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author | Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org> |
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date | Fri, 01 Feb 2002 04:17:59 +0000 |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
39287 | 2 @c Copyright (C) 1985,86,87,93,94,95,97,2000,2001 |
28328 | 3 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node Text, Programs, Indentation, Top | |
6 @chapter Commands for Human Languages | |
7 @cindex text | |
8 @cindex manipulating text | |
9 | |
10 The term @dfn{text} has two widespread meanings in our area of the | |
11 computer field. One is data that is a sequence of characters. Any file | |
12 that you edit with Emacs is text, in this sense of the word. The other | |
13 meaning is more restrictive: a sequence of characters in a human language | |
14 for humans to read (possibly after processing by a text formatter), as | |
15 opposed to a program or commands for a program. | |
16 | |
17 Human languages have syntactic/stylistic conventions that can be | |
18 supported or used to advantage by editor commands: conventions involving | |
19 words, sentences, paragraphs, and capital letters. This chapter | |
20 describes Emacs commands for all of these things. There are also | |
21 commands for @dfn{filling}, which means rearranging the lines of a | |
22 paragraph to be approximately equal in length. The commands for moving | |
23 over and killing words, sentences and paragraphs, while intended | |
24 primarily for editing text, are also often useful for editing programs. | |
25 | |
26 Emacs has several major modes for editing human-language text. If the | |
27 file contains text pure and simple, use Text mode, which customizes | |
28 Emacs in small ways for the syntactic conventions of text. Outline mode | |
29 provides special commands for operating on text with an outline | |
30 structure. | |
31 @iftex | |
32 @xref{Outline Mode}. | |
33 @end iftex | |
34 | |
35 For text which contains embedded commands for text formatters, Emacs | |
36 has other major modes, each for a particular text formatter. Thus, for | |
37 input to @TeX{}, you would use @TeX{} | |
38 @iftex | |
39 mode (@pxref{TeX Mode}). | |
40 @end iftex | |
41 @ifinfo | |
42 mode. | |
43 @end ifinfo | |
44 For input to nroff, use Nroff mode. | |
45 | |
46 Instead of using a text formatter, you can edit formatted text in | |
47 WYSIWYG style (``what you see is what you get''), with Enriched mode. | |
48 Then the formatting appears on the screen in Emacs while you edit. | |
49 @iftex | |
50 @xref{Formatted Text}. | |
51 @end iftex | |
52 | |
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53 The ``automatic typing'' features may be useful when writing text. |
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54 @xref{Top,, Autotyping, autotype, Features for Automatic Typing}. |
27207 | 55 |
25829 | 56 @menu |
57 * Words:: Moving over and killing words. | |
58 * Sentences:: Moving over and killing sentences. | |
59 * Paragraphs:: Moving over paragraphs. | |
60 * Pages:: Moving over pages. | |
61 * Filling:: Filling or justifying text. | |
62 * Case:: Changing the case of text. | |
63 * Text Mode:: The major modes for editing text files. | |
64 * Outline Mode:: Editing outlines. | |
65 * TeX Mode:: Editing input to the formatter TeX. | |
66 * Nroff Mode:: Editing input to the formatter nroff. | |
67 * Formatted Text:: Editing formatted text directly in WYSIWYG fashion. | |
68 @end menu | |
69 | |
70 @node Words | |
71 @section Words | |
72 @cindex words | |
73 @cindex Meta commands and words | |
74 | |
75 Emacs has commands for moving over or operating on words. By convention, | |
76 the keys for them are all Meta characters. | |
77 | |
78 @table @kbd | |
79 @item M-f | |
80 Move forward over a word (@code{forward-word}). | |
81 @item M-b | |
82 Move backward over a word (@code{backward-word}). | |
83 @item M-d | |
84 Kill up to the end of a word (@code{kill-word}). | |
85 @item M-@key{DEL} | |
86 Kill back to the beginning of a word (@code{backward-kill-word}). | |
87 @item M-@@ | |
88 Mark the end of the next word (@code{mark-word}). | |
89 @item M-t | |
90 Transpose two words or drag a word across other words | |
91 (@code{transpose-words}). | |
92 @end table | |
93 | |
94 Notice how these keys form a series that parallels the character-based | |
95 @kbd{C-f}, @kbd{C-b}, @kbd{C-d}, @key{DEL} and @kbd{C-t}. @kbd{M-@@} is | |
96 cognate to @kbd{C-@@}, which is an alias for @kbd{C-@key{SPC}}. | |
97 | |
98 @kindex M-f | |
99 @kindex M-b | |
100 @findex forward-word | |
101 @findex backward-word | |
102 The commands @kbd{M-f} (@code{forward-word}) and @kbd{M-b} | |
103 (@code{backward-word}) move forward and backward over words. These | |
104 Meta characters are thus analogous to the corresponding control | |
105 characters, @kbd{C-f} and @kbd{C-b}, which move over single characters | |
106 in the text. The analogy extends to numeric arguments, which serve as | |
107 repeat counts. @kbd{M-f} with a negative argument moves backward, and | |
108 @kbd{M-b} with a negative argument moves forward. Forward motion | |
109 stops right after the last letter of the word, while backward motion | |
110 stops right before the first letter.@refill | |
111 | |
112 @kindex M-d | |
113 @findex kill-word | |
114 @kbd{M-d} (@code{kill-word}) kills the word after point. To be | |
115 precise, it kills everything from point to the place @kbd{M-f} would | |
116 move to. Thus, if point is in the middle of a word, @kbd{M-d} kills | |
117 just the part after point. If some punctuation comes between point and the | |
118 next word, it is killed along with the word. (If you wish to kill only the | |
119 next word but not the punctuation before it, simply do @kbd{M-f} to get | |
120 the end, and kill the word backwards with @kbd{M-@key{DEL}}.) | |
121 @kbd{M-d} takes arguments just like @kbd{M-f}. | |
122 | |
123 @findex backward-kill-word | |
124 @kindex M-DEL | |
125 @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} (@code{backward-kill-word}) kills the word before | |
126 point. It kills everything from point back to where @kbd{M-b} would | |
127 move to. If point is after the space in @w{@samp{FOO, BAR}}, then | |
128 @w{@samp{FOO, }} is killed. (If you wish to kill just @samp{FOO}, and | |
129 not the comma and the space, use @kbd{M-b M-d} instead of | |
130 @kbd{M-@key{DEL}}.) | |
131 | |
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132 @c Don't index M-t and transpose-words here, they are indexed in |
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133 @c fixit.texi, in the node "Transpose". |
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134 @c @kindex M-t |
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135 @c @findex transpose-words |
25829 | 136 @kbd{M-t} (@code{transpose-words}) exchanges the word before or |
137 containing point with the following word. The delimiter characters between | |
138 the words do not move. For example, @w{@samp{FOO, BAR}} transposes into | |
139 @w{@samp{BAR, FOO}} rather than @samp{@w{BAR FOO,}}. @xref{Transpose}, for | |
140 more on transposition and on arguments to transposition commands. | |
141 | |
142 @kindex M-@@ | |
143 @findex mark-word | |
144 To operate on the next @var{n} words with an operation which applies | |
145 between point and mark, you can either set the mark at point and then move | |
146 over the words, or you can use the command @kbd{M-@@} (@code{mark-word}) | |
147 which does not move point, but sets the mark where @kbd{M-f} would move | |
148 to. @kbd{M-@@} accepts a numeric argument that says how many words to | |
149 scan for the place to put the mark. In Transient Mark mode, this command | |
150 activates the mark. | |
151 | |
152 The word commands' understanding of syntax is completely controlled by | |
153 the syntax table. Any character can, for example, be declared to be a word | |
154 delimiter. @xref{Syntax}. | |
155 | |
156 @node Sentences | |
157 @section Sentences | |
158 @cindex sentences | |
159 @cindex manipulating sentences | |
160 | |
161 The Emacs commands for manipulating sentences and paragraphs are mostly | |
162 on Meta keys, so as to be like the word-handling commands. | |
163 | |
164 @table @kbd | |
165 @item M-a | |
166 Move back to the beginning of the sentence (@code{backward-sentence}). | |
167 @item M-e | |
168 Move forward to the end of the sentence (@code{forward-sentence}). | |
169 @item M-k | |
170 Kill forward to the end of the sentence (@code{kill-sentence}). | |
171 @item C-x @key{DEL} | |
172 Kill back to the beginning of the sentence (@code{backward-kill-sentence}). | |
173 @end table | |
174 | |
175 @kindex M-a | |
176 @kindex M-e | |
177 @findex backward-sentence | |
178 @findex forward-sentence | |
179 The commands @kbd{M-a} and @kbd{M-e} (@code{backward-sentence} and | |
180 @code{forward-sentence}) move to the beginning and end of the current | |
181 sentence, respectively. They were chosen to resemble @kbd{C-a} and | |
182 @kbd{C-e}, which move to the beginning and end of a line. Unlike them, | |
183 @kbd{M-a} and @kbd{M-e} if repeated or given numeric arguments move over | |
184 successive sentences. | |
185 | |
186 Moving backward over a sentence places point just before the first | |
187 character of the sentence; moving forward places point right after the | |
188 punctuation that ends the sentence. Neither one moves over the | |
189 whitespace at the sentence boundary. | |
190 | |
191 @kindex M-k | |
192 @kindex C-x DEL | |
193 @findex kill-sentence | |
194 @findex backward-kill-sentence | |
195 Just as @kbd{C-a} and @kbd{C-e} have a kill command, @kbd{C-k}, to go | |
196 with them, so @kbd{M-a} and @kbd{M-e} have a corresponding kill command | |
197 @kbd{M-k} (@code{kill-sentence}) which kills from point to the end of | |
198 the sentence. With minus one as an argument it kills back to the | |
199 beginning of the sentence. Larger arguments serve as a repeat count. | |
200 There is also a command, @kbd{C-x @key{DEL}} | |
201 (@code{backward-kill-sentence}), for killing back to the beginning of a | |
202 sentence. This command is useful when you change your mind in the | |
203 middle of composing text.@refill | |
204 | |
205 The sentence commands assume that you follow the American typist's | |
206 convention of putting two spaces at the end of a sentence; they consider | |
207 a sentence to end wherever there is a @samp{.}, @samp{?} or @samp{!} | |
208 followed by the end of a line or two spaces, with any number of | |
209 @samp{)}, @samp{]}, @samp{'}, or @samp{"} characters allowed in between. | |
210 A sentence also begins or ends wherever a paragraph begins or ends. | |
211 | |
212 @vindex sentence-end | |
213 The variable @code{sentence-end} controls recognition of the end of a | |
214 sentence. It is a regexp that matches the last few characters of a | |
215 sentence, together with the whitespace following the sentence. Its | |
216 normal value is | |
217 | |
218 @example | |
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219 "[.?!][]\"')]*\\($\\| $\\|\t\\| \\)[ \t\n]*" |
25829 | 220 @end example |
221 | |
222 @noindent | |
223 This example is explained in the section on regexps. @xref{Regexps}. | |
224 | |
225 If you want to use just one space between sentences, you should | |
226 set @code{sentence-end} to this value: | |
227 | |
228 @example | |
229 "[.?!][]\"')]*\\($\\|\t\\| \\)[ \t\n]*" | |
230 @end example | |
231 | |
232 @noindent | |
233 You should also set the variable @code{sentence-end-double-space} to | |
234 @code{nil} so that the fill commands expect and leave just one space at | |
235 the end of a sentence. Note that this makes it impossible to | |
236 distinguish between periods that end sentences and those that indicate | |
237 abbreviations. | |
238 | |
239 @node Paragraphs | |
240 @section Paragraphs | |
241 @cindex paragraphs | |
242 @cindex manipulating paragraphs | |
243 @kindex M-@{ | |
244 @kindex M-@} | |
245 @findex backward-paragraph | |
246 @findex forward-paragraph | |
247 | |
248 The Emacs commands for manipulating paragraphs are also Meta keys. | |
249 | |
250 @table @kbd | |
251 @item M-@{ | |
252 Move back to previous paragraph beginning (@code{backward-paragraph}). | |
253 @item M-@} | |
254 Move forward to next paragraph end (@code{forward-paragraph}). | |
255 @item M-h | |
256 Put point and mark around this or next paragraph (@code{mark-paragraph}). | |
257 @end table | |
258 | |
259 @kbd{M-@{} moves to the beginning of the current or previous | |
260 paragraph, while @kbd{M-@}} moves to the end of the current or next | |
261 paragraph. Blank lines and text-formatter command lines separate | |
262 paragraphs and are not considered part of any paragraph. In Fundamental | |
263 mode, but not in Text mode, an indented line also starts a new | |
264 paragraph. (If a paragraph is preceded by a blank line, these commands | |
265 treat that blank line as the beginning of the paragraph.) | |
266 | |
267 In major modes for programs, paragraphs begin and end only at blank | |
268 lines. This makes the paragraph commands continue to be useful even | |
269 though there are no paragraphs per se. | |
270 | |
271 When there is a fill prefix, then paragraphs are delimited by all lines | |
272 which don't start with the fill prefix. @xref{Filling}. | |
273 | |
274 @kindex M-h | |
275 @findex mark-paragraph | |
276 When you wish to operate on a paragraph, you can use the command | |
277 @kbd{M-h} (@code{mark-paragraph}) to set the region around it. Thus, | |
278 for example, @kbd{M-h C-w} kills the paragraph around or after point. | |
279 The @kbd{M-h} command puts point at the beginning and mark at the end of | |
280 the paragraph point was in. In Transient Mark mode, it activates the | |
281 mark. If point is between paragraphs (in a run of blank lines, or at a | |
282 boundary), the paragraph following point is surrounded by point and | |
283 mark. If there are blank lines preceding the first line of the | |
284 paragraph, one of these blank lines is included in the region. | |
285 | |
286 @vindex paragraph-start | |
287 @vindex paragraph-separate | |
288 The precise definition of a paragraph boundary is controlled by the | |
289 variables @code{paragraph-separate} and @code{paragraph-start}. The | |
290 value of @code{paragraph-start} is a regexp that should match any line | |
291 that either starts or separates paragraphs. The value of | |
292 @code{paragraph-separate} is another regexp that should match only lines | |
293 that separate paragraphs without being part of any paragraph (for | |
294 example, blank lines). Lines that start a new paragraph and are | |
295 contained in it must match only @code{paragraph-start}, not | |
296 @code{paragraph-separate}. For example, in Fundamental mode, | |
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297 @code{paragraph-start} is @w{@code{"[ \t\n\f]"}}, and |
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298 @code{paragraph-separate} is @w{@code{"[ \t\f]*$"}}. |
25829 | 299 |
