Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/misc.texi @ 37853:93e5959b8a0e
Use SYMBOL_VALUE/SET_SYMBOL_VALUE.
(Qcyclic_variable_indirection): New variable.
(Fkeywordp): Check for internedness differently.
(Fmakunbound): Simplify the test if symbol is a constant.
(indirect_variable, Findirect_variable): New functions.
(swap_in_symval_forwarding): If SYMBOL is an alias, use the
aliased symbol.
(let_shadows_buffer_binding_p): Check for variable aliases.
(set_internal): Simplify the test if SYMBOL is a constant. If
SYMBOL has a buffer-local value and is an alias, use the aliased
symbol instead.
(syms_of_data): Initialze Qcyclic_variable_indirection and defsubr
Sindirect_variable.
author | Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org> |
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date | Mon, 21 May 2001 12:23:19 +0000 |
parents | d8b197c6f26d |
children | 32f10000ac35 |
rev | line source |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
28125 | 2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 97, 2000 |
3 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @iftex | |
6 @chapter Miscellaneous Commands | |
7 | |
8 This chapter contains several brief topics that do not fit anywhere | |
9 else: reading netnews, running shell commands and shell subprocesses, | |
10 using a single shared Emacs for utilities that expect to run an editor | |
11 as a subprocess, printing hardcopy, sorting text, narrowing display to | |
12 part of the buffer, editing double-column files and binary files, saving | |
13 an Emacs session for later resumption, emulating other editors, and | |
14 various diversions and amusements. | |
15 | |
16 @end iftex | |
17 @node Gnus, Shell, Calendar/Diary, Top | |
18 @section Gnus | |
19 @cindex Gnus | |
20 @cindex reading netnews | |
21 | |
22 Gnus is an Emacs package primarily designed for reading and posting | |
23 Usenet news. It can also be used to read and respond to messages from a | |
24 number of other sources---mail, remote directories, digests, and so on. | |
25 | |
26 Here we introduce Gnus and describe several basic features. | |
27 @ifinfo | |
28 For full details, see @ref{Top, Gnus,, gnus, The Gnus Manual}. | |
29 @end ifinfo | |
30 @iftex | |
31 For full details on Gnus, type @kbd{M-x info} and then select the Gnus | |
32 manual. | |
33 @end iftex | |
34 | |
35 @findex gnus | |
36 To start Gnus, type @kbd{M-x gnus @key{RET}}. | |
37 | |
38 @menu | |
39 * Buffers of Gnus:: The group, summary, and article buffers. | |
40 * Gnus Startup:: What you should know about starting Gnus. | |
41 * Summary of Gnus:: A short description of the basic Gnus commands. | |
42 @end menu | |
43 | |
44 @node Buffers of Gnus | |
45 @subsection Gnus Buffers | |
46 | |
47 As opposed to most normal Emacs packages, Gnus uses a number of | |
48 different buffers to display information and to receive commands. The | |
49 three buffers users spend most of their time in are the @dfn{group | |
50 buffer}, the @dfn{summary buffer} and the @dfn{article buffer}. | |
51 | |
52 The @dfn{group buffer} contains a list of groups. This is the first | |
53 buffer Gnus displays when it starts up. It normally displays only the | |
54 groups to which you subscribe and that contain unread articles. Use | |
55 this buffer to select a specific group. | |
56 | |
57 The @dfn{summary buffer} lists one line for each article in a single | |
58 group. By default, the author, the subject and the line number are | |
59 displayed for each article, but this is customizable, like most aspects | |
60 of Gnus display. The summary buffer is created when you select a group | |
61 in the group buffer, and is killed when you exit the group. Use this | |
62 buffer to select an article. | |
63 | |
64 The @dfn{article buffer} displays the article. In normal Gnus usage, | |
65 you don't select this buffer---all useful article-oriented commands work | |
66 in the summary buffer. But you can select the article buffer, and | |
67 execute all Gnus commands from that buffer, if you want to. | |
68 | |
69 @node Gnus Startup | |
70 @subsection When Gnus Starts Up | |
71 | |
72 At startup, Gnus reads your @file{.newsrc} news initialization file | |
73 and attempts to communicate with the local news server, which is a | |
74 repository of news articles. The news server need not be the same | |
75 computer you are logged in on. | |
76 | |
77 If you start Gnus and connect to the server, but do not see any | |
78 newsgroups listed in the group buffer, type @kbd{L} or @kbd{A k} to get | |
79 a listing of all the groups. Then type @kbd{u} to toggle | |
80 subscription to groups. | |
81 | |
82 The first time you start Gnus, Gnus subscribes you to a few selected | |
83 groups. All other groups start out as @dfn{killed groups} for you; you | |
84 can list them with @kbd{A k}. All new groups that subsequently come to | |
85 exist at the news server become @dfn{zombie groups} for you; type @kbd{A | |
86 z} to list them. You can subscribe to a group shown in these lists | |
87 using the @kbd{u} command. | |
88 | |
89 When you quit Gnus with @kbd{q}, it automatically records in your | |
90 @file{.newsrc} and @file{.newsrc.eld} initialization files the | |
91 subscribed or unsubscribed status of all groups. You should normally | |
92 not edit these files manually, but you may if you know how. | |
93 | |
94 @node Summary of Gnus | |
95 @subsection Summary of Gnus Commands | |
96 | |
97 Reading news is a two step process: | |
98 | |
99 @enumerate | |
100 @item | |
101 Choose a group in the group buffer. | |
102 | |
103 @item | |
104 Select articles from the summary buffer. Each article selected is | |
105 displayed in the article buffer in a large window, below the summary | |
106 buffer in its small window. | |
107 @end enumerate | |
108 | |
109 Each Gnus buffer has its own special commands; however, the meanings | |
110 of any given key in the various Gnus buffers are usually analogous, even | |
111 if not identical. Here are commands for the group and summary buffers: | |
112 | |
113 @table @kbd | |
114 @kindex q @r{(Gnus Group mode)} | |
115 @findex gnus-group-exit | |
116 @item q | |
117 In the group buffer, update your @file{.newsrc} initialization file | |
118 and quit Gnus. | |
119 | |
120 In the summary buffer, exit the current group and return to the | |
121 group buffer. Thus, typing @kbd{q} twice quits Gnus. | |
122 | |
123 @kindex L @r{(Gnus Group mode)} | |
124 @findex gnus-group-list-all-groups | |
125 @item L | |
126 In the group buffer, list all the groups available on your news | |
127 server (except those you have killed). This may be a long list! | |
128 | |
129 @kindex l @r{(Gnus Group mode)} | |
130 @findex gnus-group-list-groups | |
131 @item l | |
132 In the group buffer, list only the groups to which you subscribe and | |
133 which contain unread articles. | |
134 | |
135 @kindex u @r{(Gnus Group mode)} | |
136 @findex gnus-group-unsubscribe-current-group | |
137 @cindex subscribe groups | |
138 @cindex unsubscribe groups | |
139 @item u | |
140 In the group buffer, unsubscribe from (or subscribe to) the group listed | |
141 in the line that point is on. When you quit Gnus by typing @kbd{q}, | |
142 Gnus lists in your @file{.newsrc} file which groups you have subscribed | |
143 to. The next time you start Gnus, you won't see this group, | |
144 because Gnus normally displays only subscribed-to groups. | |
145 | |
146 @kindex C-k @r{(Gnus)} | |
147 @findex gnus-group-kill-group | |
148 @item C-k | |
149 In the group buffer, ``kill'' the current line's group---don't | |
150 even list it in @file{.newsrc} from now on. This affects future | |
151 Gnus sessions as well as the present session. | |
152 | |
153 When you quit Gnus by typing @kbd{q}, Gnus writes information | |
154 in the file @file{.newsrc} describing all newsgroups except those you | |
155 have ``killed.'' | |
156 | |
157 @kindex SPC @r{(Gnus)} | |
158 @findex gnus-group-read-group | |
159 @item @key{SPC} | |
160 In the group buffer, select the group on the line under the cursor | |
161 and display the first unread article in that group. | |
162 | |
163 @need 1000 | |
164 In the summary buffer, | |
165 | |
166 @itemize @bullet | |
167 @item | |
168 Select the article on the line under the cursor if none is selected. | |
169 | |
170 @item | |
171 Scroll the text of the selected article (if there is one). | |
172 | |
173 @item | |
174 Select the next unread article if at the end of the current article. | |
175 @end itemize | |
176 | |
177 Thus, you can move through all the articles by repeatedly typing @key{SPC}. | |
178 | |
179 @kindex DEL @r{(Gnus)} | |
180 @item @key{DEL} | |
181 In the group buffer, move point to the previous group containing | |
182 unread articles. | |
183 | |
184 @findex gnus-summary-prev-page | |
185 In the summary buffer, scroll the text of the article backwards. | |
186 | |
187 @kindex n @r{(Gnus)} | |
188 @findex gnus-group-next-unread-group | |
189 @findex gnus-summary-next-unread-article | |
190 @item n | |
191 Move point to the next unread group, or select the next unread article. | |
192 | |
193 @kindex p @r{(Gnus)} | |
194 @findex gnus-group-prev-unread-group | |
195 @findex gnus-summary-prev-unread-article | |
196 @item p | |
197 Move point to the previous unread group, or select the previous | |
198 unread article. | |
199 | |
200 @kindex C-n @r{(Gnus Group mode)} | |
201 @findex gnus-group-next-group | |
202 @kindex C-p @r{(Gnus Group mode)} | |
203 @findex gnus-group-prev-group | |
204 @kindex C-n @r{(Gnus Summary mode)} | |
205 @findex gnus-summary-next-subject | |
206 @kindex C-p @r{(Gnus Summary mode)} | |
