Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/info.texi @ 37853:93e5959b8a0e
Use SYMBOL_VALUE/SET_SYMBOL_VALUE.
(Qcyclic_variable_indirection): New variable.
(Fkeywordp): Check for internedness differently.
(Fmakunbound): Simplify the test if symbol is a constant.
(indirect_variable, Findirect_variable): New functions.
(swap_in_symval_forwarding): If SYMBOL is an alias, use the
aliased symbol.
(let_shadows_buffer_binding_p): Check for variable aliases.
(set_internal): Simplify the test if SYMBOL is a constant. If
SYMBOL has a buffer-local value and is an alias, use the aliased
symbol instead.
(syms_of_data): Initialze Qcyclic_variable_indirection and defsubr
Sindirect_variable.
author | Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org> |
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date | Mon, 21 May 2001 12:23:19 +0000 |
parents | 7615043715cd |
children | 127d6dc34db9 |
rev | line source |
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25839 | 1 \input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*- |
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2 @comment %**start of header |
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3 @setfilename info.info |
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4 @settitle Info |
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5 @syncodeindex fn cp |
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6 @syncodeindex vr cp |
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7 @syncodeindex ky cp |
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8 @comment %**end of header |
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9 @comment $Id: info.texi,v 1.20 2001/05/03 14:02:33 karl Exp $ |
25839 | 10 |
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11 @dircategory Texinfo documentation system |
25839 | 12 @direntry |
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13 * Info: (info). Documentation browsing system. |
25839 | 14 @end direntry |
15 | |
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16 @ifinfo |
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17 This file describes how to use Info, the on-line, menu-driven GNU |
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18 documentation system. |
25839 | 19 |
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20 Copyright (C) 1989, 92, 96, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001 |
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21 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25839 | 22 |
23 | |
32315 | 24 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
25 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or | |
26 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no | |
27 Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU | |
28 Manual'', and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the | |
29 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation | |
30 License'' in the Emacs manual. | |
25839 | 31 |
32315 | 32 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify |
33 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free | |
34 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' | |
25839 | 35 |
32315 | 36 This document is part of a collection distributed under the GNU Free |
37 Documentation License. If you want to distribute this document | |
38 separately from the collection, you can do so by adding a copy of the | |
39 license to the document, as described in section 6 of the license. | |
25839 | 40 @end ifinfo |
41 | |
42 @titlepage | |
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43 @title Info |
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44 @subtitle The online, hyper-text GNU documentation system |
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45 @author Brian Fox |
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46 @author and the GNU Texinfo community |
25839 | 47 @page |
48 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
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49 Copyright @copyright{} 1989, 92, 93, 96, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001 |
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50 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25839 | 51 @sp 2 |
52 Published by the Free Software Foundation @* | |
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53 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 @* |
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54 Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. |
25839 | 55 |
32315 | 56 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
57 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or | |
58 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no | |
59 Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU | |
60 Manual'', and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the | |
61 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation | |
62 License'' in the Emacs manual. | |
25839 | 63 |
32315 | 64 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify |
65 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free | |
66 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' | |
25839 | 67 |
32315 | 68 This document is part of a collection distributed under the GNU Free |
69 Documentation License. If you want to distribute this document | |
70 separately from the collection, you can do so by adding a copy of the | |
71 license to the document, as described in section 6 of the license. | |
25839 | 72 @end titlepage |
73 | |
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74 @ifnottex |
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75 @node Top |
25839 | 76 @top Info: An Introduction |
77 | |
78 Info is a program for reading documentation, which you are using now. | |
79 | |
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80 @ifinfo |
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81 If you are new to Info and want to learn how to use it, type the |
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82 command @kbd{h} now. It brings you to a programmed instruction |
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83 sequence. |
25839 | 84 |
85 To learn advanced Info commands, type @kbd{n} twice. This brings you to | |
86 @cite{Info for Experts}, skipping over the `Getting Started' chapter. | |
87 @end ifinfo | |
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88 @end ifnottex |
25839 | 89 |
90 @menu | |
91 * Getting Started:: Getting started using an Info reader. | |
92 * Advanced Info:: Advanced commands within Info. | |
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93 * Creating an Info File:: How to make your own Info file. |
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94 * Index:: An index of topics, commands, and variables. |
25839 | 95 @end menu |
96 | |
97 @node Getting Started, Advanced Info, Top, Top | |
98 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
99 @chapter Getting Started | |
100 | |
101 This first part of the Info manual describes how to get around inside | |
102 of Info. The second part of the manual describes various advanced | |
103 Info commands, and how to write an Info as distinct from a Texinfo | |
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104 file. The third part briefly explains how to generate Info files from |
25839 | 105 Texinfo files. |
106 | |
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107 @ifnotinfo |
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108 This manual is primarily designed for browsing with an Info reader |
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109 program on a computer, so that you can try Info commands while reading |
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110 about them. Reading it on paper or with an HTML browser is less |
25839 | 111 effective, since you must take it on faith that the commands described |
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112 really do what the manual says. By all means go through this manual |
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113 now that you have it; but please try going through the on-line version |
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114 as well. |
25839 | 115 |
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116 @cindex Info reader, how to invoke |
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117 @cindex entering Info |
25839 | 118 There are two ways of looking at the online version of this manual: |
119 | |
120 @enumerate | |
121 @item | |
122 Type @code{info} at your shell's command line. This approach uses a | |
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123 stand-alone program designed just to read Info files. |
25839 | 124 |
125 @item | |
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126 Type @code{emacs} at the command line; then type @kbd{C-h i} |
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127 (@kbd{Control-h}, followed by @kbd{i}). This approach uses the Info |
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128 mode of the Emacs program, an editor with many other capabilities. |
25839 | 129 @end enumerate |
130 | |
131 In either case, then type @kbd{mInfo} (just the letters), followed by | |
132 @key{RET}---the ``Return'' or ``Enter'' key. At this point, you should | |
133 be ready to follow the instructions in this manual as you read them on | |
134 the screen. | |
135 @c FIXME! (pesch@cygnus.com, 14 dec 1992) | |
136 @c Is it worth worrying about what-if the beginner goes to somebody | |
137 @c else's Emacs session, which already has an Info running in the middle | |
138 @c of something---in which case these simple instructions won't work? | |
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139 @end ifnotinfo |
25839 | 140 |
141 @menu | |
142 * Help-Small-Screen:: Starting Info on a Small Screen | |
143 * Help:: How to use Info | |
144 * Help-P:: Returning to the Previous node | |
145 * Help-^L:: The Space, Rubout, B and ^L commands. | |
146 * Help-M:: Menus | |
147 * Help-Adv:: Some advanced Info commands | |
148 * Help-Q:: Quitting Info | |
149 @end menu | |
150 | |
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151 @node Help-Small-Screen |
25839 | 152 @section Starting Info on a Small Screen |
153 | |
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154 @ifnotinfo |
25839 | 155 (In Info, you only see this section if your terminal has a small |
156 number of lines; most readers pass by it without seeing it.) | |
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157 @end ifnotinfo |
25839 | 158 |
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159 @cindex small screen, moving around |
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160 Since your terminal has a relatively small number of lines on its |
25839 | 161 screen, it is necessary to give you special advice at the beginning. |
162 | |
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163 If you see the text @samp{--All----} near the bottom right corner |
25839 | 164 of the screen, it means the entire text you are looking at fits on the |
165 screen. If you see @samp{--Top----} instead, it means that there is | |
166 more text below that does not fit. To move forward through the text | |
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167 and see another screen full, press @key{SPC}, the Space bar. To move |
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168 back up, press the key labeled @samp{Backspace} or @samp{DEL} (on some |
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169 keyboards, this key might be labeled @samp{Delete}). |
25839 | 170 |
171 @ifinfo | |
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172 Here are 40 lines of junk, so you can try @key{SPC} and @key{DEL} and |
25839 | 173 see what they do. At the end are instructions of what you should do |
174 next. | |
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175 |
25839 | 176 @format |
177 This is line 20 | |
178 This is line 21 | |
179 This is line 22 | |
180 This is line 23 | |
181 This is line 24 | |
182 This is line 25 | |
183 This is line 26 | |
184 This is line 27 | |
185 This is line 28 | |
186 This is line 29 | |
187 This is line 30 | |
188 This is line 31 | |
189 This is line 32 | |
190 This is line 33 | |
191 This is line 34 | |
192 This is line 35 | |
193 This is line 36 | |
194 This is line 37 | |
195 This is line 38 | |
196 This is line 39 | |
197 This is line 40 | |
198 This is line 41 | |
199 This is line 42 | |
200 This is line 43 | |
201 This is line 44 | |
202 This is line 45 | |
203 This is line 46 | |
204 This is line 47 | |
205 This is line 48 | |
206 This is line 49 | |
207 This is line 50 | |
208 This is line 51 | |
209 This is line 52 | |
210 This is line 53 | |
211 This is line 54 | |
212 This is line 55 | |
213 This is line 56 | |
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214 This is line 57 |
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215 This is line 58 |
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216 This is line 59 |
25839 | 217 @end format |
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218 |
25839 | 219 If you have managed to get here, go back to the beginning with |
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220 @kbd{DEL} (or @key{BACKSPACE}), and come back here again, then you |
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221 understand the about the @samp{Space} and @samp{Backspace} keys. So |
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222 now type an @kbd{n} ---just one character; don't type the quotes and |