300 Normally it is desirable for page boundaries to separate paragraphs. | |
301 The default values of these variables recognize the usual separator for | |
302 pages. | |
303 | |
304 @node Pages | |
305 @section Pages | |
306 | |
307 @cindex pages | |
308 @cindex formfeed | |
309 Files are often thought of as divided into @dfn{pages} by the | |
310 @dfn{formfeed} character (ASCII control-L, octal code 014). When you | |
311 print hardcopy for a file, this character forces a page break; thus, | |
312 each page of the file goes on a separate page on paper. Most Emacs | |
313 commands treat the page-separator character just like any other | |
314 character: you can insert it with @kbd{C-q C-l}, and delete it with | |
315 @key{DEL}. Thus, you are free to paginate your file or not. However, | |
316 since pages are often meaningful divisions of the file, Emacs provides | |
317 commands to move over them and operate on them. | |
318 | |
319 @table @kbd | |
320 @item C-x [ | |
321 Move point to previous page boundary (@code{backward-page}). | |
322 @item C-x ] | |
323 Move point to next page boundary (@code{forward-page}). | |
324 @item C-x C-p | |
325 Put point and mark around this page (or another page) (@code{mark-page}). | |
326 @item C-x l | |
327 Count the lines in this page (@code{count-lines-page}). | |
328 @end table | |
329 | |
330 @kindex C-x [ | |
331 @kindex C-x ] | |
332 @findex forward-page | |
333 @findex backward-page | |
334 The @kbd{C-x [} (@code{backward-page}) command moves point to immediately | |
335 after the previous page delimiter. If point is already right after a page | |
336 delimiter, it skips that one and stops at the previous one. A numeric | |
337 argument serves as a repeat count. The @kbd{C-x ]} (@code{forward-page}) | |
338 command moves forward past the next page delimiter. | |
339 | |
340 @kindex C-x C-p | |
341 @findex mark-page | |
342 The @kbd{C-x C-p} command (@code{mark-page}) puts point at the | |
343 beginning of the current page and the mark at the end. The page | |
344 delimiter at the end is included (the mark follows it). The page | |
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345 delimiter at the front is excluded (point follows it). In Transient |
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346 Mark mode, this command activates the mark. |
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347 |
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348 @kbd{C-x C-p C-w} is a handy way to kill a page to move it |
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349 elsewhere. If you move to another page delimiter with @kbd{C-x [} and |
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350 @kbd{C-x ]}, then yank the killed page, all the pages will be properly |
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351 delimited once again. The reason @kbd{C-x C-p} includes only the |
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352 following page delimiter in the region is to ensure that. |
25829 | 353 |
354 A numeric argument to @kbd{C-x C-p} is used to specify which page to go | |
355 to, relative to the current one. Zero means the current page. One means | |
356 the next page, and @minus{}1 means the previous one. | |
357 | |
358 @kindex C-x l | |
359 @findex count-lines-page | |
360 The @kbd{C-x l} command (@code{count-lines-page}) is good for deciding | |
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361 where to break a page in two. It displays in the echo area the total number |
25829 | 362 of lines in the current page, and then divides it up into those preceding |
363 the current line and those following, as in | |
364 | |
365 @example | |
366 Page has 96 (72+25) lines | |
367 @end example | |
368 | |
369 @noindent | |
370 Notice that the sum is off by one; this is correct if point is not at the | |
371 beginning of a line. | |
372 | |
373 @vindex page-delimiter | |
374 The variable @code{page-delimiter} controls where pages begin. Its | |
375 value is a regexp that matches the beginning of a line that separates | |
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376 pages. The normal value of this variable is @code{"^\f"}, which |
25829 | 377 matches a formfeed character at the beginning of a line. |
378 | |
379 @node Filling | |
380 @section Filling Text | |
381 @cindex filling text | |
382 | |
383 @dfn{Filling} text means breaking it up into lines that fit a | |
384 specified width. Emacs does filling in two ways. In Auto Fill mode, | |
385 inserting text with self-inserting characters also automatically fills | |
386 it. There are also explicit fill commands that you can use when editing | |
387 text leaves it unfilled. When you edit formatted text, you can specify | |
388 a style of filling for each portion of the text (@pxref{Formatted | |
389 Text}). | |
390 | |
391 @menu | |
392 * Auto Fill:: Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically. | |
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393 * Refill:: Keeping paragraphs filled. |
25829 | 394 * Fill Commands:: Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines. |
395 * Fill Prefix:: Filling paragraphs that are indented | |
396 or in a comment, etc. | |
397 * Adaptive Fill:: How Emacs can determine the fill prefix automatically. | |
398 @end menu | |
399 | |
400 @node Auto Fill | |
401 @subsection Auto Fill Mode | |
402 @cindex Auto Fill mode | |
403 @cindex mode, Auto Fill | |
404 @cindex word wrap | |
405 | |
406 @dfn{Auto Fill} mode is a minor mode in which lines are broken | |
407 automatically when they become too wide. Breaking happens only when | |
408 you type a @key{SPC} or @key{RET}. | |
409 | |
410 @table @kbd | |
411 @item M-x auto-fill-mode | |
412 Enable or disable Auto Fill mode. | |
413 @item @key{SPC} | |
414 @itemx @key{RET} | |
415 In Auto Fill mode, break lines when appropriate. | |
416 @end table | |
417 | |
418 @findex auto-fill-mode | |
419 @kbd{M-x auto-fill-mode} turns Auto Fill mode on if it was off, or off | |
420 if it was on. With a positive numeric argument it always turns Auto | |
421 Fill mode on, and with a negative argument always turns it off. You can | |
422 see when Auto Fill mode is in effect by the presence of the word | |
423 @samp{Fill} in the mode line, inside the parentheses. Auto Fill mode is | |
424 a minor mode which is enabled or disabled for each buffer individually. | |
425 @xref{Minor Modes}. | |
426 | |
427 In Auto Fill mode, lines are broken automatically at spaces when they | |
428 get longer than the desired width. Line breaking and rearrangement | |
429 takes place only when you type @key{SPC} or @key{RET}. If you wish to | |
430 insert a space or newline without permitting line-breaking, type | |
431 @kbd{C-q @key{SPC}} or @kbd{C-q C-j} (recall that a newline is really a | |
432 control-J). Also, @kbd{C-o} inserts a newline without line breaking. | |
433 | |
434 Auto Fill mode works well with programming-language modes, because it | |
435 indents new lines with @key{TAB}. If a line ending in a comment gets | |
436 too long, the text of the comment is split into two comment lines. | |
437 Optionally, new comment delimiters are inserted at the end of the first | |
438 line and the beginning of the second so that each line is a separate | |
439 comment; the variable @code{comment-multi-line} controls the choice | |
440 (@pxref{Comments}). | |
441 | |
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442 Adaptive filling (@pxref{Adaptive Fill}) works for Auto Filling as |
25829 | 443 well as for explicit fill commands. It takes a fill prefix |
444 automatically from the second or first line of a paragraph. | |
445 | |
446 Auto Fill mode does not refill entire paragraphs; it can break lines but | |
447 cannot merge lines. So editing in the middle of a paragraph can result in | |
448 a paragraph that is not correctly filled. The easiest way to make the | |
449 paragraph properly filled again is usually with the explicit fill commands. | |
450 @ifinfo | |
451 @xref{Fill Commands}. | |
452 @end ifinfo | |
453 | |
454 Many users like Auto Fill mode and want to use it in all text files. | |
455 The section on init files says how to arrange this permanently for yourself. | |
456 @xref{Init File}. | |
457 | |
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458 @node Refill |
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459 @subsection Refill Mode |
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460 @cindex refilling text, word processor style |
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461 @cindex modes, Refill |
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462 @cindex Refill minor mode |
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463 |
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464 Refill minor mode provides support for keeping paragraphs filled as |
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465 you type or modify them in other ways. It provides an effect similar |
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466 to typical word processor behavior. This works by running a |
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467 paragraph-filling command at suitable times. |
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468 |
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469 When you are typing text, only characters which normally trigger |
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470 auto filling, like the space character, will trigger refilling. This |
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471 is to avoid making it too slow. Apart from self-inserting characters, |
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472 other commands which modify the text cause refilling. |
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473 |
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474 The current implementation is preliminary and probably not robust. |
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475 We expect to improve on it. |
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476 |
36299 | 477 To toggle the use of Refill mode in the current buffer, type |
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478 @kbd{M-x refill-mode}. |
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479 |
25829 | 480 @node Fill Commands |
481 @subsection Explicit Fill Commands | |
482 | |
483 @table @kbd | |
484 @item M-q | |
485 Fill current paragraph (@code{fill-paragraph}). | |
486 @item C-x f | |
487 Set the fill column (@code{set-fill-column}). | |
488 @item M-x fill-region | |
489 Fill each paragraph in the region (@code{fill-region}). | |
490 @item M-x fill-region-as-paragraph | |
491 Fill the region, considering it as one paragraph. | |
492 @item M-s | |
493 Center a line. | |
494 @end table | |
495 | |
496 @kindex M-q | |
497 @findex fill-paragraph | |
498 To refill a paragraph, use the command @kbd{M-q} | |
499 (@code{fill-paragraph}). This operates on the paragraph that point is | |
500 inside, or the one after point if point is between paragraphs. | |
501 Refilling works by removing all the line-breaks, then inserting new ones | |
502 where necessary. | |
503 | |
504 @findex fill-region | |
505 To refill many paragraphs, use @kbd{M-x fill-region}, which | |
506 divides the region into paragraphs and fills each of them. | |
507 | |
508 @findex fill-region-as-paragraph | |
509 @kbd{M-q} and @code{fill-region} use the same criteria as @kbd{M-h} | |
510 for finding paragraph boundaries (@pxref{Paragraphs}). For more | |
511 control, you can use @kbd{M-x fill-region-as-paragraph}, which refills | |
512 everything between point and mark. This command deletes any blank lines | |
513 within the region, so separate blocks of text end up combined into one | |
514 block.@refill | |
515 | |
516 @cindex justification | |
517 A numeric argument to @kbd{M-q} causes it to @dfn{justify} the text as | |
518 well as filling it. This means that extra spaces are inserted to make | |
519 the right margin line up exactly at the fill column. To remove the | |
520 extra spaces, use @kbd{M-q} with no argument. (Likewise for | |
521 @code{fill-region}.) Another way to control justification, and choose | |
522 other styles of filling, is with the @code{justification} text property; | |
523 see @ref{Format Justification}. | |
524 | |
525 @kindex M-s @r{(Text mode)} | |
526 @cindex centering | |
527 @findex center-line | |
528 The command @kbd{M-s} (@code{center-line}) centers the current line | |
529 within the current fill column. With an argument @var{n}, it centers | |
530 @var{n} lines individually and moves past them. | |
531 | |
532 @vindex fill-column | |
533 @kindex C-x f | |
534 @findex set-fill-column | |
535 The maximum line width for filling is in the variable | |
536 @code{fill-column}. Altering the value of @code{fill-column} makes it | |
537 local to the current buffer; until that time, the default value is in | |
538 effect. The default is initially 70. @xref{Locals}. The easiest way | |
539 to set @code{fill-column} is to use the command @kbd{C-x f} | |
540 (@code{set-fill-column}). With a numeric argument, it uses that as the | |
541 new fill column. With just @kbd{C-u} as argument, it sets | |
542 @code{fill-column} to the current horizontal position of point. | |
543 | |
544 Emacs commands normally consider a period followed by two spaces or by | |
545 a newline as the end of a sentence; a period followed by just one space | |
546 indicates an abbreviation and not the end of a sentence. To preserve | |
547 the distinction between these two ways of using a period, the fill | |
548 commands do not break a line after a period followed by just one space. | |
549 | |
550 @vindex sentence-end-double-space | |
551 If the variable @code{sentence-end-double-space} is @code{nil}, the | |
552 fill commands expect and leave just one space at the end of a sentence. | |
553 Ordinarily this variable is @code{t}, so the fill commands insist on | |
554 two spaces for the end of a sentence, as explained above. @xref{Sentences}. | |
555 | |
556 @vindex colon-double-space | |
557 If the variable @code{colon-double-space} is non-@code{nil}, the | |
558 fill commands put two spaces after a colon. | |
559 | |
31950 | 560 @vindex sentence-end-without-period |
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561 Some languages do not use period to indicate end of sentence. For |
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562 example, a sentence in Thai text ends with double space but without a |
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563 period. Set the variable @code{sentence-end-without-period} to |
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564 @code{t} to tell the sentence commands that a period is not necessary. |
31950 | 565 |
25829 | 566 @node Fill Prefix |
567 @subsection The Fill Prefix | |
568 | |
569 @cindex fill prefix | |
570 To fill a paragraph in which each line starts with a special marker | |
571 (which might be a few spaces, giving an indented paragraph), you can use | |
572 the @dfn{fill prefix} feature. The fill prefix is a string that Emacs | |