207 @findex gnus-summary-prev-subject | |
208 @item C-n | |
209 @itemx C-p | |
210 Move point to the next or previous item, even if it is marked as read. | |
211 This does not select the article or group on that line. | |
212 | |
213 @kindex s @r{(Gnus Summary mode)} | |
214 @findex gnus-summary-isearch-article | |
215 @item s | |
216 In the summary buffer, do an incremental search of the current text in | |
217 the article buffer, just as if you switched to the article buffer and | |
218 typed @kbd{C-s}. | |
219 | |
220 @kindex M-s @r{(Gnus Summary mode)} | |
221 @findex gnus-summary-search-article-forward | |
222 @item M-s @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
223 In the summary buffer, search forward for articles containing a match | |
224 for @var{regexp}. | |
225 | |
226 @end table | |
227 | |
228 @ignore | |
229 @node Where to Look | |
230 @subsection Where to Look Further | |
231 | |
232 @c Too many references to the name of the manual if done with xref in TeX! | |
233 Gnus is powerful and customizable. Here are references to a few | |
234 @ifinfo | |
235 additional topics: | |
236 | |
237 @end ifinfo | |
238 @iftex | |
239 additional topics in @cite{The Gnus Manual}: | |
240 | |
241 @itemize @bullet | |
242 @item | |
243 Follow discussions on specific topics.@* | |
244 See section ``Threading.'' | |
245 | |
246 @item | |
247 Read digests. See section ``Document Groups.'' | |
248 | |
249 @item | |
250 Refer to and jump to the parent of the current article.@* | |
251 See section ``Finding the Parent.'' | |
252 | |
253 @item | |
254 Refer to articles by using Message-IDs included in the messages.@* | |
255 See section ``Article Keymap.'' | |
256 | |
257 @item | |
258 Save articles. See section ``Saving Articles.'' | |
259 | |
260 @item | |
261 Have Gnus score articles according to various criteria, like author | |
262 name, subject, or string in the body of the articles.@* | |
263 See section ``Scoring.'' | |
264 | |
265 @item | |
266 Send an article to a newsgroup.@* | |
267 See section ``Composing Messages.'' | |
268 @end itemize | |
269 @end iftex | |
270 @ifinfo | |
271 @itemize @bullet | |
272 @item | |
273 Follow discussions on specific topics.@* | |
274 @xref{Threading, , Reading Based on Conversation Threads, | |
275 gnus, The Gnus Manual}. | |
276 | |
277 @item | |
278 Read digests. @xref{Document Groups, , , gnus, The Gnus Manual}. | |
279 | |
280 @item | |
281 Refer to and jump to the parent of the current article.@* | |
282 @xref{Finding the Parent, , , gnus, The Gnus Manual}. | |
283 | |
284 @item | |
285 Refer to articles by using Message-IDs included in the messages.@* | |
286 @xref{Article Keymap, , , gnus, The Gnus Manual}. | |
287 | |
288 @item | |
289 Save articles. @xref{Saving Articles, , , gnus, The Gnus Manual}. | |
290 | |
291 @item | |
292 Have Gnus score articles according to various criteria, like author | |
293 name, subject, or string in the body of the articles.@* | |
294 @xref{Scoring, , , gnus, The Gnus Manual}. | |
295 | |
296 @item | |
297 Send an article to a newsgroup.@* | |
298 @xref{Composing Messages, , , gnus, The Gnus Manual}. | |
299 @end itemize | |
300 @end ifinfo | |
301 @end ignore | |
302 | |
303 @node Shell, Emacs Server, Gnus, Top | |
304 @section Running Shell Commands from Emacs | |
305 @cindex subshell | |
306 @cindex shell commands | |
307 | |
308 Emacs has commands for passing single command lines to inferior shell | |
33382 | 309 processes; it can also run a shell interactively with input and output |
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310 to an Emacs buffer named @samp{*shell*} or run a shell inside a terminal |
33382 | 311 emulator window. |
312 | |
313 There is a shell implemented entirely in Emacs, documented in a separate | |
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314 manual. @xref{Top,Eshell,Eshell, eshell, Eshell: The Emacs Shell}. |
25829 | 315 |
316 @table @kbd | |
317 @item M-! @var{cmd} @key{RET} | |
318 Run the shell command line @var{cmd} and display the output | |
319 (@code{shell-command}). | |
320 @item M-| @var{cmd} @key{RET} | |
321 Run the shell command line @var{cmd} with region contents as input; | |
322 optionally replace the region with the output | |
323 (@code{shell-command-on-region}). | |
324 @item M-x shell | |
325 Run a subshell with input and output through an Emacs buffer. | |
326 You can then give commands interactively. | |
27210 | 327 @item M-x term |
328 Run a subshell with input and output through an Emacs buffer. | |
329 You can then give commands interactively. | |
330 Full terminal emulation is available. | |
33382 | 331 @item M-x eshell |
332 @findex eshell | |
333 Start the Emacs shell. | |
25829 | 334 @end table |
335 | |
336 @menu | |
337 * Single Shell:: How to run one shell command and return. | |
338 * Interactive Shell:: Permanent shell taking input via Emacs. | |
339 * Shell Mode:: Special Emacs commands used with permanent shell. | |
340 * History: Shell History. Repeating previous commands in a shell buffer. | |
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341 * Directory Tracking:: Keeping track when the subshell changes directory. |
25829 | 342 * Options: Shell Options. Options for customizing Shell mode. |
27210 | 343 * Terminal emulator:: An Emacs window as a terminal emulator. |
344 * Term Mode:: Special Emacs commands used in Term mode. | |
345 * Paging in Term:: Paging in the terminal emulator. | |
25829 | 346 * Remote Host:: Connecting to another computer. |
347 @end menu | |
348 | |
349 @node Single Shell | |
350 @subsection Single Shell Commands | |
351 | |
352 @kindex M-! | |
353 @findex shell-command | |
354 @kbd{M-!} (@code{shell-command}) reads a line of text using the | |
355 minibuffer and executes it as a shell command in a subshell made just | |
356 for that command. Standard input for the command comes from the null | |
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357 device. If the shell command produces any output, the output appears |
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358 either in the echo area (if it is short), or in an Emacs buffer named |
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359 @samp{*Shell Command Output*}, which is displayed in another window |
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360 but not selected (if the output is long). A numeric argument, as in |
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361 @kbd{M-1 M-!}, directs this command to insert any output into the |
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362 current buffer instead. In that case, point is left before the output |
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363 and the mark is set after the output. |
25829 | 364 |
365 If the shell command line ends in @samp{&}, it runs asynchronously. | |
366 For a synchronous shell command, @code{shell-command} returns the | |
367 command's exit status (0 means success), when it is called from a Lisp | |
368 program. | |
369 | |
370 @kindex M-| | |
371 @findex shell-command-on-region | |
372 @kbd{M-|} (@code{shell-command-on-region}) is like @kbd{M-!} but | |
373 passes the contents of the region as the standard input to the shell | |
374 command, instead of no input. If a numeric argument is used, meaning | |
375 insert the output in the current buffer, then the old region is deleted | |
376 first and the output replaces it as the contents of the region. It | |
377 returns the command's exit status when it is called from a Lisp program. | |
378 | |
379 @vindex shell-file-name | |
380 @cindex environment | |
381 Both @kbd{M-!} and @kbd{M-|} use @code{shell-file-name} to specify the | |
29107 | 382 shell to use. This variable is initialized based on your @env{SHELL} |
25829 | 383 environment variable when Emacs is started. If the file name does not |
384 specify a directory, the directories in the list @code{exec-path} are | |
385 searched; this list is initialized based on the environment variable | |
29107 | 386 @env{PATH} when Emacs is started. Your @file{.emacs} file can override |
25829 | 387 either or both of these default initializations.@refill |
388 | |
389 Both @kbd{M-!} and @kbd{M-|} wait for the shell command to complete. | |
390 To stop waiting, type @kbd{C-g} to quit; that terminates the shell | |
391 command with the signal @code{SIGINT}---the same signal that @kbd{C-c} | |
392 normally generates in the shell. Emacs waits until the command actually | |
393 terminates. If the shell command doesn't stop (because it ignores the | |
394 @code{SIGINT} signal), type @kbd{C-g} again; this sends the command a | |
395 @code{SIGKILL} signal which is impossible to ignore. | |
396 | |
397 To specify a coding system for @kbd{M-!} or @kbd{M-|}, use the command | |
398 @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} immediately beforehand. @xref{Specify Coding}. | |
399 | |
400 @vindex shell-command-default-error-buffer | |
401 Error output from the command is normally intermixed with the regular | |
402 output. If you set the variable | |
403 @code{shell-command-default-error-buffer} to a string, which is a buffer | |
404 name, error output is inserted before point in the buffer of that name. | |
405 | |
406 @node Interactive Shell | |
407 @subsection Interactive Inferior Shell | |
408 | |
409 @findex shell | |
410 To run a subshell interactively, putting its typescript in an Emacs | |
411 buffer, use @kbd{M-x shell}. This creates (or reuses) a buffer named | |
412 @samp{*shell*} and runs a subshell with input coming from and output going | |
413 to that buffer. That is to say, any ``terminal output'' from the subshell | |