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223 don't type the Return key afterward--- to get to the normal start of |
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224 the course. |
25839 | 225 @end ifinfo |
226 | |
227 @node Help, Help-P, Help-Small-Screen, Getting Started | |
228 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
229 @section How to use Info | |
230 | |
231 You are talking to the program Info, for reading documentation. | |
232 | |
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233 @cindex node, in Info documents |
25839 | 234 Right now you are looking at one @dfn{Node} of Information. |
235 A node contains text describing a specific topic at a specific | |
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236 level of detail. This node's topic is ``how to use Info''. The mode |
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237 line says that this is node @samp{Help} in the file @file{info}. |
25839 | 238 |
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239 @cindex header of Info node |
25839 | 240 The top line of a node is its @dfn{header}. This node's header (look at |
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241 it now) says that the @samp{Next} node after this one is the node |
25839 | 242 called @samp{Help-P}. An advanced Info command lets you go to any node |
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243 whose name you know. In the stand-alone Info reader program, the |
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244 header line shows the names of this node and the info file as well. |
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245 In Emacs, the header line is displayed in a special typeface, and it |
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246 doesn't scroll off the screen when you scroll the display. The names |
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247 of this node and of its Info file are omitted by Emacs from the header |
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248 line. |
25839 | 249 |
250 Besides a @samp{Next}, a node can have a @samp{Previous} or an | |
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251 @samp{Up} links, or both. As you can see, this node has all of these |
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252 links. |
25839 | 253 |
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254 @kindex n @r{(Info mode)} |
25839 | 255 Now it is time to move on to the @samp{Next} node, named @samp{Help-P}. |
256 | |
257 @format | |
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258 >> Type @kbd{n} to move there. Type just one character; |
25839 | 259 do not type the quotes and do not type a @key{RET} afterward. |
260 @end format | |
261 | |
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262 @noindent |
25839 | 263 @samp{>>} in the margin means it is really time to try a command. |
264 | |
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265 @format |
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266 >> If you have a mouse, and if you already practiced typing @kbd{n} |
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267 to get to the next node, click now with the right mouse button on |
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268 the @samp{Next} link to do the same ``the mouse way''. |
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269 @end format |
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270 |
25839 | 271 @node Help-P, Help-^L, Help, Getting Started |
272 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
273 @section Returning to the Previous node | |
274 | |
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275 @kindex p @r{(Info mode)} |
25839 | 276 This node is called @samp{Help-P}. The @samp{Previous} node, as you see, |
277 is @samp{Help}, which is the one you just came from using the @kbd{n} | |
278 command. Another @kbd{n} command now would take you to the next | |
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279 node, @samp{Help-^L}. In Emacs, @kbd{n} runs the Emacs command |
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280 @code{Info-next}, and @kbd{p} runs @code{Info-prev}. |
25839 | 281 |
282 @format | |
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283 >> But do not type @kbd{n} yet. First, try the @kbd{p} command, |
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284 or click the mouse on the @samp{Prev} link, which takes you to the |
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285 @samp{Previous} node. When you get there, you can do an @kbd{n} |
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286 again to return here. |
25839 | 287 @end format |
288 | |
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289 If you read this in Emacs, you will see an @samp{Info} item in the |
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290 menu bar, close to its right edge. Clicking your mouse on the |
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291 @samp{Info} menu-bar item opens a menu of commands which include |
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292 @samp{Next} and @samp{Prev} (and also some others which you didn't yet |
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293 learn about). |
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294 |
25839 | 295 This all probably seems insultingly simple so far, but @emph{do not} be |
296 led into skimming. Things will get more complicated soon. Also, | |
297 do not try a new command until you are told it is time to. Otherwise, | |
298 you may make Info skip past an important warning that was coming up. | |
299 | |
300 @format | |
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301 >> Now do an @kbd{n}, or click the mouse on the @samp{Next} link, to |
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302 get to the node @samp{Help-^L} and learn more. |
25839 | 303 @end format |
304 | |
305 @node Help-^L, Help-M, Help-P, Getting Started | |
306 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
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307 @section The Space, DEL, B and ^L commands. |
25839 | 308 |
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309 This node's mode line tells you that you are now at node @samp{Help-^L}, |
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310 and the header line tells you that @kbd{p} would get you back to |
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311 @samp{Help-P}. The node's title is underlined; it says what the node |
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312 is about (most nodes have titles). |
25839 | 313 |
314 This is a big node and it does not all fit on your display screen. | |
315 You can tell that there is more that is not visible because you | |
316 can see the string @samp{--Top-----} rather than @samp{--All----} near | |
317 the bottom right corner of the screen. | |
318 | |
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319 @kindex SPC @r{(Info mode)} |
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320 @kindex DEL @r{(Info mode)} |
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321 @kindex BACKSPACE @r{(Info mode)} |
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322 @findex Info-scroll-up |
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323 @findex Info-scroll-down |
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324 The @key{SPC}, @key{BACKSPACE} (or @key{DEL})@footnote{The key which |
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325 we call ``Backspace or DEL'' in this manual is labeled differently on |
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326 different keyboards. Look for a key which is a little ways above the |
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327 @key{ENTER} or @key{RET} key and which you normally use outside Emacs |
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328 to erase the character before the cursor, i.e.@: the character you |
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329 typed last. It might be labeled @samp{Backspace} or @samp{<-} or |
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330 @samp{DEL}, or sometimes @samp{Delete}.} and @kbd{b} commands exist to |
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331 allow you to ``move around'' in a node that does not all fit on the |
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332 screen at once. @key{SPC} moves forward, to show what was below the |
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333 bottom of the screen. @key{DEL} or @key{BACKSPACE} moves backward, to |
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334 show what was above the top of the screen (there is not anything above |
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335 the top until you have typed some spaces). In Emacs, @key{SPC} runs |
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336 the command @code{Info-scroll-up}, while @key{BACKSPACE} runs |
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337 @code{Info-scroll-down}. |
25839 | 338 |
339 @format | |
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340 >> Now try typing a @key{SPC} (afterward, type a @key{BACKSPACE} to |
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341 return here). |
25839 | 342 @end format |
343 | |
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344 When you type the @key{SPC}, the two lines that were at the bottom of |
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345 the screen appear at the top, followed by more lines. @key{DEL} or |
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346 @key{BACKSPACE} takes the two lines from the top and moves them to the |
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347 bottom, @emph{usually}, but if there are not a full screen's worth of |
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348 lines above them they may not make it all the way to the bottom. |
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349 |
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350 If you are reading this in Emacs, note that the header line is |
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351 always visible, never scrolling off the display. That way, you can |
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352 always see the @samp{Next}, @samp{Prev}, and @samp{Up} links, and you |
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353 can conveniently go to one of these links from anywhere in the node by |
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354 clicking the mouse on one of these links. |
25839 | 355 |
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356 @cindex reading Info documents top to bottom |
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357 @cindex Info documents as tutorials |
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358 @key{SPC} and @key{DEL} not only move forward and backward through |
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359 the current node. When these keys hit the beginning or the end of the |
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360 current node, they move to preceding or subsequent nodes. |
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361 Specifically, they scroll through all the nodes in an Info file as a |
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362 single logical sequence. In this sequence, a node's subnodes appear |
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363 following their parent. If a node has a menu, @key{SPC} takes you |
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364 into the subnodes listed in the menu, one by one. Once you reach the |
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365 end of a node, and have seen all of its subnodes, @key{SPC} takes you |
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366 to the next node or to the parent's next node. This is so you could |
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367 read the entire manual top to bottom by just typing @key{SPC}. |
25839 | 368 |
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369 @kindex PAGEUP @r{(Info mode)} |
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370 @kindex PAGEDOWN @r{(Info mode)} |
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371 Many keyboards nowadays have two scroll keys labeled @samp{PageUp} |
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372 and @samp{PageDown} (or maybe @samp{Prior} and @samp{Next}). If your |
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373 keyboard has these keys, you can use them to move forward and backward |
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374 through the text, like with @key{SPC} and @key{BACKSPACE}. However, |
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375 unlike @key{SPC} and @key{BACKSPACE}, @key{PAGEUP} and @key{PAGEDOWN} |
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376 keys will never scroll beyond the beginning or the end of the current |
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377 node. |
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378 |
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379 @kindex C-l @r{(Info mode)} |
25839 | 380 If your screen is ever garbaged, you can tell Info to print it out |
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381 again by typing @kbd{C-l} (@kbd{Control-L}, that is---hold down |
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382 @key{CTRL} and type @kbd{L} or @kbd{l}). |