573 expects every line to start with, and which is not included in filling. | |
574 You can specify a fill prefix explicitly; Emacs can also deduce the | |
575 fill prefix automatically (@pxref{Adaptive Fill}). | |
576 | |
577 @table @kbd | |
578 @item C-x . | |
579 Set the fill prefix (@code{set-fill-prefix}). | |
580 @item M-q | |
581 Fill a paragraph using current fill prefix (@code{fill-paragraph}). | |
582 @item M-x fill-individual-paragraphs | |
583 Fill the region, considering each change of indentation as starting a | |
584 new paragraph. | |
585 @item M-x fill-nonuniform-paragraphs | |
586 Fill the region, considering only paragraph-separator lines as starting | |
587 a new paragraph. | |
588 @end table | |
589 | |
590 @kindex C-x . | |
591 @findex set-fill-prefix | |
592 To specify a fill prefix, move to a line that starts with the desired | |
593 prefix, put point at the end of the prefix, and give the command | |
594 @w{@kbd{C-x .}}@: (@code{set-fill-prefix}). That's a period after the | |
595 @kbd{C-x}. To turn off the fill prefix, specify an empty prefix: type | |
596 @w{@kbd{C-x .}}@: with point at the beginning of a line.@refill | |
597 | |
598 When a fill prefix is in effect, the fill commands remove the fill | |
599 prefix from each line before filling and insert it on each line after | |
600 filling. Auto Fill mode also inserts the fill prefix automatically when | |
601 it makes a new line. The @kbd{C-o} command inserts the fill prefix on | |
602 new lines it creates, when you use it at the beginning of a line | |
603 (@pxref{Blank Lines}). Conversely, the command @kbd{M-^} deletes the | |
604 prefix (if it occurs) after the newline that it deletes | |
605 (@pxref{Indentation}). | |
606 | |
607 For example, if @code{fill-column} is 40 and you set the fill prefix | |
608 to @samp{;; }, then @kbd{M-q} in the following text | |
609 | |
610 @example | |
611 ;; This is an | |
612 ;; example of a paragraph | |
613 ;; inside a Lisp-style comment. | |
614 @end example | |
615 | |
616 @noindent | |
617 produces this: | |
618 | |
619 @example | |
620 ;; This is an example of a paragraph | |
621 ;; inside a Lisp-style comment. | |
622 @end example | |
623 | |
624 Lines that do not start with the fill prefix are considered to start | |
625 paragraphs, both in @kbd{M-q} and the paragraph commands; this gives | |
626 good results for paragraphs with hanging indentation (every line | |
627 indented except the first one). Lines which are blank or indented once | |
628 the prefix is removed also separate or start paragraphs; this is what | |
629 you want if you are writing multi-paragraph comments with a comment | |
630 delimiter on each line. | |
631 | |
632 @findex fill-individual-paragraphs | |
633 You can use @kbd{M-x fill-individual-paragraphs} to set the fill | |
634 prefix for each paragraph automatically. This command divides the | |
635 region into paragraphs, treating every change in the amount of | |
636 indentation as the start of a new paragraph, and fills each of these | |
637 paragraphs. Thus, all the lines in one ``paragraph'' have the same | |
638 amount of indentation. That indentation serves as the fill prefix for | |
639 that paragraph. | |
640 | |
641 @findex fill-nonuniform-paragraphs | |
642 @kbd{M-x fill-nonuniform-paragraphs} is a similar command that divides | |
643 the region into paragraphs in a different way. It considers only | |
644 paragraph-separating lines (as defined by @code{paragraph-separate}) as | |
645 starting a new paragraph. Since this means that the lines of one | |
646 paragraph may have different amounts of indentation, the fill prefix | |
647 used is the smallest amount of indentation of any of the lines of the | |
648 paragraph. This gives good results with styles that indent a paragraph's | |
649 first line more or less that the rest of the paragraph. | |
650 | |
651 @vindex fill-prefix | |
652 The fill prefix is stored in the variable @code{fill-prefix}. Its value | |
653 is a string, or @code{nil} when there is no fill prefix. This is a | |
654 per-buffer variable; altering the variable affects only the current buffer, | |
655 but there is a default value which you can change as well. @xref{Locals}. | |
656 | |
657 The @code{indentation} text property provides another way to control | |
658 the amount of indentation paragraphs receive. @xref{Format Indentation}. | |
659 | |
660 @node Adaptive Fill | |
661 @subsection Adaptive Filling | |
662 | |
663 @cindex adaptive filling | |
664 The fill commands can deduce the proper fill prefix for a paragraph | |
665 automatically in certain cases: either whitespace or certain punctuation | |
666 characters at the beginning of a line are propagated to all lines of the | |
667 paragraph. | |
668 | |
669 If the paragraph has two or more lines, the fill prefix is taken from | |
670 the paragraph's second line, but only if it appears on the first line as | |
671 well. | |
672 | |
673 If a paragraph has just one line, fill commands @emph{may} take a | |
674 prefix from that line. The decision is complicated because there are | |
675 three reasonable things to do in such a case: | |
676 | |
677 @itemize @bullet | |
678 @item | |
679 Use the first line's prefix on all the lines of the paragraph. | |
680 | |
681 @item | |
682 Indent subsequent lines with whitespace, so that they line up under the | |
683 text that follows the prefix on the first line, but don't actually copy | |
684 the prefix from the first line. | |
685 | |
686 @item | |
687 Don't do anything special with the second and following lines. | |
688 @end itemize | |
689 | |
690 All three of these styles of formatting are commonly used. So the | |
691 fill commands try to determine what you would like, based on the prefix | |
692 that appears and on the major mode. Here is how. | |
693 | |
694 @vindex adaptive-fill-first-line-regexp | |
695 If the prefix found on the first line matches | |
696 @code{adaptive-fill-first-line-regexp}, or if it appears to be a | |
697 comment-starting sequence (this depends on the major mode), then the | |
698 prefix found is used for filling the paragraph, provided it would not | |
699 act as a paragraph starter on subsequent lines. | |
700 | |
701 Otherwise, the prefix found is converted to an equivalent number of | |
702 spaces, and those spaces are used as the fill prefix for the rest of the | |
703 lines, provided they would not act as a paragraph starter on subsequent | |
704 lines. | |
705 | |
706 In Text mode, and other modes where only blank lines and page | |
707 delimiters separate paragraphs, the prefix chosen by adaptive filling | |
708 never acts as a paragraph starter, so it can always be used for filling. | |
709 | |
710 @vindex adaptive-fill-mode | |
711 @vindex adaptive-fill-regexp | |
712 The variable @code{adaptive-fill-regexp} determines what kinds of line | |
713 beginnings can serve as a fill prefix: any characters at the start of | |
714 the line that match this regular expression are used. If you set the | |
715 variable @code{adaptive-fill-mode} to @code{nil}, the fill prefix is | |
716 never chosen automatically. | |
717 | |
718 @vindex adaptive-fill-function | |
719 You can specify more complex ways of choosing a fill prefix | |
720 automatically by setting the variable @code{adaptive-fill-function} to a | |
721 function. This function is called with point after the left margin of a | |
722 line, and it should return the appropriate fill prefix based on that | |
723 line. If it returns @code{nil}, that means it sees no fill prefix in | |
724 that line. | |
725 | |
726 @node Case | |
727 @section Case Conversion Commands | |
728 @cindex case conversion | |
729 | |
730 Emacs has commands for converting either a single word or any arbitrary | |
731 range of text to upper case or to lower case. | |
732 | |
733 @table @kbd | |
734 @item M-l | |
735 Convert following word to lower case (@code{downcase-word}). | |
736 @item M-u | |
737 Convert following word to upper case (@code{upcase-word}). | |
738 @item M-c | |
739 Capitalize the following word (@code{capitalize-word}). | |
740 @item C-x C-l | |
741 Convert region to lower case (@code{downcase-region}). | |
742 @item C-x C-u | |
743 Convert region to upper case (@code{upcase-region}). | |
744 @end table | |
745 | |
746 @kindex M-l | |
747 @kindex M-u | |
748 @kindex M-c | |
749 @cindex words, case conversion | |
750 @cindex converting text to upper or lower case | |
751 @cindex capitalizing words | |
752 @findex downcase-word | |
753 @findex upcase-word | |
754 @findex capitalize-word | |
755 The word conversion commands are the most useful. @kbd{M-l} | |
756 (@code{downcase-word}) converts the word after point to lower case, moving | |
757 past it. Thus, repeating @kbd{M-l} converts successive words. | |
758 @kbd{M-u} (@code{upcase-word}) converts to all capitals instead, while | |
759 @kbd{M-c} (@code{capitalize-word}) puts the first letter of the word | |
760 into upper case and the rest into lower case. All these commands convert | |
761 several words at once if given an argument. They are especially convenient | |
762 for converting a large amount of text from all upper case to mixed case, | |
763 because you can move through the text using @kbd{M-l}, @kbd{M-u} or | |
764 @kbd{M-c} on each word as appropriate, occasionally using @kbd{M-f} instead | |
765 to skip a word. | |
766 | |
767 When given a negative argument, the word case conversion commands apply | |
768 to the appropriate number of words before point, but do not move point. | |
769 This is convenient when you have just typed a word in the wrong case: you | |
770 can give the case conversion command and continue typing. | |
771 | |
772 If a word case conversion command is given in the middle of a word, it | |
773 applies only to the part of the word which follows point. This is just | |
774 like what @kbd{M-d} (@code{kill-word}) does. With a negative argument, | |
775 case conversion applies only to the part of the word before point. | |
776 | |
777 @kindex C-x C-l | |
778 @kindex C-x C-u | |
779 @findex downcase-region | |
780 @findex upcase-region | |
781 The other case conversion commands are @kbd{C-x C-u} | |
782 (@code{upcase-region}) and @kbd{C-x C-l} (@code{downcase-region}), which | |
783 convert everything between point and mark to the specified case. Point and | |
784 mark do not move. | |
785 | |
786 The region case conversion commands @code{upcase-region} and | |
787 @code{downcase-region} are normally disabled. This means that they ask | |
788 for confirmation if you try to use them. When you confirm, you may | |
789 enable the command, which means it will not ask for confirmation again. | |
790 @xref{Disabling}. | |
791 | |
792 @node Text Mode | |
793 @section Text Mode | |
794 @cindex Text mode | |
795 @cindex mode, Text | |
796 @findex text-mode | |
797 | |
798 When you edit files of text in a human language, it's more convenient | |
799 to use Text mode rather than Fundamental mode. To enter Text mode, type | |
800 @kbd{M-x text-mode}. | |
801 | |
802 In Text mode, only blank lines and page delimiters separate | |
803 paragraphs. As a result, paragraphs can be indented, and adaptive | |
804 filling determines what indentation to use when filling a paragraph. | |
805 @xref{Adaptive Fill}. | |
806 | |
807 @kindex TAB @r{(Text mode)} | |
808 Text mode defines @key{TAB} to run @code{indent-relative} | |
809 (@pxref{Indentation}), so that you can conveniently indent a line like | |
810 the previous line. When the previous line is not indented, | |
811 @code{indent-relative} runs @code{tab-to-tab-stop}, which uses Emacs tab | |
812 stops that you can set (@pxref{Tab Stops}). | |
813 | |
814 Text mode turns off the features concerned with comments except when | |
815 you explicitly invoke them. It changes the syntax table so that periods | |
816 are not considered part of a word, while apostrophes, backspaces and | |
817 underlines are considered part of words. | |
818 | |
819 @cindex Paragraph-Indent Text mode | |
820 @cindex mode, Paragraph-Indent Text | |
821 @findex paragraph-indent-text-mode | |
27207 | 822 @findex paragraph-indent-minor-mode |
25829 | 823 If you indent the first lines of paragraphs, then you should use |
824 Paragraph-Indent Text mode rather than Text mode. In this mode, you do | |
825 not need to have blank lines between paragraphs, because the first-line | |
826 indentation is sufficient to start a paragraph; however paragraphs in | |
827 which every line is indented are not supported. Use @kbd{M-x | |
27207 | 828 paragraph-indent-text-mode} to enter this mode. Use @kbd{M-x |
829 paragraph-indent-minor-mode} to enter an equivalent minor mode, for | |
830 instance during mail composition. | |
25829 | 831 |
832 @kindex M-TAB @r{(Text mode)} | |
833 Text mode, and all the modes based on it, define @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} as | |
834 the command @code{ispell-complete-word}, which performs completion of | |
835 the partial word in the buffer before point, using the spelling | |
836 dictionary as the space of possible words. @xref{Spelling}. | |
837 | |
838 @vindex text-mode-hook | |
839 Entering Text mode runs the hook @code{text-mode-hook}. Other major | |
840 modes related to Text mode also run this hook, followed by hooks of | |
841 their own; this includes Paragraph-Indent Text mode, Nroff mode, @TeX{} | |
842 mode, Outline mode, and Mail mode. Hook functions on | |
843 @code{text-mode-hook} can look at the value of @code{major-mode} to see | |
844 which of these modes is actually being entered. @xref{Hooks}. | |
845 | |
846 @ifinfo | |
847 Emacs provides two other modes for editing text that is to be passed | |
848 through a text formatter to produce fancy formatted printed output. | |
849 @xref{Nroff Mode}, for editing input to the formatter nroff. | |
850 @xref{TeX Mode}, for editing input to the formatter TeX. | |
851 | |
852 Another mode is used for editing outlines. It allows you to view the | |
853 text at various levels of detail. You can view either the outline | |
854 headings alone or both headings and text; you can also hide some of the | |
855 headings at lower levels from view to make the high level structure more | |
856 visible. @xref{Outline Mode}. | |
857 @end ifinfo | |
858 | |
859 @node Outline Mode | |
860 @section Outline Mode | |
861 @cindex Outline mode | |
862 @cindex mode, Outline | |
863 @cindex invisible lines | |
864 | |
865 @findex outline-mode | |
866 @findex outline-minor-mode | |
867 @vindex outline-minor-mode-prefix | |
868 Outline mode is a major mode much like Text mode but intended for | |
869 editing outlines. It allows you to make parts of the text temporarily | |
870 invisible so that you can see the outline structure. Type @kbd{M-x | |
871 outline-mode} to switch to Outline mode as the major mode of the current | |
872 buffer. | |
873 | |
874 When Outline mode makes a line invisible, the line does not appear on | |
875 the screen. The screen appears exactly as if the invisible line were | |