414 goes into the buffer, advancing point, and any ``terminal input'' for | |
415 the subshell comes from text in the buffer. To give input to the subshell, | |
416 go to the end of the buffer and type the input, terminated by @key{RET}. | |
417 | |
418 Emacs does not wait for the subshell to do anything. You can switch | |
419 windows or buffers and edit them while the shell is waiting, or while it is | |
420 running a command. Output from the subshell waits until Emacs has time to | |
421 process it; this happens whenever Emacs is waiting for keyboard input or | |
422 for time to elapse. | |
423 | |
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424 @cindex @code{comint-highlight-input} face |
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425 @cindex @code{comint-highlight-prompt} face |
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426 Input lines, once you submit them, are displayed using the face |
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427 @code{comint-highlight-input}, and prompts are displayed using the |
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428 face @code{comint-highlight-prompt}. This makes it easier to see |
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429 previous input lines in the buffer. @xref{Faces}. |
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430 |
25829 | 431 To make multiple subshells, rename the buffer @samp{*shell*} to |
432 something different using @kbd{M-x rename-uniquely}. Then type @kbd{M-x | |
433 shell} again to create a new buffer @samp{*shell*} with its own | |
434 subshell. If you rename this buffer as well, you can create a third | |
435 one, and so on. All the subshells run independently and in parallel. | |
436 | |
437 @vindex explicit-shell-file-name | |
29107 | 438 @cindex @env{ESHELL} environment variable |
439 @cindex @env{SHELL} environment variable | |
25829 | 440 The file name used to load the subshell is the value of the variable |
441 @code{explicit-shell-file-name}, if that is non-@code{nil}. Otherwise, | |
29107 | 442 the environment variable @env{ESHELL} is used, or the environment |
443 variable @env{SHELL} if there is no @env{ESHELL}. If the file name | |
25829 | 444 specified is relative, the directories in the list @code{exec-path} are |
445 searched; this list is initialized based on the environment variable | |
29107 | 446 @env{PATH} when Emacs is started. Your @file{.emacs} file can override |
25829 | 447 either or both of these default initializations. |
448 | |
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449 Emacs sends the new shell the contents of the file |
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450 @file{~/.emacs_@var{shellname}} as input, if it exists, where |
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451 @var{shellname} is the name of the file that the shell was loaded |
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452 from. For example, if you use bash, the file sent to it is |
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453 @file{~/.emacs_bash}. |
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454 |
25829 | 455 To specify a coding system for the shell, you can use the command |
456 @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} immediately before @kbd{M-x shell}. You can also | |
457 specify a coding system after starting the shell by using @kbd{C-x | |
458 @key{RET} p} in the shell buffer. @xref{Specify Coding}. | |
459 | |
29107 | 460 Emacs defines the environment variable @env{EMACS} in the subshell, |
25829 | 461 with value @code{t}. A shell script can check this variable to |
462 determine whether it has been run from an Emacs subshell. | |
463 | |
464 @node Shell Mode | |
465 @subsection Shell Mode | |
466 @cindex Shell mode | |
467 @cindex mode, Shell | |
468 | |
469 Shell buffers use Shell mode, which defines several special keys | |
470 attached to the @kbd{C-c} prefix. They are chosen to resemble the usual | |
471 editing and job control characters present in shells that are not under | |
472 Emacs, except that you must type @kbd{C-c} first. Here is a complete list | |
473 of the special key bindings of Shell mode: | |
474 | |
475 @table @kbd | |
476 @item @key{RET} | |
477 @kindex RET @r{(Shell mode)} | |
478 @findex comint-send-input | |
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479 At end of buffer send line as input; otherwise, copy current line to |
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480 end of buffer and send it (@code{comint-send-input}). When a line is |
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481 copied, any prompt at the beginning of the line (text output by |
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482 programs preceding your input) is omitted. (See also the variable |
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483 @code{comint-use-prompt-regexp-instead-of-fields}.) |
25829 | 484 |
485 @item @key{TAB} | |
486 @kindex TAB @r{(Shell mode)} | |
487 @findex comint-dynamic-complete | |
488 Complete the command name or file name before point in the shell buffer | |
489 (@code{comint-dynamic-complete}). @key{TAB} also completes history | |
490 references (@pxref{History References}) and environment variable names. | |
491 | |
492 @vindex shell-completion-fignore | |
493 @vindex comint-completion-fignore | |
494 The variable @code{shell-completion-fignore} specifies a list of file | |
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495 name extensions to ignore in Shell mode completion. The default |
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496 setting is @code{nil}, but some users prefer @code{("~" "#" "%")} to |
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497 ignore file names ending in @samp{~}, @samp{#} or @samp{%}. Other |
25829 | 498 related Comint modes use the variable @code{comint-completion-fignore} |
499 instead. | |
500 | |
501 @item M-? | |
502 @kindex M-? @r{(Shell mode)} | |
503 @findex comint-dynamic-list-filename@dots{} | |
504 Display temporarily a list of the possible completions of the file name | |
505 before point in the shell buffer | |
506 (@code{comint-dynamic-list-filename-completions}). | |
507 | |
508 @item C-d | |
509 @kindex C-d @r{(Shell mode)} | |
510 @findex comint-delchar-or-maybe-eof | |
26290 | 511 Either delete a character or send @sc{eof} |
25829 | 512 (@code{comint-delchar-or-maybe-eof}). Typed at the end of the shell |
26290 | 513 buffer, @kbd{C-d} sends @sc{eof} to the subshell. Typed at any other |
25829 | 514 position in the buffer, @kbd{C-d} deletes a character as usual. |
515 | |
516 @item C-c C-a | |
517 @kindex C-c C-a @r{(Shell mode)} | |
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518 @findex comint-bol-or-process-mark |
25829 | 519 Move to the beginning of the line, but after the prompt if any |
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520 (@code{comint-bol-or-process-mark}). If you repeat this command twice |
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521 in a row, the second time it moves back to the process mark, which is |
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522 the beginning of the input that you have not yet sent to the subshell. |
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523 (Normally that is the same place---the end of the prompt on this |
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524 line---but after @kbd{C-c @key{SPC}} the process mark may be in a |
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525 previous line.) |
25829 | 526 |
527 @item C-c @key{SPC} | |
528 Accumulate multiple lines of input, then send them together. This | |
529 command inserts a newline before point, but does not send the preceding | |
530 text as input to the subshell---at least, not yet. Both lines, the one | |
531 before this newline and the one after, will be sent together (along with | |
532 the newline that separates them), when you type @key{RET}. | |
533 | |
534 @item C-c C-u | |
535 @kindex C-c C-u @r{(Shell mode)} | |
536 @findex comint-kill-input | |
537 Kill all text pending at end of buffer to be sent as input | |
538 (@code{comint-kill-input}). | |
539 | |
540 @item C-c C-w | |
541 @kindex C-c C-w @r{(Shell mode)} | |
542 Kill a word before point (@code{backward-kill-word}). | |
543 | |
544 @item C-c C-c | |
545 @kindex C-c C-c @r{(Shell mode)} | |
546 @findex comint-interrupt-subjob | |
547 Interrupt the shell or its current subjob if any | |
548 (@code{comint-interrupt-subjob}). This command also kills | |
549 any shell input pending in the shell buffer and not yet sent. | |
550 | |
551 @item C-c C-z | |
552 @kindex C-c C-z @r{(Shell mode)} | |
553 @findex comint-stop-subjob | |
554 Stop the shell or its current subjob if any (@code{comint-stop-subjob}). | |
555 This command also kills any shell input pending in the shell buffer and | |
556 not yet sent. | |
557 | |
558 @item C-c C-\ | |
559 @findex comint-quit-subjob | |
560 @kindex C-c C-\ @r{(Shell mode)} | |
561 Send quit signal to the shell or its current subjob if any | |
562 (@code{comint-quit-subjob}). This command also kills any shell input | |
563 pending in the shell buffer and not yet sent. | |
564 | |
565 @item C-c C-o | |
566 @kindex C-c C-o @r{(Shell mode)} | |
32637 | 567 @findex comint-delete-output |
568 Delete the last batch of output from a shell command | |
569 (@code{comint-delete-output}). This is useful if a shell command spews | |
570 out lots of output that just gets in the way. This command used to be | |
571 called @code{comint-kill-output}. | |
572 | |
573 @item C-c C-s | |
