24-hours ":" minutes |
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633 (if time-zone " (") time-zone (if time-zone ")")) |
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634 @end smallexample |
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635 |
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636 @node Daylight Savings |
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637 @section Daylight Savings Time |
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638 @cindex daylight savings time |
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639 |
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640 Emacs understands the difference between standard time and daylight |
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641 savings time---the times given for sunrise, sunset, solstices, |
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642 equinoxes, and the phases of the moon take that into account. The rules |
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643 for daylight savings time vary from place to place and have also varied |
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644 historically from year to year. To do the job properly, Emacs needs to |
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645 know which rules to use. |
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646 |
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647 Some operating systems keep track of the rules that apply to the place |
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648 where you are; on these systems, Emacs gets the information it needs |
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649 from the system automatically. If some or all of this information is |
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650 missing, Emacs fills in the gaps with the rules currently used in |
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651 Cambridge, Massachusetts, which is the center of GNU's world. |
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652 |
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653 |
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654 @vindex calendar-daylight-savings-starts |
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655 @vindex calendar-daylight-savings-ends |
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656 If the default choice of rules is not appropriate for your location, |
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657 you can tell Emacs the rules to use by setting the variables |
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658 @code{calendar-daylight-savings-starts} and |
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659 @code{calendar-daylight-savings-ends}. Their values should be Lisp |
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660 expressions that refer to the variable @code{year}, and evaluate to the |
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661 Gregorian date on which daylight savings time starts or (respectively) |
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662 ends, in the form of a list @code{(@var{month} @var{day} @var{year})}. |
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663 The values should be @code{nil} if your area does not use daylight |
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664 savings time. |
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665 |
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666 Emacs uses these expressions to determine the start and end dates of |
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667 daylight savings time as holidays and for correcting times of day in the |
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668 solar and lunar calculations. |
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669 |
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670 The values for Cambridge, Massachusetts are as follows: |
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671 |
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672 @example |
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673 @group |
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674 (calendar-nth-named-day 1 0 4 year) |
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675 (calendar-nth-named-day -1 0 10 year) |
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676 @end group |
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677 @end example |
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678 |
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679 @noindent |
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680 i.e., the first 0th day (Sunday) of the fourth month (April) in |
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681 the year specified by @code{year}, and the last Sunday of the tenth month |
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682 (October) of that year. If daylight savings time were |
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683 changed to start on October 1, you would set |
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684 @code{calendar-daylight-savings-starts} to this: |
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685 |
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686 @example |
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687 (list 10 1 year) |
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688 @end example |
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689 |
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690 For a more complex example, suppose daylight savings time begins on |
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691 the first of Nisan on the Hebrew calendar. You should set |
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692 @code{calendar-daylight-savings-starts} to this value: |
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693 |
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694 @example |
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695 (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute |
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696 (calendar-absolute-from-hebrew |
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697 (list 1 1 (+ year 3760)))) |
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698 @end example |
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699 |
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700 @noindent |
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701 because Nisan is the first month in the Hebrew calendar and the Hebrew |
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702 year differs from the Gregorian year by 3760 at Nisan. |
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703 |
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704 If there is no daylight savings time at your location, or if you want |
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705 all times in standard time, set @code{calendar-daylight-savings-starts} |
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706 and @code{calendar-daylight-savings-ends} to @code{nil}. |
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707 |
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708 @vindex calendar-daylight-time-offset |
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709 The variable @code{calendar-daylight-time-offset} specifies the |
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710 difference between daylight savings time and standard time, measured in |
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711 minutes. The value for Cambridge is 60. |
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712 |
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713 @vindex calendar-daylight-savings-starts-time |
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714 @vindex calendar-daylight-savings-ends-time |
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715 The variable @code{calendar-daylight-savings-starts-time} and the |
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716 variable @code{calendar-daylight-savings-ends-time} specify the number |
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717 of minutes after midnight local time when the transition to and from |
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718 daylight savings time should occur. For Cambridge, both variables' |
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719 values are 120. |
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720 |
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721 @node Diary Customizing |
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722 @section Customizing the Diary |
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723 |
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724 @vindex holidays-in-diary-buffer |
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725 Ordinarily, the mode line of the diary buffer window indicates any |
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726 holidays that fall on the date of the diary entries. The process of |
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727 checking for holidays can take several seconds, so including holiday |
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728 information delays the display of the diary buffer noticeably. If you'd |
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729 prefer to have a faster display of the diary buffer but without the |
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730 holiday information, set the variable @code{holidays-in-diary-buffer} to |
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731 @code{nil}.@refill |
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732 |
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733 @vindex number-of-diary-entries |
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734 The variable @code{number-of-diary-entries} controls the number of |
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735 days of diary entries to be displayed at one time. It affects the |
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736 initial display when @code{view-diary-entries-initially} is @code{t}, as |
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737 well as the command @kbd{M-x diary}. For example, the default value is |
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738 1, which says to display only the current day's diary entries. If the |
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739 value is 2, both the current day's and the next day's entries are |
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740 displayed. The value can also be a vector of seven elements: for |
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741 example, if the value is @code{[0 2 2 2 2 4 1]} then no diary entries |
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742 appear on Sunday, the current date's and the next day's diary entries |
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743 appear Monday through Thursday, Friday through Monday's entries appear |
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744 on Friday, while on Saturday only that day's entries appear. |
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745 |
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746 @vindex print-diary-entries-hook |
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747 @findex print-diary-entries |
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748 The variable @code{print-diary-entries-hook} is a normal hook run |
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749 after preparation of a temporary buffer containing just the diary |
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750 entries currently visible in the diary buffer. (The other, irrelevant |
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751 diary entries are really absent from the temporary buffer; in the diary |
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752 buffer, they are merely hidden.) The default value of this hook does |
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753 the printing with the command @code{lpr-buffer}. If you want to use a |
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754 different command to do the printing, just change the value of this |
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755 hook. Other uses might include, for example, rearranging the lines into |
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756 order by day and time. |
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757 |
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758 @vindex diary-date-forms |
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759 You can customize the form of dates in your diary file, if neither the |
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760 standard American nor European styles suits your needs, by setting the |
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761 variable @code{diary-date-forms}. This variable is a list of patterns |
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762 for recognizing a date. Each date pattern is a list whose elements may |
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763 be regular expressions (@pxref{Regular Expressions,,, elisp, the Emacs |
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764 Lisp Reference Manual}) or the symbols @code{month}, @code{day}, |
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765 @code{year}, @code{monthname}, and @code{dayname}. All these elements |
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766 serve as patterns that match certain kinds of text in the diary file. |
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767 In order for the date pattern, as a whole, to match, all of its elements |
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768 must match consecutively. |
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769 |
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770 A regular expression in a date pattern matches in its usual fashion, |
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771 using the standard syntax table altered so that @samp{*} is a word |
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772 constituent. |
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773 |
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774 The symbols @code{month}, @code{day}, @code{year}, @code{monthname}, |
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775 and @code{dayname} match the month number, day number, year number, |
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776 month name, and day name of the date being considered. The symbols that |
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777 match numbers allow leading zeros; those that match names allow |
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778 three-letter abbreviations and capitalization. All the symbols can |
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779 match @samp{*}; since @samp{*} in a diary entry means ``any day'', ``any |
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780 month'', and so on, it should match regardless of the date being |
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781 considered. |
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782 |
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783 The default value of @code{diary-date-forms} in the American style is |
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784 this: |
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785 |
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786 @example |
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787 ((month "/" day "[^/0-9]") |
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788 (month "/" day "/" year "[^0-9]") |
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789 (monthname " *" day "[^,0-9]") |
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790 (monthname " *" day ", *" year "[^0-9]") |
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791 (dayname "\\W")) |
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792 @end example |
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793 |
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794 The date patterns in the list must be @emph{mutually exclusive} and |
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795 must not match any portion of the diary entry itself, just the date and |
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796 one character of whitespace. If, to be mutually exclusive, the pattern |
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797 must match a portion of the diary entry text---beyond the whitespace |
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798 that ends the date---then the first element of the date pattern |
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799 @emph{must} be @code{backup}. This causes the date recognizer to back |
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800 up to the beginning of the current word of the diary entry, after |
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801 finishing the match. Even if you use @code{backup}, the date pattern |
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802 must absolutely not match more than a portion of the first word of the |
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803 diary entry. The default value of @code{diary-date-forms} in the |
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804 European style is this list: |
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805 |
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806 @example |
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807 ((day "/" month "[^/0-9]") |
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808 (day "/" month "/" year "[^0-9]") |
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809 (backup day " *" monthname "\\W+\\<[^*0-9]") |
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810 (day " *" monthname " *" year "[^0-9]") |
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811 (dayname "\\W")) |
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812 @end example |
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813 |
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814 @noindent |
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815 Notice the use of @code{backup} in the third pattern, because it needs |
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816 to match part of a word beyond the date itself to distinguish it from |
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817 the fourth pattern. |
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818 |
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819 @node Hebrew/Islamic Entries |
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820 @section Hebrew- and Islamic-Date Diary Entries |
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821 |
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822 Your diary file can have entries based on Hebrew or Islamic dates, as |
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823 well as entries based on the world-standard Gregorian calendar. |
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824 However, because recognition of such entries is time-consuming and most |
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825 people don't use them, you must explicitly enable their use. If you |
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826 want the diary to recognize Hebrew-date diary entries, for example, |
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827 you must do this: |
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828 |
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829 @vindex nongregorian-diary-listing-hook |
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830 @vindex nongregorian-diary-marking-hook |
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831 @findex list-hebrew-diary-entries |
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832 @findex mark-hebrew-diary-entries |
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833 @smallexample |
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834 (add-hook 'nongregorian-diary-listing-hook 'list-hebrew-diary-entries) |
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835 (add-hook 'nongregorian-diary-marking-hook 'mark-hebrew-diary-entries) |
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836 @end smallexample |
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837 |
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838 @noindent |
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839 If you want Islamic-date entries, do this: |
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840 |
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841 @findex list-islamic-diary-entries |
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842 @findex mark-islamic-diary-entries |
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843 @smallexample |
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844 (add-hook 'nongregorian-diary-listing-hook 'list-islamic-diary-entries) |
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845 (add-hook 'nongregorian-diary-marking-hook 'mark-islamic-diary-entries) |
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846 @end smallexample |
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847 |
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848 Hebrew- and Islamic-date diary entries have the same formats as |
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849 Gregorian-date diary entries, except that @samp{H} precedes a Hebrew |
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850 date and @samp{I} precedes an Islamic date. Moreover, because the |
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851 Hebrew and Islamic month names are not uniquely specified by the first |
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852 three letters, you may not abbreviate them. For example, a diary entry |
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853 for the Hebrew date Heshvan 25 could look like this: |
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854 |
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855 @smallexample |
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856 HHeshvan 25 Happy Hebrew birthday! |
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857 @end smallexample |
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858 |
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859 @noindent |
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860 and would appear in the diary for any date that corresponds to Heshvan 25 |
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861 on the Hebrew calendar. And here is an Islamic-date diary entry that matches |
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862 Dhu al-Qada 25: |
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863 |
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864 @smallexample |
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865 IDhu al-Qada 25 Happy Islamic birthday! |
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866 @end smallexample |
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867 |
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868 As with Gregorian-date diary entries, Hebrew- and Islamic-date entries |
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869 are nonmarking if they are preceded with an ampersand (@samp{&}). |
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870 |
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871 Here is a table of commands used in the calendar to create diary entries |
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872 that match the selected date and other dates that are similar in the Hebrew |
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873 or Islamic calendar: |
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874 |
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875 @table @kbd |
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876 @item i h d |
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877 Add a diary entry for the Hebrew date corresponding to the selected date |
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878 (@code{insert-hebrew-diary-entry}). |
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879 @item i h m |
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880 Add a diary entry for the day of the Hebrew month corresponding to the |
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881 selected date (@code{insert-monthly-hebrew-diary-entry}). This diary |
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882 entry matches any date that has the same Hebrew day-within-month as the |
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883 selected date. |
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884 @item i h y |
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885 Add a diary entry for the day of the Hebrew year corresponding to the |
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886 selected date (@code{insert-yearly-hebrew-diary-entry}). This diary |
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887 entry matches any date which has the same Hebrew month and day-within-month |
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888 as the selected date. |
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889 @item i i d |
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890 Add a diary entry for the Islamic date corresponding to the selected date |
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891 (@code{insert-islamic-diary-entry}). |
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892 @item i i m |
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893 Add a diary entry for the day of the Islamic month corresponding to the |
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894 selected date (@code{insert-monthly-islamic-diary-entry}). |
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895 @item i i y |
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896 Add a diary entry for the day of the Islamic year corresponding to the |
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897 selected date (@code{insert-yearly-islamic-diary-entry}). |
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898 @end table |
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899 |
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900 @findex insert-hebrew-diary-entry |
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901 @findex insert-monthly-hebrew-diary-entry |
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902 @findex insert-yearly-hebrew-diary-entry |
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903 @findex insert-islamic-diary-entry |
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904 @findex insert-monthly-islamic-diary-entry |
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905 @findex insert-yearly-islamic-diary-entry |
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906 These commands work much like the corresponding commands for ordinary |
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907 diary entries: they apply to the date that point is on in the calendar |
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908 window, and what they do is insert just the date portion of a diary entry |
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909 at the end of your diary file. You must then insert the rest of the |
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910 diary entry. |
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911 |
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912 @node Fancy Diary Display |
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913 @section Fancy Diary Display |
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914 @vindex diary-display-hook |
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915 @findex simple-diary-display |
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916 |
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917 Diary display works by preparing the diary buffer and then running the |
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918 hook @code{diary-display-hook}. The default value of this hook |
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919 (@code{simple-diary-display}) hides the irrelevant diary entries and |
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920 then displays the buffer. However, if you specify the hook as follows, |
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921 |
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922 @cindex diary buffer |
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923 @findex fancy-diary-display |
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924 @example |
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925 (add-hook 'diary-display-hook 'fancy-diary-display) |
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926 @end example |
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927 |
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928 @noindent |
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929 this enables fancy diary display. It displays diary entries and |
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930 holidays by copying them into a special buffer that exists only for the |
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931 sake of display. Copying to a separate buffer provides an opportunity |
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932 to change the displayed text to make it prettier---for example, to sort |
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933 the entries by the dates they apply to. |
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934 |
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935 As with simple diary display, you can print a hard copy of the buffer |
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936 with @code{print-diary-entries}. To print a hard copy of a day-by-day |
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937 diary for a week, position point on Sunday of that week, type |
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938 @kbd{7 d}, and then do @kbd{M-x print-diary-entries}. As usual, the |
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939 inclusion of the holidays slows down the display slightly; you can speed |
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940 things up by setting the variable @code{holidays-in-diary-buffer} to |
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941 @code{nil}. |
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942 |
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943 @vindex diary-list-include-blanks |
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944 Ordinarily, the fancy diary buffer does not show days for which there are |
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945 no diary entries, even if that day is a holiday. If you want such days to be |
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946 shown in the fancy diary buffer, set the variable |
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947 @code{diary-list-include-blanks} to @code{t}.@refill |
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948 |
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949 @cindex sorting diary entries |
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950 If you use the fancy diary display, you can use the normal hook |
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951 @code{list-diary-entries-hook} to sort each day's diary entries by their |
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952 time of day. Here's how: |
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953 |
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954 @findex sort-diary-entries |
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955 @example |
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956 (add-hook 'list-diary-entries-hook 'sort-diary-entries t) |
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957 @end example |
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958 |
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959 @noindent |
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960 For each day, this sorts diary entries that begin with a recognizable |
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961 time of day according to their times. Diary entries without times come |
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962 first within each day. |
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963 |
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964 Fancy diary display also has the ability to process included diary |
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965 files. This permits a group of people to share a diary file for events |
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966 that apply to all of them. Lines in the diary file of this form: |
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967 |
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968 @smallexample |
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969 #include "@var{filename}" |
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970 @end smallexample |
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971 |
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972 @noindent |
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973 includes the diary entries from the file @var{filename} in the fancy |
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974 diary buffer. The include mechanism is recursive, so that included files |
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975 can include other files, and so on; you must be careful not to have a |
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976 cycle of inclusions, of course. Here is how to enable the include |
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977 facility: |
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978 |
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979 @vindex list-diary-entries-hook |
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980 @vindex mark-diary-entries-hook |
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981 @findex include-other-diary-files |
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982 @findex mark-included-diary-files |
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983 @smallexample |
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984 (add-hook 'list-diary-entries-hook 'include-other-diary-files) |
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985 (add-hook 'mark-diary-entries-hook 'mark-included-diary-files) |
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986 @end smallexample |
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987 |
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988 The include mechanism works only with the fancy diary display, because |
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989 ordinary diary display shows the entries directly from your diary file. |
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990 |
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991 @node Sexp Diary Entries |
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992 @section Sexp Entries and the Fancy Diary Display |
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993 @cindex sexp diary entries |
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994 |
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995 Sexp diary entries allow you to do more than just have complicated |
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996 conditions under which a diary entry applies. If you use the fancy |
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997 diary display, sexp entries can generate the text of the entry depending |
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998 on the date itself. For example, an anniversary diary entry can insert |
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999 the number of years since the anniversary date into the text of the |
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1000 diary entry. Thus the @samp{%d} in this dairy entry: |
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1001 |
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1002 @findex diary-anniversary |
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1003 @smallexample |
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1004 %%(diary-anniversary 10 31 1948) Arthur's birthday (%d years old) |
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1005 @end smallexample |
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1006 |
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1007 @noindent |
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1008 gets replaced by the age, so on October 31, 1990 the entry appears in |
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1009 the fancy diary buffer like this: |
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1010 |
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1011 @smallexample |
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1012 Arthur's birthday (42 years old) |
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1013 @end smallexample |
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1014 |
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1015 @noindent |
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1016 If the diary file instead contains this entry: |
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1017 |
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1018 @smallexample |
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1019 %%(diary-anniversary 10 31 1948) Arthur's %d%s birthday |
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1020 @end smallexample |
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1021 |
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1022 @noindent |
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1023 the entry in the fancy diary buffer for October 31, 1990 appears like this: |
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1024 |
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1025 @smallexample |
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1026 Arthur's 42nd birthday |
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1027 @end smallexample |
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1028 |
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1029 Similarly, cyclic diary entries can interpolate the number of repetitions |
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1030 that have occurred: |
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1031 |
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1032 @findex diary-cyclic |
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1033 @smallexample |
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1034 %%(diary-cyclic 50 1 1 1990) Renew medication (%d%s time) |
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1035 @end smallexample |
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1036 |
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1037 @noindent |
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1038 looks like this: |
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1039 |
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1040 @smallexample |
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1041 Renew medication (5th time) |
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1042 @end smallexample |
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1043 |
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1044 @noindent |
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1045 in the fancy diary display on September 8, 1990. |
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1046 |
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1047 There is an early reminder diary sexp that includes its entry in the |
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1048 diary not only on the date of occurrence, but also on earlier dates. |
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1049 For example, if you want a reminder a week before your anniversary, you |
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1050 can use |
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1051 |
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1052 @findex diary-remind |
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1053 @smallexample |
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1054 %%(diary-remind '(diary-anniversary 12 22 1968) 7) Ed's anniversary |
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1055 @end smallexample |
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1056 |
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1057 @noindent |
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1058 and the fancy diary will show |
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1059 @smallexample |
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1060 Ed's anniversary |
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1061 @end smallexample |
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1062 @noindent |
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1063 both on December 15 and on December 22. |
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1064 |
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1065 @findex diary-date |
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1066 The function @code{diary-date} applies to dates described by a month, |
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1067 day, year combination, each of which can be an integer, a list of |
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1068 integers, or @code{t}. The value @code{t} means all values. For |
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1069 example, |
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1070 |
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1071 @smallexample |
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1072 %%(diary-date '(10 11 12) 22 t) Rake leaves |
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1073 @end smallexample |
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1074 |
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1075 @noindent |
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1076 causes the fancy diary to show |
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1077 |
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1078 @smallexample |
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1079 Rake leaves |