876 deleted, except that an ellipsis (three periods in a row) appears at the | |
877 end of the previous visible line (only one ellipsis no matter how many | |
878 invisible lines follow). | |
879 | |
880 Editing commands that operate on lines, such as @kbd{C-n} and | |
881 @kbd{C-p}, treat the text of the invisible line as part of the previous | |
882 visible line. Killing an entire visible line, including its terminating | |
883 newline, really kills all the following invisible lines along with it. | |
884 | |
885 Outline minor mode provides the same commands as the major mode, | |
886 Outline mode, but you can use it in conjunction with other major modes. | |
887 Type @kbd{M-x outline-minor-mode} to enable the Outline minor mode in | |
888 the current buffer. You can also specify this in the text of a file, | |
889 with a file local variable of the form @samp{mode: outline-minor} | |
890 (@pxref{File Variables}). | |
891 | |
892 @kindex C-c @@ @r{(Outline minor mode)} | |
893 The major mode, Outline mode, provides special key bindings on the | |
894 @kbd{C-c} prefix. Outline minor mode provides similar bindings with | |
895 @kbd{C-c @@} as the prefix; this is to reduce the conflicts with the | |
896 major mode's special commands. (The variable | |
897 @code{outline-minor-mode-prefix} controls the prefix used.) | |
898 | |
899 @vindex outline-mode-hook | |
900 Entering Outline mode runs the hook @code{text-mode-hook} followed by | |
901 the hook @code{outline-mode-hook} (@pxref{Hooks}). | |
902 | |
903 @menu | |
904 * Format: Outline Format. What the text of an outline looks like. | |
905 * Motion: Outline Motion. Special commands for moving through | |
906 outlines. | |
907 * Visibility: Outline Visibility. Commands to control what is visible. | |
908 * Views: Outline Views. Outlines and multiple views. | |
28328 | 909 * Foldout:: Folding editing. |
25829 | 910 @end menu |
911 | |
912 @node Outline Format | |
913 @subsection Format of Outlines | |
914 | |
915 @cindex heading lines (Outline mode) | |
916 @cindex body lines (Outline mode) | |
917 Outline mode assumes that the lines in the buffer are of two types: | |
918 @dfn{heading lines} and @dfn{body lines}. A heading line represents a | |
919 topic in the outline. Heading lines start with one or more stars; the | |
920 number of stars determines the depth of the heading in the outline | |
921 structure. Thus, a heading line with one star is a major topic; all the | |
922 heading lines with two stars between it and the next one-star heading | |
923 are its subtopics; and so on. Any line that is not a heading line is a | |
924 body line. Body lines belong with the preceding heading line. Here is | |
925 an example: | |
926 | |
927 @example | |
928 * Food | |
929 This is the body, | |
930 which says something about the topic of food. | |
931 | |
932 ** Delicious Food | |
933 This is the body of the second-level header. | |
934 | |
935 ** Distasteful Food | |
936 This could have | |
937 a body too, with | |
938 several lines. | |
939 | |
940 *** Dormitory Food | |
941 | |
942 * Shelter | |
943 Another first-level topic with its header line. | |
944 @end example | |
945 | |
946 A heading line together with all following body lines is called | |
947 collectively an @dfn{entry}. A heading line together with all following | |
948 deeper heading lines and their body lines is called a @dfn{subtree}. | |
949 | |
950 @vindex outline-regexp | |
951 You can customize the criterion for distinguishing heading lines | |
952 by setting the variable @code{outline-regexp}. Any line whose | |
953 beginning has a match for this regexp is considered a heading line. | |
954 Matches that start within a line (not at the left margin) do not count. | |
955 The length of the matching text determines the level of the heading; | |
956 longer matches make a more deeply nested level. Thus, for example, | |
957 if a text formatter has commands @samp{@@chapter}, @samp{@@section} | |
958 and @samp{@@subsection} to divide the document into chapters and | |
959 sections, you could make those lines count as heading lines by | |
960 setting @code{outline-regexp} to @samp{"@@chap\\|@@\\(sub\\)*section"}. | |
961 Note the trick: the two words @samp{chapter} and @samp{section} are equally | |
962 long, but by defining the regexp to match only @samp{chap} we ensure | |
963 that the length of the text matched on a chapter heading is shorter, | |
964 so that Outline mode will know that sections are contained in chapters. | |
965 This works as long as no other command starts with @samp{@@chap}. | |
966 | |
967 @vindex outline-level | |
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968 You can change the rule for calculating the level of a heading line |
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969 by setting the variable @code{outline-level}. The value of |
25829 | 970 @code{outline-level} should be a function that takes no arguments and |
971 returns the level of the current heading. Some major modes such as C, | |
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972 Nroff, and Emacs Lisp mode set this variable and @code{outline-regexp} |
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973 in order to work with Outline minor mode. |
25829 | 974 |
975 @node Outline Motion | |
976 @subsection Outline Motion Commands | |
977 | |
978 Outline mode provides special motion commands that move backward and | |
979 forward to heading lines. | |
980 | |
981 @table @kbd | |
982 @item C-c C-n | |
983 Move point to the next visible heading line | |
984 (@code{outline-next-visible-heading}). | |
985 @item C-c C-p | |
986 Move point to the previous visible heading line | |
987 (@code{outline-previous-visible-heading}). | |
988 @item C-c C-f | |
989 Move point to the next visible heading line at the same level | |
990 as the one point is on (@code{outline-forward-same-level}). | |
991 @item C-c C-b | |
992 Move point to the previous visible heading line at the same level | |
993 (@code{outline-backward-same-level}). | |
994 @item C-c C-u | |
995 Move point up to a lower-level (more inclusive) visible heading line | |
996 (@code{outline-up-heading}). | |
997 @end table | |
998 | |
999 @findex outline-next-visible-heading | |
1000 @findex outline-previous-visible-heading | |
1001 @kindex C-c C-n @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1002 @kindex C-c C-p @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1003 @kbd{C-c C-n} (@code{outline-next-visible-heading}) moves down to the next | |
1004 heading line. @kbd{C-c C-p} (@code{outline-previous-visible-heading}) moves | |
1005 similarly backward. Both accept numeric arguments as repeat counts. The | |
1006 names emphasize that invisible headings are skipped, but this is not really | |
1007 a special feature. All editing commands that look for lines ignore the | |
1008 invisible lines automatically.@refill | |
1009 | |
1010 @findex outline-up-heading | |
1011 @findex outline-forward-same-level | |
1012 @findex outline-backward-same-level | |
1013 @kindex C-c C-f @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1014 @kindex C-c C-b @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1015 @kindex C-c C-u @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1016 More powerful motion commands understand the level structure of headings. | |
1017 @kbd{C-c C-f} (@code{outline-forward-same-level}) and | |
1018 @kbd{C-c C-b} (@code{outline-backward-same-level}) move from one | |
1019 heading line to another visible heading at the same depth in | |
1020 the outline. @kbd{C-c C-u} (@code{outline-up-heading}) moves | |
1021 backward to another heading that is less deeply nested. | |
1022 | |
1023 @node Outline Visibility | |
1024 @subsection Outline Visibility Commands | |
1025 | |
1026 The other special commands of outline mode are used to make lines visible | |
1027 or invisible. Their names all start with @code{hide} or @code{show}. | |
1028 Most of them fall into pairs of opposites. They are not undoable; instead, | |
1029 you can undo right past them. Making lines visible or invisible is simply | |
1030 not recorded by the undo mechanism. | |
1031 | |
1032 @table @kbd | |
1033 @item C-c C-t | |
1034 Make all body lines in the buffer invisible (@code{hide-body}). | |
1035 @item C-c C-a | |
1036 Make all lines in the buffer visible (@code{show-all}). | |
1037 @item C-c C-d | |
1038 Make everything under this heading invisible, not including this | |
1039 heading itself (@code{hide-subtree}). | |
1040 @item C-c C-s | |
1041 Make everything under this heading visible, including body, | |
1042 subheadings, and their bodies (@code{show-subtree}). | |
1043 @item C-c C-l | |
1044 Make the body of this heading line, and of all its subheadings, | |
1045 invisible (@code{hide-leaves}). | |
1046 @item C-c C-k | |
1047 Make all subheadings of this heading line, at all levels, visible | |
1048 (@code{show-branches}). | |
1049 @item C-c C-i | |
1050 Make immediate subheadings (one level down) of this heading line | |
1051 visible (@code{show-children}). | |
1052 @item C-c C-c | |
1053 Make this heading line's body invisible (@code{hide-entry}). | |
1054 @item C-c C-e | |
1055 Make this heading line's body visible (@code{show-entry}). | |
1056 @item C-c C-q | |
1057 Hide everything except the top @var{n} levels of heading lines | |
1058 (@code{hide-sublevels}). | |
1059 @item C-c C-o | |
1060 Hide everything except for the heading or body that point is in, plus | |
1061 the headings leading up from there to the top level of the outline | |
1062 (@code{hide-other}). | |
1063 @end table | |
1064 | |
1065 @findex hide-entry | |
1066 @findex show-entry | |
1067 @kindex C-c C-c @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1068 @kindex C-c C-e @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1069 Two commands that are exact opposites are @kbd{C-c C-c} | |
1070 (@code{hide-entry}) and @kbd{C-c C-e} (@code{show-entry}). They are | |
1071 used with point on a heading line, and apply only to the body lines of | |
1072 that heading. Subheadings and their bodies are not affected. | |
1073 | |
1074 @findex hide-subtree | |
1075 @findex show-subtree | |
1076 @kindex C-c C-s @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1077 @kindex C-c C-d @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1078 @cindex subtree (Outline mode) | |
1079 Two more powerful opposites are @kbd{C-c C-d} (@code{hide-subtree}) and | |
1080 @kbd{C-c C-s} (@code{show-subtree}). Both expect to be used when point is | |
1081 on a heading line, and both apply to all the lines of that heading's | |
1082 @dfn{subtree}: its body, all its subheadings, both direct and indirect, and | |
1083 all of their bodies. In other words, the subtree contains everything | |
1084 following this heading line, up to and not including the next heading of | |
1085 the same or higher rank.@refill | |
1086 | |
1087 @findex hide-leaves | |
1088 @findex show-branches | |
1089 @kindex C-c C-l @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1090 @kindex C-c C-k @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1091 Intermediate between a visible subtree and an invisible one is having | |
1092 all the subheadings visible but none of the body. There are two | |
1093 commands for doing this, depending on whether you want to hide the | |
1094 bodies or make the subheadings visible. They are @kbd{C-c C-l} | |
1095 (@code{hide-leaves}) and @kbd{C-c C-k} (@code{show-branches}). | |
1096 | |
1097 @kindex C-c C-i @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1098 @findex show-children | |
1099 A little weaker than @code{show-branches} is @kbd{C-c C-i} | |
1100 (@code{show-children}). It makes just the direct subheadings | |
1101 visible---those one level down. Deeper subheadings remain invisible, if | |
1102 they were invisible.@refill | |
1103 | |
1104 @findex hide-body | |
1105 @findex show-all | |
1106 @kindex C-c C-t @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1107 @kindex C-c C-a @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1108 Two commands have a blanket effect on the whole file. @kbd{C-c C-t} | |
1109 (@code{hide-body}) makes all body lines invisible, so that you see just | |
1110 the outline structure. @kbd{C-c C-a} (@code{show-all}) makes all lines | |
1111 visible. These commands can be thought of as a pair of opposites even | |
1112 though @kbd{C-c C-a} applies to more than just body lines. | |
1113 | |
1114 @findex hide-sublevels | |
1115 @kindex C-c C-q @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1116 The command @kbd{C-c C-q} (@code{hide-sublevels}) hides all but the | |
1117 top level headings. With a numeric argument @var{n}, it hides everything | |
1118 except the top @var{n} levels of heading lines. | |
1119 | |
1120 @findex hide-other | |
1121 @kindex C-c C-o @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1122 The command @kbd{C-c C-o} (@code{hide-other}) hides everything except | |
1123 the heading or body text that point is in, plus its parents (the headers | |
1124 leading up from there to top level in the outline). | |
1125 | |
1126 You can turn off the use of ellipses at the ends of visible lines by | |
1127 setting @code{selective-display-ellipses} to @code{nil}. Then there is | |
1128 no visible indication of the presence of invisible lines. | |
1129 | |
1130 When incremental search finds text that is hidden by Outline mode, | |
1131 it makes that part of the buffer visible. If you exit the search | |
1132 at that position, the text remains visible. | |
1133 | |
1134 @node Outline Views | |
1135 @subsection Viewing One Outline in Multiple Views | |
1136 | |
1137 @cindex multiple views of outline | |
1138 @cindex views of an outline | |
1139 @cindex outline with multiple views | |
1140 @cindex indirect buffers and outlines | |
1141 You can display two views of a single outline at the same time, in | |
1142 different windows. To do this, you must create an indirect buffer using | |
1143 @kbd{M-x make-indirect-buffer}. The first argument of this command is | |
1144 the existing outline buffer name, and its second argument is the name to | |
1145 use for the new indirect buffer. @xref{Indirect Buffers}. | |
1146 | |
1147 Once the indirect buffer exists, you can display it in a window in the | |
1148 normal fashion, with @kbd{C-x 4 b} or other Emacs commands. The Outline | |
1149 mode commands to show and hide parts of the text operate on each buffer | |
1150 independently; as a result, each buffer can have its own view. If you | |
1151 want more than two views on the same outline, create additional indirect | |
1152 buffers. | |
1153 | |
28328 | 1154 @node Foldout |
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1155 @subsection Folding Editing |
28328 | 1156 |
1157 @cindex folding editing | |
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1158 The Foldout package extends Outline mode and Outline minor mode with |
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1159 ``folding'' commands. The idea of folding is that you zoom in on a |