25839 | 383 |
384 @format | |
385 >> Type @kbd{C-l} now. | |
386 @end format | |
387 | |
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388 @kindex b @r{(Info mode)} |
25839 | 389 To move back to the beginning of the node you are on, you can type |
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390 a lot of @key{BACKSPACE} keys. You can also type simply @kbd{b} for |
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391 beginning. |
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392 |
25839 | 393 @format |
394 >> Try that now. (We have put in enough verbiage to push this past | |
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395 the first screenful, but screens are so big nowadays that perhaps it |
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396 isn't enough. You may need to shrink your Emacs or Info window.) |
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397 Then come back, with @key{SCS}s. |
25839 | 398 @end format |
399 | |
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400 If your screen is very tall, all of this node might fit at once. |
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401 In that case, @kbd{b} won't do anything. Sorry; what can we do? |
25839 | 402 |
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403 @kindex ? @r{(Info mode)} |
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404 @findex Info-summary |
25839 | 405 You have just learned a considerable number of commands. If you |
406 want to use one but have trouble remembering which, you should type | |
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407 a @kbd{?} (in Emacs it runs the @code{Info-summary} command) which |
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408 prints out a brief list of commands. When you are finished looking at |
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409 the list, make it go away by typing a @key{SPC} repeatedly. |
25839 | 410 |
411 @format | |
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412 >> Type a @key{?} now. Press @key{SPC} to see consecutive screenfuls of |
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413 the list until finished. Then type @key{SPC} several times, until |
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414 it goes away. |
25839 | 415 @end format |
416 | |
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417 (If you are using the stand-alone Info reader, type @kbd{C-x 0} to |
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418 return here, that is---press and hold @key{CTRL}, type an @kbd{x}, |
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419 then release @key{CTRL} and @kbd{x}, and press @kbd{0}---a zero, not |
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420 the letter ``o''.) |
25839 | 421 |
422 From now on, you will encounter large nodes without warning, and | |
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423 will be expected to know how to use @key{SPC} and @key{BACKSPACE} to |
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424 move around in them without being told. Since not all terminals have |
25839 | 425 the same size screen, it would be impossible to warn you anyway. |
426 | |
427 @format | |
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428 >> Now type @kbd{n}, or click the mouse on the @samp{Next} link, to |
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429 see the description of the @kbd{m} command. |
25839 | 430 @end format |
431 | |
432 @node Help-M, Help-Adv, Help-^L, Getting Started | |
433 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
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434 @section Menus and the @kbd{m} command |
25839 | 435 |
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436 @cindex menus in an Info document |
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437 @cindex Info menus |
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438 With only the @kbd{n} (next) and @kbd{p} (previous) commands for |
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439 moving between nodes, nodes are restricted to a linear sequence. |
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440 Menus allow a branching structure. A menu is a list of other nodes |
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441 you can move to. It is actually just part of the text of the node |
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442 formatted specially so that Info can interpret it. The beginning of a |
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443 menu is always identified by a line which starts with @samp{* Menu:}. |
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444 A node contains a menu if and only if it has a line in it which starts |
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445 that way. The only menu you can use at any moment is the one in the |
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446 node you are in. To use a menu in any other node, you must move to |
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447 that node first. |
25839 | 448 |
449 After the start of the menu, each line that starts with a @samp{*} | |
450 identifies one subtopic. The line usually contains a brief name | |
451 for the subtopic (followed by a @samp{:}), the name of the node that talks | |
452 about that subtopic, and optionally some further description of the | |
453 subtopic. Lines in the menu that do not start with a @samp{*} have no | |
454 special meaning---they are only for the human reader's benefit and do | |
455 not define additional subtopics. Here is an example: | |
456 | |
457 @example | |
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458 * Foo: Node about FOO This tells about FOO |
25839 | 459 @end example |
460 | |
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461 The subtopic name is Foo, and the node describing it is @samp{Node |
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462 about FOO}. The rest of the line is just for the reader's |
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463 Information. [[ But this line is not a real menu item, simply because |
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464 there is no line above it which starts with @samp{* Menu:}.]] |
25839 | 465 |
466 When you use a menu to go to another node (in a way that will be | |
467 described soon), what you specify is the subtopic name, the first | |
468 thing in the menu line. Info uses it to find the menu line, extracts | |
469 the node name from it, and goes to that node. The reason that there | |
470 is both a subtopic name and a node name is that the node name must be | |
471 meaningful to the computer and may therefore have to be ugly looking. | |
472 The subtopic name can be chosen just to be convenient for the user to | |
473 specify. Often the node name is convenient for the user to specify | |
474 and so both it and the subtopic name are the same. There is an | |
475 abbreviation for this: | |
476 | |
477 @example | |
478 * Foo:: This tells about FOO | |
479 @end example | |
480 | |
481 @noindent | |
482 This means that the subtopic name and node name are the same; they are | |
483 both @samp{Foo}. | |
484 | |
485 @format | |
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486 >> Now use @key{SPC} to find the menu in this node, then come back to |
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487 the front with a @kbd{b} and some @key{SPC}s. As you see, a menu is |
25839 | 488 actually visible in its node. If you cannot find a menu in a node |
489 by looking at it, then the node does not have a menu and the | |
490 @kbd{m} command is not available. | |
491 @end format | |
492 | |
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493 @kindex m @r{(Info mode)} |
25839 | 494 The command to go to one of the subnodes is @kbd{m}---but @emph{do |
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495 not do it yet!} Before you use @kbd{m}, you need to learn about |
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496 commands which prompt you for more input. So far, you have learned |
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497 several commands that do not need additional input; when you typed |
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498 one, Info processed it and was instantly ready for another command. |
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499 The @kbd{m} command is different: it is incomplete without the |
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500 @dfn{name of the subtopic}. Once you have typed @kbd{m}, Info tries |
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501 to read the subtopic name. |
25839 | 502 |
503 Now look for the line containing many dashes near the bottom of the | |
504 screen. There is one more line beneath that one, but usually it is | |
505 blank. If it is empty, Info is ready for a command, such as @kbd{n} | |
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506 or @kbd{b} or @key{SPC} or @kbd{m}. If that line contains text ending |
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507 in a colon, it means Info is trying to read more input for the last |
25839 | 508 command. At such times, commands do not work, because Info tries to |
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509 use them as the input it needs. You must either type your response and |
25839 | 510 finish the command you started, or type @kbd{Control-g} to cancel the |
511 command. When you have done one of those things, the line becomes | |
512 blank again. | |
513 | |
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514 @findex Info-menu |
25839 | 515 The command to go to a subnode via a menu is @kbd{m}. After you type |
516 the @kbd{m}, the line at the bottom of the screen says @samp{Menu item: }. | |
517 You must then type the name of the subtopic you want, and end it with | |
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518 a @key{RET}. In Emacs, @kbd{m} runs the command @code{Info-menu}. |
25839 | 519 |
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520 @cindex abbreviating Info subnodes |
25839 | 521 You can abbreviate the subtopic name. If the abbreviation is not |
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522 unique, the first matching subtopic is chosen. Some menus put |
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523 the shortest possible abbreviation for each subtopic name in capital |
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524 letters, so you can see how much you need to type. It does not |
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525 matter whether you use upper case or lower case when you type the |
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526 subtopic. You should not put any spaces at the end, or inside of the |
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527 item name, except for one space where a space appears in the item in |
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528 the menu. |
25839 | 529 |
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530 @cindex completion of Info node names |
25839 | 531 You can also use the @dfn{completion} feature to help enter the subtopic |
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532 name. If you type the @key{TAB} key after entering part of a name, it will |
25839 | 533 magically fill in more of the name---as much as follows uniquely from |
534 what you have entered. | |
535 | |
536 If you move the cursor to one of the menu subtopic lines, then you do | |
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537 not need to type the argument: you just type a @key{RET}, and it |
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538 stands for the subtopic of the line you are on. |
25839 | 539 |
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540 Here is a menu to give you a chance to practice. This menu gives you |
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541 three ways of going to one place, Help-FOO: |
25839 | 542 |
543 @menu | |
544 * Foo: Help-FOO. A node you can visit for fun. | |
545 * Bar: Help-FOO. Strange! two ways to get to the same place. | |
546 * Help-FOO:: And yet another! | |
547 @end menu | |
548 | |
549 @format | |
550 >> Now type just an @kbd{m} and see what happens: | |
551 @end format | |
552 | |
553 Now you are ``inside'' an @kbd{m} command. Commands cannot be used | |
554 now; the next thing you will type must be the name of a subtopic. | |
555 | |
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556 You can change your mind about doing the @kbd{m} by typing |
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557 @kbd{Control-g}. |
25839 | 558 |
559 @format | |
560 >> Try that now; notice the bottom line clear. | |
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561 @end format |
25839 | 562 |
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563 @format |
25839 | 564 >> Then type another @kbd{m}. |
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565 @end format |
25839 | 566 |
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567 @format |
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568 >> Now type @kbd{BAR}, the item name. Do not type @key{RET} yet. |
25839 | 569 @end format |
570 | |
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571 While you are typing the item name, you can use the @key{DEL} (or |
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572 @key{BACKSPACE}) key to cancel one character at a time if you make a |
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573 mistake. |