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1080 @end smallexample |
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1081 |
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1082 @noindent |
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1083 on October 22, November 22, and December 22 of every year. |
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1084 |
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1085 @findex diary-float |
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1086 The function @code{diary-float} allows you to describe diary entries |
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1087 that apply to dates like the third Friday of November, or the last |
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1088 Tuesday in April. The parameters are the @var{month}, @var{dayname}, |
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1089 and an index @var{n}. The entry appears on the @var{n}th @var{dayname} |
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1090 of @var{month}, where @var{dayname}=0 means Sunday, 1 means Monday, and |
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1091 so on. If @var{n} is negative it counts backward from the end of |
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1092 @var{month}. The value of @var{month} can be a list of months, a single |
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1093 month, or @code{t} to specify all months. You can also use an optional |
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1094 parameter @var{day} to specify the @var{n}th @var{dayname} of |
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1095 @var{month} on or after/before @var{day}; the value of @var{day} defaults |
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1096 to 1 if @var{n} is positive and to the last day of @var{month} if |
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1097 @var{n} is negative. For example, |
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1098 |
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1099 @smallexample |
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1100 %%(diary-float t 1 -1) Pay rent |
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1101 @end smallexample |
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1102 |
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1103 @noindent |
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1104 causes the fancy diary to show |
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1105 |
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1106 @smallexample |
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1107 Pay rent |
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1108 @end smallexample |
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1109 |
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1110 @noindent |
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1111 on the last Monday of every month. |
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1112 |
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1113 The generality of sexp diary entries lets you specify any diary |
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1114 entry that you can describe algorithmically. A sexp diary entry |
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1115 contains an expression that computes whether the entry applies to any |
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1116 given date. If its value is non-@code{nil}, the entry applies to that |
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1117 date; otherwise, it does not. The expression can use the variable |
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1118 @code{date} to find the date being considered; its value is a list |
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1119 (@var{month} @var{day} @var{year}) that refers to the Gregorian |
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1120 calendar. |
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1121 |
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1122 The sexp diary entry applies to a date when the expression's value |
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1123 is non-@code{nil}, but some values have more specific meanings. If |
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1124 the value is a string, that string is a description of the event which |
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1125 occurs on that date. The value can also have the form |
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1126 @code{(@var{mark} . @var{string})}; then @var{mark} specifies how to |
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1127 mark the date in the calendar, and @var{string} is the description of |
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1128 the event. If @var{mark} is a single-character string, that character |
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1129 appears next to the date in the calendar. If @var{mark} is a face |
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1130 name, the date is displayed in that face. If @var{mark} is |
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1131 @code{nil}, that specifies no particular highlighting for the date. |
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1132 |
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1133 Suppose you get paid on the 21st of the month if it is a weekday, and |
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1134 on the Friday before if the 21st is on a weekend. Here is how to write |
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1135 a sexp diary entry that matches those dates: |
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1136 |
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1137 @smallexample |
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1138 &%%(let ((dayname (calendar-day-of-week date)) |
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1139 (day (car (cdr date)))) |
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1140 (or (and (= day 21) (memq dayname '(1 2 3 4 5))) |
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1141 (and (memq day '(19 20)) (= dayname 5))) |
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1142 ) Pay check deposited |
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1143 @end smallexample |
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1144 |
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1145 The following sexp diary entries take advantage of the ability (in the fancy |
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1146 diary display) to concoct diary entries whose text varies based on the date: |
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1147 |
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1148 @findex diary-sunrise-sunset |
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1149 @findex diary-phases-of-moon |
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1150 @findex diary-day-of-year |
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1151 @findex diary-iso-date |
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1152 @findex diary-julian-date |
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1153 @findex diary-astro-day-number |
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1154 @findex diary-hebrew-date |
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1155 @findex diary-islamic-date |
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1156 @findex diary-french-date |
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1157 @findex diary-mayan-date |
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1158 @table @code |
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1159 @item %%(diary-sunrise-sunset) |
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1160 Make a diary entry for the local times of today's sunrise and sunset. |
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1161 @item %%(diary-phases-of-moon) |
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1162 Make a diary entry for the phases (quarters) of the moon. |
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1163 @item %%(diary-day-of-year) |
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1164 Make a diary entry with today's day number in the current year and the number |
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1165 of days remaining in the current year. |
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1166 @item %%(diary-iso-date) |
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1167 Make a diary entry with today's equivalent ISO commercial date. |
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1168 @item %%(diary-julian-date) |
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1169 Make a diary entry with today's equivalent date on the Julian calendar. |
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1170 @item %%(diary-astro-day-number) |
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1171 Make a diary entry with today's equivalent astronomical (Julian) day number. |
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1172 @item %%(diary-hebrew-date) |
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1173 Make a diary entry with today's equivalent date on the Hebrew calendar. |
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1174 @item %%(diary-islamic-date) |
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1175 Make a diary entry with today's equivalent date on the Islamic calendar. |
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1176 @item %%(diary-french-date) |
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1177 Make a diary entry with today's equivalent date on the French Revolutionary |
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1178 calendar. |
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1179 @item %%(diary-mayan-date) |
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1180 Make a diary entry with today's equivalent date on the Mayan calendar. |
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1181 @end table |
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1182 |
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1183 @noindent |
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1184 Thus including the diary entry |
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1185 |
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1186 @example |
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1187 &%%(diary-hebrew-date) |
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1188 @end example |
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1189 |
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1190 @noindent |
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1191 causes every day's diary display to contain the equivalent date on the |
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1192 Hebrew calendar, if you are using the fancy diary display. (With simple |
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1193 diary display, the line @samp{&%%(diary-hebrew-date)} appears in the |
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1194 diary for any date, but does nothing particularly useful.) |
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1195 |
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1196 These functions can be used to construct sexp diary entries based on |
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1197 the Hebrew calendar in certain standard ways: |
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1198 |
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1199 @cindex rosh hodesh |
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1200 @findex diary-rosh-hodesh |
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1201 @cindex parasha, weekly |
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1202 @findex diary-parasha |
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1203 @cindex candle lighting times |
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1204 @findex diary-sabbath-candles |
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1205 @cindex omer count |
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1206 @findex diary-omer |
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1207 @cindex yahrzeits |
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1208 @findex diary-yahrzeit |
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1209 @table @code |
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1210 @item %%(diary-rosh-hodesh) |
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1211 Make a diary entry that tells the occurrence and ritual announcement of each |
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1212 new Hebrew month. |
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1213 @item %%(diary-parasha) |
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1214 Make a Saturday diary entry that tells the weekly synagogue scripture reading. |
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1215 @item %%(diary-sabbath-candles) |
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1216 Make a Friday diary entry that tells the @emph{local time} of Sabbath |
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1217 candle lighting. |
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1218 @item %%(diary-omer) |
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1219 Make a diary entry that gives the omer count, when appropriate. |
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1220 @item %%(diary-yahrzeit @var{month} @var{day} @var{year}) @var{name} |
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1221 Make a diary entry marking the anniversary of a date of death. The date |
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1222 is the @emph{Gregorian} (civil) date of death. The diary entry appears |
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1223 on the proper Hebrew calendar anniversary and on the day before. (In |
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1224 the European style, the order of the parameters is changed to @var{day}, |
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1225 @var{month}, @var{year}.) |
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1226 @end table |
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1227 |
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1228 All the functions documented above take an optional argument |
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1229 @var{mark} which specifies how to mark the date in the calendar display. |
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1230 If one of these functions decides that it applies to a certain date, |
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1231 it returns a value that contains @var{mark}. |
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1232 |
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1233 @node Emerge |
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1234 @chapter Merging Files with Emerge |
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1235 @cindex Emerge |
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1236 @cindex merging files |
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1237 |
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1238 It's not unusual for programmers to get their signals crossed and |
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1239 modify the same program in two different directions. To recover from |
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1240 this confusion, you need to merge the two versions. Emerge makes this |
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1241 easier. For other ways to compare files, see @ref{Comparing Files,,, |
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1242 emacs, the Emacs Manual} and @ref{Top, Ediff,, ediff, The Ediff |
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1243 Manual}. |
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1244 |
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1245 @menu |
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1246 * Overview of Emerge:: How to start Emerge. Basic concepts. |
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1247 * Submodes of Emerge:: Fast mode vs. Edit mode. |
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1248 Skip Prefers mode and Auto Advance mode. |
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1249 * State of Difference:: You do the merge by specifying state A or B |
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1250 for each difference. |
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1251 * Merge Commands:: Commands for selecting a difference, |
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1252 changing states of differences, etc. |
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1253 * Exiting Emerge:: What to do when you've finished the merge. |
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1254 * Combining in Emerge:: How to keep both alternatives for a difference. |
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1255 * Fine Points of Emerge:: Misc. |
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1256 @end menu |
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1257 |
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1258 @node Overview of Emerge |
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1259 @section Overview of Emerge |
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1260 |
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1261 To start Emerge, run one of these four commands: |
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1262 |
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1263 @table @kbd |
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1264 @item M-x emerge-files |
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1265 @findex emerge-files |
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1266 Merge two specified files. |
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1267 |
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1268 @item M-x emerge-files-with-ancestor |
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1269 @findex emerge-files-with-ancestor |
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1270 Merge two specified files, with reference to a common ancestor. |
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1271 |
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1272 @item M-x emerge-buffers |
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1273 @findex emerge-buffers |
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1274 Merge two buffers. |
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1275 |
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1276 @item M-x emerge-buffers-with-ancestor |
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1277 @findex emerge-buffers-with-ancestor |
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1278 Merge two buffers with reference to a common ancestor in a third |
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1279 buffer. |
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1280 @end table |
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1281 |
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1282 @cindex merge buffer (Emerge) |
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1283 @cindex A and B buffers (Emerge) |
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1284 The Emerge commands compare two files or buffers, and display the |
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1285 comparison in three buffers: one for each input text (the @dfn{A buffer} |
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1286 and the @dfn{B buffer}), and one (the @dfn{merge buffer}) where merging |
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1287 takes place. The merge buffer shows the full merged text, not just the |
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1288 differences. Wherever the two input texts differ, you can choose which |
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1289 one of them to include in the merge buffer. |
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1290 |
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1291 The Emerge commands that take input from existing buffers use only |
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1292 the accessible portions of those buffers, if they are narrowed. |
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1293 @xref{Narrowing,,, emacs, the Emacs Manual}. |
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1294 |
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1295 |
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1296 If a common ancestor version is available, from which the two texts to |
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1297 be merged were both derived, Emerge can use it to guess which |
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1298 alternative is right. Wherever one current version agrees with the |
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1299 ancestor, Emerge presumes that the other current version is a deliberate |
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1300 change which should be kept in the merged version. Use the |
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1301 @samp{with-ancestor} commands if you want to specify a common ancestor |
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1302 text. These commands read three file or buffer names---variant A, |
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1303 variant B, and the common ancestor. |
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1304 |
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1305 After the comparison is done and the buffers are prepared, the |
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1306 interactive merging starts. You control the merging by typing special |
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1307 @dfn{merge commands} in the merge buffer (@pxref{Merge Commands}). |
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1308 For each run of differences between the input texts, you can choose |
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1309 which one of them to keep, or edit them both together. |
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1310 |
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1311 The merge buffer uses a special major mode, Emerge mode, with commands |
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1312 for making these choices. But you can also edit the buffer with |
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1313 ordinary Emacs commands. |
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1314 |
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1315 At any given time, the attention of Emerge is focused on one |
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1316 particular difference, called the @dfn{selected} difference. This |
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1317 difference is marked off in the three buffers like this: |
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1318 |
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1319 @example |
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1320 vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv |
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1321 @var{text that differs} |
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1322 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ |
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1323 @end example |
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1324 |
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1325 @noindent |
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1326 Emerge numbers all the differences sequentially and the mode |
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1327 line always shows the number of the selected difference. |
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1328 |
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1329 Normally, the merge buffer starts out with the A version of the text. |
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1330 But when the A version of a difference agrees with the common ancestor, |
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1331 then the B version is initially preferred for that difference. |
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1332 |
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1333 Emerge leaves the merged text in the merge buffer when you exit. At |
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1334 that point, you can save it in a file with @kbd{C-x C-w}. If you give a |
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1335 numeric argument to @code{emerge-files} or |
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1336 @code{emerge-files-with-ancestor}, it reads the name of the output file |
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1337 using the minibuffer. (This is the last file name those commands read.) |
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1338 Then exiting from Emerge saves the merged text in the output file. |
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1339 |
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1340 Normally, Emerge commands save the output buffer in its file when you |
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1341 exit. If you abort Emerge with @kbd{C-]}, the Emerge command does not |
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1342 save the output buffer, but you can save it yourself if you wish. |
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1343 |
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1344 @node Submodes of Emerge |
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1345 @section Submodes of Emerge |
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1346 |
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1347 You can choose between two modes for giving merge commands: Fast mode |
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1348 and Edit mode. In Fast mode, basic merge commands are single |
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1349 characters, but ordinary Emacs commands are disabled. This is |
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1350 convenient if you use only merge commands. In Edit mode, all merge |
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1351 commands start with the prefix key @kbd{C-c C-c}, and the normal Emacs |
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1352 commands are also available. This allows editing the merge buffer, but |
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1353 slows down Emerge operations. |
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1354 |
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1355 Use @kbd{e} to switch to Edit mode, and @kbd{C-c C-c f} to switch to |
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1356 Fast mode. The mode line indicates Edit and Fast modes with @samp{E} |
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1357 and @samp{F}. |
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1358 |
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1359 Emerge has two additional submodes that affect how particular merge |
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1360 commands work: Auto Advance mode and Skip Prefers mode. |
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1361 |
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1362 If Auto Advance mode is in effect, the @kbd{a} and @kbd{b} commands |
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1363 advance to the next difference. This lets you go through the merge |
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1364 faster as long as you simply choose one of the alternatives from the |
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1365 input. The mode line indicates Auto Advance mode with @samp{A}. |
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1366 |
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1367 If Skip Prefers mode is in effect, the @kbd{n} and @kbd{p} commands |
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1368 skip over differences in states prefer-A and prefer-B (@pxref{State of |
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1369 Difference}). Thus you see only differences for which neither version |
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1370 is presumed ``correct.'' The mode line indicates Skip Prefers mode with |
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1371 @samp{S}. |
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1372 |
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1373 @findex emerge-auto-advance-mode |
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1374 @findex emerge-skip-prefers-mode |
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1375 Use the command @kbd{s a} (@code{emerge-auto-advance-mode}) to set or |
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1376 clear Auto Advance mode. Use @kbd{s s} |
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1377 (@code{emerge-skip-prefers-mode}) to set or clear Skip Prefers mode. |
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1378 These commands turn on the mode with a positive argument, turns it off |
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1379 with a negative or zero argument, and toggle the mode with no argument. |
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1380 |
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1381 @node State of Difference |
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1382 @section State of a Difference |
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1383 |
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1384 In the merge buffer, a difference is marked with lines of @samp{v} and |
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1385 @samp{^} characters. Each difference has one of these seven states: |
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1386 |
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1387 @table @asis |
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1388 @item A |
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1389 The difference is showing the A version. The @kbd{a} command always |
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1390 produces this state; the mode line indicates it with @samp{A}. |
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1391 |
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1392 @item B |
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1393 The difference is showing the B version. The @kbd{b} command always |
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1394 produces this state; the mode line indicates it with @samp{B}. |
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1395 |
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1396 @item default-A |
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1397 @itemx default-B |
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1398 The difference is showing the A or the B state by default, because you |
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1399 haven't made a choice. All differences start in the default-A state |
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1400 (and thus the merge buffer is a copy of the A buffer), except those for |
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1401 which one alternative is ``preferred'' (see below). |
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1402 |
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1403 When you select a difference, its state changes from default-A or |
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1404 default-B to plain A or B. Thus, the selected difference never has |
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1405 state default-A or default-B, and these states are never displayed in |
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1406 the mode line. |
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1407 |
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1408 The command @kbd{d a} chooses default-A as the default state, and @kbd{d |
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1409 b} chooses default-B. This chosen default applies to all differences |
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1410 which you haven't ever selected and for which no alternative is preferred. |
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1411 If you are moving through the merge sequentially, the differences you |
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1412 haven't selected are those following the selected one. Thus, while |
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1413 moving sequentially, you can effectively make the A version the default |
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1414 for some sections of the merge buffer and the B version the default for |
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1415 others by using @kbd{d a} and @kbd{d b} between sections. |
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1416 |
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1417 @item prefer-A |
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1418 @itemx prefer-B |
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1419 The difference is showing the A or B state because it is |
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1420 @dfn{preferred}. This means that you haven't made an explicit choice, |
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1421 but one alternative seems likely to be right because the other |
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1422 alternative agrees with the common ancestor. Thus, where the A buffer |
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1423 agrees with the common ancestor, the B version is preferred, because |
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1424 chances are it is the one that was actually changed. |
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1425 |
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1426 These two states are displayed in the mode line as @samp{A*} and @samp{B*}. |
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1427 |
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1428 @item combined |
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1429 The difference is showing a combination of the A and B states, as a |
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1430 result of the @kbd{x c} or @kbd{x C} commands. |
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1431 |
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1432 Once a difference is in this state, the @kbd{a} and @kbd{b} commands |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1433 don't do anything to it unless you give them a numeric argument. |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1434 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1435 The mode line displays this state as @samp{comb}. |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1436 @end table |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1437 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1438 @node Merge Commands |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1439 @section Merge Commands |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1440 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1441 Here are the Merge commands for Fast mode; in Edit mode, precede them |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1442 with @kbd{C-c C-c}: |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1443 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1444 @table @kbd |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1445 @item p |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1446 Select the previous difference. |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1447 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1448 @item n |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1449 Select the next difference. |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1450 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1451 @item a |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1452 Choose the A version of this difference. |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1453 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1454 @item b |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1455 Choose the B version of this difference. |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1456 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1457 @item C-u @var{n} j |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1458 Select difference number @var{n}. |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1459 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1460 @item . |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1461 Select the difference containing point. You can use this command in the |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1462 merge buffer or in the A or B buffer. |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1463 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1464 @item q |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1465 Quit---finish the merge. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1466 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1467 @item C-] |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1468 Abort---exit merging and do not save the output. |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1469 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1470 @item f |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1471 Go into Fast mode. (In Edit mode, this is actually @kbd{C-c C-c f}.) |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1472 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1473 @item e |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1474 Go into Edit mode. |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1475 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1476 @item l |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1477 Recenter (like @kbd{C-l}) all three windows. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1478 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1479 @item - |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1480 Specify part of a prefix numeric argument. |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1481 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1482 @item @var{digit} |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1483 Also specify part of a prefix numeric argument. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1484 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1485 @item d a |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1486 Choose the A version as the default from here down in |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1487 the merge buffer. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1488 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1489 @item d b |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1490 Choose the B version as the default from here down in |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1491 the merge buffer. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1492 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1493 @item c a |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1494 Copy the A version of this difference into the kill ring. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1495 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1496 @item c b |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1497 Copy the B version of this difference into the kill ring. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1498 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1499 @item i a |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1500 Insert the A version of this difference at point. |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1501 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1502 @item i b |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1503 Insert the B version of this difference at point. |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1504 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1505 @item m |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1506 Put point and mark around the difference. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1507 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1508 @item ^ |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1509 Scroll all three windows down (like @kbd{M-v}). |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1510 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1511 @item v |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1512 Scroll all three windows up (like @kbd{C-v}). |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1513 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1514 @item < |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1515 Scroll all three windows left (like @kbd{C-x <}). |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1516 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1517 @item > |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1518 Scroll all three windows right (like @kbd{C-x >}). |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1519 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1520 @item | |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1521 Reset horizontal scroll on all three windows. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1522 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1523 @item x 1 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
1524 Shrink the merge window to one line. (Use @kbd{C-u l} to restore it |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1525 to full size.) |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1526 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1527 @item x c |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
1528 Combine the two versions of this difference (@pxref{Combining in |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1529 Emerge}). |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1530 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1531 @item x f |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
1532 Show the names of the files/buffers Emerge is operating on, in a Help |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1533 window. (Use @kbd{C-u l} to restore windows.) |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