574 @kindex C-c C-s @r{(Shell mode)} | |
575 @findex comint-write-output | |
576 Write the last batch of output from a shell command to a file | |
577 (@code{comint-write-output}). With a prefix argument, the file is | |
578 appended to instead. Any prompt at the end of the output is not | |
579 written. | |
25829 | 580 |
581 @item C-c C-r | |
582 @itemx C-M-l | |
583 @kindex C-c C-r @r{(Shell mode)} | |
584 @kindex C-M-l @r{(Shell mode)} | |
585 @findex comint-show-output | |
586 Scroll to display the beginning of the last batch of output at the top | |
587 of the window; also move the cursor there (@code{comint-show-output}). | |
588 | |
589 @item C-c C-e | |
590 @kindex C-c C-e @r{(Shell mode)} | |
591 @findex comint-show-maximum-output | |
592 Scroll to put the end of the buffer at the bottom of the window | |
593 (@code{comint-show-maximum-output}). | |
594 | |
595 @item C-c C-f | |
596 @kindex C-c C-f @r{(Shell mode)} | |
597 @findex shell-forward-command | |
598 @vindex shell-command-regexp | |
599 Move forward across one shell command, but not beyond the current line | |
600 (@code{shell-forward-command}). The variable @code{shell-command-regexp} | |
601 specifies how to recognize the end of a command. | |
602 | |
603 @item C-c C-b | |
604 @kindex C-c C-b @r{(Shell mode)} | |
605 @findex shell-backward-command | |
606 Move backward across one shell command, but not beyond the current line | |
607 (@code{shell-backward-command}). | |
608 | |
609 @item C-c C-l | |
610 @kindex C-c C-l @r{(Shell mode)} | |
611 @findex comint-dynamic-list-input-ring | |
612 Display the buffer's history of shell commands in another window | |
613 (@code{comint-dynamic-list-input-ring}). | |
614 | |
615 @item M-x dirs | |
616 Ask the shell what its current directory is, so that Emacs can agree | |
617 with the shell. | |
618 | |
619 @item M-x send-invisible @key{RET} @var{text} @key{RET} | |
620 @findex send-invisible | |
621 Send @var{text} as input to the shell, after reading it without | |
622 echoing. This is useful when a shell command runs a program that asks | |
623 for a password. | |
624 | |
625 Alternatively, you can arrange for Emacs to notice password prompts | |
626 and turn off echoing for them, as follows: | |
627 | |
628 @example | |
629 (add-hook 'comint-output-filter-functions | |
630 'comint-watch-for-password-prompt) | |
631 @end example | |
632 | |
633 @item M-x comint-continue-subjob | |
634 @findex comint-continue-subjob | |
635 Continue the shell process. This is useful if you accidentally suspend | |
636 the shell process.@footnote{You should not suspend the shell process. | |
637 Suspending a subjob of the shell is a completely different matter---that | |
638 is normal practice, but you must use the shell to continue the subjob; | |
639 this command won't do it.} | |
640 | |
641 @item M-x comint-strip-ctrl-m | |
642 @findex comint-strip-ctrl-m | |
643 Discard all control-M characters from the current group of shell output. | |
644 The most convenient way to use this command is to make it run | |
645 automatically when you get output from the subshell. To do that, | |
646 evaluate this Lisp expression: | |
647 | |
648 @example | |
649 (add-hook 'comint-output-filter-functions | |
650 'comint-strip-ctrl-m) | |
651 @end example | |
652 | |
653 @item M-x comint-truncate-buffer | |
654 @findex comint-truncate-buffer | |
655 This command truncates the shell buffer to a certain maximum number of | |
656 lines, specified by the variable @code{comint-buffer-maximum-size}. | |
657 Here's how to do this automatically each time you get output from the | |
658 subshell: | |
659 | |
660 @example | |
661 (add-hook 'comint-output-filter-functions | |
662 'comint-truncate-buffer) | |
663 @end example | |
664 @end table | |
665 | |
666 Shell mode also customizes the paragraph commands so that only shell | |
667 prompts start new paragraphs. Thus, a paragraph consists of an input | |
668 command plus the output that follows it in the buffer. | |
669 | |
670 @cindex Comint mode | |
671 @cindex mode, Comint | |
672 Shell mode is a derivative of Comint mode, a general-purpose mode for | |
673 communicating with interactive subprocesses. Most of the features of | |
674 Shell mode actually come from Comint mode, as you can see from the | |
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675 command names listed above. The special features of Shell mode include |
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676 the directory tracking feature, and a few user commands. |
25829 | 677 |
678 Other Emacs features that use variants of Comint mode include GUD | |
679 (@pxref{Debuggers}) and @kbd{M-x run-lisp} (@pxref{External Lisp}). | |
680 | |
681 @findex comint-run | |
682 You can use @kbd{M-x comint-run} to execute any program of your choice | |
683 in a subprocess using unmodified Comint mode---without the | |
684 specializations of Shell mode. | |
685 | |
686 @node Shell History | |
687 @subsection Shell Command History | |
688 | |
689 Shell buffers support three ways of repeating earlier commands. You | |
690 can use the same keys used in the minibuffer; these work much as they do | |
691 in the minibuffer, inserting text from prior commands while point | |
692 remains always at the end of the buffer. You can move through the | |
693 buffer to previous inputs in their original place, then resubmit them or | |
694 copy them to the end. Or you can use a @samp{!}-style history | |
695 reference. | |
696 | |
697 @menu | |
698 * Ring: Shell Ring. Fetching commands from the history list. | |
699 * Copy: Shell History Copying. Moving to a command and then copying it. | |
700 * History References:: Expanding @samp{!}-style history references. | |
701 @end menu | |
702 | |
703 @node Shell Ring | |
704 @subsubsection Shell History Ring | |
705 | |
706 @table @kbd | |
707 @findex comint-previous-input | |
708 @kindex M-p @r{(Shell mode)} | |
709 @item M-p | |
710 Fetch the next earlier old shell command. | |
711 | |
712 @kindex M-n @r{(Shell mode)} | |
713 @findex comint-next-input | |
714 @item M-n | |
715 Fetch the next later old shell command. | |
716 | |
717 @kindex M-r @r{(Shell mode)} | |
718 @kindex M-s @r{(Shell mode)} | |
719 @findex comint-previous-matching-input | |
720 @findex comint-next-matching-input | |
721 @item M-r @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
722 @itemx M-s @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
723 Search backwards or forwards for old shell commands that match @var{regexp}. | |
724 | |
725 @item C-c C-x @r{(Shell mode)} | |
726 @findex comint-get-next-from-history | |
727 Fetch the next subsequent command from the history. | |
728 @end table | |
729 | |
730 Shell buffers provide a history of previously entered shell commands. To | |
731 reuse shell commands from the history, use the editing commands @kbd{M-p}, | |
732 @kbd{M-n}, @kbd{M-r} and @kbd{M-s}. These work just like the minibuffer | |
733 history commands except that they operate on the text at the end of the | |
734 shell buffer, where you would normally insert text to send to the shell. | |
735 | |
736 @kbd{M-p} fetches an earlier shell command to the end of the shell buffer. | |
737 Successive use of @kbd{M-p} fetches successively earlier shell commands, | |
738 each replacing any text that was already present as potential shell input. | |
739 @kbd{M-n} does likewise except that it finds successively more recent shell | |
740 commands from the buffer. | |
741 | |
742 The history search commands @kbd{M-r} and @kbd{M-s} read a regular | |
743 expression and search through the history for a matching command. Aside | |
744 from the choice of which command to fetch, they work just like @kbd{M-p} | |
745 and @kbd{M-r}. If you enter an empty regexp, these commands reuse the | |
746 same regexp used last time. | |
747 | |
748 When you find the previous input you want, you can resubmit it by | |
749 typing @key{RET}, or you can edit it first and then resubmit it if you | |
750 wish. | |
751 | |
752 Often it is useful to reexecute several successive shell commands that | |
753 were previously executed in sequence. To do this, first find and | |
754 reexecute the first command of the sequence. Then type @kbd{C-c C-x}; | |
755 that will fetch the following command---the one that follows the command | |
756 you just repeated. Then type @key{RET} to reexecute this command. You | |
757 can reexecute several successive commands by typing @kbd{C-c C-x | |
758 @key{RET}} over and over. | |
759 | |
760 These commands get the text of previous shell commands from a special | |
761 history list, not from the shell buffer itself. Thus, editing the shell | |
762 buffer, or even killing large parts of it, does not affect the history | |
763 that these commands access. | |
764 | |
765 @vindex shell-input-ring-file-name | |
766 Some shells store their command histories in files so that you can | |
767 refer to previous commands from previous shell sessions. Emacs reads | |
768 the command history file for your chosen shell, to initialize its own | |
769 command history. The file name is @file{~/.bash_history} for bash, | |
770 @file{~/.sh_history} for ksh, and @file{~/.history} for other shells. | |
771 | |
772 @node Shell History Copying | |
773 @subsubsection Shell History Copying | |
774 | |
775 @table @kbd | |
776 @kindex C-c C-p @r{(Shell mode)} | |
777 @findex comint-previous-prompt | |
778 @item C-c C-p | |
779 Move point to the previous prompt (@code{comint-previous-prompt}). | |
780 | |
781 @kindex C-c C-n @r{(Shell mode)} | |
782 @findex comint-next-prompt | |
783 @item C-c C-n | |