25839 | 574 |
575 @format | |
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576 >> Press @key{DEL} to cancel the @samp{R}. You could type another @kbd{R} |
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577 to replace it. But you do not have to, since @samp{BA} is a valid |
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578 abbreviation. |
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579 @end format |
25839 | 580 |
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581 @format |
25839 | 582 >> Now you are ready to go. Type a @key{RET}. |
583 @end format | |
584 | |
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585 After visiting @samp{Help-FOO}, you should return here. |
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586 |
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587 Another way to move to the menu subtopic lines and between them is |
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588 to type @key{TAB}. Each time you type a @key{TAB}, you move to the |
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589 next subtopic line. To move to a previous subtopic line, type |
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590 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}---that is, press and hold the @key{META} key and then |
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591 press @key{TAB}. (On some keyboards, the @key{META} key might be labeled |
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592 @samp{Alt}.) |
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593 |
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594 Once you move cursor to a subtopic line, press @key{RET} to go to |
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595 that subtopic's node. |
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596 |
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597 @cindex mouse support in Info mode |
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598 @kindex Mouse-2 @r{(Info mode)} |
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599 If your terminal supports a mouse, you have yet another way of going |
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600 to a subtopic. Move your mouse pointer to the subtopic line, |
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601 somewhere between the beginning @samp{*} and the colon @samp{:} which |
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602 ends the subtopic's brief name. You will see the subtopic's name |
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603 change its appearance (usually, its background color will change), and |
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604 the shape of the mouse pointer will change if your platform supports |
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605 that. After a while, if you leave the mouse on that spot, a tooltip |
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606 will pop up saying ``Mouse-2: go to that node''. (If the tooltips are |
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607 turned off or unavailable, this message is printed in the @dfn{echo |
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608 area}, the bottom screen line where you typed the menu subtopics in |
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609 response to the prompt.) @kbd{Mouse-2} is the second button of your |
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610 mouse counting from the left---the rightmost button for two-button |
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611 mice, the middle button for 3-button mice. So pressing @kbd{Mouse-2} |
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612 while the mouse pointer is on a menu subtopic goes to that subtopic. |
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613 |
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614 @findex Info-mouse-follow-nearest-node |
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615 More generally, @kbd{Mouse-2} in an Info buffer runs the Emacs |
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616 command @code{Info-mouse-follow-nearest-node}, which finds the nearest |
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617 link to another node and goes there. For example, near a cross |
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618 reference it acts like @kbd{f}, in a menu it acts like @kbd{m}, on the |
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619 node's header line it acts like @kbd{n}, @kbd{p}, or @kbd{u}, etc. At |
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620 end of the node's text @kbd{Mouse-2} moves to the next node, or up if |
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621 there's no next node. |
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622 |
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623 Here is another way to get to Help-FOO, a menu. You can ignore this |
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624 if you want, or else try it by typing @key{TAB} and then @key{RET}, or |
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625 clicking @kbd{Mouse-2} on it (but then please come back to here). |
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626 |
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627 @menu |
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628 * Help-FOO:: |
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629 @end menu |
25839 | 630 |
631 @format | |
632 >> Type @kbd{n} to see more commands. | |
633 @end format | |
634 | |
635 @node Help-FOO, , , Help-M | |
636 @subsection The @kbd{u} command | |
637 | |
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638 Congratulations! This is the node @samp{Help-FOO}. It has an @samp{Up} |
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639 pointer @samp{Help-M}, the node you just came from via the @kbd{m} |
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640 command. This is the usual convention---the nodes you reach from a menu |
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641 have @samp{Up} nodes that lead back to the menu. Menus move Down in the |
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642 tree, and @samp{Up} moves Up. @samp{Previous}, on the other hand, is |
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643 usually used to ``stay on the same level but go backwards''. |
25839 | 644 |
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645 @kindex u @r{(Info mode)} |
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646 @findex Info-up |
25839 | 647 You can go back to the node @samp{Help-M} by typing the command |
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648 @kbd{u} for ``Up'' (the Emacs command run by @kbd{u} is |
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649 @code{Info-up}). That puts you at the @emph{front} of the node---to |
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650 get back to where you were reading you have to type some @key{SPC}s. |
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651 (Some Info readers, such as the one built into Emacs, put you at the |
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652 same place where you were reading in @samp{Help-M}.) |
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653 |
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654 Another way to go Up is to click on the @samp{Up} pointer shown in |
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655 the header line (provided that you have a mouse). |
25839 | 656 |
657 @format | |
658 >> Now type @kbd{u} to move back up to @samp{Help-M}. | |
659 @end format | |
660 | |
661 @node Help-Adv, Help-Q, Help-M, Getting Started | |
662 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
663 @section Some advanced Info commands | |
664 | |
665 The course is almost over, so please stick with it to the end. | |
666 | |
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667 @kindex l @r{(Info mode)} |
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668 @findex Info-last |
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669 @cindex going back in Info mode |
25839 | 670 If you have been moving around to different nodes and wish to |
671 retrace your steps, the @kbd{l} command (@kbd{l} for @dfn{last}) will | |
672 do that, one node-step at a time. As you move from node to node, Info | |
673 records the nodes where you have been in a special history list. The | |
674 @kbd{l} command revisits nodes in the history list; each successive | |
675 @kbd{l} command moves one step back through the history. | |
676 | |
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677 If you have been following directions, ad @kbd{l} command now will get |
25839 | 678 you back to @samp{Help-M}. Another @kbd{l} command would undo the |
679 @kbd{u} and get you back to @samp{Help-FOO}. Another @kbd{l} would undo | |
680 the @kbd{m} and get you back to @samp{Help-M}. | |
681 | |
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682 In Emacs, @kbd{l} runs the command @code{Info-last}. |
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683 |
25839 | 684 @format |
685 >> Try typing three @kbd{l}'s, pausing in between to see what each | |
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686 @kbd{l} does. Then follow directions again and you will end up |
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687 back here. |
25839 | 688 @end format |
689 | |
690 Note the difference between @kbd{l} and @kbd{p}: @kbd{l} moves to | |
691 where @emph{you} last were, whereas @kbd{p} always moves to the node | |
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692 which the header says is the @samp{Previous} node (from this node, the |
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693 @samp{Prev} link leads to @samp{Help-M}). |
25839 | 694 |
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695 @kindex d @r{(Info mode)} |
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696 @findex Info-directory |
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697 @cindex go to Directory node |
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698 The @kbd{d} command (@code{Info-directory} in Emacs) gets you |
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699 instantly to the Directory node. This node, which is the first one |
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700 you saw when you entered Info, has a menu which leads (directly or |
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701 indirectly, through other menus), to all the nodes that exist. The |
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702 Directory node lists all the manuals and other Info documents that |
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703 are, or could be, installed on your system. |
25839 | 704 |
705 @format | |
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706 >> Try doing a @kbd{d}, then do an @kbd{l} to return here (yes, |
25839 | 707 @emph{do} return). |
708 @end format | |
709 | |
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710 @kindex t @r{(Info mode)} |
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711 @findex Info-top-node |
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712 @cindex go to Top node |
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713 The @kbd{t} command moves to the @samp{Top} node of the manual. |
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714 This is useful if you want to browse the manual's main menu, or select |
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715 some specific top-level menu item. The Emacs command run by @kbd{t} |
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716 is @code{Info-top-node}. |
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717 |
25839 | 718 Sometimes, in Info documentation, you will see a cross reference. |
719 Cross references look like this: @xref{Help-Cross, Cross}. That is a | |
720 real, live cross reference which is named @samp{Cross} and points at | |
721 the node named @samp{Help-Cross}. | |
722 | |
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723 @kindex f @r{(Info mode)} |
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724 @findex Info-follow-reference |
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725 @cindex cross references in Info documents |
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726 If you wish to follow a cross reference, you must use the @kbd{f} |
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727 command. The @kbd{f} must be followed by the cross reference name |
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728 (in this case, @samp{Cross}). If the cursor is on or near the cross |
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729 reference, Info suggests the name if the nearest reference in |
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730 parentheses; typing @key{RET} will follow that reference. You can |
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731 also type a different name, if the default is not what you want. |
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732 While you enter the name, you can use the @key{DEL} (or |
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733 @key{BACKSPACE}) key to edit your input. If you change your mind |
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734 about following any reference, you can use @kbd{Control-g} to cancel |
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735 the command. |