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1160 nested portion of the outline, while hiding its relatives at higher |
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1161 levels. |
30867 | 1162 |
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1163 Consider an Outline mode buffer all the text and subheadings under |
28328 | 1164 level-1 headings hidden. To look at what is hidden under one of these |
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1165 headings, you could use @kbd{C-c C-e} (@kbd{M-x show-entry}) to expose |
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1166 the body, or @kbd{C-c C-i} to expose the child (level-2) headings. |
28328 | 1167 |
1168 @kindex C-c C-z | |
1169 @findex foldout-zoom-subtree | |
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1170 With Foldout, you use @kbd{C-c C-z} (@kbd{M-x foldout-zoom-subtree}). |
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1171 This exposes the body and child subheadings, and narrows the buffer so |
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1172 that only the @w{level-1} heading, the body and the level-2 headings are |
28328 | 1173 visible. Now to look under one of the level-2 headings, position the |
1174 cursor on it and use @kbd{C-c C-z} again. This exposes the level-2 body | |
1175 and its level-3 child subheadings and narrows the buffer again. Zooming | |
1176 in on successive subheadings can be done as much as you like. A string | |
39267 | 1177 in the mode line shows how deep you've gone. |
28328 | 1178 |
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1179 When zooming in on a heading, to see only the child subheadings specify |
28328 | 1180 a numeric argument: @kbd{C-u C-c C-z}. The number of levels of children |
1181 can be specified too (compare @kbd{M-x show-children}), e.g.@: @kbd{M-2 | |
1182 C-c C-z} exposes two levels of child subheadings. Alternatively, the | |
39267 | 1183 body can be specified with a negative argument: @kbd{M-- C-c C-z}. The |
28328 | 1184 whole subtree can be expanded, similarly to @kbd{C-c C-s} (@kbd{M-x |
1185 show-subtree}), by specifying a zero argument: @kbd{M-0 C-c C-z}. | |
1186 | |
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1187 While you're zoomed in, you can still use Outline mode's exposure and |
28328 | 1188 hiding functions without disturbing Foldout. Also, since the buffer is |
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1189 narrowed, ``global'' editing actions will only affect text under the |
28328 | 1190 zoomed-in heading. This is useful for restricting changes to a |
1191 particular chapter or section of your document. | |
1192 | |
1193 @kindex C-c C-x | |
1194 @findex foldout-exit-fold | |
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1195 To unzoom (exit) a fold, use @kbd{C-c C-x} (@kbd{M-x foldout-exit-fold}). |
28328 | 1196 This hides all the text and subheadings under the top-level heading and |
1197 returns you to the previous view of the buffer. Specifying a numeric | |
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1198 argument exits that many levels of folds. Specifying a zero argument exits all |
28328 | 1199 folds. |
1200 | |
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1201 To cancel the narrowing of a fold without hiding the text and |
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1202 subheadings, specify a negative argument. For example, @kbd{M--2 C-c |
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1203 C-x} exits two folds and leaves the text and subheadings exposed. |
28328 | 1204 |
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1205 Foldout mode also provides mouse commands for entering and exiting |
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1206 folds, and for showing and hiding text: |
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1207 |
28328 | 1208 @table @asis |
40651 | 1209 @item @kbd{C-M-Mouse-1} zooms in on the heading clicked on |
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1210 @itemize @asis |
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1211 @item |
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1212 single click: expose body. |
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1213 @item |
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1214 double click: expose subheadings. |
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1215 @item |
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1216 triple click: expose body and subheadings. |
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1217 @item |
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1218 quad click: expose entire subtree. |
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1219 @end itemize |
40651 | 1220 @item @kbd{C-M-Mouse-2} exposes text under the heading clicked on |
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1221 @itemize @asis |
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1222 @item |
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1223 single click: expose body. |
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1224 @item |
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1225 double click: expose subheadings. |
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|
1226 @item |
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|
1227 triple click: expose body and subheadings. |
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changeset
|
1228 @item |
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|
1229 quad click: expose entire subtree. |
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Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
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|
1230 @end itemize |
40651 | 1231 @item @kbd{C-M-Mouse-3} hides text under the heading clicked on or exits fold |
38951
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|
1232 @itemize @asis |
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Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
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|
1233 @item |
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|
1234 single click: hide subtree. |
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Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
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|
1235 @item |
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changeset
|
1236 double click: exit fold and hide text. |
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Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
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changeset
|
1237 @item |
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|
1238 triple click: exit fold without hiding text. |
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Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
1239 @item |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
1240 quad click: exit all folds and hide text. |
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|
1241 @end itemize |
28328 | 1242 @end table |
1243 | |
1244 @vindex foldout-mouse-modifiers | |
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32fc1ec13574
Move the Refill Mode node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
1245 You can specify different modifier keys (instead of |
32fc1ec13574
Move the Refill Mode node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1246 @kbd{Control-Meta-}) by setting @code{foldout-mouse-modifiers}; but if |
32fc1ec13574
Move the Refill Mode node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
32782
diff
changeset
|
1247 you have already loaded the @file{foldout.el} library, you must reload |
32fc1ec13574
Move the Refill Mode node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1248 it in order for this to take effect. |
32fc1ec13574
Move the Refill Mode node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
32782
diff
changeset
|
1249 |
32fc1ec13574
Move the Refill Mode node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
32782
diff
changeset
|
1250 To use the Foldout package, you can type @kbd{M-x load-library |
32fc1ec13574
Move the Refill Mode node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1251 @key{RET} foldout @key{RET}}; or you can arrange for to do that |
32fc1ec13574
Move the Refill Mode node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
32782
diff
changeset
|
1252 automatically by putting this in your @file{.emacs} file: |
32fc1ec13574
Move the Refill Mode node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1253 |
32fc1ec13574
Move the Refill Mode node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1254 @example |
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Move the Refill Mode node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
1255 (eval-after-load "outline" '(require 'foldout)) |
32fc1ec13574
Move the Refill Mode node.
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parents:
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|
1256 @end example |
28328 | 1257 |
1258 @node TeX Mode, Nroff Mode, Outline Mode, Text | |
25829 | 1259 @section @TeX{} Mode |
1260 @cindex @TeX{} mode | |
1261 @cindex La@TeX{} mode | |
1262 @cindex Sli@TeX{} mode | |
1263 @cindex mode, @TeX{} | |
1264 @cindex mode, La@TeX{} | |
1265 @cindex mode, Sli@TeX{} | |
1266 @findex tex-mode | |
1267 @findex plain-tex-mode | |
1268 @findex latex-mode | |
1269 @findex slitex-mode | |
1270 | |
1271 @TeX{} is a powerful text formatter written by Donald Knuth; it is also | |
1272 free, like GNU Emacs. La@TeX{} is a simplified input format for @TeX{}, | |
1273 implemented by @TeX{} macros; it comes with @TeX{}. Sli@TeX{} is a special | |
30867 | 1274 form of La@TeX{}.@footnote{Sli@TeX{} is obsoleted by the @samp{slides} |
1275 document class in recent La@TeX{} versions.} | |
25829 | 1276 |
1277 Emacs has a special @TeX{} mode for editing @TeX{} input files. | |
1278 It provides facilities for checking the balance of delimiters and for | |
1279 invoking @TeX{} on all or part of the file. | |
1280 | |
1281 @vindex tex-default-mode | |
1282 @TeX{} mode has three variants, Plain @TeX{} mode, La@TeX{} mode, and | |
1283 Sli@TeX{} mode (these three distinct major modes differ only slightly). | |
1284 They are designed for editing the three different formats. The command | |
1285 @kbd{M-x tex-mode} looks at the contents of the buffer to determine | |
1286 whether the contents appear to be either La@TeX{} input or Sli@TeX{} | |
1287 input; if so, it selects the appropriate mode. If the file contents do | |
1288 not appear to be La@TeX{} or Sli@TeX{}, it selects Plain @TeX{} mode. | |
1289 If the contents are insufficient to determine this, the variable | |
1290 @code{tex-default-mode} controls which mode is used. | |
1291 | |
1292 When @kbd{M-x tex-mode} does not guess right, you can use the commands | |
1293 @kbd{M-x plain-tex-mode}, @kbd{M-x latex-mode}, and @kbd{M-x | |
1294 slitex-mode} to select explicitly the particular variants of @TeX{} | |
1295 mode. | |
1296 | |
1297 @menu | |
1298 * Editing: TeX Editing. Special commands for editing in TeX mode. | |
1299 * LaTeX: LaTeX Editing. Additional commands for LaTeX input files. | |
1300 * Printing: TeX Print. Commands for printing part of a file with TeX. | |
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|
1301 * Misc: TeX Misc. Customization of TeX mode, and related features. |
25829 | 1302 @end menu |
1303 | |
1304 @node TeX Editing | |
1305 @subsection @TeX{} Editing Commands | |
1306 | |
1307 Here are the special commands provided in @TeX{} mode for editing the | |
1308 text of the file. | |
1309 | |
1310 @table @kbd | |
1311 @item " | |
1312 Insert, according to context, either @samp{``} or @samp{"} or | |
1313 @samp{''} (@code{tex-insert-quote}). | |
1314 @item C-j | |
1315 Insert a paragraph break (two newlines) and check the previous | |
1316 paragraph for unbalanced braces or dollar signs | |
1317 (@code{tex-terminate-paragraph}). | |
1318 @item M-x tex-validate-region | |
1319 Check each paragraph in the region for unbalanced braces or dollar signs. | |
1320 @item C-c @{ | |
1321 Insert @samp{@{@}} and position point between them (@code{tex-insert-braces}). | |
1322 @item C-c @} | |
1323 Move forward past the next unmatched close brace (@code{up-list}). | |
1324 @end table | |
1325 | |
1326 @findex tex-insert-quote | |
1327 @kindex " @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1328 In @TeX{}, the character @samp{"} is not normally used; we use | |
1329 @samp{``} to start a quotation and @samp{''} to end one. To make | |
1330 editing easier under this formatting convention, @TeX{} mode overrides | |
1331 the normal meaning of the key @kbd{"} with a command that inserts a pair | |
1332 of single-quotes or backquotes (@code{tex-insert-quote}). To be | |
1333 precise, this command inserts @samp{``} after whitespace or an open | |
1334 brace, @samp{"} after a backslash, and @samp{''} after any other | |
1335 character. | |
1336 | |
1337 If you need the character @samp{"} itself in unusual contexts, use | |
1338 @kbd{C-q} to insert it. Also, @kbd{"} with a numeric argument always | |
1339 inserts that number of @samp{"} characters. You can turn off the | |
1340 feature of @kbd{"} expansion by eliminating that binding in the local | |
1341 map (@pxref{Key Bindings}). | |
1342 | |
1343 In @TeX{} mode, @samp{$} has a special syntax code which attempts to | |
1344 understand the way @TeX{} math mode delimiters match. When you insert a | |
1345 @samp{$} that is meant to exit math mode, the position of the matching | |
1346 @samp{$} that entered math mode is displayed for a second. This is the | |
1347 same feature that displays the open brace that matches a close brace that | |
1348 is inserted. However, there is no way to tell whether a @samp{$} enters | |
1349 math mode or leaves it; so when you insert a @samp{$} that enters math | |
1350 mode, the previous @samp{$} position is shown as if it were a match, even | |
1351 though they are actually unrelated. | |
1352 | |
1353 @findex tex-insert-braces | |
1354 @kindex C-c @{ @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1355 @findex up-list | |
1356 @kindex C-c @} @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1357 @TeX{} uses braces as delimiters that must match. Some users prefer | |
1358 to keep braces balanced at all times, rather than inserting them | |
1359 singly. Use @kbd{C-c @{} (@code{tex-insert-braces}) to insert a pair of | |
1360 braces. It leaves point between the two braces so you can insert the | |
1361 text that belongs inside. Afterward, use the command @kbd{C-c @}} | |
1362 (@code{up-list}) to move forward past the close brace. | |
1363 | |
1364 @findex tex-validate-region | |
1365 @findex tex-terminate-paragraph | |
1366 @kindex C-j @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1367 There are two commands for checking the matching of braces. @kbd{C-j} | |
1368 (@code{tex-terminate-paragraph}) checks the paragraph before point, and | |
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Don't use "print" for displaying a message.