1534 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1535 @item x j |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
1536 Join this difference with the following one. |
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1537 (@kbd{C-u x j} joins this difference with the previous one.) |
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1538 |
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1539 @item x s |
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1540 Split this difference into two differences. Before you use this |
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1541 command, position point in each of the three buffers at the place where |
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1542 you want to split the difference. |
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1543 |
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1544 @item x t |
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1545 Trim identical lines off the top and bottom of the difference. |
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1546 Such lines occur when the A and B versions are |
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1547 identical but differ from the ancestor version. |
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1548 @end table |
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1549 |
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1550 @node Exiting Emerge |
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1551 @section Exiting Emerge |
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1552 |
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1553 The @kbd{q} command (@code{emerge-quit}) finishes the merge, storing |
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1554 the results into the output file if you specified one. It restores the |
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1555 A and B buffers to their proper contents, or kills them if they were |
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1556 created by Emerge and you haven't changed them. It also disables the |
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1557 Emerge commands in the merge buffer, since executing them later could |
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1558 damage the contents of the various buffers. |
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1559 |
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1560 @kbd{C-]} aborts the merge. This means exiting without writing the |
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1561 output file. If you didn't specify an output file, then there is no |
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1562 real difference between aborting and finishing the merge. |
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1563 |
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1564 If the Emerge command was called from another Lisp program, then its |
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1565 return value is @code{t} for successful completion, or @code{nil} if you |
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1566 abort. |
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1567 |
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1568 @node Combining in Emerge |
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1569 @section Combining the Two Versions |
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1570 |
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1571 Sometimes you want to keep @emph{both} alternatives for a particular |
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1572 difference. To do this, use @kbd{x c}, which edits the merge buffer |
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1573 like this: |
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1574 |
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1575 @example |
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1576 @group |
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1577 #ifdef NEW |
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1578 @var{version from A buffer} |
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1579 #else /* not NEW */ |
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1580 @var{version from B buffer} |
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1581 #endif /* not NEW */ |
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1582 @end group |
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1583 @end example |
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1584 |
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1585 @noindent |
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1586 @vindex emerge-combine-versions-template |
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1587 While this example shows C preprocessor conditionals delimiting the two |
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1588 alternative versions, you can specify the strings to use by setting |
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1589 the variable @code{emerge-combine-versions-template} to a string of your |
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1590 choice. In the string, @samp{%a} says where to put version A, and |
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1591 @samp{%b} says where to put version B. The default setting, which |
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1592 produces the results shown above, looks like this: |
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1593 |
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1594 @example |
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1595 @group |
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1596 "#ifdef NEW\n%a#else /* not NEW */\n%b#endif /* not NEW */\n" |
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1597 @end group |
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1598 @end example |
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1599 |
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1600 @node Fine Points of Emerge |
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1601 @section Fine Points of Emerge |
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1602 |
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1603 During the merge, you mustn't try to edit the A and B buffers yourself. |
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1604 Emerge modifies them temporarily, but ultimately puts them back the way |
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1605 they were. |
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1606 |
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1607 You can have any number of merges going at once---just don't use any one |
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1608 buffer as input to more than one merge at once, since the temporary |
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1609 changes made in these buffers would get in each other's way. |
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1610 |
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1611 Starting Emerge can take a long time because it needs to compare the |
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1612 files fully. Emacs can't do anything else until @code{diff} finishes. |
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1613 Perhaps in the future someone will change Emerge to do the comparison in |
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1614 the background when the input files are large---then you could keep on |
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1615 doing other things with Emacs until Emerge is ready to accept |
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1616 commands. |
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1617 |
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1618 @vindex emerge-startup-hook |
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1619 After setting up the merge, Emerge runs the hook |
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1620 @code{emerge-startup-hook}. @xref{Hooks,,, emacs, the Emacs Manual}. |
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1621 |
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1622 @node Picture Mode |
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1623 @chapter Editing Pictures |
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1624 @cindex pictures |
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1625 @cindex making pictures out of text characters |
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1626 @findex edit-picture |
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1627 |
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1628 To edit a picture made out of text characters (for example, a picture |
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1629 of the division of a register into fields, as a comment in a program), |
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1630 use the command @kbd{M-x edit-picture} to enter Picture mode. |
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1631 |
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1632 In Picture mode, editing is based on the @dfn{quarter-plane} model of |
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1633 text, according to which the text characters lie studded on an area that |
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1634 stretches infinitely far to the right and downward. The concept of the end |
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1635 of a line does not exist in this model; the most you can say is where the |
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1636 last nonblank character on the line is found. |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1637 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1638 Of course, Emacs really always considers text as a sequence of |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1639 characters, and lines really do have ends. But Picture mode replaces |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1640 the most frequently-used commands with variants that simulate the |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1641 quarter-plane model of text. They do this by inserting spaces or by |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1642 converting tabs to spaces. |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1643 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1644 Most of the basic editing commands of Emacs are redefined by Picture mode |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1645 to do essentially the same thing but in a quarter-plane way. In addition, |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1646 Picture mode defines various keys starting with the @kbd{C-c} prefix to |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1647 run special picture editing commands. |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1648 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1649 One of these keys, @kbd{C-c C-c}, is particularly important. Often a |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1650 picture is part of a larger file that is usually edited in some other |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1651 major mode. @kbd{M-x edit-picture} records the name of the previous |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1652 major mode so you can use the @kbd{C-c C-c} command |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1653 (@code{picture-mode-exit}) later to go back to that mode. @kbd{C-c C-c} |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1654 also deletes spaces from the ends of lines, unless given a numeric |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1655 argument. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1656 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1657 The special commands of Picture mode all work in other modes (provided |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1658 the @file{picture} library is loaded), but are not bound to keys except |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1659 in Picture mode. The descriptions below talk of moving ``one column'' |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1660 and so on, but all the picture mode commands handle numeric arguments as |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1661 their normal equivalents do. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1662 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1663 @vindex picture-mode-hook |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1664 Turning on Picture mode runs the hook @code{picture-mode-hook}. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1665 Additional extensions to Picture mode can be found in |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1666 @file{artist.el}. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1667 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1668 @menu |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1669 * Basic Picture:: Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1670 * Insert in Picture:: Controlling direction of cursor motion |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1671 after "self-inserting" characters. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1672 * Tabs in Picture:: Various features for tab stops and indentation. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1673 * Rectangles in Picture:: Clearing and superimposing rectangles. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1674 @end menu |
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1675 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1676 @node Basic Picture |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1677 @section Basic Editing in Picture Mode |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1678 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1679 @findex picture-forward-column |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1680 @findex picture-backward-column |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1681 @findex picture-move-down |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1682 @findex picture-move-up |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1683 @cindex editing in Picture mode |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1684 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1685 Most keys do the same thing in Picture mode that they usually do, but |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1686 do it in a quarter-plane style. For example, @kbd{C-f} is rebound to |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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1687 run @code{picture-forward-column}, a command which moves point one |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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1688 column to the right, inserting a space if necessary so that the actual |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1689 end of the line makes no difference. @kbd{C-b} is rebound to run |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1690 @code{picture-backward-column}, which always moves point left one |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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1691 column, converting a tab to multiple spaces if necessary. @kbd{C-n} and |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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1692 @kbd{C-p} are rebound to run @code{picture-move-down} and |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1693 @code{picture-move-up}, which can either insert spaces or convert tabs |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1694 as necessary to make sure that point stays in exactly the same column. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1695 @kbd{C-e} runs @code{picture-end-of-line}, which moves to after the last |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1696 nonblank character on the line. There is no need to change @kbd{C-a}, |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1697 as the choice of screen model does not affect beginnings of |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1698 lines. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1699 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1700 @findex picture-newline |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1701 Insertion of text is adapted to the quarter-plane screen model |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1702 through the use of Overwrite mode (@pxref{Minor Modes,,, emacs, the |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1703 Emacs Manual}.) Self-inserting characters replace existing text, |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1704 column by column, rather than pushing existing text to the right. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1705 @key{RET} runs @code{picture-newline}, which just moves to the |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1706 beginning of the following line so that new text will replace that |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1707 line. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1708 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1709 @findex picture-backward-clear-column |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1710 @findex picture-clear-column |
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1711 @findex picture-clear-line |
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1712 In Picture mode, the commands that normally delete or kill text, |
91970b147f39
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1713 instead erase text (replacing it with spaces). @key{DEL} |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1714 (@code{picture-backward-clear-column}) replaces the preceding |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
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1715 character with a space rather than removing it; this moves point |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1716 backwards. @kbd{C-d} (@code{picture-clear-column}) replaces the next |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1717 character or characters with spaces, but does not move point. (If you |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1718 want to clear characters to spaces and move forward over them, use |
91970b147f39
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1719 @key{SPC}.) @kbd{C-k} (@code{picture-clear-line}) really kills the |
91970b147f39
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1720 contents of lines, but does not delete the newlines from the buffer. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1721 |
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1722 @findex picture-open-line |
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1723 To do actual insertion, you must use special commands. @kbd{C-o} |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1724 (@code{picture-open-line}) creates a blank line after the current |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1725 line; it never splits a line. @kbd{C-M-o} (@code{split-line}) makes |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1726 sense in Picture mode, so it is not changed. @kbd{C-j} |
91970b147f39
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|
1727 (@code{picture-duplicate-line}) inserts another line with the same |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1728 contents below the current line. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1729 |
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1730 @kindex C-c C-d @r{(Picture mode)} |
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1731 To do actual deletion in Picture mode, use @kbd{C-w}, @kbd{C-c C-d} |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1732 (which is defined as @code{delete-char}, as @kbd{C-d} is in other |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1733 modes), or one of the picture rectangle commands (@pxref{Rectangles in |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1734 Picture}). |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1735 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1736 @node Insert in Picture |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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|
1737 @section Controlling Motion after Insert |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1738 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1739 @findex picture-movement-up |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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|
1740 @findex picture-movement-down |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1741 @findex picture-movement-left |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1742 @findex picture-movement-right |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1743 @findex picture-movement-nw |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1744 @findex picture-movement-ne |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1745 @findex picture-movement-sw |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1746 @findex picture-movement-se |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1747 @kindex C-c < @r{(Picture mode)} |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1748 @kindex C-c > @r{(Picture mode)} |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1749 @kindex C-c ^ @r{(Picture mode)} |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1750 @kindex C-c . @r{(Picture mode)} |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1751 @kindex C-c ` @r{(Picture mode)} |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1752 @kindex C-c ' @r{(Picture mode)} |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1753 @kindex C-c / @r{(Picture mode)} |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1754 @kindex C-c \ @r{(Picture mode)} |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1755 Since ``self-inserting'' characters in Picture mode overwrite and move |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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|
1756 point, there is no essential restriction on how point should be moved. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1757 Normally point moves right, but you can specify any of the eight |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1758 orthogonal or diagonal directions for motion after a ``self-inserting'' |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1759 character. This is useful for drawing lines in the buffer. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1760 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1761 @table @kbd |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1762 @item C-c < |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1763 @itemx C-c @key{LEFT} |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1764 Move left after insertion (@code{picture-movement-left}). |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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|
1765 @item C-c > |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1766 @itemx C-c @key{RIGHT} |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1767 Move right after insertion (@code{picture-movement-right}). |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1768 @item C-c ^ |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1769 @itemx C-c @key{UP} |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1770 Move up after insertion (@code{picture-movement-up}). |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1771 @item C-c . |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1772 @itemx C-c @key{DOWN} |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1773 Move down after insertion (@code{picture-movement-down}). |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1774 @item C-c ` |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1775 @itemx C-c @key{HOME} |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1776 Move up and left (``northwest'') after insertion (@code{picture-movement-nw}). |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1777 @item C-c ' |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1778 @itemx C-c @key{PAGEUP} |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1779 Move up and right (``northeast'') after insertion |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1780 (@code{picture-movement-ne}). |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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|
1781 @item C-c / |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1782 @itemx C-c @key{END} |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1783 Move down and left (``southwest'') after insertion |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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|
1784 @*(@code{picture-movement-sw}). |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1785 @item C-c \ |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1786 @itemx C-c @key{PAGEDOWN} |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1787 Move down and right (``southeast'') after insertion |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1788 @*(@code{picture-movement-se}). |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1789 @end table |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1790 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1791 @kindex C-c C-f @r{(Picture mode)} |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1792 @kindex C-c C-b @r{(Picture mode)} |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1793 @findex picture-motion |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1794 @findex picture-motion-reverse |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1795 Two motion commands move based on the current Picture insertion |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1796 direction. The command @kbd{C-c C-f} (@code{picture-motion}) moves in the |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1797 same direction as motion after ``insertion'' currently does, while @kbd{C-c |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
1798 C-b} (@code{picture-motion-reverse}) moves in the opposite direction. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1799 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1800 @node Tabs in Picture |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1801 @section Picture Mode Tabs |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1802 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1803 @kindex M-TAB @r{(Picture mode)} |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1804 @findex picture-tab-search |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1805 @vindex picture-tab-chars |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1806 Two kinds of tab-like action are provided in Picture mode. Use |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1807 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} (@code{picture-tab-search}) for context-based tabbing. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1808 With no argument, it moves to a point underneath the next |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1809 ``interesting'' character that follows whitespace in the previous |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1810 nonblank line. ``Next'' here means ``appearing at a horizontal position |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1811 greater than the one point starts out at.'' With an argument, as in |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1812 @kbd{C-u M-@key{TAB}}, this command moves to the next such interesting |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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1813 character in the current line. @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} does not change the |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1814 text; it only moves point. ``Interesting'' characters are defined by |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
1815 the variable @code{picture-tab-chars}, which should define a set of |
91970b147f39
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1816 characters. The syntax for this variable is like the syntax used inside |
91970b147f39
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1817 of @samp{[@dots{}]} in a regular expression---but without the @samp{[} |
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1818 and the @samp{]}. Its default value is @code{"!-~"}. |
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1819 |
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1820 @findex picture-tab |
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1821 @key{TAB} itself runs @code{picture-tab}, which operates based on the |
91970b147f39
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|
1822 current tab stop settings; it is the Picture mode equivalent of |
91970b147f39
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1823 @code{tab-to-tab-stop}. Normally it just moves point, but with a numeric |
91970b147f39
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1824 argument it clears the text that it moves over. |
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1825 |
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1826 @kindex C-c TAB @r{(Picture mode)} |
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1827 @findex picture-set-tab-stops |
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1828 The context-based and tab-stop-based forms of tabbing are brought |
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1829 together by the command @kbd{C-c @key{TAB}} (@code{picture-set-tab-stops}). |
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1830 This command sets the tab stops to the positions which @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} |
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1831 would consider significant in the current line. The use of this command, |
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1832 together with @key{TAB}, can get the effect of context-based tabbing. But |
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1833 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} is more convenient in the cases where it is sufficient. |
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1834 |
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1835 It may be convenient to prevent use of actual tab characters in |
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1836 pictures. For example, this prevents @kbd{C-x @key{TAB}} from messing |
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1837 up the picture. You can do this by setting the variable |
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1838 @code{indent-tabs-mode} to @code{nil}. |
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1839 |
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1840 @node Rectangles in Picture |
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1841 @section Picture Mode Rectangle Commands |
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1842 @cindex rectangles and Picture mode |
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1843 @cindex Picture mode and rectangles |
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1844 |
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1845 Picture mode defines commands for working on rectangular pieces of |
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1846 the text in ways that fit with the quarter-plane model. The standard |
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1847 rectangle commands may also be useful. @xref{Rectangles,,, emacs, the |
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1848 Emacs Manual}. |
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1849 |
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1850 @table @kbd |
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1851 @item C-c C-k |
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1852 Clear out the region-rectangle with spaces |
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1853 (@code{picture-clear-rectangle}). With argument, delete the text. |
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1854 @item C-c C-w @var{r} |
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1855 Similar, but save rectangle contents in register @var{r} first |
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1856 (@code{picture-clear-rectangle-to-register}). |
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1857 @item C-c C-y |
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1858 Copy last killed rectangle into the buffer by overwriting, with upper |
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1859 left corner at point (@code{picture-yank-rectangle}). With argument, |
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1860 insert instead. |
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1861 @item C-c C-x @var{r} |
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1862 Similar, but use the rectangle in register @var{r} |
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1863 (@code{picture-yank-rectangle-from-register}). |
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1864 @end table |
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1865 |
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1866 @kindex C-c C-k @r{(Picture mode)} |
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1867 @kindex C-c C-w @r{(Picture mode)} |
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1868 @findex picture-clear-rectangle |
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1869 @findex picture-clear-rectangle-to-register |
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1870 The picture rectangle commands @kbd{C-c C-k} |
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1871 (@code{picture-clear-rectangle}) and @kbd{C-c C-w} |
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1872 (@code{picture-clear-rectangle-to-register}) differ from the standard |
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1873 rectangle commands in that they normally clear the rectangle instead of |
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1874 deleting it; this is analogous with the way @kbd{C-d} is changed in Picture |
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1875 mode. |
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1876 |
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1877 However, deletion of rectangles can be useful in Picture mode, so |
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1878 these commands delete the rectangle if given a numeric argument. |
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1879 @kbd{C-c C-k} either with or without a numeric argument saves the |
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1880 rectangle for @kbd{C-c C-y}. |
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1881 |
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1882 @kindex C-c C-y @r{(Picture mode)} |
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1883 @kindex C-c C-x @r{(Picture mode)} |
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1884 @findex picture-yank-rectangle |
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1885 @findex picture-yank-rectangle-from-register |
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1886 The Picture mode commands for yanking rectangles differ from the |
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1887 standard ones in that they overwrite instead of inserting. This is |
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1888 the same way that Picture mode insertion of other text differs from |
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1889 other modes. @kbd{C-c C-y} (@code{picture-yank-rectangle}) inserts |
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1890 (by overwriting) the rectangle that was most recently killed, while |
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1891 @kbd{C-c C-x} (@code{picture-yank-rectangle-from-register}) does |
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1892 likewise for the rectangle found in a specified register. |
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1893 |
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1894 @node Advanced VC Usage |
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1895 @chapter Advanced VC Usage |
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1896 |
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1897 Commonly used features of Emacs' version control (VC) support are |
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1898 described in the main Emacs manual (@pxref{Version Control,,,emacs, |
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1899 the Emacs Manual}). This chapter describes more advanced VC usage. |
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1900 |
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1901 @menu |
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1902 * VC Dired Mode:: Listing files managed by version control. |
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1903 * VC Dired Commands:: Commands to use in a VC Dired buffer. |
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1904 * Remote Repositories:: Efficient access to remote CVS servers. |
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1905 * Snapshots:: Sets of file versions treated as a unit. |
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1906 * Miscellaneous VC:: Various other commands and features of VC. |
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1907 * Customizing VC:: Variables that change VC's behavior. |
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1908 @end menu |
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1909 |
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1910 @node VC Dired Mode |
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1911 @section Dired under VC |
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1912 |
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1913 @cindex PCL-CVS |
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1914 @pindex cvs |
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1915 @cindex CVS Dired Mode |
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1916 The VC Dired Mode described here works with all the version control |
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1917 systems that VC supports. Another more powerful facility, designed |
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1918 specifically for CVS, is called PCL-CVS. @xref{Top, , About PCL-CVS, |
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1919 pcl-cvs, PCL-CVS --- The Emacs Front-End to CVS}. |
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1920 |
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1921 @kindex C-x v d |
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1922 @findex vc-directory |
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1923 When you are working on a large program, it is often useful to find |
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1924 out which files have changed within an entire directory tree, or to view |
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1925 the status of all files under version control at once, and to perform |
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1926 version control operations on collections of files. You can use the |
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1927 command @kbd{C-x v d} (@code{vc-directory}) to make a directory listing |
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1928 that includes only files relevant for version control. |
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1929 |
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1930 @vindex vc-dired-terse-display |
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1931 @kbd{C-x v d} creates a buffer which uses VC Dired Mode. This looks |
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1932 much like an ordinary Dired buffer (@pxref{Dired,,,emacs, the |
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1933 Emacs Manual}); however, normally it shows only the noteworthy files |
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1934 (those locked or not up-to-date). This is called @dfn{terse display}. |
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1935 If you set the variable @code{vc-dired-terse-display} to @code{nil}, |
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1936 then VC Dired shows all relevant files---those managed under version |
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1937 control, plus all subdirectories (@dfn{full display}). The command |
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1938 @kbd{v t} in a VC Dired buffer toggles between terse display and full |
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1939 display (@pxref{VC Dired Commands}). |
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1940 |
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1941 @vindex vc-dired-recurse |
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1942 By default, VC Dired produces a recursive listing of noteworthy or |
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1943 relevant files at or below the given directory. You can change this by |
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1944 setting the variable @code{vc-dired-recurse} to @code{nil}; then VC |
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1945 Dired shows only the files in the given directory. |
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1946 |
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1947 The line for an individual file shows the version control state in the |
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1948 place of the hard link count, owner, group, and size of the file. If |
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1949 the file is unmodified, in sync with the master file, the version |
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1950 control state shown is blank. Otherwise it consists of text in |
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1951 parentheses. Under RCS and SCCS, the name of the user locking the file |
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1952 is shown; under CVS, an abbreviated version of the @samp{cvs status} |
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1953 output is used. Here is an example using RCS: |
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1954 |