25839 | 736 |
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737 Completion is available in the @kbd{f} command; you can complete among |
37362
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738 all the cross reference names in the current node by typing a @key{TAB}. |
25839 | 739 |
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740 @kbd{f} runs @code{Info-follow-reference} in Emacs. |
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741 |
25839 | 742 @format |
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743 >> Type @kbd{f}, followed by @kbd{Cross}, and a @key{RET}. |
25839 | 744 @end format |
745 | |
746 To get a list of all the cross references in the current node, you can | |
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747 type @kbd{?} after an @kbd{f}. The @kbd{f} continues to await a |
25839 | 748 cross reference name even after printing the list, so if you don't |
749 actually want to follow a reference, you should type a @kbd{Control-g} | |
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750 to cancel the @kbd{f}. |
25839 | 751 |
752 @format | |
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753 >> Type @kbd{f?} to get a list of the cross references in this node. Then |
25839 | 754 type a @kbd{Control-g} and see how the @samp{f} gives up. |
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755 @end format |
25839 | 756 |
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757 The @key{TAB} and @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} key, which move between |
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758 subtopics in a menu can move between cross references as well. Once |
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759 the cursor is on a cross reference, you can press @key{RET} to follow |
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760 that reference, just like you do in a menu. |
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761 |
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762 Clicking @kbd{Mouse-2} on or near a cross reference also follows the |
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763 reference. You can see that the cross reference is mouse-sensitive by |
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764 moving the mouse pointer to the reference and watching how the |
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765 underlying text and the mouse pointer change in response. |
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766 |
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767 @format |
25839 | 768 >> Now type @kbd{n} to see the last node of the course. |
769 @end format | |
770 | |
771 @c If a menu appears at the end of this node, remove it. | |
772 @c It is an accident of the menu updating command. | |
773 | |
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774 @node Advanced Info |
25839 | 775 @chapter Info for Experts |
776 | |
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777 This chapter describes various advanced Info commands. (If you are |
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778 using a stand-alone Info reader, there are additional commands |
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779 specific to it, which are documented in several chapters of @ref{Top,, |
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780 GNU Info, info-stnd, GNU Info}.) |
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781 |
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782 This chapter also explains how to write an Info as distinct from a |
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783 Texinfo file. (However, in most cases, writing a Texinfo file is |
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784 better, since you can use it @emph{both} to generate an Info file and |
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785 to make a printed manual. @xref{Top,, Overview of Texinfo, texinfo, |
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786 Texinfo: The GNU Documentation Format}.) |
25839 | 787 |
788 @menu | |
789 * Expert:: Advanced Info commands: g, s, e, and 1 - 5. | |
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790 * Info Search:: How to search Info documents for specific subjects. |
25839 | 791 * Add:: Describes how to add new nodes to the hierarchy. |
792 Also tells what nodes look like. | |
793 * Menus:: How to add to or create menus in Info nodes. | |
794 * Cross-refs:: How to add cross-references to Info nodes. | |
795 * Tags:: How to make tags tables for Info files. | |
796 * Checking:: Checking an Info File | |
797 * Emacs Info Variables:: Variables modifying the behavior of Emacs Info. | |
798 @end menu | |
799 | |
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800 @node Expert, Info Search, , Advanced Info |
25839 | 801 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
802 @section Advanced Info Commands | |
803 | |
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804 Here are some more Info commands that make it easier to move around. |
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805 |
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806 @unnumberedsubsec @kbd{g} goes to a node by name |
25839 | 807 |
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808 @kindex g @r{(Info mode)} |
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809 @findex Info-goto-node |
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810 @cindex go to a node by name |
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811 If you know a node's name, you can go there by typing @kbd{g}, the |
25839 | 812 name, and @key{RET}. Thus, @kbd{gTop@key{RET}} would go to the node |
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813 called @samp{Top} in this file. (This is equivalent to @kbd{t}, see |
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814 @ref{Help-Adv}.) @kbd{gExpert@key{RET}} would come back here. |
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815 @kbd{g} in Emacs runs the command @code{Info-goto-node}. |
25839 | 816 |
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817 Unlike @kbd{m}, @kbd{g} does not allow the use of abbreviations. |
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818 But it does allow completion, so you can type @key{TAB} to complete a |
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819 partial node name. |
25839 | 820 |
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821 @cindex go to another Info file |
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822 To go to a node in another file, you can include the file name in the |
25839 | 823 node name by putting it at the front, in parentheses. Thus, |
824 @kbd{g(dir)Top@key{RET}} would go to the Info Directory node, which is | |
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825 the node @samp{Top} in the Info file @file{dir}. Likewise, |
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826 @kbd{g(emacs)Top@key{RET}} goes to the top node of the Emacs manual. |
25839 | 827 |
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828 The node name @samp{*} specifies the whole file. So you can look at |
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829 all of the current file by typing @kbd{g*@key{RET}} or all of any |
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830 other file with @kbd{g(@var{filename})@key{RET}}. |
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831 |
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832 @unnumberedsubsec @kbd{1} -- @kbd{9} choose a menu subtopic by its number |
25839 | 833 |
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834 @kindex 1 @r{through} 9 @r{(Info mode)} |
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835 @findex Info-nth-menu-item |
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836 @cindex select @var{n}'th menu item |
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837 If you begrudge each character of type-in which your system requires, |
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838 you might like to use the commands @kbd{1}, @kbd{2}, @kbd{3}, @kbd{4}, |
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839 @dots{}, @kbd{9}. They are short for the @kbd{m} command together |
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840 with a name of a menu subtopic. @kbd{1} goes through the first item |
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841 in the current node's menu; @kbd{2} goes through the second item, etc. |
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842 In the stand-alone reader, @kbd{0} goes through the last menu item; |
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843 this is so you need not count how many entries are there. In Emacs, |
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844 the digit keys run the command @code{Info-nth-menu-item}. |
25839 | 845 |
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846 If your display supports multiple fonts, and you are using Emacs' |
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847 Info mode to read Info files, the @samp{*} for the fifth menu item |
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848 stands out, either in color or in some other attribute, such as |
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849 underline, and so is the @samp{*} for the ninth item; this makes it |
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850 easy to see at a glance which number to use for an item. |
25839 | 851 |
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852 Some terminals don't support colors or underlining. If you need to |
25839 | 853 actually count items, it is better to use @kbd{m} instead, and specify |
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854 the name, or use @key{TAB} to quickly move between menu items. |
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855 |
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856 @unnumberedsubsec @kbd{e} makes Info document editable |
25839 | 857 |
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858 @kindex e @r{(Info mode)} |
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859 @findex Info-edit |
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860 @cindex edit Info document |
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861 The Info command @kbd{e} changes from Info mode to an ordinary |
25839 | 862 Emacs editing mode, so that you can edit the text of the current node. |
863 Type @kbd{C-c C-c} to switch back to Info. The @kbd{e} command is allowed | |
864 only if the variable @code{Info-enable-edit} is non-@code{nil}. | |
865 | |
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866 The @kbd{e} command only works in Emacs, where it runs the command |
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867 @code{Info-edit}. The stand-alone Info reader doesn't allow you to |
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868 edit the Info file, so typing @kbd{e} there goes to the end of the |
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869 current node. |
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870 |
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871 @node Info Search, Add, Expert, Advanced Info |
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872 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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873 @section How to search Info documents for specific subjects |
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874 |
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875 @cindex searching Info documents |
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876 @cindex Info document as a reference |
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877 The commands which move between and inside nodes allow you to read |
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878 the entire manual or its large portions. But what if you need to find |
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879 some information in the manual as fast as you can, and you don't know |
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880 or don't remember in what node to look for it? This need arises when |
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881 you use a manual as a @dfn{reference}, or when it is impractical to |
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882 read the entire manual before you start using the programs it |
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883 describes. |
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|
884 |
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885 Info has powerful searching facilities that let you find things |
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886 quickly. You can search either the manual indices or its text. |
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887 |
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888 @kindex i @r{(Info mode)} |
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889 @findex Info-index |
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890 Since most subjects related to what the manual describes should be |
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891 indexed, you should try the index search first. The @kbd{i} command |
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892 prompts you for a subject and then looks up that subject in the |
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Update for Emacs 21. Add index entries.