784 Move point to the following prompt (@code{comint-next-prompt}). | |
785 | |
786 @kindex C-c RET @r{(Shell mode)} | |
787 @findex comint-copy-old-input | |
788 @item C-c @key{RET} | |
789 Copy the input command which point is in, inserting the copy at the end | |
790 of the buffer (@code{comint-copy-old-input}). This is useful if you | |
791 move point back to a previous command. After you copy the command, you | |
792 can submit the copy as input with @key{RET}. If you wish, you can | |
793 edit the copy before resubmitting it. | |
794 @end table | |
795 | |
796 Moving to a previous input and then copying it with @kbd{C-c | |
797 @key{RET}} produces the same results---the same buffer contents---that | |
798 you would get by using @kbd{M-p} enough times to fetch that previous | |
799 input from the history list. However, @kbd{C-c @key{RET}} copies the | |
800 text from the buffer, which can be different from what is in the history | |
801 list if you edit the input text in the buffer after it has been sent. | |
802 | |
803 @node History References | |
804 @subsubsection Shell History References | |
805 @cindex history reference | |
806 | |
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807 Various shells including csh and bash support @dfn{history |
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808 references} that begin with @samp{!} and @samp{^}. Shell mode |
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809 recognizes these constructs, and can perform the history substitution |
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810 for you. |
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811 |
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812 If you insert a history reference and type @key{TAB}, this searches |
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813 the input history for a matching command, performs substitution if |
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814 necessary, and places the result in the buffer in place of the history |
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815 reference. For example, you can fetch the most recent command |
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816 beginning with @samp{mv} with @kbd{! m v @key{TAB}}. You can edit the |
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817 command if you wish, and then resubmit the command to the shell by |
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818 typing @key{RET}. |
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819 |
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820 @vindex comint-input-autoexpand |
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821 @findex comint-magic-space |
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822 Shell mode can optionally expand history references in the buffer |
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823 when you send them to the shell. To request this, set the variable |
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824 @code{comint-input-autoexpand} to @code{input}. You can make |
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825 @key{SPC} perform history expansion by binding @key{SPC} to the |
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826 command @code{comint-magic-space}. |
25829 | 827 |
828 @vindex shell-prompt-pattern | |
829 @vindex comint-prompt-regexp | |
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830 @vindex comint-use-prompt-regexp-instead-of-fields |
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831 @cindex prompt, shell |
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832 Shell mode recognizes history references when they follow a prompt. |
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833 Normally, any text output by a program at the beginning of an input |
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834 line is considered a prompt. However, if the variable |
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835 @code{comint-use-prompt-regexp-instead-of-fields} is non-@code{nil}, |
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836 then Comint mode uses a regular expression to recognize prompts. In |
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837 general, the variable @code{comint-prompt-regexp} specifies the |
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838 regular expression; Shell mode uses the variable |
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839 @code{shell-prompt-pattern} to set up @code{comint-prompt-regexp} in |
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840 the shell buffer. |
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841 |
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842 @node Directory Tracking |
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843 @subsection Directory Tracking |
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844 @cindex directory tracking |
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845 |
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846 @vindex shell-pushd-regexp |
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847 @vindex shell-popd-regexp |
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848 @vindex shell-cd-regexp |
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849 Shell mode keeps track of @samp{cd}, @samp{pushd} and @samp{popd} |
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850 commands given to the inferior shell, so it can keep the |
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851 @samp{*shell*} buffer's default directory the same as the shell's |
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852 working directory. It recognizes these commands syntactically, by |
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853 examining lines of input that are sent. |
25829 | 854 |
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855 If you use aliases for these commands, you can tell Emacs to |
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856 recognize them also. For example, if the value of the variable |
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857 @code{shell-pushd-regexp} matches the beginning of a shell command |
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858 line, that line is regarded as a @code{pushd} command. Change this |
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859 variable when you add aliases for @samp{pushd}. Likewise, |
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860 @code{shell-popd-regexp} and @code{shell-cd-regexp} are used to |
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861 recognize commands with the meaning of @samp{popd} and @samp{cd}. |
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862 These commands are recognized only at the beginning of a shell command |
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863 line. |
25829 | 864 |
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865 @ignore @c This seems to have been deleted long ago. |
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866 @vindex shell-set-directory-error-hook |
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867 If Emacs gets an error while trying to handle what it believes is a |
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868 @samp{cd}, @samp{pushd} or @samp{popd} command, it runs the hook |
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869 @code{shell-set-directory-error-hook} (@pxref{Hooks}). |
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870 @end ignore |
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871 |
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872 @findex dirs |
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873 If Emacs gets confused about changes in the current directory of the |
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874 subshell, use the command @kbd{M-x dirs} to ask the shell what its |
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875 current directory is. This command works for shells that support the |
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876 most common command syntax; it may not work for unusual shells. |
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877 |
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878 @findex dirtrack-mode |
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879 You can also use @kbd{M-x dirtrack-mode} to enable (or disable) an |
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880 alternative and more aggressive method of tracking changes in the |
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881 current directory. |
25829 | 882 |
883 @node Shell Options | |
884 @subsection Shell Mode Options | |
885 | |
886 @vindex comint-scroll-to-bottom-on-input | |
887 If the variable @code{comint-scroll-to-bottom-on-input} is | |
888 non-@code{nil}, insertion and yank commands scroll the selected window | |
889 to the bottom before inserting. | |
890 | |
891 @vindex comint-scroll-show-maximum-output | |
892 If @code{comint-scroll-show-maximum-output} is non-@code{nil}, then | |
893 scrolling due to arrival of output tries to place the last line of text | |
894 at the bottom line of the window, so as to show as much useful text as | |
895 possible. (This mimics the scrolling behavior of many terminals.) | |
896 The default is @code{nil}. | |
897 | |
898 @vindex comint-scroll-to-bottom-on-output | |
899 By setting @code{comint-scroll-to-bottom-on-output}, you can opt for | |
900 having point jump to the end of the buffer whenever output arrives---no | |
901 matter where in the buffer point was before. If the value is | |