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1955 @smallexample |
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1956 @group |
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1957 /home/jim/project: |
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1958 |
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1959 -rw-r--r-- (jim) Apr 2 23:39 file1 |
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1960 -r--r--r-- Apr 5 20:21 file2 |
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1961 @end group |
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1962 @end smallexample |
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1963 |
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1964 @noindent |
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1965 The files @samp{file1} and @samp{file2} are under version control, |
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1966 @samp{file1} is locked by user jim, and @samp{file2} is unlocked. |
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1967 |
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1968 Here is an example using CVS: |
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1969 |
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1970 @smallexample |
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1971 @group |
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1972 /home/joe/develop: |
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1973 |
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1974 -rw-r--r-- (modified) Aug 2 1997 file1.c |
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1975 -rw-r--r-- Apr 4 20:09 file2.c |
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1976 -rw-r--r-- (merge) Sep 13 1996 file3.c |
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1977 @end group |
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1978 @end smallexample |
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1979 |
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1980 Here @samp{file1.c} is modified with respect to the repository, and |
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1981 @samp{file2.c} is not. @samp{file3.c} is modified, but other changes |
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1982 have also been checked in to the repository---you need to merge them |
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1983 with the work file before you can check it in. |
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1984 |
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1985 @vindex vc-stay-local |
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1986 @vindex vc-cvs-stay-local |
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1987 In the above, if the repository were on a remote machine, VC would |
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1988 only contact it when the variable @code{vc-stay-local} (or |
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1989 @code{vc-cvs-stay-local}) is nil (@pxref{CVS Options}). This is |
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1990 because access to the repository may be slow, or you may be working |
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1991 offline and not have access to the repository at all. As a |
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1992 consequence, VC would not be able to tell you that @samp{file3.c} is |
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1993 in the ``merge'' state; you would learn that only when you try to |
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1994 check-in your modified copy of the file, or use a command such as |
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1995 @kbd{C-x v m}. |
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1996 |
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1997 In practice, this is not a problem because CVS handles this case |
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1998 consistently whenever it arises. In VC, you'll simply get prompted to |
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1999 merge the remote changes into your work file first. The benefits of |
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2000 less network communication usually outweigh the disadvantage of not |
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2001 seeing remote changes immediately. |
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2002 |
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2003 @vindex vc-directory-exclusion-list |
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2004 When VC Dired displays subdirectories (in the ``full'' display mode), |
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2005 it omits some that should never contain any files under version control. |
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2006 By default, this includes Version Control subdirectories such as |
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2007 @samp{RCS} and @samp{CVS}; you can customize this by setting the |
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2008 variable @code{vc-directory-exclusion-list}. |
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2009 |
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2010 You can fine-tune VC Dired's format by typing @kbd{C-u C-x v d}---as in |
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2011 ordinary Dired, that allows you to specify additional switches for the |
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2012 @samp{ls} command. |
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2013 |
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2014 @node VC Dired Commands |
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2015 @section VC Dired Commands |
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2016 |
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2017 All the usual Dired commands work normally in VC Dired mode, except |
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2018 for @kbd{v}, which is redefined as the version control prefix. You can |
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2019 invoke VC commands such as @code{vc-diff} and @code{vc-print-log} by |
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2020 typing @kbd{v =}, or @kbd{v l}, and so on. Most of these commands apply |
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2021 to the file name on the current line. |
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2022 |
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2023 The command @kbd{v v} (@code{vc-next-action}) operates on all the |
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2024 marked files, so that you can lock or check in several files at once. |
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2025 If it operates on more than one file, it handles each file according to |
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2026 its current state; thus, it might lock one file, but check in another |
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2027 file. This could be confusing; it is up to you to avoid confusing |
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2028 behavior by marking a set of files that are in a similar state. If no |
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2029 files are marked, @kbd{v v} operates on the file in the current line. |
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2030 |
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2031 If any files call for check-in, @kbd{v v} reads a single log entry, |
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2032 then uses it for all the files being checked in. This is convenient for |
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2033 registering or checking in several files at once, as part of the same |
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2034 change. |
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2035 |
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2036 @findex vc-dired-toggle-terse-mode |
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2037 @findex vc-dired-mark-locked |
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2038 You can toggle between terse display (only locked files, or files not |
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2039 up-to-date) and full display at any time by typing @kbd{v t} |
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2040 (@code{vc-dired-toggle-terse-mode}). There is also a special command |
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2041 @kbd{* l} (@code{vc-dired-mark-locked}), which marks all files currently |
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2042 locked (or, with CVS, all files not up-to-date). Thus, typing @kbd{* l |
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2043 t k} is another way to delete from the buffer all files except those |
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2044 currently locked. |
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2045 |
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2046 @node Remote Repositories |
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2047 @section Remote Repositories |
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2048 @cindex remote repositories (CVS) |
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2049 |
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2050 A common way of using CVS is to set up a central CVS repository on |
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2051 some Internet host, then have each developer check out a personal |
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2052 working copy of the files on his local machine. Committing changes to |
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2053 the repository, and picking up changes from other users into one's own |
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2054 working area, then works by direct interactions with the CVS server. |
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2055 |
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2056 One difficulty is that access to the CVS server is often slow, and |
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2057 that developers might need to work off-line as well. VC is designed |
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2058 to reduce the amount of network interaction necessary. |
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2059 |
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2060 @menu |
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2061 * Version Backups:: Keeping local copies of repository versions. |
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2062 * Local Version Control:: Using another version system for local editing. |
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2063 @end menu |
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2064 |
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2065 @node Version Backups |
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2066 @subsection Version Backups |
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2067 @cindex version backups |
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2068 |
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2069 @cindex automatic version backups |
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2070 When VC sees that the CVS repository for a file is on a remote |
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2071 machine, it automatically makes local backups of unmodified versions |
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2072 of the file---@dfn{automatic version backups}. This means that you |
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2073 can compare the file to the repository version (@kbd{C-x v =}), or |
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2074 revert to that version (@kbd{C-x v u}), without any network |
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2075 interactions. |
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2076 |
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2077 The local copy of the unmodified file is called a @dfn{version |
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2078 backup} to indicate that it corresponds exactly to a version that is |
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2079 stored in the repository. Note that version backups are not the same |
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2080 as ordinary Emacs backup files (@pxref{Backup,,,emacs, the Emacs |
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2081 Manual}). But they follow a similar naming convention. |
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2082 |
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2083 For a file that comes from a remote CVS repository, VC makes a |
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2084 version backup whenever you save the first changes to the file, and |
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2085 removes it after you have committed your modified version to the |
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2086 repository. You can disable the making of automatic version backups by |
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2087 setting @code{vc-cvs-stay-local} to @code{nil} (@pxref{CVS Options}). |
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2088 |
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2089 @cindex manual version backups |
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2090 The name of the automatic version backup for version @var{version} |
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2091 of file @var{file} is @code{@var{file}.~@var{version}.~}. This is |
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2092 almost the same as the name used by @kbd{C-x v ~} (@pxref{Old |
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2093 Versions,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}), the only difference being |
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2094 the additional dot (@samp{.}) after the version number. This |
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2095 similarity is intentional, because both kinds of files store the same |
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2096 kind of information. The file made by @kbd{C-x v ~} acts as a |
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2097 @dfn{manual version backup}. |
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2098 |
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2099 All the VC commands that operate on old versions of a file can use |
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2100 both kinds of version backups. For instance, @kbd{C-x v ~} uses |
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2101 either an automatic or a manual version backup, if possible, to get |
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2102 the contents of the version you request. Likewise, @kbd{C-x v =} and |
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2103 @kbd{C-x v u} use either an automatic or a manual version backup, if |
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2104 one of them exists, to get the contents of a version to compare or |
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2105 revert to. If you changed a file outside of Emacs, so that no |
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2106 automatic version backup was created for the previous text, you can |
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2107 create a manual backup of that version using @kbd{C-x v ~}, and thus |
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2108 obtain the benefit of the local copy for Emacs commands. |
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2109 |
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2110 The only difference in Emacs's handling of manual and automatic |
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2111 version backups, once they exist, is that Emacs deletes automatic |
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2112 version backups when you commit to the repository. By contrast, |
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2113 manual version backups remain until you delete them. |
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2114 |
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2115 @node Local Version Control |
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2116 @subsection Local Version Control |
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2117 @cindex local version control |
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2118 @cindex local back end (version control) |
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2119 |
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2120 When you make many changes to a file that comes from a remote |
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2121 repository, it can be convenient to have version control on your local |
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2122 machine as well. You can then record intermediate versions, revert to |
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2123 a previous state, etc., before you actually commit your changes to the |
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2124 remote server. |
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2125 |
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2126 VC lets you do this by putting a file under a second, local version |
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2127 control system, so that the file is effectively registered in two |
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2128 systems at the same time. For the description here, we will assume |
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2129 that the remote system is CVS, and you use RCS locally, although the |
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2130 mechanism works with any combination of version control systems |
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2131 (@dfn{back ends}). |
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2132 |
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2133 To make it work with other back ends, you must make sure that the |
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2134 ``more local'' back end comes before the ``more remote'' back end in |
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2135 the setting of @code{vc-handled-backends} (@pxref{Customizing VC}). By |
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2136 default, this variable is set up so that you can use remote CVS and |
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2137 local RCS as described here. |
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2138 |
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2139 To start using local RCS for a file that comes from a remote CVS |
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2140 server, you must @emph{register the file in RCS}, by typing @kbd{C-u |
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2141 C-x v v rcs @key{RET}}. (In other words, use @code{vc-next-action} with a |
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2142 prefix argument, and specify RCS as the back end.) |
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2143 |
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2144 You can do this at any time; it does not matter whether you have |
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2145 already modified the file with respect to the version in the CVS |
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2146 repository. If possible, VC tries to make the RCS master start with |
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2147 the unmodified repository version, then checks in any local changes |
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2148 as a new version. This works if you have not made any changes yet, or |
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2149 if the unmodified repository version exists locally as a version |
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2150 backup (@pxref{Version Backups}). If the unmodified version is not |
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2151 available locally, the RCS master starts with the modified version; |
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2152 the only drawback to this is that you cannot compare your changes |
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2153 locally to what is stored in the repository. |
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2154 |
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2155 The version number of the RCS master is derived from the current CVS |
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2156 version, starting a branch from it. For example, if the current CVS |
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2157 version is 1.23, the local RCS branch will be 1.23.1. Version 1.23 in |
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2158 the RCS master will be identical to version 1.23 under CVS; your first |
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2159 changes are checked in as 1.23.1.1. (If the unmodified file is not |
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2160 available locally, VC will check in the modified file twice, both as |
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2161 1.23 and 1.23.1.1, to make the revision numbers consistent.) |
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2162 |
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2163 If you do not use locking under CVS (the default), locking is also |
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2164 disabled for RCS, so that editing under RCS works exactly as under |
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2165 CVS. |
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2166 |
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2167 When you are done with local editing, you can commit the final version |
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2168 back to the CVS repository by typing @kbd{C-u C-x v v cvs @key{RET}}. |
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2169 This initializes the log entry buffer (@pxref{Log Buffer,,,emacs, the |
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2170 Emacs Manual}) to contain all the log entries you have recorded in the |
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2171 RCS master; you can edit them as you wish, and then commit in CVS by |
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2172 typing @kbd{C-c C-c}. If the commit is successful, VC removes the RCS |
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2173 master, so that the file is once again registered under CVS only. |
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2174 (The RCS master is not actually deleted, just renamed by appending |
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2175 @samp{~} to the name, so that you can refer to it later if you wish.) |
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2176 |
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2177 While using local RCS, you can pick up recent changes from the CVS |
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2178 repository into your local file, or commit some of your changes back |
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2179 to CVS, without terminating local RCS version control. To do this, |
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2180 switch to the CVS back end temporarily, with the @kbd{C-x v b} command: |
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2181 |
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2182 @table @kbd |
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2183 @item C-x v b |
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2184 Switch to another back end that the current file is registered |
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2185 under (@code{vc-switch-backend}). |
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2186 |
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2187 @item C-u C-x v b @var{backend} @key{RET} |
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2188 Switch to @var{backend} for the current file. |
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2189 @end table |
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2190 |
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2191 @kindex C-x v b |
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2192 @findex vc-switch-backend |
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2193 @kbd{C-x v b} does not change the buffer contents, or any files; it |
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2194 only changes VC's perspective on how to handle the file. Any |
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2195 subsequent VC commands for that file will operate on the back end that |
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2196 is currently selected. |
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2197 |
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2198 If the current file is registered in more than one back end, typing |
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2199 @kbd{C-x v b} ``cycles'' through all of these back ends. With a |
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2200 prefix argument, it asks for the back end to use in the minibuffer. |
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2201 |
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2202 Thus, if you are using local RCS, and you want to pick up some recent |
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2203 changes in the file from remote CVS, first visit the file, then type |
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2204 @kbd{C-x v b} to switch to CVS, and finally use @kbd{C-x v m |
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2205 @key{RET}} to merge the news (@pxref{Merging,,,emacs, the Emacs |
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2206 Manual}). You can then switch back to RCS by typing @kbd{C-x v b} |
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2207 again, and continue to edit locally. |
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2208 |
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2209 But if you do this, the revision numbers in the RCS master no longer |
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2210 correspond to those of CVS. Technically, this is not a problem, but |
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2211 it can become difficult to keep track of what is in the CVS repository |
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2212 and what is not. So we suggest that you return from time to time to |
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2213 CVS-only operation, by committing your local changes back to the |
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2214 repository using @kbd{C-u C-x v v cvs @key{RET}}. |
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2215 |
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2216 @node Snapshots |
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2217 @section Snapshots |
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2218 @cindex snapshots and version control |
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2219 |
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2220 A @dfn{snapshot} is a named set of file versions (one for each |
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2221 registered file) that you can treat as a unit. One important kind of |
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2222 snapshot is a @dfn{release}, a (theoretically) stable version of the |
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2223 system that is ready for distribution to users. |
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2224 |
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2225 @menu |
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2226 * Making Snapshots:: The snapshot facilities. |
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2227 * Snapshot Caveats:: Things to be careful of when using snapshots. |
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2228 @end menu |
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2229 |
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2230 @node Making Snapshots |
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2231 @subsection Making and Using Snapshots |
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2232 |
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2233 There are two basic commands for snapshots; one makes a |
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2234 snapshot with a given name, the other retrieves a named snapshot. |
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2235 |
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2236 @table @code |
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2237 @kindex C-x v s |
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2238 @findex vc-create-snapshot |
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2239 @item C-x v s @var{name} @key{RET} |
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2240 Define the last saved versions of every registered file in or under the |
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2241 current directory as a snapshot named @var{name} |
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2242 (@code{vc-create-snapshot}). |
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2243 |
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2244 @kindex C-x v r |
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2245 @findex vc-retrieve-snapshot |
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2246 @item C-x v r @var{name} @key{RET} |
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2247 For all registered files at or below the current directory level, select |
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2248 whatever versions correspond to the snapshot @var{name} |
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2249 (@code{vc-retrieve-snapshot}). |
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2250 |
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2251 This command reports an error if any files are locked at or below the |
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2252 current directory, without changing anything; this is to avoid |
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2253 overwriting work in progress. |
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2254 @end table |
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2255 |
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2256 A snapshot uses a very small amount of resources---just enough to record |
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2257 the list of file names and which version belongs to the snapshot. Thus, |
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2258 you need not hesitate to create snapshots whenever they are useful. |
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2259 |
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2260 You can give a snapshot name as an argument to @kbd{C-x v =} or |
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2261 @kbd{C-x v ~} (@pxref{Old Versions,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}). |
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2262 Thus, you can use it to compare a snapshot against the current files, |
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2263 or two snapshots against each other, or a snapshot against a named |
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2264 version. |
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2265 |
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2266 @node Snapshot Caveats |
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2267 @subsection Snapshot Caveats |
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2268 |
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2269 @cindex named configurations (RCS) |
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2270 VC's snapshot facilities are modeled on RCS's named-configuration |
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2271 support. They use RCS's native facilities for this, so |
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2272 snapshots made using RCS through VC are visible even when you bypass VC. |
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2273 |
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2274 With CVS, Meta-CVS, and Subversion, VC also uses the native |
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2275 mechanism provided by that back end to make snapshots and retrieve them |
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2276 (@dfn{tags} for CVS and Meta-CVS, @dfn{copies} for Subversion). |
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2277 |
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2278 @c worded verbosely to avoid overfull hbox. |
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2279 For SCCS, VC implements snapshots itself. The files it uses contain |
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2280 name/file/version-number triples. These snapshots are visible only |
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2281 through VC. |
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2282 |
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2283 There is no support for VC snapshots using GNU Arch yet. |
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2284 |
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2285 A snapshot is a set of checked-in versions. So make sure that all the |
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2286 files are checked in and not locked when you make a snapshot. |
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2287 |
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2288 File renaming and deletion can create some difficulties with snapshots. |
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2289 This is not a VC-specific problem, but a general design issue in version |
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2290 control systems that no one has solved very well yet. |
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2291 |
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2292 If you rename a registered file, you need to rename its master along |
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2293 with it (the command @code{vc-rename-file} does this automatically). If |
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2294 you are using SCCS, you must also update the records of the snapshot, to |
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2295 mention the file by its new name (@code{vc-rename-file} does this, |
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2296 too). An old snapshot that refers to a master file that no longer |
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2297 exists under the recorded name is invalid; VC can no longer retrieve |
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2298 it. It would be beyond the scope of this manual to explain enough about |
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2299 RCS and SCCS to explain how to update the snapshots by hand. |
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2300 |
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2301 Using @code{vc-rename-file} makes the snapshot remain valid for |
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2302 retrieval, but it does not solve all problems. For example, some of the |
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2303 files in your program probably refer to others by name. At the very |
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2304 least, the makefile probably mentions the file that you renamed. If you |
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2305 retrieve an old snapshot, the renamed file is retrieved under its new |
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2306 name, which is not the name that the makefile expects. So the program |
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2307 won't really work as retrieved. |
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2308 |
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2309 @node Miscellaneous VC |
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2310 @section Miscellaneous Commands and Features of VC |
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2311 |
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2312 This section explains the less-frequently-used features of VC. |
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2313 |
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2314 @menu |
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2315 * Change Logs and VC:: Generating a change log file from log entries. |
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2316 * Renaming and VC:: A command to rename both the source and master |
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2317 file correctly. |
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2318 * Version Headers:: Inserting version control headers into working files. |
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2319 @end menu |
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2320 |
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2321 @node Change Logs and VC |
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2322 @subsection Change Logs and VC |
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2323 |
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2324 If you use RCS or CVS for a program and also maintain a change log |
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2325 file for it (@pxref{Change Log,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}), you |
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2326 can generate change log entries automatically from the version control |
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2327 log entries: |
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2328 |
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2329 @table @kbd |
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2330 @item C-x v a |
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2331 @kindex C-x v a |
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2332 @findex vc-update-change-log |
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2333 Visit the current directory's change log file and, for registered files |
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2334 in that directory, create new entries for versions checked in since the |
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2335 most recent entry in the change log file. |
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2336 (@code{vc-update-change-log}). |
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2337 |
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2338 This command works with RCS or CVS only, not with any of the other |
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2339 back ends. |
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2340 |
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2341 @item C-u C-x v a |
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2342 As above, but only find entries for the current buffer's file. |
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2343 |
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2344 @item M-1 C-x v a |
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2345 As above, but find entries for all the currently visited files that are |
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2346 maintained with version control. This works only with RCS, and it puts |
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2347 all entries in the log for the default directory, which may not be |
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2348 appropriate. |
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2349 @end table |
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2350 |
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2351 For example, suppose the first line of @file{ChangeLog} is dated |
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2352 1999-04-10, and that the only check-in since then was by Nathaniel |
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2353 Bowditch to @file{rcs2log} on 1999-05-22 with log text @samp{Ignore log |
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2354 messages that start with `#'.}. Then @kbd{C-x v a} visits |
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2355 @file{ChangeLog} and inserts text like this: |
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2356 |
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2357 @iftex |
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2358 @medbreak |
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2359 @end iftex |
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2360 @smallexample |
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2361 @group |
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2362 1999-05-22 Nathaniel Bowditch <nat@@apn.org> |
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2363 |
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2364 * rcs2log: Ignore log messages that start with `#'. |
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2365 @end group |
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2366 @end smallexample |
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2367 @iftex |
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2368 @medbreak |
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2369 @end iftex |
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2370 |
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2371 @noindent |
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2372 You can then edit the new change log entry further as you wish. |
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2373 |
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2374 Some of the new change log entries may duplicate what's already in |
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2375 ChangeLog. You will have to remove these duplicates by hand. |
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2376 |
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2377 Normally, the log entry for file @file{foo} is displayed as @samp{* |
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2378 foo: @var{text of log entry}}. The @samp{:} after @file{foo} is omitted |