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|
1369 inserts two newlines to start a new paragraph. It outputs a message in |
25829 | 1370 the echo area if any mismatch is found. @kbd{M-x tex-validate-region} |
1371 checks a region, paragraph by paragraph. The errors are listed in the | |
1372 @samp{*Occur*} buffer, and you can use @kbd{C-c C-c} or @kbd{Mouse-2} in | |
1373 that buffer to go to a particular mismatch. | |
1374 | |
1375 Note that Emacs commands count square brackets and parentheses in | |
1376 @TeX{} mode, not just braces. This is not strictly correct for the | |
1377 purpose of checking @TeX{} syntax. However, parentheses and square | |
1378 brackets are likely to be used in text as matching delimiters and it is | |
1379 useful for the various motion commands and automatic match display to | |
1380 work with them. | |
1381 | |
1382 @node LaTeX Editing | |
1383 @subsection La@TeX{} Editing Commands | |
1384 | |
1385 La@TeX{} mode, and its variant, Sli@TeX{} mode, provide a few extra | |
1386 features not applicable to plain @TeX{}. | |
1387 | |
1388 @table @kbd | |
1389 @item C-c C-o | |
1390 Insert @samp{\begin} and @samp{\end} for La@TeX{} block and position | |
1391 point on a line between them (@code{tex-latex-block}). | |
1392 @item C-c C-e | |
1393 Close the innermost La@TeX{} block not yet closed | |
1394 (@code{tex-close-latex-block}). | |
1395 @end table | |
1396 | |
1397 @findex tex-latex-block | |
1398 @kindex C-c C-o @r{(La@TeX{} mode)} | |
1399 @vindex latex-block-names | |
1400 In La@TeX{} input, @samp{\begin} and @samp{\end} commands are used to | |
1401 group blocks of text. To insert a @samp{\begin} and a matching | |
1402 @samp{\end} (on a new line following the @samp{\begin}), use @kbd{C-c | |
1403 C-o} (@code{tex-latex-block}). A blank line is inserted between the | |
1404 two, and point is left there. You can use completion when you enter the | |
1405 block type; to specify additional block type names beyond the standard | |
1406 list, set the variable @code{latex-block-names}. For example, here's | |
1407 how to add @samp{theorem}, @samp{corollary}, and @samp{proof}: | |
1408 | |
1409 @example | |
1410 (setq latex-block-names '("theorem" "corollary" "proof")) | |
1411 @end example | |
1412 | |
1413 @findex tex-close-latex-block | |
1414 @kindex C-c C-e @r{(La@TeX{} mode)} | |
1415 In La@TeX{} input, @samp{\begin} and @samp{\end} commands must | |
1416 balance. You can use @kbd{C-c C-e} (@code{tex-close-latex-block}) to | |
1417 insert automatically a matching @samp{\end} to match the last unmatched | |
1418 @samp{\begin}. It indents the @samp{\end} to match the corresponding | |
1419 @samp{\begin}. It inserts a newline after @samp{\end} if point is at | |
1420 the beginning of a line. | |
1421 | |
1422 @node TeX Print | |
1423 @subsection @TeX{} Printing Commands | |
1424 | |
1425 You can invoke @TeX{} as an inferior of Emacs on either the entire | |
1426 contents of the buffer or just a region at a time. Running @TeX{} in | |
1427 this way on just one chapter is a good way to see what your changes | |
1428 look like without taking the time to format the entire file. | |
1429 | |
1430 @table @kbd | |
1431 @item C-c C-r | |
1432 Invoke @TeX{} on the current region, together with the buffer's header | |
1433 (@code{tex-region}). | |
1434 @item C-c C-b | |
1435 Invoke @TeX{} on the entire current buffer (@code{tex-buffer}). | |
1436 @item C-c @key{TAB} | |
1437 Invoke Bib@TeX{} on the current file (@code{tex-bibtex-file}). | |
1438 @item C-c C-f | |
1439 Invoke @TeX{} on the current file (@code{tex-file}). | |
1440 @item C-c C-l | |
1441 Recenter the window showing output from the inferior @TeX{} so that | |
1442 the last line can be seen (@code{tex-recenter-output-buffer}). | |
1443 @item C-c C-k | |
1444 Kill the @TeX{} subprocess (@code{tex-kill-job}). | |
1445 @item C-c C-p | |
1446 Print the output from the last @kbd{C-c C-r}, @kbd{C-c C-b}, or @kbd{C-c | |
1447 C-f} command (@code{tex-print}). | |
1448 @item C-c C-v | |
1449 Preview the output from the last @kbd{C-c C-r}, @kbd{C-c C-b}, or @kbd{C-c | |
1450 C-f} command (@code{tex-view}). | |
1451 @item C-c C-q | |
1452 Show the printer queue (@code{tex-show-print-queue}). | |
1453 @end table | |
1454 | |
1455 @findex tex-buffer | |
1456 @kindex C-c C-b @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1457 @findex tex-print | |
1458 @kindex C-c C-p @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1459 @findex tex-view | |
1460 @kindex C-c C-v @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1461 @findex tex-show-print-queue | |
1462 @kindex C-c C-q @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1463 You can pass the current buffer through an inferior @TeX{} by means of | |
1464 @kbd{C-c C-b} (@code{tex-buffer}). The formatted output appears in a | |
1465 temporary file; to print it, type @kbd{C-c C-p} (@code{tex-print}). | |
1466 Afterward, you can use @kbd{C-c C-q} (@code{tex-show-print-queue}) to | |
1467 view the progress of your output towards being printed. If your terminal | |
1468 has the ability to display @TeX{} output files, you can preview the | |
1469 output on the terminal with @kbd{C-c C-v} (@code{tex-view}). | |
1470 | |
29107 | 1471 @cindex @env{TEXINPUTS} environment variable |
25829 | 1472 @vindex tex-directory |
1473 You can specify the directory to use for running @TeX{} by setting the | |
1474 variable @code{tex-directory}. @code{"."} is the default value. If | |
29107 | 1475 your environment variable @env{TEXINPUTS} contains relative directory |
25829 | 1476 names, or if your files contains @samp{\input} commands with relative |
1477 file names, then @code{tex-directory} @emph{must} be @code{"."} or you | |
1478 will get the wrong results. Otherwise, it is safe to specify some other | |
1479 directory, such as @code{"/tmp"}. | |
1480 | |
1481 @vindex tex-run-command | |
1482 @vindex latex-run-command | |
1483 @vindex slitex-run-command | |
1484 @vindex tex-dvi-print-command | |
1485 @vindex tex-dvi-view-command | |
1486 @vindex tex-show-queue-command | |
1487 If you want to specify which shell commands are used in the inferior @TeX{}, | |
1488 you can do so by setting the values of the variables @code{tex-run-command}, | |
1489 @code{latex-run-command}, @code{slitex-run-command}, | |
1490 @code{tex-dvi-print-command}, @code{tex-dvi-view-command}, and | |
1491 @code{tex-show-queue-command}. You @emph{must} set the value of | |
1492 @code{tex-dvi-view-command} for your particular terminal; this variable | |
1493 has no default value. The other variables have default values that may | |
1494 (or may not) be appropriate for your system. | |
1495 | |
1496 Normally, the file name given to these commands comes at the end of | |
1497 the command string; for example, @samp{latex @var{filename}}. In some | |
1498 cases, however, the file name needs to be embedded in the command; an | |
1499 example is when you need to provide the file name as an argument to one | |
1500 command whose output is piped to another. You can specify where to put | |
1501 the file name with @samp{*} in the command string. For example, | |
1502 | |
1503 @example | |
1504 (setq tex-dvi-print-command "dvips -f * | lpr") | |
1505 @end example | |
1506 | |
1507 @findex tex-kill-job | |
1508 @kindex C-c C-k @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1509 @findex tex-recenter-output-buffer | |
1510 @kindex C-c C-l @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1511 The terminal output from @TeX{}, including any error messages, appears | |
1512 in a buffer called @samp{*tex-shell*}. If @TeX{} gets an error, you can | |
1513 switch to this buffer and feed it input (this works as in Shell mode; | |
1514 @pxref{Interactive Shell}). Without switching to this buffer you can | |
1515 scroll it so that its last line is visible by typing @kbd{C-c | |
1516 C-l}. | |
1517 | |
1518 Type @kbd{C-c C-k} (@code{tex-kill-job}) to kill the @TeX{} process if | |
1519 you see that its output is no longer useful. Using @kbd{C-c C-b} or | |
1520 @kbd{C-c C-r} also kills any @TeX{} process still running.@refill | |
1521 | |
1522 @findex tex-region | |
1523 @kindex C-c C-r @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1524 You can also pass an arbitrary region through an inferior @TeX{} by typing | |
1525 @kbd{C-c C-r} (@code{tex-region}). This is tricky, however, because most files | |
1526 of @TeX{} input contain commands at the beginning to set parameters and | |
1527 define macros, without which no later part of the file will format | |
1528 correctly. To solve this problem, @kbd{C-c C-r} allows you to designate a | |
1529 part of the file as containing essential commands; it is included before | |
1530 the specified region as part of the input to @TeX{}. The designated part | |
1531 of the file is called the @dfn{header}. | |
1532 | |
1533 @cindex header (@TeX{} mode) | |
1534 To indicate the bounds of the header in Plain @TeX{} mode, you insert two | |
1535 special strings in the file. Insert @samp{%**start of header} before the | |
1536 header, and @samp{%**end of header} after it. Each string must appear | |
1537 entirely on one line, but there may be other text on the line before or | |
1538 after. The lines containing the two strings are included in the header. | |
1539 If @samp{%**start of header} does not appear within the first 100 lines of | |
1540 the buffer, @kbd{C-c C-r} assumes that there is no header. | |
1541 | |
1542 In La@TeX{} mode, the header begins with @samp{\documentclass} or | |
1543 @samp{\documentstyle} and ends with @samp{\begin@{document@}}. These | |
1544 are commands that La@TeX{} requires you to use in any case, so nothing | |
1545 special needs to be done to identify the header. | |
1546 | |
1547 @findex tex-file | |
1548 @kindex C-c C-f @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1549 The commands (@code{tex-buffer}) and (@code{tex-region}) do all of their | |
1550 work in a temporary directory, and do not have available any of the auxiliary | |
1551 files needed by @TeX{} for cross-references; these commands are generally | |
1552 not suitable for running the final copy in which all of the cross-references | |
1553 need to be correct. | |
1554 | |
1555 When you want the auxiliary files for cross references, use @kbd{C-c | |
1556 C-f} (@code{tex-file}) which runs @TeX{} on the current buffer's file, | |
1557 in that file's directory. Before running @TeX{}, it offers to save any | |
1558 modified buffers. Generally, you need to use (@code{tex-file}) twice to | |
1559 get the cross-references right. | |
1560 | |
1561 @vindex tex-start-options-string | |
1562 The value of the variable @code{tex-start-options-string} specifies | |
1563 options for the @TeX{} run. The default value causes @TeX{} to run in | |
39267 | 1564 nonstop mode. To run @TeX{} interactively, set the variable to @code{""}. |
25829 | 1565 |
1566 @vindex tex-main-file | |
1567 Large @TeX{} documents are often split into several files---one main | |
1568 file, plus subfiles. Running @TeX{} on a subfile typically does not | |
1569 work; you have to run it on the main file. In order to make | |
1570 @code{tex-file} useful when you are editing a subfile, you can set the | |
1571 variable @code{tex-main-file} to the name of the main file. Then | |
1572 @code{tex-file} runs @TeX{} on that file. | |
1573 | |
1574 The most convenient way to use @code{tex-main-file} is to specify it | |
1575 in a local variable list in each of the subfiles. @xref{File | |
1576 Variables}. | |
1577 | |
1578 @findex tex-bibtex-file | |
1579 @kindex C-c TAB @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1580 @vindex tex-bibtex-command | |
1581 For La@TeX{} files, you can use Bib@TeX{} to process the auxiliary | |
1582 file for the current buffer's file. Bib@TeX{} looks up bibliographic | |
1583 citations in a data base and prepares the cited references for the | |
1584 bibliography section. The command @kbd{C-c TAB} | |
1585 (@code{tex-bibtex-file}) runs the shell command | |
1586 (@code{tex-bibtex-command}) to produce a @samp{.bbl} file for the | |
1587 current buffer's file. Generally, you need to do @kbd{C-c C-f} | |
1588 (@code{tex-file}) once to generate the @samp{.aux} file, then do | |
1589 @kbd{C-c TAB} (@code{tex-bibtex-file}), and then repeat @kbd{C-c C-f} | |
1590 (@code{tex-file}) twice more to get the cross-references correct. | |
1591 | |
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1592 @node TeX Misc |
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1593 @subsection @TeX{} Mode Miscellany |
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1594 |
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1595 @vindex tex-shell-hook |
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1596 @vindex tex-mode-hook |
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1597 @vindex latex-mode-hook |
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1598 @vindex slitex-mode-hook |
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1599 @vindex plain-tex-mode-hook |
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1600 Entering any variant of @TeX{} mode runs the hooks |
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1601 @code{text-mode-hook} and @code{tex-mode-hook}. Then it runs either |
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1602 @code{plain-tex-mode-hook}, @code{latex-mode-hook}, or |
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1603 @code{slitex-mode-hook}, whichever is appropriate. Starting the |
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1604 @TeX{} shell runs the hook @code{tex-shell-hook}. @xref{Hooks}. |
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1605 |
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1606 @findex iso-iso2tex |
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1607 @findex iso-tex2iso |
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1608 @findex iso-iso2gtex |
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1609 @findex iso-gtex2iso |
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1610 @cindex Latin-1 @TeX{} encoding |
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1611 @TeX{} encoding |
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1612 The commands @kbd{M-x iso-iso2tex}, @kbd{M-x iso-tex2iso}, @kbd{M-x |
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1613 iso-iso2gtex} and @kbd{M-x iso-gtex2iso} can be used to convert |
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1614 between Latin-1 encoded files and @TeX{}-encoded equivalents. |
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1615 @ignore |
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1616 @c Too cryptic to be useful, too cryptic for me to make it better -- rms. |