902 @code{this}, point jumps in the selected window. If the value is | |
903 @code{all}, point jumps in each window that shows the comint buffer. If | |
904 the value is @code{other}, point jumps in all nonselected windows that | |
905 show the current buffer. The default value is @code{nil}, which means | |
906 point does not jump to the end. | |
907 | |
908 @vindex comint-input-ignoredups | |
909 The variable @code{comint-input-ignoredups} controls whether successive | |
910 identical inputs are stored in the input history. A non-@code{nil} | |
911 value means to omit an input that is the same as the previous input. | |
912 The default is @code{nil}, which means to store each input even if it is | |
913 equal to the previous input. | |
914 | |
915 @vindex comint-completion-addsuffix | |
916 @vindex comint-completion-recexact | |
917 @vindex comint-completion-autolist | |
918 Three variables customize file name completion. The variable | |
919 @code{comint-completion-addsuffix} controls whether completion inserts a | |
920 space or a slash to indicate a fully completed file or directory name | |
921 (non-@code{nil} means do insert a space or slash). | |
922 @code{comint-completion-recexact}, if non-@code{nil}, directs @key{TAB} | |
923 to choose the shortest possible completion if the usual Emacs completion | |
924 algorithm cannot add even a single character. | |
925 @code{comint-completion-autolist}, if non-@code{nil}, says to list all | |
926 the possible completions whenever completion is not exact. | |
927 | |
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928 @vindex shell-completion-execonly |
25829 | 929 Command completion normally considers only executable files. |
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930 If you set @code{shell-completion-execonly} to @code{nil}, |
25829 | 931 it considers nonexecutable files as well. |
932 | |
933 @findex shell-pushd-tohome | |
934 @findex shell-pushd-dextract | |
935 @findex shell-pushd-dunique | |
936 You can configure the behavior of @samp{pushd}. Variables control | |
937 whether @samp{pushd} behaves like @samp{cd} if no argument is given | |
938 (@code{shell-pushd-tohome}), pop rather than rotate with a numeric | |
939 argument (@code{shell-pushd-dextract}), and only add directories to the | |
940 directory stack if they are not already on it | |
941 (@code{shell-pushd-dunique}). The values you choose should match the | |
942 underlying shell, of course. | |
943 | |
27210 | 944 @node Terminal emulator |
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945 @subsection Emacs Terminal Emulator |
27210 | 946 @findex term |
947 | |
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948 To run a subshell in a terminal emulator, putting its typescript in |
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949 an Emacs buffer, use @kbd{M-x term}. This creates (or reuses) a |
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950 buffer named @samp{*terminal*}, and runs a subshell with input coming |
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951 from your keyboard, and output going to that buffer. |
27210 | 952 |
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953 The terminal emulator uses Term mode, which has two input modes. In |
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954 line mode, Term basically acts like Shell mode; see @ref{Shell Mode}. |
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955 |
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956 In char mode, each character is sent directly to the inferior |
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957 subshell, as ``terminal input.'' Any ``echoing'' of your input is the |
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958 responsibility of the subshell. The sole exception is the terminal |
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959 escape character, which by default is @kbd{C-c} (@pxref{Term Mode}). |
27210 | 960 Any ``terminal output'' from the subshell goes into the buffer, |
961 advancing point. | |
962 | |
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963 Some programs (such as Emacs itself) need to control the appearance |
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964 on the terminal screen in detail. They do this by sending special |
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965 control codes. The exact control codes needed vary from terminal to |
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966 terminal, but nowadays most terminals and terminal emulators |
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967 (including @code{xterm}) understand the ANSI-standard (VT100-style) |
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968 escape sequences. Term mode recognizes these escape sequences, and |
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969 handles each one appropriately, changing the buffer so that the |
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970 appearance of the window matches what it would be on a real terminal. |
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971 You can actually run Emacs inside an Emacs Term window. |
27210 | 972 |
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973 The file name used to load the subshell is determined the same way |
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974 as for Shell mode. To make multiple terminal emulators, rename the |
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975 buffer @samp{*terminal*} to something different using @kbd{M-x |
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976 rename-uniquely}, just as with Shell mode. |
27210 | 977 |
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978 Unlike Shell mode, Term mode does not track the current directory by |
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979 examining your input. But some shells can tell Term what the current |
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980 directory is. This is done automatically by @code{bash} version 1.15 |
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981 and later. |
27210 | 982 |
983 @node Term Mode | |
984 @subsection Term Mode | |
985 @cindex Term mode | |
986 @cindex mode, Term | |
987 | |
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988 The terminal emulator uses Term mode, which has two input modes. In |
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989 line mode, Term basically acts like Shell mode; see @ref{Shell Mode}. |
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990 In char mode, each character is sent directly to the inferior |
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991 subshell, except for the Term escape character, normally @kbd{C-c}. |
27210 | 992 |
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993 To switch between line and char mode, use these commands: |
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994 |
27210 | 995 @table @kbd |
996 @kindex C-c C-k @r{(Term mode)} | |
997 @findex term-char-mode | |
998 @item C-c C-k | |
999 Switch to line mode. Do nothing if already in line mode. | |
1000 | |
1001 @kindex C-c C-j @r{(Term mode)} | |
1002 @findex term-line-mode | |
1003 @item C-c C-j | |
1004 Switch to char mode. Do nothing if already in char mode. | |
1005 @end table | |
1006 | |
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1007 The following commands are only available in char mode: |
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1008 |
27210 | 1009 @table @kbd |
1010 @item C-c C-c | |
1011 Send a literal @key{C-c} to the sub-shell. | |
1012 | |
1013 @item C-c C-x | |
1014 A prefix command to access the global @key{C-x} commands conveniently. | |
1015 For example, @kbd{C-c C-x o} invokes the global binding of | |
1016 @kbd{C-x o}, which is normally @samp{other-window}. | |
1017 @end table | |
1018 | |
1019 @node Paging in Term | |
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1020 @subsection Page-At-A-Time Output |
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1021 @cindex page-at-a-time |
27210 | 1022 |
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1023 Term mode has a page-at-a-time feature. When enabled it makes |
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1024 output pause at the end of each screenful. |
27210 | 1025 |
1026 @table @kbd | |
1027 @kindex C-c C-q @r{(Term mode)} | |
1028 @findex term-pager-toggle | |
1029 @item C-c C-q | |
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1030 Toggle the page-at-a-time feature. This command works in both line |
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1031 and char modes. When page-at-a-time is enabled, the mode-line |
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1032 displays the word @samp{page}. |
27210 | 1033 @end table |
1034 | |
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1035 With page-at-a-time enabled, whenever Term receives more than a |
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1036 screenful of output since your last input, it pauses, displaying |
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1037 @samp{**MORE**} in the mode-line. Type @key{SPC} to display the next |
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1038 screenful of output. Type @kbd{?} to see your other options. The |
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1039 interface is similar to the Unix @code{more} program. |
27210 | 1040 |
25829 | 1041 @node Remote Host |
1042 @subsection Remote Host Shell | |
1043 @cindex remote host | |
1044 @cindex connecting to remote host | |
1045 @cindex Telnet | |