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2379 if the text of the log entry starts with @w{@samp{(@var{functionname}): |
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2380 }}. For example, if the log entry for @file{vc.el} is |
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2381 @samp{(vc-do-command): Check call-process status.}, then the text in |
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2382 @file{ChangeLog} looks like this: |
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2383 |
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2384 @iftex |
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2385 @medbreak |
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2386 @end iftex |
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2387 @smallexample |
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2388 @group |
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2389 1999-05-06 Nathaniel Bowditch <nat@@apn.org> |
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2390 |
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2391 * vc.el (vc-do-command): Check call-process status. |
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2392 @end group |
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2393 @end smallexample |
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2394 @iftex |
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2395 @medbreak |
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2396 @end iftex |
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2397 |
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2398 When @kbd{C-x v a} adds several change log entries at once, it groups |
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2399 related log entries together if they all are checked in by the same |
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2400 author at nearly the same time. If the log entries for several such |
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2401 files all have the same text, it coalesces them into a single entry. |
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2402 For example, suppose the most recent check-ins have the following log |
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2403 entries: |
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2404 |
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2405 @flushleft |
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2406 @bullet{} For @file{vc.texinfo}: @samp{Fix expansion typos.} |
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2407 @bullet{} For @file{vc.el}: @samp{Don't call expand-file-name.} |
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2408 @bullet{} For @file{vc-hooks.el}: @samp{Don't call expand-file-name.} |
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2409 @end flushleft |
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2410 |
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2411 @noindent |
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2412 They appear like this in @file{ChangeLog}: |
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2413 |
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2414 @iftex |
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2415 @medbreak |
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2416 @end iftex |
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2417 @smallexample |
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2418 @group |
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2419 1999-04-01 Nathaniel Bowditch <nat@@apn.org> |
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2420 |
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2421 * vc.texinfo: Fix expansion typos. |
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2422 |
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2423 * vc.el, vc-hooks.el: Don't call expand-file-name. |
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2424 @end group |
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2425 @end smallexample |
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2426 @iftex |
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2427 @medbreak |
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2428 @end iftex |
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2429 |
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2430 Normally, @kbd{C-x v a} separates log entries by a blank line, but you |
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2431 can mark several related log entries to be clumped together (without an |
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2432 intervening blank line) by starting the text of each related log entry |
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2433 with a label of the form @w{@samp{@{@var{clumpname}@} }}. The label |
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2434 itself is not copied to @file{ChangeLog}. For example, suppose the log |
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2435 entries are: |
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2436 |
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2437 @flushleft |
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2438 @bullet{} For @file{vc.texinfo}: @samp{@{expand@} Fix expansion typos.} |
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2439 @bullet{} For @file{vc.el}: @samp{@{expand@} Don't call expand-file-name.} |
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2440 @bullet{} For @file{vc-hooks.el}: @samp{@{expand@} Don't call expand-file-name.} |
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2441 @end flushleft |
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2442 |
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2443 @noindent |
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2444 Then the text in @file{ChangeLog} looks like this: |
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2445 |
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2446 @iftex |
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2447 @medbreak |
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2448 @end iftex |
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2449 @smallexample |
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2450 @group |
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2451 1999-04-01 Nathaniel Bowditch <nat@@apn.org> |
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2452 |
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2453 * vc.texinfo: Fix expansion typos. |
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2454 * vc.el, vc-hooks.el: Don't call expand-file-name. |
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2455 @end group |
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2456 @end smallexample |
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2457 @iftex |
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2458 @medbreak |
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2459 @end iftex |
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2460 |
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2461 A log entry whose text begins with @samp{#} is not copied to |
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2462 @file{ChangeLog}. For example, if you merely fix some misspellings in |
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2463 comments, you can log the change with an entry beginning with @samp{#} |
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2464 to avoid putting such trivia into @file{ChangeLog}. |
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2465 |
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2466 @node Renaming and VC |
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2467 @subsection Renaming VC Work Files and Master Files |
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2468 |
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2469 @findex vc-rename-file |
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2470 When you rename a registered file, you must also rename its master |
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2471 file correspondingly to get proper results. Use @code{vc-rename-file} |
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2472 to rename the source file as you specify, and rename its master file |
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2473 accordingly. It also updates any snapshots (@pxref{Snapshots}) that |
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2474 mention the file, so that they use the new name; despite this, the |
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2475 snapshot thus modified may not completely work (@pxref{Snapshot |
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2476 Caveats}). |
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2477 |
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2478 Some back ends do not provide an explicit rename operation to their |
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2479 repositories. After issuing @code{vc-rename-file}, use @kbd{C-x v v} |
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2480 on the original and renamed buffers and provide the necessary edit |
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2481 log. |
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|
2482 |
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2483 You cannot use @code{vc-rename-file} on a file that is locked by |
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2484 someone else. |
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2485 |
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2486 @node Version Headers |
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2487 @subsection Inserting Version Control Headers |
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2488 |
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2489 Sometimes it is convenient to put version identification strings |
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2490 directly into working files. Certain special strings called |
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2491 @dfn{version headers} are replaced in each successive version by the |
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2492 number of that version, the name of the user who created it, and other |
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2493 relevant information. All of the back ends that VC supports have such |
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2494 a mechanism, except GNU Arch. |
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2495 |
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2496 VC does not normally use the information contained in these headers. |
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2497 The exception is RCS---with RCS, version headers are sometimes more |
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2498 reliable than the master file to determine which version of the file |
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2499 you are editing. Note that in a multi-branch environment, version |
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2500 headers are necessary to make VC behave correctly (@pxref{Multi-User |
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2501 Branching,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}). |
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2502 |
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2503 Searching for RCS version headers is controlled by the variable |
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2504 @code{vc-consult-headers}. If it is non-@code{nil} (the default), |
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2505 Emacs searches for headers to determine the version number you are |
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2506 editing. Setting it to @code{nil} disables this feature. |
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2507 |
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2508 Note that although CVS uses the same kind of version headers as RCS |
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2509 does, VC never searches for these headers if you are using CVS, |
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2510 regardless of the above setting. |
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2511 |
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2512 @kindex C-x v h |
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2513 @findex vc-insert-headers |
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2514 You can use the @kbd{C-x v h} command (@code{vc-insert-headers}) to |
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2515 insert a suitable header string. |
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2516 |
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2517 @table @kbd |
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2518 @item C-x v h |
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2519 Insert headers in a file for use with your version-control system. |
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2520 @end table |
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2521 |
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2522 @vindex vc-@var{backend}-header |
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2523 The default header string is @samp{@w{$}Id$} for RCS and |
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2524 @samp{@w{%}W%} for SCCS. You can specify other headers to insert by |
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2525 setting the variables @code{vc-@var{backend}-header} where |
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2526 @var{backend} is @code{rcs} or @code{sccs}. |
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2527 |
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2528 Instead of a single string, you can specify a list of strings; then |
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2529 each string in the list is inserted as a separate header on a line of |
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2530 its own. |
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2531 |
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2532 It may be necessary to use apparently-superfluous backslashes when |
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2533 writing the strings that you put in this variable. For instance, you |
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2534 might write @code{"$Id\$"} rather than @code{"$Id@w{$}"}. The extra |
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2535 backslash prevents the string constant from being interpreted as a |
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2536 header, if the Emacs Lisp file containing it is maintained with |
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2537 version control. |
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2538 |
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2539 @vindex vc-comment-alist |
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2540 Each header is inserted surrounded by tabs, inside comment delimiters, |
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2541 on a new line at point. Normally the ordinary comment |
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2542 start and comment end strings of the current mode are used, but for |
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2543 certain modes, there are special comment delimiters for this purpose; |
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2544 the variable @code{vc-comment-alist} specifies them. Each element of |
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2545 this list has the form @code{(@var{mode} @var{starter} @var{ender})}. |
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2546 |
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2547 @vindex vc-static-header-alist |
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2548 The variable @code{vc-static-header-alist} specifies further strings |
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2549 to add based on the name of the buffer. Its value should be a list of |
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2550 elements of the form @code{(@var{regexp} . @var{format})}. Whenever |
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2551 @var{regexp} matches the buffer name, @var{format} is inserted as part |
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2552 of the header. A header line is inserted for each element that matches |
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2553 the buffer name, and for each string specified by |
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2554 @code{vc-@var{backend}-header}. The header line is made by processing the |
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2555 string from @code{vc-@var{backend}-header} with the format taken from the |
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2556 element. The default value for @code{vc-static-header-alist} is as follows: |
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2557 |
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2558 @example |
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2559 @group |
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2560 (("\\.c$" . |
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2561 "\n#ifndef lint\nstatic char vcid[] = \"\%s\";\n\ |
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2562 #endif /* lint */\n")) |
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2563 @end group |
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2564 @end example |
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2565 |
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2566 @noindent |
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2567 It specifies insertion of text of this form: |
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2568 |
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2569 @example |
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2570 @group |
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2571 |
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2572 #ifndef lint |
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2573 static char vcid[] = "@var{string}"; |
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2574 #endif /* lint */ |
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2575 @end group |
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2576 @end example |
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2577 |
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2578 @noindent |
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2579 Note that the text above starts with a blank line. |
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2580 |
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2581 If you use more than one version header in a file, put them close |
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2582 together in the file. The mechanism in @code{revert-buffer} that |
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2583 preserves markers may not handle markers positioned between two version |
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2584 headers. |
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2585 |
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2586 @node Customizing VC |
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2587 @section Customizing VC |
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2588 |
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2589 @vindex vc-handled-backends |
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2590 The variable @code{vc-handled-backends} determines which version |
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2591 control systems VC should handle. The default value is @code{(RCS CVS |
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2592 SVN SCCS Arch MCVS)}, so it contains all six version systems that are |
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2593 currently supported. If you want VC to ignore one or more of these |
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2594 systems, exclude its name from the list. To disable VC entirely, set |
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2595 this variable to @code{nil}. |
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2596 |
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2597 The order of systems in the list is significant: when you visit a file |
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2598 registered in more than one system (@pxref{Local Version Control}), VC |
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2599 uses the system that comes first in @code{vc-handled-backends} by |
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2600 default. The order is also significant when you register a file for |
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2601 the first time, @pxref{Registering,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual} for |
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2602 details. |
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2603 |
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2604 @menu |
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2605 * General VC Options:: Options that apply to multiple back ends. |
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2606 * RCS and SCCS:: Options for RCS and SCCS. |
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2607 * CVS Options:: Options for CVS. |
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2608 @end menu |
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2609 |
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2610 @node General VC Options |
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2611 @subsection General Options |
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2612 |
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2613 @vindex vc-make-backup-files |
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2614 Emacs normally does not save backup files for source files that are |
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2615 maintained with version control. If you want to make backup files even |
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2616 for files that use version control, set the variable |
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2617 @code{vc-make-backup-files} to a non-@code{nil} value. |
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2618 |
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2619 @vindex vc-keep-workfiles |
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2620 Normally the work file exists all the time, whether it is locked or |
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2621 not. If you set @code{vc-keep-workfiles} to @code{nil}, then checking |
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2622 in a new version with @kbd{C-x v v} deletes the work file; but any |
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2623 attempt to visit the file with Emacs creates it again. (With CVS, work |
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2624 files are always kept.) |
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2625 |
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2626 @vindex vc-follow-symlinks |
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2627 Editing a version-controlled file through a symbolic link can be |
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2628 dangerous. It bypasses the version control system---you can edit the |
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2629 file without locking it, and fail to check your changes in. Also, |
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2630 your changes might overwrite those of another user. To protect against |
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2631 this, VC checks each symbolic link that you visit, to see if it points |
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2632 to a file under version control. |
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2633 |
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2634 The variable @code{vc-follow-symlinks} controls what to do when a |
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2635 symbolic link points to a version-controlled file. If it is @code{nil}, |
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2636 VC only displays a warning message. If it is @code{t}, VC automatically |
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2637 follows the link, and visits the real file instead, telling you about |
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2638 this in the echo area. If the value is @code{ask} (the default), VC |
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2639 asks you each time whether to follow the link. |
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2640 |
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2641 @vindex vc-suppress-confirm |
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2642 If @code{vc-suppress-confirm} is non-@code{nil}, then @kbd{C-x v v} |
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2643 and @kbd{C-x v i} can save the current buffer without asking, and |
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2644 @kbd{C-x v u} also operates without asking for confirmation. (This |
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2645 variable does not affect @kbd{C-x v c}; that operation is so drastic |
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2646 that it should always ask for confirmation.) |
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2647 |
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2648 @vindex vc-command-messages |
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2649 VC mode does much of its work by running the shell commands for RCS, |
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2650 CVS and SCCS. If @code{vc-command-messages} is non-@code{nil}, VC |
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2651 displays messages to indicate which shell commands it runs, and |
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2652 additional messages when the commands finish. |
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2653 |
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2654 @vindex vc-path |
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2655 You can specify additional directories to search for version control |
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2656 programs by setting the variable @code{vc-path}. These directories |
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2657 are searched before the usual search path. It is rarely necessary to |
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2658 set this variable, because VC normally finds the proper files |
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2659 automatically. |
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2660 |
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2661 @node RCS and SCCS |
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2662 @subsection Options for RCS and SCCS |
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2663 |
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2664 @cindex non-strict locking (RCS) |
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2665 @cindex locking, non-strict (RCS) |
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2666 By default, RCS uses locking to coordinate the activities of several |
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2667 users, but there is a mode called @dfn{non-strict locking} in which |
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2668 you can check-in changes without locking the file first. Use |
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2669 @samp{rcs -U} to switch to non-strict locking for a particular file, |
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2670 see the @code{rcs} manual page for details. |
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2671 |
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2672 When deducing the version control state of an RCS file, VC first |
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2673 looks for an RCS version header string in the file (@pxref{Version |
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2674 Headers}). If there is no header string, VC normally looks at the |
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2675 file permissions of the work file; this is fast. But there might be |
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2676 situations when the file permissions cannot be trusted. In this case |
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2677 the master file has to be consulted, which is rather expensive. Also |
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2678 the master file can only tell you @emph{if} there's any lock on the |
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2679 file, but not whether your work file really contains that locked |
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2680 version. |
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2681 |
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2682 @vindex vc-consult-headers |
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2683 You can tell VC not to use version headers to determine the file |
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2684 status by setting @code{vc-consult-headers} to @code{nil}. VC then |
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2685 always uses the file permissions (if it is supposed to trust them), or |
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2686 else checks the master file. |
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2687 |
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2688 @vindex vc-mistrust-permissions |
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2689 You can specify the criterion for whether to trust the file |
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2690 permissions by setting the variable @code{vc-mistrust-permissions}. |
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2691 Its value can be @code{t} (always mistrust the file permissions and |
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2692 check the master file), @code{nil} (always trust the file |
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2693 permissions), or a function of one argument which makes the decision. |
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2694 The argument is the directory name of the @file{RCS} subdirectory. A |
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2695 non-@code{nil} value from the function says to mistrust the file |
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2696 permissions. If you find that the file permissions of work files are |
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2697 changed erroneously, set @code{vc-mistrust-permissions} to @code{t}. |
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2698 Then VC always checks the master file to determine the file's status. |
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2699 |
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2700 VC determines the version control state of files under SCCS much as |
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2701 with RCS. It does not consider SCCS version headers, though. Thus, |
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2702 the variable @code{vc-mistrust-permissions} affects SCCS use, but |
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2703 @code{vc-consult-headers} does not. |
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2704 |
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2705 @node CVS Options |
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2706 @subsection Options specific for CVS |
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2707 |
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|
2708 @cindex locking (CVS) |
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2709 By default, CVS does not use locking to coordinate the activities of |
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2710 several users; anyone can change a work file at any time. However, |
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2711 there are ways to restrict this, resulting in behavior that resembles |
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2712 locking. |
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2713 |
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2714 @cindex CVSREAD environment variable (CVS) |
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2715 For one thing, you can set the @env{CVSREAD} environment variable |
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2716 (the value you use makes no difference). If this variable is defined, |
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2717 CVS makes your work files read-only by default. In Emacs, you must |
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2718 type @kbd{C-x v v} to make the file writable, so that editing works |
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2719 in fact similar as if locking was used. Note however, that no actual |
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2720 locking is performed, so several users can make their files writable |
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2721 at the same time. When setting @env{CVSREAD} for the first time, make |
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2722 sure to check out all your modules anew, so that the file protections |
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2723 are set correctly. |
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2724 |
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2725 @cindex cvs watch feature |
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2726 @cindex watching files (CVS) |
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2727 Another way to achieve something similar to locking is to use the |
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2728 @dfn{watch} feature of CVS. If a file is being watched, CVS makes it |
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2729 read-only by default, and you must also use @kbd{C-x v v} in Emacs to |
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2730 make it writable. VC calls @code{cvs edit} to make the file writable, |
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2731 and CVS takes care to notify other developers of the fact that you |
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2732 intend to change the file. See the CVS documentation for details on |
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2733 using the watch feature. |
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2734 |
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2735 @vindex vc-stay-local |
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2736 @vindex vc-cvs-stay-local |
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2737 @cindex remote repositories (CVS) |
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2738 When a file's repository is on a remote machine, VC tries to keep |
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2739 network interactions to a minimum. This is controlled by the variable |
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2740 @code{vc-cvs-stay-local}. There is another variable, |
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2741 @code{vc-stay-local}, which enables the feature also for other back |
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2742 ends that support it, including CVS. In the following, we will talk |
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2743 only about @code{vc-cvs-stay-local}, but everything applies to |
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2744 @code{vc-stay-local} as well. |
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2745 |
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2746 If @code{vc-cvs-stay-local} is @code{t} (the default), then VC uses |
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2747 only the entry in the local CVS subdirectory to determine the file's |
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2748 state (and possibly information returned by previous CVS commands). |
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2749 One consequence of this is that when you have modified a file, and |
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2750 somebody else has already checked in other changes to the file, you |
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2751 are not notified of it until you actually try to commit. (But you can |
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2752 try to pick up any recent changes from the repository first, using |
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2753 @kbd{C-x v m @key{RET}}, @pxref{Merging,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}). |
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2754 |
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2755 When @code{vc-cvs-stay-local} is @code{t}, VC also makes local |
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|
2756 version backups, so that simple diff and revert operations are |
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|
2757 completely local (@pxref{Version Backups}). |
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|
2758 |
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2759 On the other hand, if you set @code{vc-cvs-stay-local} to @code{nil}, |
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2760 then VC queries the remote repository @emph{before} it decides what to |
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2761 do in @code{vc-next-action} (@kbd{C-x v v}), just as it does for local |
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|
2762 repositories. It also does not make any version backups. |
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|
2763 |
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|
2764 You can also set @code{vc-cvs-stay-local} to a regular expression |
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2765 that is matched against the repository host name; VC then stays local |
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2766 only for repositories from hosts that match the pattern. |
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|
2767 |
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2768 @vindex vc-cvs-global-switches |
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2769 You can specify additional command line options to pass to all CVS |
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|
2770 operations in the variable @code{vc-cvs-global-switches}. These |
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2771 switches are inserted immediately after the @code{cvs} command, before |
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2772 the name of the operation to invoke. |
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|
2773 |
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2774 |
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2775 @node Fortran |
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2776 @chapter Fortran Mode |
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2777 @cindex Fortran mode |
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2778 @cindex mode, Fortran |
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2779 |
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2780 Fortran mode provides special motion commands for Fortran statements |
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2781 and subprograms, and indentation commands that understand Fortran |
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2782 conventions of nesting, line numbers and continuation statements. |
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2783 Fortran mode has support for Auto Fill mode that breaks long lines into |
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2784 proper Fortran continuation lines. |
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2785 |
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2786 Special commands for comments are provided because Fortran comments |
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2787 are unlike those of other languages. Built-in abbrevs optionally save |
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2788 typing when you insert Fortran keywords. |
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2789 |
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2790 Use @kbd{M-x fortran-mode} to switch to this major mode. This |
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2791 command runs the hook @code{fortran-mode-hook}. @xref{Hooks,,, emacs, |
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2792 the Emacs Manual}. |
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2793 |
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2794 @cindex Fortran77 and Fortran90 |
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2795 @findex f90-mode |
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2796 @findex fortran-mode |
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2797 Fortran mode is meant for editing Fortran77 ``fixed format'' (and also |
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2798 ``tab format'') source code. For editing the modern Fortran90 or |
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2799 Fortran95 ``free format'' source code, use F90 mode (@code{f90-mode}). |
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2800 Emacs normally uses Fortran mode for files with extension @samp{.f}, |
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2801 @samp{.F} or @samp{.for}, and F90 mode for the extension @samp{.f90} and |
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2802 @samp{.f95}. GNU Fortran supports both kinds of format. |
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2803 |
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|
2804 @menu |
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2805 * Motion: Fortran Motion. Moving point by statements or subprograms. |
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2806 * Indent: Fortran Indent. Indentation commands for Fortran. |
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2807 * Comments: Fortran Comments. Inserting and aligning comments. |
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2808 * Autofill: Fortran Autofill. Auto fill support for Fortran. |