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1617 They |
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1618 are included by default in the @code{format-alist} variable, so they |
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1619 can be used with @kbd{M-x format-find-file}, for instance. |
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1620 @end ignore |
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1621 |
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1622 @ignore @c Not worth documenting if it is only for Czech -- rms. |
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1623 @findex tildify-buffer |
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1624 @findex tildify-region |
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1625 @cindex ties, @TeX{}, inserting |
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1626 @cindex hard spaces, @TeX{}, inserting |
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1627 @cindex SGML |
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1628 @cindex HTML |
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1629 The commands @kbd{M-x tildify-buffer} and @kbd{M-x tildify-region} |
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1630 insert @samp{~} (@dfn{tie}) characters where they are conventionally |
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1631 required. This is set up for Czech---customize the group |
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1632 @samp{tildify} for other languages or for other sorts of markup. |
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1633 @end ignore |
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1634 |
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1635 @cindex Ref@TeX{} package |
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1636 @cindex references, La@TeX{} |
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1637 @cindex La@TeX{} references |
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1638 For managing all kinds of references for La@TeX{}, you can use |
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1639 Ref@TeX{}. @xref{Top, , RefTeX, reftex}. |
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1640 |
25829 | 1641 @node Nroff Mode |
1642 @section Nroff Mode | |
1643 | |
1644 @cindex nroff | |
1645 @findex nroff-mode | |
1646 Nroff mode is a mode like Text mode but modified to handle nroff commands | |
1647 present in the text. Invoke @kbd{M-x nroff-mode} to enter this mode. It | |
1648 differs from Text mode in only a few ways. All nroff command lines are | |
1649 considered paragraph separators, so that filling will never garble the | |
1650 nroff commands. Pages are separated by @samp{.bp} commands. Comments | |
1651 start with backslash-doublequote. Also, three special commands are | |
1652 provided that are not in Text mode: | |
1653 | |
1654 @findex forward-text-line | |
1655 @findex backward-text-line | |
1656 @findex count-text-lines | |
1657 @kindex M-n @r{(Nroff mode)} | |
1658 @kindex M-p @r{(Nroff mode)} | |
1659 @kindex M-? @r{(Nroff mode)} | |
1660 @table @kbd | |
1661 @item M-n | |
1662 Move to the beginning of the next line that isn't an nroff command | |
1663 (@code{forward-text-line}). An argument is a repeat count. | |
1664 @item M-p | |
1665 Like @kbd{M-n} but move up (@code{backward-text-line}). | |
1666 @item M-? | |
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1667 Displays in the echo area the number of text lines (lines that are not |
25829 | 1668 nroff commands) in the region (@code{count-text-lines}). |
1669 @end table | |
1670 | |
1671 @findex electric-nroff-mode | |
1672 The other feature of Nroff mode is that you can turn on Electric Nroff | |
1673 mode. This is a minor mode that you can turn on or off with @kbd{M-x | |
1674 electric-nroff-mode} (@pxref{Minor Modes}). When the mode is on, each | |
1675 time you use @key{RET} to end a line that contains an nroff command that | |
1676 opens a kind of grouping, the matching nroff command to close that | |
1677 grouping is automatically inserted on the following line. For example, | |
1678 if you are at the beginning of a line and type @kbd{.@: ( b @key{RET}}, | |
1679 this inserts the matching command @samp{.)b} on a new line following | |
1680 point. | |
1681 | |
1682 If you use Outline minor mode with Nroff mode (@pxref{Outline Mode}), | |
1683 heading lines are lines of the form @samp{.H} followed by a number (the | |
1684 header level). | |
1685 | |
1686 @vindex nroff-mode-hook | |
1687 Entering Nroff mode runs the hook @code{text-mode-hook}, followed by | |
1688 the hook @code{nroff-mode-hook} (@pxref{Hooks}). | |
1689 | |
1690 @node Formatted Text | |
1691 @section Editing Formatted Text | |
1692 | |
1693 @cindex Enriched mode | |
1694 @cindex mode, Enriched | |
1695 @cindex formatted text | |
1696 @cindex WYSIWYG | |
1697 @cindex word processing | |
1698 @dfn{Enriched mode} is a minor mode for editing files that contain | |
1699 formatted text in WYSIWYG fashion, as in a word processor. Currently, | |
1700 formatted text in Enriched mode can specify fonts, colors, underlining, | |
1701 margins, and types of filling and justification. In the future, we plan | |
1702 to implement other formatting features as well. | |
1703 | |
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1704 Enriched mode is a minor mode (@pxref{Minor Modes}). It is |
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1705 typically used in conjunction with Text mode (@pxref{Text Mode}), but |
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1706 you can also use it with other major modes such as Outline mode and |
25829 | 1707 Paragraph-Indent Text mode. |
1708 | |
30867 | 1709 @cindex text/enriched MIME format |
25829 | 1710 Potentially, Emacs can store formatted text files in various file |
1711 formats. Currently, only one format is implemented: @dfn{text/enriched} | |
1712 format, which is defined by the MIME protocol. @xref{Format | |
1713 Conversion,, Format Conversion, elisp, the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}, | |
1714 for details of how Emacs recognizes and converts file formats. | |
1715 | |
1716 The Emacs distribution contains a formatted text file that can serve as | |
1717 an example. Its name is @file{etc/enriched.doc}. It contains samples | |
1718 illustrating all the features described in this section. It also | |
1719 contains a list of ideas for future enhancements. | |
1720 | |
1721 @menu | |
1722 * Requesting Formatted Text:: Entering and exiting Enriched mode. | |
1723 * Hard and Soft Newlines:: There are two different kinds of newlines. | |
1724 * Editing Format Info:: How to edit text properties. | |
1725 * Faces: Format Faces. Bold, italic, underline, etc. | |
1726 * Color: Format Colors. Changing the color of text. | |
1727 * Indent: Format Indentation. Changing the left and right margins. | |
1728 * Justification: Format Justification. | |
1729 Centering, setting text flush with the | |
1730 left or right margin, etc. | |
1731 * Other: Format Properties. The "special" text properties submenu. | |
1732 * Forcing Enriched Mode:: How to force use of Enriched mode. | |
1733 @end menu | |
1734 | |
1735 @node Requesting Formatted Text | |
1736 @subsection Requesting to Edit Formatted Text | |
1737 | |
1738 Whenever you visit a file that Emacs saved in the text/enriched format, | |
1739 Emacs automatically converts the formatting information in the file into | |
1740 Emacs's own internal format (text properties), and turns on Enriched | |
1741 mode. | |
1742 | |
1743 @findex enriched-mode | |
1744 To create a new file of formatted text, first visit the nonexistent | |
1745 file, then type @kbd{M-x enriched-mode} before you start inserting text. | |
1746 This command turns on Enriched mode. Do this before you begin inserting | |
1747 text, to ensure that the text you insert is handled properly. | |
1748 | |
1749 More generally, the command @code{enriched-mode} turns Enriched mode | |
1750 on if it was off, and off if it was on. With a prefix argument, this | |
1751 command turns Enriched mode on if the argument is positive, and turns | |
1752 the mode off otherwise. | |
1753 | |
1754 When you save a buffer while Enriched mode is enabled in it, Emacs | |
1755 automatically converts the text to text/enriched format while writing it | |
1756 into the file. When you visit the file again, Emacs will automatically | |
1757 recognize the format, reconvert the text, and turn on Enriched mode | |
1758 again. | |
1759 | |
1760 @vindex enriched-fill-after-visiting | |
1761 Normally, after visiting a file in text/enriched format, Emacs refills | |
1762 each paragraph to fit the specified right margin. You can turn off this | |
1763 refilling, to save time, by setting the variable | |
1764 @code{enriched-fill-after-visiting} to @code{nil} or to @code{ask}. | |
1765 | |
1766 However, when visiting a file that was saved from Enriched mode, there | |
1767 is no need for refilling, because Emacs saves the right margin settings | |
1768 along with the text. | |
1769 | |
1770 @vindex enriched-translations | |
1771 You can add annotations for saving additional text properties, which | |
1772 Emacs normally does not save, by adding to @code{enriched-translations}. | |
1773 Note that the text/enriched standard requires any non-standard | |
1774 annotations to have names starting with @samp{x-}, as in | |
1775 @samp{x-read-only}. This ensures that they will not conflict with | |
1776 standard annotations that may be added later. | |
1777 | |
1778 @node Hard and Soft Newlines | |
1779 @subsection Hard and Soft Newlines | |
1780 @cindex hard newline | |
1781 @cindex soft newline | |
1782 @cindex newlines, hard and soft | |
1783 | |
1784 In formatted text, Emacs distinguishes between two different kinds of | |
1785 newlines, @dfn{hard} newlines and @dfn{soft} newlines. | |
1786 | |
1787 Hard newlines are used to separate paragraphs, or items in a list, or | |
1788 anywhere that there should always be a line break regardless of the | |
1789 margins. The @key{RET} command (@code{newline}) and @kbd{C-o} | |
1790 (@code{open-line}) insert hard newlines. | |
1791 | |
1792 Soft newlines are used to make text fit between the margins. All the | |
1793 fill commands, including Auto Fill, insert soft newlines---and they | |
1794 delete only soft newlines. | |
1795 | |
1796 Although hard and soft newlines look the same, it is important to bear | |
1797 the difference in mind. Do not use @key{RET} to break lines in the | |
1798 middle of filled paragraphs, or else you will get hard newlines that are | |
1799 barriers to further filling. Instead, let Auto Fill mode break lines, | |
1800 so that if the text or the margins change, Emacs can refill the lines | |
1801 properly. @xref{Auto Fill}. | |
1802 | |
1803 On the other hand, in tables and lists, where the lines should always | |
1804 remain as you type them, you can use @key{RET} to end lines. For these | |
1805 lines, you may also want to set the justification style to | |
1806 @code{unfilled}. @xref{Format Justification}. | |
1807 | |
1808 @node Editing Format Info | |
1809 @subsection Editing Format Information | |
1810 | |
1811 There are two ways to alter the formatting information for a formatted | |
1812 text file: with keyboard commands, and with the mouse. | |
1813 | |
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1814 The easiest way to add properties to your document is with the Text |
25829 | 1815 Properties menu. You can get to this menu in two ways: from the Edit |
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1816 menu in the menu bar (use @kbd{@key{F10} e t} if you have no mouse), |
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1817 or with @kbd{C-Mouse-2} (hold the @key{CTRL} key and press the middle |
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1818 mouse button). There are also keyboard commands described in the |
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1819 following section. |
25829 | 1820 |
1821 Most of the items in the Text Properties menu lead to other submenus. | |
1822 These are described in the sections that follow. Some items run | |
1823 commands directly: | |
1824 | |
1825 @table @code | |
40778 | 1826 @findex facemenu-remove-face-props |
1827 @item Remove Face Properties | |
25829 | 1828 Delete from the region all the text properties that the Text Properties |
40778 | 1829 menu works with (@code{facemenu-remove-face-props}). |
25829 | 1830 |
1831 @findex facemenu-remove-all | |
1832 @item Remove All | |
1833 Delete @emph{all} text properties from the region | |
1834 (@code{facemenu-remove-all}). | |
1835 | |
1836 @findex list-text-properties-at | |
1837 @item List Properties | |
1838 List all the text properties of the character following point | |
1839 (@code{list-text-properties-at}). | |
1840 | |
1841 @item Display Faces | |
40778 | 1842 Display a list of all the defined faces (@code{list-faces-display}). |
25829 | 1843 |
1844 @item Display Colors | |
40778 | 1845 Display a list of all the defined colors (@code{list-colors-display}). |
25829 | 1846 @end table |
1847 | |
1848 @node Format Faces | |
1849 @subsection Faces in Formatted Text | |
1850 | |
1851 The Faces submenu lists various Emacs faces including @code{bold}, | |
1852 @code{italic}, and @code{underline}. Selecting one of these adds the | |
1853 chosen face to the region. @xref{Faces}. You can also specify a face | |
1854 with these keyboard commands: | |
1855 | |
1856 @table @kbd | |
1857 @kindex M-g d @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
1858 @findex facemenu-set-default | |
1859 @item M-g d | |
1860 Set the region, or the next inserted character, to the @code{default} face | |
1861 (@code{facemenu-set-default}). | |
1862 @kindex M-g b @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
1863 @findex facemenu-set-bold | |
1864 @item M-g b | |
1865 Set the region, or the next inserted character, to the @code{bold} face | |
1866 (@code{facemenu-set-bold}). | |
1867 @kindex M-g i @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
1868 @findex facemenu-set-italic | |
1869 @item M-g i | |
1870 Set the region, or the next inserted character, to the @code{italic} face | |
1871 (@code{facemenu-set-italic}). | |
1872 @kindex M-g l @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
1873 @findex facemenu-set-bold-italic | |
1874 @item M-g l | |
1875 Set the region, or the next inserted character, to the @code{bold-italic} face | |
1876 (@code{facemenu-set-bold-italic}). | |
1877 @kindex M-g u @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
1878 @findex facemenu-set-underline | |
1879 @item M-g u | |
1880 Set the region, or the next inserted character, to the @code{underline} face | |
1881 (@code{facemenu-set-underline}). | |