1046 @cindex Rlogin | |
1047 | |
27210 | 1048 You can login to a remote computer, using whatever commands you |
1049 would from a regular terminal (e.g.@: using the @code{telnet} or | |
1050 @code{rlogin} commands), from a Term window. | |
1051 | |
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1052 A program that asks you for a password will normally suppress |
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1053 echoing of the password, so the password will not show up in the |
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1054 buffer. This will happen just as if you were using a real terminal, |
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1055 if the buffer is in char mode. If it is in line mode, the password is |
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1056 temporarily visible, but will be erased when you hit return. (This |
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1057 happens automatically; there is no special password processing.) |
27210 | 1058 |
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1059 When you log in to a different machine, you need to specify the type |
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1060 of terminal your using. Terminal types @samp{ansi} or @samp{vt100} |
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1061 will work on most systems. |
27210 | 1062 |
1063 @c If you are talking to a Bourne-compatible | |
29107 | 1064 @c shell, and your system understands the @env{TERMCAP} variable, |
27210 | 1065 @c you can use the command @kbd{M-x shell-send-termcap}, which |
1066 @c sends a string specifying the terminal type and size. | |
1067 @c (This command is also useful after the window has changed size.) | |
1068 | |
1069 @c You can of course run @samp{gdb} on that remote computer. One useful | |
1070 @c trick: If you invoke gdb with the @code{--fullname} option, | |
1071 @c it will send special commands to Emacs that will cause Emacs to | |
1072 @c pop up the source files you're debugging. This will work | |
1073 @c whether or not gdb is running on a different computer than Emacs, | |
1074 @c as long as Emacs can access the source files specified by gdb. | |
1075 | |
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1076 @ignore |
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1077 You cannot log into to a remote computer using the Shell mode. |
27210 | 1078 @c (This will change when Shell is re-written to use Term.) |
1079 Instead, Emacs provides two commands for logging in to another computer | |
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1080 and communicating with it through an Emacs buffer using Comint mode: |
25829 | 1081 |
1082 @table @kbd | |
1083 @item M-x telnet @key{RET} @var{hostname} @key{RET} | |
1084 Set up a Telnet connection to the computer named @var{hostname}. | |
1085 @item M-x rlogin @key{RET} @var{hostname} @key{RET} | |
1086 Set up an Rlogin connection to the computer named @var{hostname}. | |
1087 @end table | |
1088 | |
1089 @findex telnet | |
1090 Use @kbd{M-x telnet} to set up a Telnet connection to another | |
1091 computer. (Telnet is the standard Internet protocol for remote login.) | |
1092 It reads the host name of the other computer as an argument with the | |
1093 minibuffer. Once the connection is established, talking to the other | |
1094 computer works like talking to a subshell: you can edit input with the | |
1095 usual Emacs commands, and send it a line at a time by typing @key{RET}. | |
1096 The output is inserted in the Telnet buffer interspersed with the input. | |
1097 | |
1098 @findex rlogin | |
1099 @vindex rlogin-explicit-args | |
1100 Use @kbd{M-x rlogin} to set up an Rlogin connection. Rlogin is | |
1101 another remote login communication protocol, essentially much like the | |
1102 Telnet protocol but incompatible with it, and supported only by certain | |
1103 systems. Rlogin's advantages are that you can arrange not to have to | |
1104 give your user name and password when communicating between two machines | |
1105 you frequently use, and that you can make an 8-bit-clean connection. | |
1106 (To do that in Emacs, set @code{rlogin-explicit-args} to @code{("-8")} | |
1107 before you run Rlogin.) | |
1108 | |
1109 @kbd{M-x rlogin} sets up the default file directory of the Emacs | |
1110 buffer to access the remote host via FTP (@pxref{File Names}), and it | |
1111 tracks the shell commands that change the current directory, just like | |
1112 Shell mode. | |
1113 | |
1114 @findex rlogin-directory-tracking-mode | |
1115 There are two ways of doing directory tracking in an Rlogin | |
1116 buffer---either with remote directory names | |
1117 @file{/@var{host}:@var{dir}/} or with local names (that works if the | |
1118 ``remote'' machine shares file systems with your machine of origin). | |
1119 You can use the command @code{rlogin-directory-tracking-mode} to switch | |
1120 modes. No argument means use remote directory names, a positive | |
1121 argument means use local names, and a negative argument means turn | |
1122 off directory tracking. | |
1123 | |
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1124 @end ignore |
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1125 |
25829 | 1126 @node Emacs Server, Hardcopy, Shell, Top |
1127 @section Using Emacs as a Server | |
1128 @pindex emacsclient | |
1129 @cindex Emacs as a server | |
1130 @cindex server, using Emacs as | |
29107 | 1131 @cindex @env{EDITOR} environment variable |
25829 | 1132 |
1133 Various programs such as @code{mail} can invoke your choice of editor | |
1134 to edit a particular piece of text, such as a message that you are | |
1135 sending. By convention, most of these programs use the environment | |
29107 | 1136 variable @env{EDITOR} to specify which editor to run. If you set |
1137 @env{EDITOR} to @samp{emacs}, they invoke Emacs---but in an | |
25829 | 1138 inconvenient fashion, by starting a new, separate Emacs process. This |
1139 is inconvenient because it takes time and because the new Emacs process | |
1140 doesn't share the buffers in the existing Emacs process. | |
1141 | |
1142 You can arrange to use your existing Emacs process as the editor for | |
1143 programs like @code{mail} by using the Emacs client and Emacs server | |
1144 programs. Here is how. | |
1145 | |
29107 | 1146 @cindex @env{TEXEDIT} environment variable |
25829 | 1147 First, the preparation. Within Emacs, call the function |
1148 @code{server-start}. (Your @file{.emacs} file can do this automatically | |
1149 if you add the expression @code{(server-start)} to it.) Then, outside | |
29107 | 1150 Emacs, set the @env{EDITOR} environment variable to @samp{emacsclient}. |
25829 | 1151 (Note that some programs use a different environment variable; for |
1152 example, to make @TeX{} use @samp{emacsclient}, you should set the | |
29107 | 1153 @env{TEXEDIT} environment variable to @samp{emacsclient +%d %s}.) |
25829 | 1154 |
1155 @kindex C-x # | |
1156 @findex server-edit | |
29107 | 1157 Then, whenever any program invokes your specified @env{EDITOR} |
25829 | 1158 program, the effect is to send a message to your principal Emacs telling |
1159 it to visit a file. (That's what the program @code{emacsclient} does.) | |
1160 Emacs displays the buffer immediately and you can immediately begin | |
1161 editing it. | |
1162 | |
1163 When you've finished editing that buffer, type @kbd{C-x #} | |
1164 (@code{server-edit}). This saves the file and sends a message back to | |
1165 the @code{emacsclient} program telling it to exit. The programs that | |
29107 | 1166 use @env{EDITOR} wait for the ``editor'' (actually, @code{emacsclient}) |
25829 | 1167 to exit. @kbd{C-x #} also checks for other pending external requests |
1168 to edit various files, and selects the next such file. | |
1169 | |
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1170 You can switch to a server buffer manually if you wish; you don't |
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1171 have to arrive at it with @kbd{C-x #}. But @kbd{C-x #} is the way to |
25829 | 1172 say that you are ``finished'' with one. |
1173 | |
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1174 @vindex server-kill-new-buffers |
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1175 @vindex server-temp-file-regexp |
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1176 Finishing with a server buffer also kills the buffer, unless it |
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1177 already existed in the Emacs session before the server asked to create |
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1178 it. However, if you set @code{server-kill-new-buffers} to @code{nil}, |
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1179 then a different criterion is used: finishing with a server buffer |
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1180 kills it if the file name matches the regular expression |
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1181 @code{server-temp-file-regexp}. This is set up to distinguish certain |
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1182 ``temporary'' files. |
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1183 |
25829 | 1184 @vindex server-window |
1185 If you set the variable @code{server-window} to a window or a frame, | |
1186 @kbd{C-x #} displays the server buffer in that window or in that frame. | |
1187 | |
1188 While @code{mail} or another application is waiting for | |
1189 @code{emacsclient} to finish, @code{emacsclient} does not read terminal | |
1190 input. So the terminal that @code{mail} was using is effectively | |