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2809 * Columns: Fortran Columns. Measuring columns for valid Fortran. |
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2810 * Abbrev: Fortran Abbrev. Built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords. |
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2811 @end menu |
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|
2812 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2813 @node Fortran Motion |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2814 @section Motion Commands |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
2815 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2816 In addition to the normal commands for moving by and operating on |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2817 ``defuns'' (Fortran subprograms---functions and subroutines, as well as |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2818 modules for F90 mode), Fortran mode provides special commands to move by |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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diff
changeset
|
2819 statements and other program units. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
2820 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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diff
changeset
|
2821 @table @kbd |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2822 @kindex C-c C-n @r{(Fortran mode)} |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
2823 @findex fortran-next-statement |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
2824 @findex f90-next-statement |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2825 @item C-c C-n |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2826 Move to the beginning of the next statement |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2827 (@code{fortran-next-statement}/@code{f90-next-statement}). |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2828 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2829 @kindex C-c C-p @r{(Fortran mode)} |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
2830 @findex fortran-previous-statement |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
2831 @findex f90-previous-statement |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
2832 @item C-c C-p |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
2833 Move to the beginning of the previous statement |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2834 (@code{fortran-previous-statement}/@code{f90-previous-statement}). |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2835 If there is no previous statement (i.e. if called from the first |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2836 statement in the buffer), move to the start of the buffer. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2837 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2838 @kindex C-c C-e @r{(F90 mode)} |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
2839 @findex f90-next-block |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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|
2840 @item C-c C-e |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2841 Move point forward to the start of the next code block |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
2842 (@code{f90-next-block}). A code block is a subroutine, |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2843 @code{if}--@code{endif} statement, and so forth. This command exists |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2844 for F90 mode only, not Fortran mode. With a numeric argument, this |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2845 moves forward that many blocks. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
2846 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
2847 @kindex C-c C-a @r{(F90 mode)} |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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|
2848 @findex f90-previous-block |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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|
2849 @item C-c C-a |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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|
2850 Move point backward to the previous code block |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2851 (@code{f90-previous-block}). This is like @code{f90-next-block}, but |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2852 moves backwards. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
2853 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
2854 @kindex C-M-n @r{(Fortran mode)} |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
2855 @findex fortran-end-of-block |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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|
2856 @findex f90-end-of-block |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
2857 @item C-M-n |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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|
2858 Move to the end of the current code block |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2859 (@code{fortran-end-of-block}/@code{f90-end-of-block}). With a numeric |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
2860 agument, move forward that number of blocks. The mark is set before |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
2861 moving point. The F90 mode version of this command checks for |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2862 consistency of block types and labels (if present), but it does not |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2863 check the outermost block since that may be incomplete. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
2864 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
2865 @kindex C-M-p @r{(Fortran mode)} |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
2866 @findex fortran-beginning-of-block |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
2867 @findex f90-beginning-of-block |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
2868 @item C-M-p |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
2869 Move to the start of the current code block |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2870 (@code{fortran-beginning-of-block}/@code{f90-beginning-of-block}). This |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2871 is like @code{fortran-end-of-block}, but moves backwards. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
2872 @end table |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
2873 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
2874 @node Fortran Indent |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
2875 @section Fortran Indentation |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
2876 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
2877 Special commands and features are needed for indenting Fortran code in |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2878 order to make sure various syntactic entities (line numbers, comment line |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2879 indicators and continuation line flags) appear in the columns that are |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2880 required for standard, fixed (or tab) format Fortran. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
2881 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
2882 @menu |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
2883 * Commands: ForIndent Commands. Commands for indenting and filling Fortran. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
2884 * Contline: ForIndent Cont. How continuation lines indent. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
2885 * Numbers: ForIndent Num. How line numbers auto-indent. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
2886 * Conv: ForIndent Conv. Conventions you must obey to avoid trouble. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
2887 * Vars: ForIndent Vars. Variables controlling Fortran indent style. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2888 @end menu |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
2889 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
2890 @node ForIndent Commands |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
2891 @subsection Fortran Indentation and Filling Commands |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
2892 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
2893 @table @kbd |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
2894 @item C-M-j |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
2895 Break the current line at point and set up a continuation line |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
2896 (@code{fortran-split-line}). |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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parents:
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changeset
|
2897 @item M-^ |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
2898 Join this line to the previous line (@code{fortran-join-line}). |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
2899 @item C-M-q |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
2900 Indent all the lines of the subprogram point is in |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
2901 (@code{fortran-indent-subprogram}). |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
2902 @item M-q |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
2903 Fill a comment block or statement. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
2904 @end table |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
2905 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
2906 @kindex C-M-q @r{(Fortran mode)} |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
2907 @findex fortran-indent-subprogram |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
2908 The key @kbd{C-M-q} runs @code{fortran-indent-subprogram}, a command |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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parents:
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changeset
|
2909 to reindent all the lines of the Fortran subprogram (function or |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
2910 subroutine) containing point. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2911 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2912 @kindex C-M-j @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2913 @findex fortran-split-line |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2914 The key @kbd{C-M-j} runs @code{fortran-split-line}, which splits |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2915 a line in the appropriate fashion for Fortran. In a non-comment line, |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2916 the second half becomes a continuation line and is indented |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2917 accordingly. In a comment line, both halves become separate comment |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2918 lines. |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2919 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2920 @kindex M-^ @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2921 @kindex C-c C-d @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2922 @findex fortran-join-line |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2923 @kbd{M-^} or @kbd{C-c C-d} runs the command @code{fortran-join-line}, |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2924 which joins a continuation line back to the previous line, roughly as |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2925 the inverse of @code{fortran-split-line}. The point must be on a |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2926 continuation line when this command is invoked. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2927 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2928 @kindex M-q @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2929 @kbd{M-q} in Fortran mode fills the comment block or statement that |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2930 point is in. This removes any excess statement continuations. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2931 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2932 @node ForIndent Cont |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2933 @subsection Continuation Lines |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2934 @cindex Fortran continuation lines |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2935 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2936 @vindex fortran-continuation-string |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2937 Most Fortran77 compilers allow two ways of writing continuation lines. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2938 If the first non-space character on a line is in column 5, then that |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2939 line is a continuation of the previous line. We call this @dfn{fixed |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2940 format}. (In GNU Emacs we always count columns from 0; but note that |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2941 the Fortran standard counts from 1.) The variable |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2942 @code{fortran-continuation-string} specifies what character to put in |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2943 column 5. A line that starts with a tab character followed by any digit |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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2944 except @samp{0} is also a continuation line. We call this style of |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2945 continuation @dfn{tab format}. (Fortran90 introduced ``free format'', |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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2946 with another style of continuation lines). |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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2947 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2948 @vindex indent-tabs-mode @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2949 @vindex fortran-analyze-depth |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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2950 @vindex fortran-tab-mode-default |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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2951 Fortran mode can use either style of continuation line. When you |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2952 enter Fortran mode, it tries to deduce the proper continuation style |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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2953 automatically from the buffer contents. It does this by scanning up to |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
2954 @code{fortran-analyze-depth} (default 100) lines from the start of the |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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2955 buffer. The first line that begins with either a tab character or six |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2956 spaces determines the choice. If the scan fails (for example, if the |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2957 buffer is new and therefore empty), the value of |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2958 @code{fortran-tab-mode-default} (@code{nil} for fixed format, and |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2959 non-@code{nil} for tab format) is used. @samp{/t} in the mode line |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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2960 indicates tab format is selected. Fortran mode sets the value of |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2961 @code{indent-tabs-mode} accordingly. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2962 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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2963 If the text on a line starts with the Fortran continuation marker |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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2964 @samp{$}, or if it begins with any non-whitespace character in column |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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2965 5, Fortran mode treats it as a continuation line. When you indent a |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2966 continuation line with @key{TAB}, it converts the line to the current |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2967 continuation style. When you split a Fortran statement with |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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2968 @kbd{C-M-j}, the continuation marker on the newline is created according |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2969 to the continuation style. |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2970 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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2971 The setting of continuation style affects several other aspects of |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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2972 editing in Fortran mode. In fixed format mode, the minimum column |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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2973 number for the body of a statement is 6. Lines inside of Fortran |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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2974 blocks that are indented to larger column numbers always use only the |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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2975 space character for whitespace. In tab format mode, the minimum |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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2976 column number for the statement body is 8, and the whitespace before |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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2977 column 8 must always consist of one tab character. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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2978 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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2979 @node ForIndent Num |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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2980 @subsection Line Numbers |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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2981 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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2982 If a number is the first non-whitespace in the line, Fortran |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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2983 indentation assumes it is a line number and moves it to columns 0 |
91970b147f39
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2984 through 4. (Columns always count from 0 in GNU Emacs.) |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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2985 |
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2986 @vindex fortran-line-number-indent |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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2987 Line numbers of four digits or less are normally indented one space. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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2988 The variable @code{fortran-line-number-indent} controls this; it |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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2989 specifies the maximum indentation a line number can have. The default |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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2990 value of the variable is 1. Fortran mode tries to prevent line number |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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2991 digits passing column 4, reducing the indentation below the specified |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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2992 maximum if necessary. If @code{fortran-line-number-indent} has the |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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2993 value 5, line numbers are right-justified to end in column 4. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
2994 |
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2995 @vindex fortran-electric-line-number |
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2996 Simply inserting a line number is enough to indent it according to |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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2997 these rules. As each digit is inserted, the indentation is recomputed. |
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2998 To turn off this feature, set the variable |
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2999 @code{fortran-electric-line-number} to @code{nil}. |
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|
3000 |
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|
3001 |
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3002 @node ForIndent Conv |
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3003 @subsection Syntactic Conventions |
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3004 |
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3005 Fortran mode assumes that you follow certain conventions that simplify |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3006 the task of understanding a Fortran program well enough to indent it |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3007 properly: |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3008 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3009 @itemize @bullet |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3010 @item |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
3011 Two nested @samp{do} loops never share a @samp{continue} statement. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3012 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3013 @item |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
3014 Fortran keywords such as @samp{if}, @samp{else}, @samp{then}, @samp{do} |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
3015 and others are written without embedded whitespace or line breaks. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3016 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3017 Fortran compilers generally ignore whitespace outside of string |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
3018 constants, but Fortran mode does not recognize these keywords if they |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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diff
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|
3019 are not contiguous. Constructs such as @samp{else if} or @samp{end do} |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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|
3020 are acceptable, but the second word should be on the same line as the |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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|
3021 first and not on a continuation line. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
3022 @end itemize |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3023 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
3024 @noindent |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
3025 If you fail to follow these conventions, the indentation commands may |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
3026 indent some lines unaesthetically. However, a correct Fortran program |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3027 retains its meaning when reindented even if the conventions are not |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
3028 followed. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
3029 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
3030 @node ForIndent Vars |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
3031 @subsection Variables for Fortran Indentation |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
3032 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
3033 @vindex fortran-do-indent |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
3034 @vindex fortran-if-indent |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
3035 @vindex fortran-structure-indent |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
3036 @vindex fortran-continuation-indent |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
3037 @vindex fortran-check-all-num@dots{} |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
3038 @vindex fortran-minimum-statement-indent@dots{} |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
3039 Several additional variables control how Fortran indentation works: |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3040 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
3041 @table @code |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
3042 @item fortran-do-indent |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
3043 Extra indentation within each level of @samp{do} statement (default 3). |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
3044 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
3045 @item fortran-if-indent |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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|
3046 Extra indentation within each level of @samp{if}, @samp{select case}, or |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
3047 @samp{where} statements (default 3). |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
3048 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
3049 @item fortran-structure-indent |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
3050 Extra indentation within each level of @samp{structure}, @samp{union}, |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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|
3051 @samp{map}, or @samp{interface} statements (default 3). |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
3052 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
3053 @item fortran-continuation-indent |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
3054 Extra indentation for bodies of continuation lines (default 5). |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
3055 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
3056 @item fortran-check-all-num-for-matching-do |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
3057 In Fortran77, a numbered @samp{do} statement is ended by any statement |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
3058 with a matching line number. It is common (but not compulsory) to use a |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
3059 @samp{continue} statement for this purpose. If this variable has a |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
3060 non-@code{nil} value, indenting any numbered statement must check for a |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
3061 @samp{do} that ends there. If you always end @samp{do} statements with |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
3062 a @samp{continue} line (or if you use the more modern @samp{enddo}), |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
3063 then you can speed up indentation by setting this variable to |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
3064 @code{nil}. The default is @code{nil}. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
3065 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
3066 @item fortran-blink-matching-if |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
3067 If this is @code{t}, indenting an @samp{endif} (or @samp{enddo} |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
3068 statement moves the cursor momentarily to the matching @samp{if} (or |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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diff
changeset
|
3069 @samp{do}) statement to show where it is. The default is @code{nil}. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
3070 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
3071 @item fortran-minimum-statement-indent-fixed |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
3072 Minimum indentation for Fortran statements when using fixed format |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
3073 continuation line style. Statement bodies are never indented less than |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
3074 this much. The default is 6. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
3075 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
3076 @item fortran-minimum-statement-indent-tab |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
3077 Minimum indentation for Fortran statements for tab format continuation line |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
3078 style. Statement bodies are never indented less than this much. The |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
3079 default is 8. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
3080 @end table |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
3081 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
3082 The variables controlling the indentation of comments are described in |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
3083 the following section. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
3084 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
3085 @node Fortran Comments |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
3086 @section Fortran Comments |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
3087 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
3088 The usual Emacs comment commands assume that a comment can follow a |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
3089 line of code. In Fortran77, the standard comment syntax requires an |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
3090 entire line to be just a comment. Therefore, Fortran mode replaces the |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
3091 standard Emacs comment commands and defines some new variables. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
3092 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
3093 @vindex fortran-comment-line-start |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
3094 Fortran mode can also handle the Fortran90 comment syntax where comments |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
3095 start with @samp{!} and can follow other text. Because only some Fortran77 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
3096 compilers accept this syntax, Fortran mode will not insert such comments |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
3097 unless you have said in advance to do so. To do this, set the variable |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
3098 @code{fortran-comment-line-start} to @samp{"!"}. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
3099 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
3100 @table @kbd |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
3101 @item M-; |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3102 Align comment or insert new comment (@code{fortran-indent-comment}). |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
3103 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
3104 @item C-x ; |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
3105 Applies to nonstandard @samp{!} comments only. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3106 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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diff
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|
3107 @item C-c ; |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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diff
changeset
|
3108 Turn all lines of the region into comments, or (with argument) turn them back |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3109 into real code (@code{fortran-comment-region}). |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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diff
changeset
|
3110 @end table |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3111 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3112 @findex fortran-indent-comment |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3113 @kbd{M-;} in Fortran mode is redefined as the command |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3114 @code{fortran-indent-comment}. Like the usual @kbd{M-;} command, this |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3115 recognizes any kind of existing comment and aligns its text appropriately; |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3116 if there is no existing comment, a comment is inserted and aligned. But |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3117 inserting and aligning comments are not the same in Fortran mode as in |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
3118 other modes. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
3119 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3120 When a new comment must be inserted, if the current line is blank, a |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3121 full-line comment is inserted. On a non-blank line, a nonstandard @samp{!} |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
3122 comment is inserted if you have said you want to use them. Otherwise a |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3123 full-line comment is inserted on a new line before the current line. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3124 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3125 Nonstandard @samp{!} comments are aligned like comments in other |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3126 languages, but full-line comments are different. In a standard full-line |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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diff
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|
3127 comment, the comment delimiter itself must always appear in column zero. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3128 What can be aligned is the text within the comment. You can choose from |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3129 three styles of alignment by setting the variable |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
3130 @code{fortran-comment-indent-style} to one of these values: |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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|
3131 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3132 @vindex fortran-comment-indent-style |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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diff
changeset
|
3133 @vindex fortran-comment-line-extra-indent |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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diff
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|
3134 @table @code |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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diff
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|
3135 @item fixed |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3136 Align the text at a fixed column, which is the sum of |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3137 @code{fortran-comment-line-extra-indent} and the minimum statement |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3138 indentation. This is the default. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
3139 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3140 The minimum statement indentation is |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3141 @code{fortran-minimum-statement-indent-fixed} for fixed format |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3142 continuation line style and @code{fortran-minimum-statement-indent-tab} |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3143 for tab format style. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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|
3144 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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|
3145 @item relative |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3146 Align the text as if it were a line of code, but with an additional |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3147 @code{fortran-comment-line-extra-indent} columns of indentation. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3148 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
3149 @item nil |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
3150 Don't move text in full-line comments automatically. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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|
3151 @end table |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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|
3152 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3153 @vindex fortran-comment-indent-char |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3154 In addition, you can specify the character to be used to indent within |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3155 full-line comments by setting the variable |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3156 @code{fortran-comment-indent-char} to the single-character string you want |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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|
3157 to use. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
3158 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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diff
changeset
|
3159 @vindex fortran-directive-re |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3160 Compiler directive lines, or preprocessor lines, have much the same |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3161 appearance as comment lines. It is important, though, that such lines |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
3162 never be indented at all, no matter what the value of |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3163 @code{fortran-comment-indent-style}. The variable |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3164 @code{fortran-directive-re} is a regular expression that specifies which |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3165 lines are directives. Matching lines are never indented, and receive |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3166 distinctive font-locking. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3167 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3168 The normal Emacs comment command @kbd{C-x ;} has not been redefined. If |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3169 you use @samp{!} comments, this command can be used with them. Otherwise |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
3170 it is useless in Fortran mode. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
3171 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
3172 @kindex C-c ; @r{(Fortran mode)} |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
3173 @findex fortran-comment-region |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
3174 @vindex fortran-comment-region |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
3175 The command @kbd{C-c ;} (@code{fortran-comment-region}) turns all the |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
3176 lines of the region into comments by inserting the string @samp{C$$$} at |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3177 the front of each one. With a numeric argument, it turns the region |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
3178 back into live code by deleting @samp{C$$$} from the front of each line |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
3179 in it. The string used for these comments can be controlled by setting |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
3180 the variable @code{fortran-comment-region}. Note that here we have an |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
3181 example of a command and a variable with the same name; these two uses |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
3182 of the name never conflict because in Lisp and in Emacs it is always |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
3183 clear from the context which one is meant. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
3184 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
3185 @node Fortran Autofill |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
3186 @section Auto Fill in Fortran Mode |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3187 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
3188 Fortran mode has specialized support for Auto Fill mode, which is a |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
3189 minor mode that automatically splits statements as you insert them |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
3190 when they become too wide. Splitting a statement involves making |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
3191 continuation lines using @code{fortran-continuation-string} |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
3192 (@pxref{ForIndent Cont}). This splitting happens when you type |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
3193 @key{SPC}, @key{RET}, or @key{TAB}, and also in the Fortran |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
3194 indentation commands. You activate Auto Fill in Fortran mode in the |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
3195 normal way. @xref{Auto Fill,,, emacs, the Emacs Manual}. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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changeset
|
3196 |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
3197 @vindex fortran-break-before-delimiters |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
3198 Auto Fill breaks lines at spaces or delimiters when the lines get |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
3199 longer than the desired width (the value of @code{fill-column}). The |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