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893 indices. If it finds an index entry with the subject you typed, it |
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Update for Emacs 21. Add index entries.
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894 goes to the node to which that index entry points. You should browse |
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Update for Emacs 21. Add index entries.
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895 through that node to see whether the issue you are looking for is |
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896 described there. If it isn't, type @kbd{,} one or more times to go |
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897 through additional index entries which match your subject. |
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898 |
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899 The @kbd{i} command finds all index entries which include the string |
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900 you typed @emph{as a substring}. For each match, Info shows in the |
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901 echo area the full index entry it found. Often, the text of the full |
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902 index entry already gives you enough information to decide whether it |
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903 is relevant to what you are looking for, so we recommend that you read |
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904 what Emacs shows in the echo are before looking at the node it |
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905 displays. |
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|
906 |
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907 Since @kbd{i} looks for a substring, you can search for subjects even |
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908 if you are not sure how they are spelled in the index. For example, |
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909 suppose you want to find something that is pertinent to commands which |
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910 complete partial input (e.g., when you type @key{TAB}). If you want |
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911 to catch index entries that refer to ``complete'', ``completion'', and |
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912 ``completing'', you could type @kbd{icomplet@key{RET}}. |
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|
913 |
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914 Info documents which describe programs should index the commands, |
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915 options, and key sequences that the program provides. If you are |
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Update for Emacs 21. Add index entries.
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|
916 looking for a description of a command, an option, or a key, just type |
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917 their names when @kbd{i} prompts you for a topic. For example, if you |
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Update for Emacs 21. Add index entries.
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918 want to read the description of what the @kbd{C-f} key does, type |
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919 @kbd{iC-f@key{RET}}. Here @kbd{C-f} are 3 literal characters |
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920 @samp{C}, @samp{-}, and @samp{f}, not the ``Control-f'' command key |
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921 you type inside Emacs to run the command bound to @kbd{C-f}. |
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922 |
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923 In Emacs, @kbd{i} runs the command @code{Info-index}. |
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|
924 |
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925 @kindex s @r{(Info mode)} |
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926 @findex Info-search |
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927 The @kbd{s} command allows you to search a whole file for a string. |
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928 It switches to the next node if and when that is necessary. You |
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Update for Emacs 21. Add index entries.
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929 type @kbd{s} followed by the string to search for, terminated by |
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930 @key{RET}. To search for the same string again, just @kbd{s} followed |
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931 by @key{RET} will do. The file's nodes are scanned in the order |
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932 they are in in the file, which has no necessary relationship to the |
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Update for Emacs 21. Add index entries.
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933 order that they may be in the tree structure of menus and @samp{next} |
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934 pointers. But normally the two orders are not very different. In any |
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Update for Emacs 21. Add index entries.
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935 case, you can always do a @kbd{b} to find out what node you have |
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936 reached, if the header is not visible (this can happen, because @kbd{s} |
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Update for Emacs 21. Add index entries.
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937 puts your cursor at the occurrence of the string, not at the beginning |
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938 of the node). |
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|
939 |
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940 @kindex M-s @r{(Info mode)} |
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941 In Emacs, @kbd{Meta-s} is equivalent to @kbd{s}. That is for |
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942 compatibility with other GNU packages that use @kbd{M-s} for a similar |
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943 kind of search command. Both @kbd{s} and @kbd{M-s} run in Emacs the |
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944 command @code{Info-search}. |
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945 |
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946 |
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947 @node Add, Menus, Info Search, Advanced Info |
25839 | 948 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
949 @section Adding a new node to Info | |
950 | |
951 To add a new topic to the list in the Info directory, you must: | |
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952 |
25839 | 953 @enumerate |
954 @item | |
955 Create some nodes, in some file, to document that topic. | |
956 @item | |
957 Put that topic in the menu in the directory. @xref{Menus, Menu}. | |
958 @end enumerate | |
959 | |
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960 Usually, the way to create the nodes is with Texinfo (@pxref{Top,, |
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961 Overview of Texinfo, texinfo, Texinfo: The GNU Documentation Format}); |
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962 this has the advantage that you can also make a printed manual from |
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963 them. However, if you want to edit an Info file, here is how. |
25839 | 964 |
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965 @cindex node delimiters |
25839 | 966 The new node can live in an existing documentation file, or in a new |
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967 one. It must have a @samp{^_} character before it (invisible to the |
25839 | 968 user; this node has one but you cannot see it), and it ends with either |
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969 a @samp{^_}, a @samp{^L} (``formfeed''), or the end of file.@footnote{If |
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970 you put in a @samp{^L} to end a new node, be sure that there is a |
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971 @samp{^_} after it to start the next one, since @samp{^L} cannot |
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972 @emph{start} a node. Also, a nicer way to make a node boundary be a |
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973 page boundary as well is to put a @samp{^L} @emph{right after} the |
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974 @samp{^_}.} |
25839 | 975 |
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976 The @samp{^_} starting a node must be followed by a newline or a |
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977 @samp{^L} newline, after which comes the node's header line. The header |
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978 line must give the node's name (by which Info finds it), and state the |
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979 names of the @samp{Next}, @samp{Previous}, and @samp{Up} nodes (if there |
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980 are any). As you can see, this node's @samp{Up} node is the node |
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981 @samp{Top}, which points at all the documentation for Info. The |
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982 @samp{Next} node is @samp{Menus}. |
25839 | 983 |
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984 @cindex node header line format |
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985 @cindex format of node headers |
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986 The keywords @dfn{Node}, @dfn{Next}, @dfn{Previous}, and @dfn{Up} |
25839 | 987 may appear in any order, anywhere in the header line, but the |
988 recommended order is the one in this sentence. Each keyword must be | |
989 followed by a colon, spaces and tabs, and then the appropriate name. | |
990 The name may be terminated with a tab, a comma, or a newline. A space | |
991 does not end it; node names may contain spaces. The case of letters | |
992 in the names is insignificant. | |
993 | |
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994 @cindex node name format |
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995 @cindex Directory node |
25839 | 996 A node name has two forms. A node in the current file is named by |
997 what appears after the @samp{Node: } in that node's first line. For | |
998 example, this node's name is @samp{Add}. A node in another file is | |
999 named by @samp{(@var{filename})@var{node-within-file}}, as in | |
1000 @samp{(info)Add} for this node. If the file name starts with ``./'', | |
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1001 then it is relative to the current directory; otherwise, it is |
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1002 relative starting from the standard directory for Info files of your |
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1003 site. The name @samp{(@var{filename})Top} can be abbreviated to just |
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1004 @samp{(@var{filename})}. By convention, the name @samp{Top} is used |
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1005 for the ``highest'' node in any single file---the node whose @samp{Up} |
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1006 points out of the file. The @samp{Directory} node is @file{(dir)}, it |
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1007 points to a file @file{dir} which holds a large menu listing all the |
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1008 Info documents installed on your site. The @samp{Top} node of a |
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1009 document file listed in the @samp{Directory} should have an @samp{Up: |