1882 @kindex M-g o @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
1883 @findex facemenu-set-face | |
1884 @item M-g o @var{face} @key{RET} | |
1885 Set the region, or the next inserted character, to the face @var{face} | |
1886 (@code{facemenu-set-face}). | |
1887 @end table | |
1888 | |
1889 If you use these commands with a prefix argument---or, in Transient Mark | |
1890 mode, if the region is not active---then these commands specify a face | |
1891 to use for your next self-inserting input. @xref{Transient Mark}. This | |
1892 applies to both the keyboard commands and the menu commands. | |
1893 | |
1894 Enriched mode defines two additional faces: @code{excerpt} and | |
1895 @code{fixed}. These correspond to codes used in the text/enriched file | |
1896 format. | |
1897 | |
1898 The @code{excerpt} face is intended for quotations. This face is the | |
1899 same as @code{italic} unless you customize it (@pxref{Face Customization}). | |
1900 | |
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1901 The @code{fixed} face means, ``Use a fixed-width font for this part |
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1902 of the text.'' This makes a visible difference only if you have |
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1903 specified a variable-width font in the default face; however, even if |
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1904 the default font is fixed-width, applying the @code{fixed} face to a |
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1905 part of the text will cause that part of the text to appear in a |
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1906 fixed-width font, if the file is ever displayed with a variable-width |
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1907 default font. This applies to Emacs and to other systems that display |
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1908 text/enriched format. So if you specifically want a certain part of |
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1909 the text to use a fixed-width font, you should specify the |
25829 | 1910 @code{fixed} face for that part. |
1911 | |
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1912 The @code{fixed} face is normally set up to use a different font |
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1913 from the default, even if the default face is also fixed-width. |
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1914 Different systems have different fonts installed, so you may need to |
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1915 customize this. @xref{Face Customization}. |
25829 | 1916 |
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1917 If your terminal cannot display different faces, you will not be |
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1918 able to see them, but you can still edit documents containing faces, |
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1919 and even add faces and colors to documents. The faces you specify |
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1920 will be visible when the file is viewed on a terminal that can display |
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1921 them. |
25829 | 1922 |
1923 @node Format Colors | |
1924 @subsection Colors in Formatted Text | |
1925 | |
1926 You can specify foreground and background colors for portions of the | |
1927 text. There is a menu for specifying the foreground color and a menu | |
1928 for specifying the background color. Each color menu lists all the | |
1929 colors that you have used in Enriched mode in the current Emacs session. | |
1930 | |
1931 If you specify a color with a prefix argument---or, in Transient Mark | |
1932 mode, if the region is not active---then it applies to your next | |
1933 self-inserting input. @xref{Transient Mark}. Otherwise, the command | |
1934 applies to the region. | |
1935 | |
1936 Each color menu contains one additional item: @samp{Other}. You can use | |
1937 this item to specify a color that is not listed in the menu; it reads | |
1938 the color name with the minibuffer. To display list of available colors | |
1939 and their names, use the @samp{Display Colors} menu item in the Text | |
1940 Properties menu (@pxref{Editing Format Info}). | |
1941 | |
1942 Any color that you specify in this way, or that is mentioned in a | |
1943 formatted text file that you read in, is added to both color menus for | |
1944 the duration of the Emacs session. | |
1945 | |
1946 @findex facemenu-set-foreground | |
1947 @findex facemenu-set-background | |
1948 There are no key bindings for specifying colors, but you can do so | |
1949 with the extended commands @kbd{M-x facemenu-set-foreground} and | |
1950 @kbd{M-x facemenu-set-background}. Both of these commands read the name | |
1951 of the color with the minibuffer. | |
1952 | |
1953 @node Format Indentation | |
1954 @subsection Indentation in Formatted Text | |
1955 | |
1956 When editing formatted text, you can specify different amounts of | |
1957 indentation for the right or left margin of an entire paragraph or a | |
1958 part of a paragraph. The margins you specify automatically affect the | |
1959 Emacs fill commands (@pxref{Filling}) and line-breaking commands. | |
1960 | |
1961 The Indentation submenu provides a convenient interface for specifying | |
1962 these properties. The submenu contains four items: | |
1963 | |
1964 @table @code | |
1965 @kindex C-x TAB @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
1966 @findex increase-left-margin | |
1967 @item Indent More | |
1968 Indent the region by 4 columns (@code{increase-left-margin}). In | |
1969 Enriched mode, this command is also available on @kbd{C-x @key{TAB}}; if | |
1970 you supply a numeric argument, that says how many columns to add to the | |
1971 margin (a negative argument reduces the number of columns). | |
1972 | |
1973 @item Indent Less | |
1974 Remove 4 columns of indentation from the region. | |
1975 | |
1976 @item Indent Right More | |
1977 Make the text narrower by indenting 4 columns at the right margin. | |
1978 | |
1979 @item Indent Right Less | |
1980 Remove 4 columns of indentation from the right margin. | |
1981 @end table | |
1982 | |
1983 You can use these commands repeatedly to increase or decrease the | |
1984 indentation. | |
1985 | |
1986 The most common way to use these commands is to change the indentation | |
1987 of an entire paragraph. However, that is not the only use. You can | |
1988 change the margins at any point; the new values take effect at the end | |
1989 of the line (for right margins) or the beginning of the next line (for | |
1990 left margins). | |
1991 | |
1992 This makes it possible to format paragraphs with @dfn{hanging indents}, | |
1993 which means that the first line is indented less than subsequent lines. | |
1994 To set up a hanging indent, increase the indentation of the region | |
1995 starting after the first word of the paragraph and running until the end | |
1996 of the paragraph. | |
1997 | |
1998 Indenting the first line of a paragraph is easier. Set the margin for | |
1999 the whole paragraph where you want it to be for the body of the | |
2000 paragraph, then indent the first line by inserting extra spaces or tabs. | |
2001 | |
2002 Sometimes, as a result of editing, the filling of a paragraph becomes | |
2003 messed up---parts of the paragraph may extend past the left or right | |
2004 margins. When this happens, use @kbd{M-q} (@code{fill-paragraph}) to | |
2005 refill the paragraph. | |
2006 | |
2007 @vindex standard-indent | |
2008 The variable @code{standard-indent} specifies how many columns these | |
2009 commands should add to or subtract from the indentation. The default | |
2010 value is 4. The overall default right margin for Enriched mode is | |
2011 controlled by the variable @code{fill-column}, as usual. | |
2012 | |
2013 The fill prefix, if any, works in addition to the specified paragraph | |
2014 indentation: @kbd{C-x .} does not include the specified indentation's | |
2015 whitespace in the new value for the fill prefix, and the fill commands | |
2016 look for the fill prefix after the indentation on each line. @xref{Fill | |
2017 Prefix}. | |
2018 | |
2019 @node Format Justification | |
2020 @subsection Justification in Formatted Text | |
2021 | |
2022 When editing formatted text, you can specify various styles of | |
2023 justification for a paragraph. The style you specify automatically | |
2024 affects the Emacs fill commands. | |
2025 | |
2026 The Justification submenu provides a convenient interface for specifying | |
2027 the style. The submenu contains five items: | |
2028 | |
2029 @table @code | |
2030 @item Flush Left | |
2031 This is the most common style of justification (at least for English). | |
2032 Lines are aligned at the left margin but left uneven at the right. | |
2033 | |
2034 @item Flush Right | |
2035 This aligns each line with the right margin. Spaces and tabs are added | |
2036 on the left, if necessary, to make lines line up on the right. | |
2037 | |
2038 @item Full | |
2039 This justifies the text, aligning both edges of each line. Justified | |
2040 text looks very nice in a printed book, where the spaces can all be | |
2041 adjusted equally, but it does not look as nice with a fixed-width font | |
2042 on the screen. Perhaps a future version of Emacs will be able to adjust | |
2043 the width of spaces in a line to achieve elegant justification. | |
2044 | |
2045 @item Center | |
2046 This centers every line between the current margins. | |
2047 | |
2048 @item None | |
2049 This turns off filling entirely. Each line will remain as you wrote it; | |
2050 the fill and auto-fill functions will have no effect on text which has | |
2051 this setting. You can, however, still indent the left margin. In | |
2052 unfilled regions, all newlines are treated as hard newlines (@pxref{Hard | |
2053 and Soft Newlines}) . | |
2054 @end table | |
2055 | |
2056 In Enriched mode, you can also specify justification from the keyboard | |
2057 using the @kbd{M-j} prefix character: | |
2058 | |
2059 @table @kbd | |
2060 @kindex M-j l @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
2061 @findex set-justification-left | |
2062 @item M-j l | |
2063 Make the region left-filled (@code{set-justification-left}). | |
2064 @kindex M-j r @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
2065 @findex set-justification-right | |
2066 @item M-j r | |
2067 Make the region right-filled (@code{set-justification-right}). | |
2068 @kindex M-j f @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
2069 @findex set-justification-full | |
2070 @item M-j f | |
2071 Make the region fully-justified (@code{set-justification-full}). | |
2072 @kindex M-j c @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
2073 @kindex M-S @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
2074 @findex set-justification-center | |
2075 @item M-j c | |
2076 @itemx M-S | |
2077 Make the region centered (@code{set-justification-center}). | |
2078 @kindex M-j u @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
2079 @findex set-justification-none | |
2080 @item M-j u | |
2081 Make the region unfilled (@code{set-justification-none}). | |
2082 @end table | |
2083 | |
2084 Justification styles apply to entire paragraphs. All the | |
2085 justification-changing commands operate on the paragraph containing | |
2086 point, or, if the region is active, on all paragraphs which overlap the | |
2087 region. | |
2088 | |
2089 @vindex default-justification | |
2090 The default justification style is specified by the variable | |
2091 @code{default-justification}. Its value should be one of the symbols | |
2092 @code{left}, @code{right}, @code{full}, @code{center}, or @code{none}. | |
2093 | |
2094 @node Format Properties | |
2095 @subsection Setting Other Text Properties | |
2096 | |
2097 The Other Properties menu lets you add or remove three other useful text | |
2098 properties: @code{read-only}, @code{invisible} and @code{intangible}. | |
2099 The @code{intangible} property disallows moving point within the text, | |
2100 the @code{invisible} text property hides text from display, and the | |
2101 @code{read-only} property disallows alteration of the text. | |
2102 | |
2103 Each of these special properties has a menu item to add it to the | |
2104 region. The last menu item, @samp{Remove Special}, removes all of these | |
2105 special properties from the text in the region. | |
2106 | |
2107 Currently, the @code{invisible} and @code{intangible} properties are | |
2108 @emph{not} saved in the text/enriched format. The @code{read-only} | |
2109 property is saved, but it is not a standard part of the text/enriched | |
2110 format, so other editors may not respect it. | |
2111 | |
2112 @node Forcing Enriched Mode | |
2113 @subsection Forcing Enriched Mode | |
2114 | |
2115 Normally, Emacs knows when you are editing formatted text because it | |
2116 recognizes the special annotations used in the file that you visited. | |
2117 However, there are situations in which you must take special actions | |
2118 to convert file contents or turn on Enriched mode: | |
2119 | |
2120 @itemize @bullet | |
2121 @item | |
2122 When you visit a file that was created with some other editor, Emacs may | |
2123 not recognize the file as being in the text/enriched format. In this | |
2124 case, when you visit the file you will see the formatting commands | |
2125 rather than the formatted text. Type @kbd{M-x format-decode-buffer} to | |
2126 translate it. | |
2127 | |
2128 @item | |
2129 When you @emph{insert} a file into a buffer, rather than visiting it. | |
2130 Emacs does the necessary conversions on the text which you insert, but | |
2131 it does not enable Enriched mode. If you wish to do that, type @kbd{M-x | |
2132 enriched-mode}. | |
2133 @end itemize | |
2134 | |
2135 The command @code{format-decode-buffer} translates text in various | |
2136 formats into Emacs's internal format. It asks you to specify the format | |
2137 to translate from; however, normally you can type just @key{RET}, which | |
2138 tells Emacs to guess the format. | |
2139 | |
2140 @findex format-find-file | |
2141 If you wish to look at text/enriched file in its raw form, as a | |
2142 sequence of characters rather than as formatted text, use the @kbd{M-x | |
2143 find-file-literally} command. This visits a file, like | |
2144 @code{find-file}, but does not do format conversion. It also inhibits | |
2145 character code conversion (@pxref{Coding Systems}) and automatic | |
2146 uncompression (@pxref{Compressed Files}). To disable format conversion | |
2147 but allow character code conversion and/or automatic uncompression if | |
2148 appropriate, use @code{format-find-file} with suitable arguments. | |
2149 |