3200 delimiters (besides whitespace) that Auto Fill can break at are |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3201 @samp{+}, @samp{-}, @samp{/}, @samp{*}, @samp{=}, @samp{<}, @samp{>}, |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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changeset
|
3202 and @samp{,}. The line break comes after the delimiter if the |
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3203 variable @code{fortran-break-before-delimiters} is @code{nil}. |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3204 Otherwise (and by default), the break comes before the delimiter. |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3205 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3206 To enable Auto Fill in all Fortran buffers, add |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3207 @code{turn-on-auto-fill} to @code{fortran-mode-hook}. @xref{Hooks,,, |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3208 emacs, the Emacs Manual}. |
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3209 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3210 @node Fortran Columns |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3211 @section Checking Columns in Fortran |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3212 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3213 @table @kbd |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3214 @item C-c C-r |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3215 Display a ``column ruler'' momentarily above the current line |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3216 (@code{fortran-column-ruler}). |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3217 @item C-c C-w |
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3218 Split the current window horizontally temporarily so that it is 72 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3219 columns wide (@code{fortran-window-create-momentarily}). This may |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3220 help you avoid making lines longer than the 72-character limit that |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3221 some Fortran compilers impose. |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3222 @item C-u C-c C-w |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3223 Split the current window horizontally so that it is 72 columns wide |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3224 (@code{fortran-window-create}). You can then continue editing. |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3225 @item M-x fortran-strip-sequence-nos |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3226 Delete all text in column 72 and beyond. |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3227 @end table |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3228 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3229 @kindex C-c C-r @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3230 @findex fortran-column-ruler |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3231 The command @kbd{C-c C-r} (@code{fortran-column-ruler}) shows a column |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3232 ruler momentarily above the current line. The comment ruler is two lines |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3233 of text that show you the locations of columns with special significance in |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3234 Fortran programs. Square brackets show the limits of the columns for line |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3235 numbers, and curly brackets show the limits of the columns for the |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3236 statement body. Column numbers appear above them. |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3237 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3238 Note that the column numbers count from zero, as always in GNU Emacs. |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3239 As a result, the numbers may be one less than those you are familiar |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3240 with; but the positions they indicate in the line are standard for |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3241 Fortran. |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3242 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3243 @vindex fortran-column-ruler-fixed |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3244 @vindex fortran-column-ruler-tabs |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3245 The text used to display the column ruler depends on the value of the |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3246 variable @code{indent-tabs-mode}. If @code{indent-tabs-mode} is |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3247 @code{nil}, then the value of the variable |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3248 @code{fortran-column-ruler-fixed} is used as the column ruler. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3249 Otherwise, the value of the variable @code{fortran-column-ruler-tab} is |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3250 displayed. By changing these variables, you can change the column ruler |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3251 display. |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3252 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3253 @kindex C-c C-w @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3254 @findex fortran-window-create-momentarily |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3255 @kbd{C-c C-w} (@code{fortran-window-create-momentarily}) temporarily |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3256 splits the current window horizontally, making a window 72 columns |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3257 wide, so you can see any lines that are too long. Type a space to |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3258 restore the normal width. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3259 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3260 @kindex C-u C-c C-w @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3261 @findex fortran-window-create |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3262 You can also split the window horizontally and continue editing with |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3263 the split in place. To do this, use @kbd{C-u C-c C-w} (@code{M-x |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3264 fortran-window-create}). By editing in this window you can |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3265 immediately see when you make a line too wide to be correct Fortran. |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3266 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3267 @findex fortran-strip-sequence-nos |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3268 The command @kbd{M-x fortran-strip-sequence-nos} deletes all text in |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3269 column 72 and beyond, on all lines in the current buffer. This is the |
91970b147f39
* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3270 easiest way to get rid of old sequence numbers. |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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|
3271 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3272 @node Fortran Abbrev |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3273 @section Fortran Keyword Abbrevs |
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3274 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3275 Fortran mode provides many built-in abbrevs for common keywords and |
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3276 declarations. These are the same sort of abbrev that you can define |
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3277 yourself. To use them, you must turn on Abbrev mode. |
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3278 @xref{Abbrevs,,, emacs, the Emacs Manual}. |
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3279 |
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|
3280 The built-in abbrevs are unusual in one way: they all start with a |
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3281 semicolon. You cannot normally use semicolon in an abbrev, but Fortran |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3282 mode makes this possible by changing the syntax of semicolon to ``word |
91970b147f39
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3283 constituent.'' |
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3284 |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3285 For example, one built-in Fortran abbrev is @samp{;c} for |
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* emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters,
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3286 @samp{continue}. If you insert @samp{;c} and then insert a punctuation |
91970b147f39
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3287 character such as a space or a newline, the @samp{;c} expands automatically |
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3288 to @samp{continue}, provided Abbrev mode is enabled.@refill |
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3289 |
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3290 Type @samp{;?} or @samp{;C-h} to display a list of all the built-in |
91970b147f39
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|
3291 Fortran abbrevs and what they stand for. |
61000
7493ddb113fc
(Advanced Calendar/Diary Usage): New section; move here from Emacs
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|
3292 |
69898
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3293 |
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|
3294 @node MS-DOG |
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3295 @chapter Emacs and MS-DOS |
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|
3296 @cindex MS-DOG |
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|
3297 @cindex MS-DOS peculiarities |
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3298 |
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|
3299 This section briefly describes the peculiarities of using Emacs on |
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3300 the MS-DOS ``operating system'' (also known as ``MS-DOG''). |
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3301 Information about Emacs and Microsoft's current operating system |
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3302 Windows (also known as ``Losedows) is in the main Emacs manual |
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3303 (@pxref{Emacs and Microsoft Systems,,, emacs, the Emacs Manual}). |
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3304 |
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3305 If you build Emacs for MS-DOS, the binary will also run on Windows |
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3306 3.X, Windows NT, Windows 9X/ME, Windows 2000, or OS/2 as a DOS |
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3307 application; all of this chapter applies for all of those systems, if |
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3308 you use an Emacs that was built for MS-DOS. |
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3309 |
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3310 @xref{Text and Binary,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}, for information |
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3311 about Emacs' special handling of text files under MS-DOS (and |
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3312 Windows). |
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3313 |
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3314 @menu |
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3315 * Keyboard: MS-DOS Keyboard. Keyboard conventions on MS-DOS. |
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3316 * Mouse: MS-DOS Mouse. Mouse conventions on MS-DOS. |
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3317 * Display: MS-DOS Display. Fonts, frames and display size on MS-DOS. |
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3318 * Files: MS-DOS File Names. File name conventions on MS-DOS. |
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3319 * Printing: MS-DOS Printing. How to specify the printer on MS-DOS. |
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3320 * I18N: MS-DOS and MULE. Support for internationalization on MS-DOS. |
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3321 * Processes: MS-DOS Processes. Running subprocesses on MS-DOS. |
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3322 @end menu |
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3323 |
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3324 @node MS-DOS Keyboard |
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3325 @section Keyboard Usage on MS-DOS |
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3326 |
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3327 @kindex DEL @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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3328 @kindex BS @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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3329 The key that is called @key{DEL} in Emacs (because that's how it is |
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3330 designated on most workstations) is known as @key{BS} (backspace) on a |
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3331 PC. That is why the PC-specific terminal initialization remaps the |
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3332 @key{BS} key to act as @key{DEL}; the @key{DELETE} key is remapped to act |
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3333 as @kbd{C-d} for the same reasons. |
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3334 |
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3335 @kindex C-g @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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3336 @kindex C-BREAK @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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3337 @cindex quitting on MS-DOS |
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3338 Emacs built for MS-DOS recognizes @kbd{C-@key{BREAK}} as a quit |
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3339 character, just like @kbd{C-g}. This is because Emacs cannot detect |
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3340 that you have typed @kbd{C-g} until it is ready for more input. As a |
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3341 consequence, you cannot use @kbd{C-g} to stop a running command |
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3342 (@pxref{Quitting,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}). By contrast, |
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3343 @kbd{C-@key{BREAK}} @emph{is} detected as soon as you type it (as |
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3344 @kbd{C-g} is on other systems), so it can be used to stop a running |
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3345 command and for emergency escape (@pxref{Emergency Escape,,,emacs, the |
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3346 Emacs Manual}). |
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3347 |
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3348 @cindex Meta (under MS-DOS) |
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3349 @cindex Hyper (under MS-DOS) |
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3350 @cindex Super (under MS-DOS) |
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3351 @vindex dos-super-key |
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3352 @vindex dos-hyper-key |
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3353 The PC keyboard maps use the left @key{ALT} key as the @key{META} key. |
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3354 You have two choices for emulating the @key{SUPER} and @key{HYPER} keys: |
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3355 choose either the right @key{CTRL} key or the right @key{ALT} key by |
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3356 setting the variables @code{dos-hyper-key} and @code{dos-super-key} to 1 |
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3357 or 2 respectively. If neither @code{dos-super-key} nor |
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3358 @code{dos-hyper-key} is 1, then by default the right @key{ALT} key is |
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3359 also mapped to the @key{META} key. However, if the MS-DOS international |
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3360 keyboard support program @file{KEYB.COM} is installed, Emacs will |
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3361 @emph{not} map the right @key{ALT} to @key{META}, since it is used for |
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3362 accessing characters like @kbd{~} and @kbd{@@} on non-US keyboard |
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3363 layouts; in this case, you may only use the left @key{ALT} as @key{META} |
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3364 key. |
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3365 |
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3366 @kindex C-j @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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3367 @vindex dos-keypad-mode |
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3368 The variable @code{dos-keypad-mode} is a flag variable that controls |
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3369 what key codes are returned by keys in the numeric keypad. You can also |
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3370 define the keypad @key{ENTER} key to act like @kbd{C-j}, by putting the |
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3371 following line into your @file{_emacs} file: |
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3372 |
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3373 @smallexample |
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3374 ;; @r{Make the @key{ENTER} key from the numeric keypad act as @kbd{C-j}.} |
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3375 (define-key function-key-map [kp-enter] [?\C-j]) |
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3376 @end smallexample |
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3377 |
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3378 @node MS-DOS Mouse |
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3379 @section Mouse Usage on MS-DOS |
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3380 |
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3381 @cindex mouse support under MS-DOS |
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3382 Emacs on MS-DOS supports a mouse (on the default terminal only). |
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3383 The mouse commands work as documented, including those that use menus |
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3384 and the menu bar (@pxref{Menu Bar,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}). Scroll |
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3385 bars don't work in MS-DOS Emacs. PC mice usually have only two |
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3386 buttons; these act as @kbd{Mouse-1} and @kbd{Mouse-2}, but if you |
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3387 press both of them together, that has the effect of @kbd{Mouse-3}. If |
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3388 the mouse does have 3 buttons, Emacs detects that at startup, and all |
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3389 the 3 buttons function normally, as on X. |
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3390 |
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3391 Help strings for menu-bar and pop-up menus are displayed in the echo |
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3392 area when the mouse pointer moves across the menu items. Highlighting |
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3393 of mouse-sensitive text (@pxref{Mouse References,,,emacs, the Emacs |
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3394 Manual}) is also supported. |
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3395 |
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3396 @cindex mouse, set number of buttons |
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3397 @findex msdos-set-mouse-buttons |
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3398 Some versions of mouse drivers don't report the number of mouse |
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3399 buttons correctly. For example, mice with a wheel report that they |
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3400 have 3 buttons, but only 2 of them are passed to Emacs; the clicks on |
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3401 the wheel, which serves as the middle button, are not passed. In |
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3402 these cases, you can use the @kbd{M-x msdos-set-mouse-buttons} command |
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3403 to tell Emacs how many mouse buttons to expect. You could make such a |
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3404 setting permanent by adding this fragment to your @file{_emacs} init |
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3405 file: |
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3406 |
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3407 @example |
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3408 ;; @r{Treat the mouse like a 2-button mouse.} |
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3409 (msdos-set-mouse-buttons 2) |
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3410 @end example |
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3411 |
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3412 @cindex Windows clipboard support |
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3413 Emacs built for MS-DOS supports clipboard operations when it runs on |
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3414 Windows. Commands that put text on the kill ring, or yank text from |
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3415 the ring, check the Windows clipboard first, just as Emacs does on the |
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3416 X Window System (@pxref{Mouse Commands,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}). |
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3417 Only the primary selection and the cut buffer are supported by MS-DOS |
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3418 Emacs on Windows; the secondary selection always appears as empty. |
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3419 |
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3420 Due to the way clipboard access is implemented by Windows, the |
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3421 length of text you can put into the clipboard is limited by the amount |
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3422 of free DOS memory that is available to Emacs. Usually, up to 620KB of |
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3423 text can be put into the clipboard, but this limit depends on the system |
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3424 configuration and is lower if you run Emacs as a subprocess of |
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3425 another program. If the killed text does not fit, Emacs outputs a |
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3426 message saying so, and does not put the text into the clipboard. |
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3427 |
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3428 Null characters also cannot be put into the Windows clipboard. If the |
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3429 killed text includes null characters, Emacs does not put such text into |
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3430 the clipboard, and displays in the echo area a message to that effect. |
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3431 |
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3432 @vindex dos-display-scancodes |
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3433 The variable @code{dos-display-scancodes}, when non-@code{nil}, |
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3434 directs Emacs to display the @acronym{ASCII} value and the keyboard scan code of |
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3435 each keystroke; this feature serves as a complement to the |
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3436 @code{view-lossage} command, for debugging. |
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3437 |
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3438 @node MS-DOS Display |
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3439 @section Display on MS-DOS |
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3440 @cindex faces under MS-DOS |
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3441 @cindex fonts, emulating under MS-DOS |
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3442 |
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3443 Display on MS-DOS cannot use font variants, like bold or italic, but |
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3444 it does support multiple faces, each of which can specify a foreground |
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3445 and a background color. Therefore, you can get the full functionality |
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3446 of Emacs packages that use fonts (such as @code{font-lock}, Enriched |
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3447 Text mode, and others) by defining the relevant faces to use different |
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3448 colors. Use the @code{list-colors-display} command (@pxref{Frame |
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3449 Parameters,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}) and the |
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3450 @code{list-faces-display} command (@pxref{Faces,,,emacs, the Emacs |
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3451 Manual}) to see what colors and faces are available and what they look |
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3452 like. |
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3453 |
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3454 @xref{MS-DOS and MULE}, later in this chapter, for information on |
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3455 how Emacs displays glyphs and characters that aren't supported by the |
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3456 native font built into the DOS display. |
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3457 |
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3458 @cindex cursor shape on MS-DOS |
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3459 When Emacs starts, it changes the cursor shape to a solid box. This |
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3460 is for compatibility with other systems, where the box cursor is the |
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3461 default in Emacs. This default shape can be changed to a bar by |
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3462 specifying the @code{cursor-type} parameter in the variable |
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3463 @code{default-frame-alist} (@pxref{Creating Frames,,,emacs, the Emacs |
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3464 Manual}). The MS-DOS terminal doesn't support a vertical-bar cursor, |
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3465 so the bar cursor is horizontal, and the @code{@var{width}} parameter, |
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3466 if specified by the frame parameters, actually determines its height. |
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3467 For this reason, the @code{bar} and @code{hbar} cursor types produce |
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3468 the same effect on MS-DOS. As an extension, the bar cursor |
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3469 specification can include the starting scan line of the cursor as well |
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3470 as its width, like this: |
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3471 |
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3472 @example |
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3473 '(cursor-type bar @var{width} . @var{start}) |
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3474 @end example |
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3475 |
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3476 @noindent |
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3477 In addition, if the @var{width} parameter is negative, the cursor bar |
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3478 begins at the top of the character cell. |
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3479 |
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3480 @cindex frames on MS-DOS |
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3481 The MS-DOS terminal can only display a single frame at a time. The |
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3482 Emacs frame facilities work on MS-DOS much as they do on text-only |
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3483 terminals (@pxref{Frames,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}). When you run |
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3484 Emacs from a DOS window on MS-Windows, you can make the visible frame |
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3485 smaller than the full screen, but Emacs still cannot display more than |
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3486 a single frame at a time. |
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3487 |
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3488 @cindex frame size under MS-DOS |
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3489 @findex mode4350 |
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3490 @findex mode25 |
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3491 The @code{mode4350} command switches the display to 43 or 50 |
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3492 lines, depending on your hardware; the @code{mode25} command switches |
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3493 to the default 80x25 screen size. |
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3494 |
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3495 By default, Emacs only knows how to set screen sizes of 80 columns by |
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3496 25, 28, 35, 40, 43 or 50 rows. However, if your video adapter has |
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3497 special video modes that will switch the display to other sizes, you can |
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3498 have Emacs support those too. When you ask Emacs to switch the frame to |
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3499 @var{n} rows by @var{m} columns dimensions, it checks if there is a |
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3500 variable called @code{screen-dimensions-@var{n}x@var{m}}, and if so, |
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3501 uses its value (which must be an integer) as the video mode to switch |
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3502 to. (Emacs switches to that video mode by calling the BIOS @code{Set |
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3503 Video Mode} function with the value of |
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3504 @code{screen-dimensions-@var{n}x@var{m}} in the @code{AL} register.) |
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3505 For example, suppose your adapter will switch to 66x80 dimensions when |
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3506 put into video mode 85. Then you can make Emacs support this screen |
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3507 size by putting the following into your @file{_emacs} file: |
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3508 |
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3509 @example |
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3510 (setq screen-dimensions-66x80 85) |
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3511 @end example |
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3512 |
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3513 Since Emacs on MS-DOS can only set the frame size to specific |
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3514 supported dimensions, it cannot honor every possible frame resizing |
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3515 request. When an unsupported size is requested, Emacs chooses the next |
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3516 larger supported size beyond the specified size. For example, if you |
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3517 ask for 36x80 frame, you will get 40x80 instead. |
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3518 |
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3519 The variables @code{screen-dimensions-@var{n}x@var{m}} are used only |
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3520 when they exactly match the specified size; the search for the next |
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3521 larger supported size ignores them. In the above example, even if your |
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3522 VGA supports 38x80 dimensions and you define a variable |
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3523 @code{screen-dimensions-38x80} with a suitable value, you will still get |
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|
3524 40x80 screen when you ask for a 36x80 frame. If you want to get the |
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|
3525 38x80 size in this case, you can do it by setting the variable named |
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|
3526 @code{screen-dimensions-36x80} with the same video mode value as |
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|
3527 @code{screen-dimensions-38x80}. |
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|
3528 |
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|
3529 Changing frame dimensions on MS-DOS has the effect of changing all the |
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3530 other frames to the new dimensions. |
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|
3531 |
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3532 @node MS-DOS File Names |
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3533 @section File Names on MS-DOS |
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3534 @cindex file names under MS-DOS |
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3535 @cindex init file, default name under MS-DOS |
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|
3536 |
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3537 MS-DOS normally uses a backslash, @samp{\}, to separate name units |
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|
3538 within a file name, instead of the slash used on other systems. Emacs |
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|
3539 on MS-DOS permits use of either slash or backslash, and also knows |
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3540 about drive letters in file names. |
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|
3541 |
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3542 On MS-DOS, file names are case-insensitive and limited to eight |
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3543 characters, plus optionally a period and three more characters. Emacs |
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3544 knows enough about these limitations to handle file names that were |
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3545 meant for other operating systems. For instance, leading dots |
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3546 @samp{.} in file names are invalid in MS-DOS, so Emacs transparently |
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3547 converts them to underscores @samp{_}; thus your default init file |
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3548 (@pxref{Init File,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}) is called @file{_emacs} |
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3549 on MS-DOS. Excess characters before or after the period are generally |
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3550 ignored by MS-DOS itself; thus, if you visit the file |
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3551 @file{LongFileName.EvenLongerExtension}, you will silently get |
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3552 @file{longfile.eve}, but Emacs will still display the long file name |
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3553 on the mode line. Other than that, it's up to you to specify file |
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3554 names which are valid under MS-DOS; the transparent conversion as |
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3555 described above only works on file names built into Emacs. |
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|
3556 |
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3557 @cindex backup file names on MS-DOS |
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3558 The above restrictions on the file names on MS-DOS make it almost |
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3559 impossible to construct the name of a backup file (@pxref{Backup |
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3560 Names,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}) without losing some of the original |
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3561 file name characters. For example, the name of a backup file for |
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3562 @file{docs.txt} is @file{docs.tx~} even if single backup is used. |
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3563 |
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3564 @cindex file names under Windows 95/NT |
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3565 @cindex long file names in DOS box under Windows 95/NT |
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3566 If you run Emacs as a DOS application under Windows 9X, Windows ME, or |
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3567 Windows 2000, you can turn on support for long file names. If you do |
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3568 that, Emacs doesn't truncate file names or convert them to lower case; |
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3569 instead, it uses the file names that you specify, verbatim. To enable |
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3570 long file name support, set the environment variable @env{LFN} to |
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3571 @samp{y} before starting Emacs. Unfortunately, Windows NT doesn't allow |
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|
3572 DOS programs to access long file names, so Emacs built for MS-DOS will |
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3573 only see their short 8+3 aliases. |
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3574 |
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3575 @cindex @env{HOME} directory under MS-DOS |
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3576 MS-DOS has no notion of home directory, so Emacs on MS-DOS pretends |
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3577 that the directory where it is installed is the value of the @env{HOME} |
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|
3578 environment variable. That is, if your Emacs binary, |
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|
3579 @file{emacs.exe}, is in the directory @file{c:/utils/emacs/bin}, then |
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|
3580 Emacs acts as if @env{HOME} were set to @samp{c:/utils/emacs}. In |
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3581 particular, that is where Emacs looks for the init file @file{_emacs}. |
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3582 With this in mind, you can use @samp{~} in file names as an alias for |
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3583 the home directory, as you would on GNU or Unix. You can also set |
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|
3584 @env{HOME} variable in the environment before starting Emacs; its |
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3585 value will then override the above default behavior. |
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|
3586 |
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3587 Emacs on MS-DOS handles the directory name @file{/dev} specially, |
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|
3588 because of a feature in the emulator libraries of DJGPP that pretends |
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|
3589 I/O devices have names in that directory. We recommend that you avoid |
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|
3590 using an actual directory named @file{/dev} on any disk. |
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|
3591 |
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|
3592 @node MS-DOS Printing |
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|
3593 @section Printing and MS-DOS |
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|
3594 |
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3595 Printing commands, such as @code{lpr-buffer} |
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|
3596 (@pxref{Printing,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual }) and |
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|
3597 @code{ps-print-buffer} (@pxref{PostScript,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}) |
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|
3598 can work in MS-DOS and MS-Windows by sending the output to one of the |
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|
3599 printer ports, if a Posix-style @code{lpr} program is unavailable. |
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|
3600 The same Emacs variables control printing on all systems, but in some |
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|
3601 cases they have different default values on MS-DOS and MS-Windows. |