25839 | 1010 (dir)} in it. |
1011 | |
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1012 @cindex unstructured documents |
25839 | 1013 The node name @kbd{*} is special: it refers to the entire file. |
1014 Thus, @kbd{g*} shows you the whole current file. The use of the | |
1015 node @kbd{*} is to make it possible to make old-fashioned, | |
1016 unstructured files into nodes of the tree. | |
1017 | |
1018 The @samp{Node:} name, in which a node states its own name, must not | |
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1019 contain a file name, since when Info searches for a node, it does not |
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1020 expect a file name to be there. The @samp{Next}, @samp{Previous} and |
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1021 @samp{Up} names may contain them. In this node, since the @samp{Up} |
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1022 node is in the same file, it was not necessary to use one. |
25839 | 1023 |
1024 Note that the nodes in this file have a file name in the header | |
1025 line. The file names are ignored by Info, but they serve as comments | |
1026 to help identify the node for the user. | |
1027 | |
1028 @node Menus, Cross-refs, Add, Advanced Info | |
1029 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
1030 @section How to Create Menus | |
1031 | |
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1032 Any node in the Info hierarchy may have a @dfn{menu}---a list of subnodes. |
25839 | 1033 The @kbd{m} command searches the current node's menu for the topic which it |
1034 reads from the terminal. | |
1035 | |
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1036 @cindex menu and menu entry format |
25839 | 1037 A menu begins with a line starting with @samp{* Menu:}. The rest of the |
1038 line is a comment. After the starting line, every line that begins | |
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1039 with a @samp{* } lists a single topic. The name of the topic--what |
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1040 the user must type at the @kbd{m}'s command prompt to select this |
25839 | 1041 topic---comes right after the star and space, and is followed by a |
1042 colon, spaces and tabs, and the name of the node which discusses that | |
1043 topic. The node name, like node names following @samp{Next}, @samp{Previous} | |
1044 and @samp{Up}, may be terminated with a tab, comma, or newline; it may also | |
1045 be terminated with a period. | |
1046 | |
1047 If the node name and topic name are the same, then rather than | |
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1048 giving the name twice, the abbreviation @samp{* @var{name}::} may be |
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1049 used (and should be used, whenever possible, as it reduces the visual |
25839 | 1050 clutter in the menu). |
1051 | |
1052 It is considerate to choose the topic names so that they differ | |
1053 from each other very near the beginning---this allows the user to type | |
1054 short abbreviations. In a long menu, it is a good idea to capitalize | |
1055 the beginning of each item name which is the minimum acceptable | |
1056 abbreviation for it (a long menu is more than 5 or so entries). | |
1057 | |
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1058 The nodes listed in a node's menu are called its ``subnodes'', and it |
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1059 is their ``superior''. They should each have an @samp{Up:} pointing at |
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1060 the superior. It is often useful to arrange all or most of the subnodes |
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1061 in a sequence of @samp{Next} and @samp{Previous} pointers so that |
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1062 someone who wants to see them all need not keep revisiting the Menu. |
25839 | 1063 |
1064 The Info Directory is simply the menu of the node @samp{(dir)Top}---that | |
1065 is, node @samp{Top} in file @file{.../info/dir}. You can put new entries | |
1066 in that menu just like any other menu. The Info Directory is @emph{not} the | |
1067 same as the file directory called @file{info}. It happens that many of | |
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1068 Info's files live in that file directory, but they do not have to; and |
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1069 files in that directory are not automatically listed in the Info |
25839 | 1070 Directory node. |
1071 | |
1072 Also, although the Info node graph is claimed to be a ``hierarchy'', | |
1073 in fact it can be @emph{any} directed graph. Shared structures and | |
1074 pointer cycles are perfectly possible, and can be used if they are | |
1075 appropriate to the meaning to be expressed. There is no need for all | |
1076 the nodes in a file to form a connected structure. In fact, this file | |
1077 has two connected components. You are in one of them, which is under | |
1078 the node @samp{Top}; the other contains the node @samp{Help} which the | |
1079 @kbd{h} command goes to. In fact, since there is no garbage | |
1080 collector, nothing terrible happens if a substructure is not pointed | |
1081 to, but such a substructure is rather useless since nobody can | |
1082 ever find out that it exists. | |
1083 | |
1084 @node Cross-refs, Tags, Menus, Advanced Info | |
1085 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
1086 @section Creating Cross References | |
1087 | |
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1088 @cindex cross reference format |
25839 | 1089 A cross reference can be placed anywhere in the text, unlike a menu |
1090 item which must go at the front of a line. A cross reference looks | |
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1091 like a menu item except that it has @samp{*note} instead of @samp{*}. |
25839 | 1092 It @emph{cannot} be terminated by a @samp{)}, because @samp{)}'s are |
1093 so often part of node names. If you wish to enclose a cross reference | |
1094 in parentheses, terminate it with a period first. Here are two | |
1095 examples of cross references pointers: | |
1096 | |
1097 @example | |
1098 *Note details: commands. (See *note 3: Full Proof.) | |
1099 @end example | |
1100 | |
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1101 @noindent |
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1102 @emph{These are just examples.} The places they ``lead to'' do not |
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1103 really exist! |
25839 | 1104 |
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1105 @menu |
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1106 * Help-Cross:: Target of a cross-reference. |
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1107 @end menu |
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1108 |
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1109 |
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1110 @node Help-Cross, , , Cross-refs |
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1111 @subsection The node reached by the cross reference in Info |
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1112 |
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1113 This is the node reached by the cross reference named @samp{Cross}. |
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1114 |
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1115 While this node is specifically intended to be reached by a cross |
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1116 reference, most cross references lead to nodes that ``belong'' |
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1117 someplace else far away in the structure of an Info document. So you |
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1118 cannot expect this node to have a @samp{Next}, @samp{Previous} or |
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1119 @samp{Up} links pointing back to where you came from. In general, the |
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1120 @kbd{l} (el) command is the only way to get back there. |
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1121 |
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1122 @format |
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1123 >> Type @kbd{l} to return to the node where the cross reference was. |
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1124 @end format |
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1125 |
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1126 @node Help-Q, , Help-Adv, Getting Started |
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1127 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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1128 @section Quitting Info |
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1129 |
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1130 @kindex q @r{(Info mode)} |
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1131 @findex Info-exit |
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1132 @cindex quitting Info mode |
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1133 To get out of Info, back to what you were doing before, type @kbd{q} |
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1134 for @dfn{Quit}. This runs @code{Info-exit} in Emacs. |
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1135 |
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1136 This is the end of the basic course on using Info. You have learned |
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1137 how to move in an Info document, and how to follow menus and cross |
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1138 references. This makes you ready for reading manuals top to bottom, |
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1139 as new users should do when they learn a new package. |
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1140 |
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1141 Another set of Info commands is useful when you need to find |
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1142 something quickly in a manual---that is, when you need to use a manual |
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1143 as a reference rather than as a tutorial. We urge you to make learn |
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1144 these search commands as well. If you want to do that now, follow this |
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1145 cross reference to @ref{Info Search}. |
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1146 |
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1147 Yet another set of commands are meant for experienced users; you can |
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1148 find them by looking in the Directory node for documentation on Info. |
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1149 Finding them will be a good exercise in using Info in the usual |
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1150 manner. |
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1151 |
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1152 @format |
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1153 >> Type @kbd{d} to go to the Info directory node; then type |
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1154 @kbd{mInfo} and Return, to get to the node about Info and |
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1155 see what other help is available. |
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1156 @end format |
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1157 |
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1158 |
25839 | 1159 @node Tags, Checking, Cross-refs, Advanced Info |
1160 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
1161 @section Tags Tables for Info Files | |
1162 | |
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1163 @cindex tags tables in info files |
25839 | 1164 You can speed up the access to nodes of a large Info file by giving |