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|
3602 |
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|
3603 @vindex printer-name @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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|
3604 If you want to use your local printer, printing on it in the usual DOS |
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|
3605 manner, then set the Lisp variable @code{lpr-command} to @code{""} (its |
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|
3606 default value) and @code{printer-name} to the name of the printer |
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|
3607 port---for example, @code{"PRN"}, the usual local printer port (that's |
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|
3608 the default), or @code{"LPT2"}, or @code{"COM1"} for a serial printer. |
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3609 You can also set @code{printer-name} to a file name, in which case |
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|
3610 ``printed'' output is actually appended to that file. If you set |
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|
3611 @code{printer-name} to @code{"NUL"}, printed output is silently |
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3612 discarded (sent to the system null device). |
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|
3613 |
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3614 On MS-Windows, when the Windows network software is installed, you can |
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|
3615 also use a printer shared by another machine by setting |
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|
3616 @code{printer-name} to the UNC share name for that printer---for example, |
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|
3617 @code{"//joes_pc/hp4si"}. (It doesn't matter whether you use forward |
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|
3618 slashes or backslashes here.) To find out the names of shared printers, |
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|
3619 run the command @samp{net view} at a DOS command prompt to obtain a list |
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|
3620 of servers, and @samp{net view @var{server-name}} to see the names of printers |
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|
3621 (and directories) shared by that server. Alternatively, click the |
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|
3622 @samp{Network Neighborhood} icon on your desktop, and look for machines |
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|
3623 which share their printers via the network. |
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|
3624 |
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|
3625 @cindex @samp{net use}, and printing on MS-Windows |
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|
3626 @cindex networked printers (MS-Windows) |
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|
3627 If the printer doesn't appear in the output of @samp{net view}, or |
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|
3628 if setting @code{printer-name} to the UNC share name doesn't produce a |
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|
3629 hardcopy on that printer, you can use the @samp{net use} command to |
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|
3630 connect a local print port such as @code{"LPT2"} to the networked |
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3631 printer. For example, typing @kbd{net use LPT2: |
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3632 \\joes_pc\hp4si}@footnote{ |
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3633 Note that the @samp{net use} command requires the UNC share name to be |
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3634 typed with the Windows-style backslashes, while the value of |
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3635 @code{printer-name} can be set with either forward- or backslashes.} |
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3636 causes Windows to @dfn{capture} the LPT2 port and redirect the printed |
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3637 material to the printer connected to the machine @code{joes_pc}. |
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3638 After this command, setting @code{printer-name} to @code{"LPT2"} |
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3639 should produce the hardcopy on the networked printer. |
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3640 |
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3641 With some varieties of Windows network software, you can instruct |
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3642 Windows to capture a specific printer port such as @code{"LPT2"}, and |
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3643 redirect it to a networked printer via the @w{@code{Control |
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3644 Panel->Printers}} applet instead of @samp{net use}. |
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3645 |
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3646 Some printers expect DOS codepage encoding of non-@acronym{ASCII} text, even |
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3647 though they are connected to a Windows machine which uses a different |
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3648 encoding for the same locale. For example, in the Latin-1 locale, DOS |
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3649 uses codepage 850 whereas Windows uses codepage 1252. @xref{MS-DOS and |
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3650 MULE}. When you print to such printers from Windows, you can use the |
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3651 @kbd{C-x RET c} (@code{universal-coding-system-argument}) command before |
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3652 @kbd{M-x lpr-buffer}; Emacs will then convert the text to the DOS |
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3653 codepage that you specify. For example, @kbd{C-x RET c cp850-dos RET |
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3654 M-x lpr-region RET} will print the region while converting it to the |
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3655 codepage 850 encoding. You may need to create the @code{cp@var{nnn}} |
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3656 coding system with @kbd{M-x codepage-setup}. |
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3657 |
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3658 If you set @code{printer-name} to a file name, it's best to use an |
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3659 absolute file name. Emacs changes the working directory according to |
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3660 the default directory of the current buffer, so if the file name in |
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3661 @code{printer-name} is relative, you will end up with several such |
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3662 files, each one in the directory of the buffer from which the printing |
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3663 was done. |
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3664 |
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3665 @findex print-buffer @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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3666 @findex print-region @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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3667 @vindex lpr-headers-switches @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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3668 The commands @code{print-buffer} and @code{print-region} call the |
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3669 @code{pr} program, or use special switches to the @code{lpr} program, to |
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3670 produce headers on each printed page. MS-DOS and MS-Windows don't |
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3671 normally have these programs, so by default, the variable |
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3672 @code{lpr-headers-switches} is set so that the requests to print page |
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3673 headers are silently ignored. Thus, @code{print-buffer} and |
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3674 @code{print-region} produce the same output as @code{lpr-buffer} and |
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3675 @code{lpr-region}, respectively. If you do have a suitable @code{pr} |
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3676 program (for example, from GNU Textutils), set |
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3677 @code{lpr-headers-switches} to @code{nil}; Emacs will then call |
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3678 @code{pr} to produce the page headers, and print the resulting output as |
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3679 specified by @code{printer-name}. |
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|
3680 |
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3681 @vindex print-region-function @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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3682 @cindex lpr usage under MS-DOS |
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3683 @vindex lpr-command @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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3684 @vindex lpr-switches @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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3685 Finally, if you do have an @code{lpr} work-alike, you can set the |
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3686 variable @code{lpr-command} to @code{"lpr"}. Then Emacs will use |
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3687 @code{lpr} for printing, as on other systems. (If the name of the |
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3688 program isn't @code{lpr}, set @code{lpr-command} to specify where to |
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|
3689 find it.) The variable @code{lpr-switches} has its standard meaning |
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3690 when @code{lpr-command} is not @code{""}. If the variable |
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3691 @code{printer-name} has a string value, it is used as the value for the |
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|
3692 @code{-P} option to @code{lpr}, as on Unix. |
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|
3693 |
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3694 @findex ps-print-buffer @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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|
3695 @findex ps-spool-buffer @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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|
3696 @vindex ps-printer-name @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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3697 @vindex ps-lpr-command @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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|
3698 @vindex ps-lpr-switches @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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|
3699 A parallel set of variables, @code{ps-lpr-command}, |
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|
3700 @code{ps-lpr-switches}, and @code{ps-printer-name} (@pxref{PostScript |
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|
3701 Variables,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}), defines how PostScript files |
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|
3702 should be printed. These variables are used in the same way as the |
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|
3703 corresponding variables described above for non-PostScript printing. |
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|
3704 Thus, the value of @code{ps-printer-name} is used as the name of the |
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|
3705 device (or file) to which PostScript output is sent, just as |
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|
3706 @code{printer-name} is used for non-PostScript printing. (There are |
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|
3707 two distinct sets of variables in case you have two printers attached |
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|
3708 to two different ports, and only one of them is a PostScript printer.) |
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|
3709 |
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3710 The default value of the variable @code{ps-lpr-command} is @code{""}, |
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|
3711 which causes PostScript output to be sent to the printer port specified |
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|
3712 by @code{ps-printer-name}, but @code{ps-lpr-command} can also be set to |
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3713 the name of a program which will accept PostScript files. Thus, if you |
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|
3714 have a non-PostScript printer, you can set this variable to the name of |
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3715 a PostScript interpreter program (such as Ghostscript). Any switches |
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|
3716 that need to be passed to the interpreter program are specified using |
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|
3717 @code{ps-lpr-switches}. (If the value of @code{ps-printer-name} is a |
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3718 string, it will be added to the list of switches as the value for the |
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|
3719 @code{-P} option. This is probably only useful if you are using |
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|
3720 @code{lpr}, so when using an interpreter typically you would set |
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3721 @code{ps-printer-name} to something other than a string so it is |
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|
3722 ignored.) |
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|
3723 |
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3724 For example, to use Ghostscript for printing on an Epson printer |
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|
3725 connected to the @samp{LPT2} port, put this in your @file{_emacs} file: |
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|
3726 |
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3727 @example |
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3728 (setq ps-printer-name t) ; Ghostscript doesn't understand -P |
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3729 (setq ps-lpr-command "c:/gs/gs386") |
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3730 (setq ps-lpr-switches '("-q" "-dNOPAUSE" |
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3731 "-sDEVICE=epson" |
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3732 "-r240x72" |
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|
3733 "-sOutputFile=LPT2" |
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|
3734 "-Ic:/gs")) |
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|
3735 @end example |
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|
3736 |
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3737 @noindent |
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|
3738 (This assumes that Ghostscript is installed in the @file{"c:/gs"} |
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3739 directory.) |
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3740 |
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3741 @vindex dos-printer |
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3742 @vindex dos-ps-printer |
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3743 For backwards compatibility, the value of @code{dos-printer} |
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3744 (@code{dos-ps-printer}), if it has a value, overrides the value of |
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3745 @code{printer-name} (@code{ps-printer-name}), on MS-DOS and MS-Windows |
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|
3746 only. |
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|
3747 |
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|
3748 |
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3749 @node MS-DOS and MULE |
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3750 @section International Support on MS-DOS |
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3751 @cindex international support @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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3752 |
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3753 Emacs on MS-DOS supports the same international character sets as it |
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3754 does on GNU, Unix and other platforms (@pxref{International,,,emacs, |
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3755 the Emacs Manual}), including coding systems for converting between |
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3756 the different character sets. However, due to incompatibilities |
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3757 between MS-DOS/MS-Windows and other systems, there are several |
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3758 DOS-specific aspects of this support that you should be aware of. |
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3759 This section describes these aspects. |
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|
3760 |
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3761 The description below is largely specific to the MS-DOS port of |
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3762 Emacs, especially where it talks about practical implications for |
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3763 Emacs users. For other operating systems, see the @file{code-pages.el} |
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3764 package, which implements support for MS-DOS- and MS-Windows-specific |
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3765 encodings for all platforms other than MS-DOS. |
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3766 |
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3767 @table @kbd |
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3768 @item M-x dos-codepage-setup |
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3769 Set up Emacs display and coding systems as appropriate for the current |
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3770 DOS codepage. |
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|
3771 |
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3772 @item M-x codepage-setup |
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3773 Create a coding system for a certain DOS codepage. |
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3774 @end table |
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3775 |
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3776 @cindex codepage, MS-DOS |
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3777 @cindex DOS codepages |
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3778 MS-DOS is designed to support one character set of 256 characters at |
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3779 any given time, but gives you a variety of character sets to choose |
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3780 from. The alternative character sets are known as @dfn{DOS codepages}. |
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3781 Each codepage includes all 128 @acronym{ASCII} characters, but the other 128 |
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3782 characters (codes 128 through 255) vary from one codepage to another. |
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3783 Each DOS codepage is identified by a 3-digit number, such as 850, 862, |
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|
3784 etc. |
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|
3785 |
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3786 In contrast to X, which lets you use several fonts at the same time, |
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3787 MS-DOS normally doesn't allow use of several codepages in a single |
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|
3788 session. MS-DOS was designed to load a single codepage at system |
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3789 startup, and require you to reboot in order to change |
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|
3790 it@footnote{Normally, one particular codepage is burnt into the |
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|
3791 display memory, while other codepages can be installed by modifying |
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|
3792 system configuration files, such as @file{CONFIG.SYS}, and rebooting. |
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|
3793 While there is third-party software that allows changing the codepage |
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|
3794 without rebooting, we describe here how a stock MS-DOS system |
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|
3795 behaves.}. Much the same limitation applies when you run DOS |
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|
3796 executables on other systems such as MS-Windows. |
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|
3797 |
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|
3798 @cindex unibyte operation @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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3799 If you invoke Emacs on MS-DOS with the @samp{--unibyte} option |
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3800 (@pxref{Initial Options,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}), Emacs does not |
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|
3801 perform any conversion of non-@acronym{ASCII} characters. Instead, it |
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|
3802 reads and writes any non-@acronym{ASCII} characters verbatim, and |
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|
3803 sends their 8-bit codes to the display verbatim. Thus, unibyte Emacs |
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|
3804 on MS-DOS supports the current codepage, whatever it may be, but |
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|
3805 cannot even represent any other characters. |
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|
3806 |
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|
3807 @vindex dos-codepage |
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|
3808 For multibyte operation on MS-DOS, Emacs needs to know which |
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|
3809 characters the chosen DOS codepage can display. So it queries the |
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|
3810 system shortly after startup to get the chosen codepage number, and |
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|
3811 stores the number in the variable @code{dos-codepage}. Some systems |
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|
3812 return the default value 437 for the current codepage, even though the |
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|
3813 actual codepage is different. (This typically happens when you use the |
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|
3814 codepage built into the display hardware.) You can specify a different |
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|
3815 codepage for Emacs to use by setting the variable @code{dos-codepage} in |
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|
3816 your init file. |
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|
3817 |
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|
3818 @cindex language environment, automatic selection on @r{MS-DOS} |
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|
3819 Multibyte Emacs supports only certain DOS codepages: those which can |
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|
3820 display Far-Eastern scripts, like the Japanese codepage 932, and those |
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|
3821 that encode a single ISO 8859 character set. |
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|
3822 |
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|
3823 The Far-Eastern codepages can directly display one of the MULE |
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|
3824 character sets for these countries, so Emacs simply sets up to use the |
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|
3825 appropriate terminal coding system that is supported by the codepage. |
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|
3826 The special features described in the rest of this section mostly |
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|
3827 pertain to codepages that encode ISO 8859 character sets. |
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|
3828 |
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3829 For the codepages which correspond to one of the ISO character sets, |
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|
3830 Emacs knows the character set name based on the codepage number. Emacs |
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|
3831 automatically creates a coding system to support reading and writing |
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|
3832 files that use the current codepage, and uses this coding system by |
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|
3833 default. The name of this coding system is @code{cp@var{nnn}}, where |
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|
3834 @var{nnn} is the codepage number.@footnote{The standard Emacs coding |
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|
3835 systems for ISO 8859 are not quite right for the purpose, because |
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|
3836 typically the DOS codepage does not match the standard ISO character |
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|
3837 codes. For example, the letter @samp{@,{c}} (@samp{c} with cedilla) has |
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|
3838 code 231 in the standard Latin-1 character set, but the corresponding |
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|
3839 DOS codepage 850 uses code 135 for this glyph.} |
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|
3840 |
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|
3841 @cindex mode line @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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3842 All the @code{cp@var{nnn}} coding systems use the letter @samp{D} |
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3843 (for ``DOS'') as their mode-line mnemonic. Since both the terminal |
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3844 coding system and the default coding system for file I/O are set to |
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|
3845 the proper @code{cp@var{nnn}} coding system at startup, it is normal |
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|
3846 for the mode line on MS-DOS to begin with @samp{-DD\-}. @xref{Mode |
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3847 Line,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}. Far-Eastern DOS terminals do not use |
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|
3848 the @code{cp@var{nnn}} coding systems, and thus their initial mode |
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|
3849 line looks like the Emacs default. |
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|
3850 |
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3851 Since the codepage number also indicates which script you are using, |
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|
3852 Emacs automatically runs @code{set-language-environment} to select the |
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|
3853 language environment for that script (@pxref{Language |
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|
3854 Environments,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}). |
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|
3855 |
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|
3856 If a buffer contains a character belonging to some other ISO 8859 |
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|
3857 character set, not the one that the chosen DOS codepage supports, Emacs |
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|
3858 displays it using a sequence of @acronym{ASCII} characters. For example, if the |
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|
3859 current codepage doesn't have a glyph for the letter @samp{@`o} (small |
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|
3860 @samp{o} with a grave accent), it is displayed as @samp{@{`o@}}, where |
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|
3861 the braces serve as a visual indication that this is a single character. |
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|
3862 (This may look awkward for some non-Latin characters, such as those from |
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|
3863 Greek or Hebrew alphabets, but it is still readable by a person who |
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|
3864 knows the language.) Even though the character may occupy several |
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|
3865 columns on the screen, it is really still just a single character, and |
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|
3866 all Emacs commands treat it as one. |
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|
3867 |
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|
3868 @cindex IBM graphics characters (MS-DOS) |
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|
3869 @cindex box-drawing characters (MS-DOS) |
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|
3870 @cindex line-drawing characters (MS-DOS) |
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|
3871 Not all characters in DOS codepages correspond to ISO 8859 |
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|
3872 characters---some are used for other purposes, such as box-drawing |
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|
3873 characters and other graphics. Emacs maps these characters to two |
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|
3874 special character sets called @code{eight-bit-control} and |
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|
3875 @code{eight-bit-graphic}, and displays them as their IBM glyphs. |
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|
3876 However, you should be aware that other systems might display these |
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|
3877 characters differently, so you should avoid them in text that might be |
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|
3878 copied to a different operating system, or even to another DOS machine |
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|
3879 that uses a different codepage. |
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|
3880 |
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|
3881 @vindex dos-unsupported-character-glyph |
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|
3882 Emacs supports many other characters sets aside from ISO 8859, but it |
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|
3883 cannot display them on MS-DOS. So if one of these multibyte characters |
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|
3884 appears in a buffer, Emacs on MS-DOS displays them as specified by the |
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|
3885 @code{dos-unsupported-character-glyph} variable; by default, this glyph |
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|
3886 is an empty triangle. Use the @kbd{C-u C-x =} command to display the |
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|
3887 actual code and character set of such characters. @xref{Position |
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|
3888 Info,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}. |
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|
3889 |
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|
3890 @findex codepage-setup |
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changeset
|
3891 By default, Emacs defines a coding system to support the current |
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|
3892 codepage. To define a coding system for some other codepage (e.g., to |
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|
3893 visit a file written on a DOS machine in another country), use the |
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|
3894 @kbd{M-x codepage-setup} command. It prompts for the 3-digit code of |
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|
3895 the codepage, with completion, then creates the coding system for the |
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|
3896 specified codepage. You can then use the new coding system to read and |
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changeset
|
3897 write files, but you must specify it explicitly for the file command |
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diff
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|
3898 when you want to use it (@pxref{Text Coding,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}). |
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|
3899 |
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|
3900 These coding systems are also useful for visiting a file encoded using |
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|
3901 a DOS codepage, using Emacs running on some other operating system. |
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|
3902 |
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|
3903 @cindex MS-Windows codepages |
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|
3904 MS-Windows provides its own codepages, which are different from the |
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diff
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|
3905 DOS codepages for the same locale. For example, DOS codepage 850 |
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|
3906 supports the same character set as Windows codepage 1252; DOS codepage |
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|
3907 855 supports the same character set as Windows codepage 1251, etc. |
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|
3908 The MS-Windows version of Emacs uses the current codepage for display |
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|
3909 when invoked with the @samp{-nw} option. Support for codepages in the |
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|
3910 Windows port of Emacs is part of the @file{code-pages.el} package. |
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|
3911 |
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|
3912 @node MS-DOS Processes |
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|
3913 @section Subprocesses on MS-DOS |
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|
3914 |
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|
3915 @cindex compilation under MS-DOS |
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|
3916 @cindex inferior processes under MS-DOS |
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|
3917 @findex compile @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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|
3918 @findex grep @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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|
3919 Because MS-DOS is a single-process ``operating system,'' |
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changeset
|
3920 asynchronous subprocesses are not available. In particular, Shell |
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changeset
|
3921 mode and its variants do not work. Most Emacs features that use |
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diff
changeset
|
3922 asynchronous subprocesses also don't work on MS-DOS, including |
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diff
changeset
|
3923 Shell mode and GUD. When in doubt, try and see; commands that |
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diff
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|
3924 don't work output an error message saying that asynchronous processes |
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diff
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|
3925 aren't supported. |
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changeset
|
3926 |
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changeset
|
3927 Compilation under Emacs with @kbd{M-x compile}, searching files with |
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changeset
|
3928 @kbd{M-x grep} and displaying differences between files with @kbd{M-x |
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|
3929 diff} do work, by running the inferior processes synchronously. This |
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changeset
|
3930 means you cannot do any more editing until the inferior process |
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diff
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|
3931 finishes. |
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|
3932 |
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|
3933 Spell checking also works, by means of special support for synchronous |
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diff
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|
3934 invocation of the @code{ispell} program. This is slower than the |
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|
3935 asynchronous invocation on other platforms |
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|
3936 |
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|
3937 Instead of the Shell mode, which doesn't work on MS-DOS, you can use |
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|
3938 the @kbd{M-x eshell} command. This invokes the Eshell package that |
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|
3939 implements a Posix-like shell entirely in Emacs Lisp. |
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|
3940 |
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|
3941 By contrast, Emacs compiled as a native Windows application |
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|
3942 @strong{does} support asynchronous subprocesses. @xref{Windows |
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|
3943 Processes,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}. |
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|
3944 |
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|
3945 @cindex printing under MS-DOS |
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|
3946 Printing commands, such as @code{lpr-buffer} |
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|
3947 (@pxref{Printing,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}) and |
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|
3948 @code{ps-print-buffer} (@pxref{PostScript,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}), |
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|
3949 work in MS-DOS by sending the output to one of the printer ports. |
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|
3950 @xref{MS-DOS Printing,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}. |
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|
3951 |
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|
3952 When you run a subprocess synchronously on MS-DOS, make sure the |
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|
3953 program terminates and does not try to read keyboard input. If the |
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|
3954 program does not terminate on its own, you will be unable to terminate |
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|
3955 it, because MS-DOS provides no general way to terminate a process. |
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|
3956 Pressing @kbd{C-c} or @kbd{C-@key{BREAK}} might sometimes help in these |
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|
3957 cases. |
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|
3958 |
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changeset
|
3959 Accessing files on other machines is not supported on MS-DOS. Other |
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changeset
|
3960 network-oriented commands such as sending mail, Web browsing, remote |
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3961 login, etc., don't work either, unless network access is built into |
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3962 MS-DOS with some network redirector. |
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3963 |
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3964 @cindex directory listing on MS-DOS |
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3965 @vindex dired-listing-switches @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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3966 Dired on MS-DOS uses the @code{ls-lisp} package where other |
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3967 platforms use the system @code{ls} command. Therefore, Dired on |
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3968 MS-DOS supports only some of the possible options you can mention in |
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3969 the @code{dired-listing-switches} variable. The options that work are |
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3970 @samp{-A}, @samp{-a}, @samp{-c}, @samp{-i}, @samp{-r}, @samp{-S}, |
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3971 @samp{-s}, @samp{-t}, and @samp{-u}. |
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3972 |
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3973 |
56119 | 3974 @node Index |
3975 @unnumbered Index | |
3976 | |
3977 @printindex cp | |
3978 | |
3979 @bye | |
56131
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3980 |
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3981 @ignore |
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3982 arch-tag: 75c33f13-32c6-41b6-9537-847a312e2e49 |
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3983 @end ignore |