1165 it a tags table. Unlike the tags table for a program, the tags table for | |
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1166 an Info file lives inside the file itself and is used |
25839 | 1167 automatically whenever Info reads in the file. |
1168 | |
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1169 @findex Info-tagify |
25839 | 1170 To make a tags table, go to a node in the file using Emacs Info mode and type |
1171 @kbd{M-x Info-tagify}. Then you must use @kbd{C-x C-s} to save the | |
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1172 file. Info files produced by the @code{makeinfo} command that is part |
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1173 of the Texinfo package always have tags tables to begin with. |
25839 | 1174 |
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1175 @cindex stale tags tables |
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1176 @cindex update Info tags table |
25839 | 1177 Once the Info file has a tags table, you must make certain it is up |
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1178 to date. If you edit an Info file directly (as opposed to editing its |
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1179 Texinfo source), and, as a result of deletion of text, any node moves back |
25839 | 1180 more than a thousand characters in the file from the position |
1181 recorded in the tags table, Info will no longer be able to find that | |
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1182 node. To update the tags table, use the @code{Info-tagify} command |
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1183 again. |
25839 | 1184 |
1185 An Info file tags table appears at the end of the file and looks like | |
1186 this: | |
1187 | |
1188 @example | |
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1189 ^_^L |
25839 | 1190 Tag Table: |
1191 File: info, Node: Cross-refs^?21419 | |
1192 File: info, Node: Tags^?22145 | |
1193 ^_ | |
1194 End Tag Table | |
1195 @end example | |
1196 | |
1197 @noindent | |
1198 Note that it contains one line per node, and this line contains | |
1199 the beginning of the node's header (ending just after the node name), | |
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1200 a @samp{DEL} character, and the character position in the file of the |
25839 | 1201 beginning of the node. |
1202 | |
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1203 |
25839 | 1204 @node Checking, Emacs Info Variables, Tags, Advanced Info |
1205 @section Checking an Info File | |
1206 | |
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1207 When creating an Info file, it is easy to forget the name of a node when |
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1208 you are making a pointer to it from another node. If you put in the |
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1209 wrong name for a node, this is not detected until someone tries to go |
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1210 through the pointer using Info. Verification of the Info file is an |
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1211 automatic process which checks all pointers to nodes and reports any |
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1212 pointers which are invalid. Every @samp{Next}, @samp{Previous}, and |
25839 | 1213 @samp{Up} is checked, as is every menu item and every cross reference. In |
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1214 addition, any @samp{Next} which does not have a @samp{Previous} pointing |
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1215 back is reported. Only pointers within the file are checked, because |
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1216 checking pointers to other files would be terribly slow. But those are |
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1217 usually few. |
25839 | 1218 |
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1219 @findex Info-validate |
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1220 To check an Info file, do @kbd{M-x Info-validate} while looking at any |
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1221 node of the file with Emacs Info mode. |
25839 | 1222 |
1223 @node Emacs Info Variables, , Checking, Advanced Info | |
1224 @section Emacs Info-mode Variables | |
1225 | |
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1226 The following variables may modify the behavior of Info-mode in Emacs; |
25839 | 1227 you may wish to set one or several of these variables interactively, or |
1228 in your @file{~/.emacs} init file. @xref{Examining, Examining and Setting | |
1229 Variables, Examining and Setting Variables, emacs, The GNU Emacs | |
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1230 Manual}. The stand-alone Info reader program has its own set of |
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1231 variables, described in @ref{Variables,, Manipulating Variables, |
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1232 info-stnd, GNU Info}. |
25839 | 1233 |
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1234 @vtable @code |
25839 | 1235 @item Info-directory-list |
1236 The list of directories to search for Info files. Each element is a | |
29307 | 1237 string (directory name) or @code{nil} (try default directory). If not |
1238 initialized Info uses the environment variable @env{INFOPATH} to | |
1239 initialize it, or @code{Info-default-directory-list} if there is no | |
1240 @env{INFOPATH} variable in the environment. | |
1241 | |
1242 @item Info-additional-directory-list | |
1243 A list of additional directories to search for Info documentation files. | |
1244 These directories are not searched for merging the @file{dir} file. | |
25839 | 1245 |
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1246 @item Info-fontify |
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1247 When set to a non-@code{nil} value, enables highlighting of Info |
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1248 files. The default is @code{t}. You can change how the highlighting |
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1249 looks by customizing the faces @code{info-node}, @code{info-menu-5}, |
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1250 @code{info-xref}, @code{info-header-xref}, @code{info-header-node}, |
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1251 @code{info-title-@var{n}-face} (where @var{n} is the level of the |
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1252 section, a number between 1 and 4), and @code{info-menu-header}. To |
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1253 customize a face, type @kbd{M-x customize-face @key{RET} @var{face} |
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1254 @key{RET}}, where @var{face} is one of the face names listed here. |
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1255 |
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1256 @item Info-use-header-line |
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1257 If non-@code{nil}, Emacs puts in the Info buffer a header line showing |
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1258 the @samp{Next}, @samp{Prev}, and @samp{Up} links. A header line does |
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1259 not scroll with the rest of the buffer, making these links always |
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1260 visible. |
29307 | 1261 |
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1262 @item Info-scroll-prefer-subnodes |
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1263 If set to a non-@code{nil} value, @key{SPC} and @key{BACKSPACE} (or |
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1264 @key{DEL}) keys in a menu visit subnodes of the current node before |
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1265 scrolling to its end or beginning, respectively. For example, if the |
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1266 node's menu appears on the screen, the next @key{SPC} moves to a |
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1267 subnode indicated by the following menu item. Setting this option to |
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1268 @code{nil} results in behavior similar to the stand-alone Info reader |
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1269 program, which visits the first subnode from the menu only when you |
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1270 hit the end of the current node. The default is @code{t}. |
25839 | 1271 |
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1272 @item Info-enable-active-nodes |
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1273 When set to a non-@code{nil} value, allows Info to execute Lisp code |
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1274 associated with nodes. The Lisp code is executed when the node is |
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1275 selected. The Lisp code to be executed should follow the node |
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1276 delimiter (the @samp{DEL} character) and an @samp{execute: } tag, like |
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1277 this: |
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1278 |
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1279 @example |
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1280 ^_execute: (message "This is an active node!") |
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1281 @end example |
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1282 |
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1283 @item Info-enable-edit |
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1284 Set to @code{nil}, disables the @samp{e} (@code{Info-edit}) command. A |
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1285 non-@code{nil} value enables it. @xref{Add, Edit}. |
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1286 @end vtable |
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1287 |
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1288 |
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1289 @node Creating an Info File |
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1290 @chapter Creating an Info File from a Texinfo File |
25839 | 1291 |
1292 @code{makeinfo} is a utility that converts a Texinfo file into an Info | |
1293 file; @code{texinfo-format-region} and @code{texinfo-format-buffer} are | |
1294 GNU Emacs functions that do the same. | |
1295 | |
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1296 @xref{Top,, Overview of Texinfo, texinfo, Texinfo: The GNU |
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1297 Documentation Format}, to learn how to write a Texinfo file. |
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1298 |
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1299 @xref{Creating an Info File,,, texinfo, Texinfo: The GNU Documentation |
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1300 Format}, to learn how to create an Info file from a Texinfo file. |
25839 | 1301 |
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1302 @xref{Installing an Info File,,, texinfo, Texinfo: The GNU |
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1303 Documentation Format}, to learn how to install an Info file after you |
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1304 have created one. |
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1305 |
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1306 @node Index |
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1307 @unnumbered Index |
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1308 |
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1309 This is an alphabetical listing of all the commands, variables, and |
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1310 topics discussed in this document. |
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1311 |
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1312 @printindex cp |
25839 | 1313 |
1314 @bye |