1191 blocked for the duration. In order to edit with your principal Emacs, | |
1192 you need to be able to use it without using that terminal. There are | |
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1193 three ways to do this: |
25829 | 1194 |
1195 @itemize @bullet | |
1196 @item | |
1197 Using a window system, run @code{mail} and the principal Emacs in two | |
1198 separate windows. While @code{mail} is waiting for @code{emacsclient}, | |
1199 the window where it was running is blocked, but you can use Emacs by | |
1200 switching windows. | |
1201 | |
1202 @item | |
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1203 Using virtual terminals, run @code{mail} in one virtual terminal |
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1204 and run Emacs in another. |
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1205 |
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1206 @item |
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1207 Use Shell mode or Term mode in Emacs to run the other program such as |
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1208 @code{mail}; then, @code{emacsclient} blocks only the subshell under |
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1209 Emacs, and you can still use Emacs to edit the file. |
25829 | 1210 @end itemize |
1211 | |
1212 If you run @code{emacsclient} with the option @samp{--no-wait}, it | |
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1213 returns immediately without waiting for you to ``finish'' the buffer |
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1214 in Emacs. Note that server buffers created in this way are not killed |
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1215 automatically when you finish with them. |
30856 | 1216 |
25829 | 1217 @menu |
1218 * Invoking emacsclient:: | |
1219 @end menu | |
1220 | |
1221 @node Invoking emacsclient,, Emacs Server, Emacs Server | |
1222 @section Invoking @code{emacsclient} | |
1223 | |
1224 To run the @code{emacsclient} program, specify file names as arguments, | |
1225 and optionally line numbers as well. Do it like this: | |
1226 | |
1227 @example | |
1228 emacsclient @r{@{}@r{[}+@var{line}@r{]} @var{filename}@r{@}}@dots{} | |
1229 @end example | |
1230 | |
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1231 @noindent |
25829 | 1232 This tells Emacs to visit each of the specified files; if you specify a |
1233 line number for a certain file, Emacs moves to that line in the file. | |
1234 | |
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1235 Ordinarily, @code{emacsclient} does not return until you use the |
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1236 @kbd{C-x #} command on each of these buffers. When that happens, |
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1237 Emacs sends a message to the @code{emacsclient} program telling it to |
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1238 return. |
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1239 |
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1240 But if you use the option @samp{-n} or @samp{--no-wait} when running |
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1241 @code{emacsclient}, then it returns immediately. (You can take as |
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1242 long as you like to edit the files in Emacs.) |
25829 | 1243 |
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1244 The option @samp{--alternate-editor=@var{command}} is useful when |
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1245 running @code{emacsclient} in a script. It specifies a command to run |
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1246 if @code{emacsclient} fails to contact Emacs. For example, the |
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1247 following setting for the @var{EDITOR} environment variable will |
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1248 always give an editor, even if Emacs is not running: |
25829 | 1249 |
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1250 @example |
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1251 EDITOR="emacsclient --alternate-editor vi +%d %s" |
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1252 @end example |
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1253 |
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1254 @noindent |
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1255 The environment variable @var{ALTERNATE_EDITOR} has the same effect, but |
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1256 the value of the @samp{--alternate-editor} takes precedence. |
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1257 |
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1258 @pindex emacs.bash |
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1259 Alternatively, the file @file{etc/emacs.bash} defines a bash |
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1260 function which will communicate with a running Emacs server, or start |
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1261 one if none exists. |
25829 | 1262 |
27210 | 1263 @node Hardcopy, PostScript, Emacs Server, Top |
25829 | 1264 @section Hardcopy Output |
1265 @cindex hardcopy | |
1266 | |
1267 The Emacs commands for making hardcopy let you print either an entire | |
1268 buffer or just part of one, either with or without page headers. | |
1269 See also the hardcopy commands of Dired (@pxref{Misc File Ops}) | |
1270 and the diary (@pxref{Diary Commands}). | |
1271 | |
1272 @table @kbd | |
1273 @item M-x print-buffer | |
1274 Print hardcopy of current buffer with page headings containing the file | |
1275 name and page number. | |
1276 @item M-x lpr-buffer | |
1277 Print hardcopy of current buffer without page headings. | |
1278 @item M-x print-region | |
1279 Like @code{print-buffer} but print only the current region. | |
1280 @item M-x lpr-region | |
1281 Like @code{lpr-buffer} but print only the current region. | |
1282 @end table | |
1283 | |
1284 @findex print-buffer | |
1285 @findex print-region | |
1286 @findex lpr-buffer | |
1287 @findex lpr-region | |
1288 @vindex lpr-switches | |
1289 The hardcopy commands (aside from the Postscript commands) pass extra | |
1290 switches to the @code{lpr} program based on the value of the variable | |
1291 @code{lpr-switches}. Its value should be a list of strings, each string | |
1292 an option starting with @samp{-}. For example, to specify a line width | |
1293 of 80 columns for all the printing you do in Emacs, set | |
1294 @code{lpr-switches} like this: | |
1295 | |
1296 @example | |
1297 (setq lpr-switches '("-w80")) | |
1298 @end example | |
1299 | |
1300 @vindex printer-name | |
1301 You can specify the printer to use by setting the variable | |
1302 @code{printer-name}. | |
1303 | |
1304 @vindex lpr-headers-switches | |
1305 @vindex lpr-commands | |
1306 @vindex lpr-add-switches | |
1307 The variable @code{lpr-command} specifies the name of the printer | |
1308 program to run; the default value depends on your operating system type. | |
1309 On most systems, the default is @code{"lpr"}. The variable | |
1310 @code{lpr-headers-switches} similarly specifies the extra switches to | |
1311 use to make page headers. The variable @code{lpr-add-switches} controls | |
1312 whether to supply @samp{-T} and @samp{-J} options (suitable for | |
1313 @code{lpr}) to the printer program: @code{nil} means don't add them. | |
1314 @code{lpr-add-switches} should be @code{nil} if your printer program is | |
1315 not compatible with @code{lpr}. | |
1316 | |
27210 | 1317 @node PostScript, PostScript Variables, Hardcopy, Top |
1318 @section PostScript Hardcopy | |
25829 | 1319 |
27210 | 1320 These commands convert buffer contents to PostScript, |
25829 | 1321 either printing it or leaving it in another Emacs buffer. |
1322 | |
1323 @table @kbd | |
1324 @item M-x ps-print-buffer | |
27210 | 1325 Print hardcopy of the current buffer in PostScript form. |
25829 | 1326 @item M-x ps-print-region |
27210 | 1327 Print hardcopy of the current region in PostScript form. |
25829 | 1328 @item M-x ps-print-buffer-with-faces |
27210 | 1329 Print hardcopy of the current buffer in PostScript form, showing the |
1330 faces used in the text by means of PostScript features. | |
25829 | 1331 @item M-x ps-print-region-with-faces |
27210 | 1332 Print hardcopy of the current region in PostScript form, showing the |
25829 | 1333 faces used in the text. |
1334 @item M-x ps-spool-buffer | |
27210 | 1335 Generate PostScript for the current buffer text. |
25829 | 1336 @item M-x ps-spool-region |
27210 | 1337 Generate PostScript for the current region. |
25829 | 1338 @item M-x ps-spool-buffer-with-faces |
27210 | 1339 Generate PostScript for the current buffer, showing the faces used. |
25829 | 1340 @item M-x ps-spool-region-with-faces |
27210 | 1341 Generate PostScript for the current region, showing the faces used. |
1342 @item M-x handwrite | |
1343 Generates/prints PostScript for the current buffer as if handwritten. | |
25829 | 1344 @end table |
1345 | |
1346 @findex ps-print-region | |
1347 @findex ps-print-buffer | |
1348 @findex ps-print-region-with-faces | |
1349 @findex ps-print-buffer-with-faces | |
27210 | 1350 The PostScript commands, @code{ps-print-buffer} and |
1351 @code{ps-print-region}, print buffer contents in PostScript form. One | |
25829 | 1352 command prints the entire buffer; the other, just the region. The |
1353 corresponding @samp{-with-faces} commands, | |
1354 @code{ps-print-buffer-with-faces} and @code{ps-print-region-with-faces}, | |
27210 | 1355 use PostScript features to show the faces (fonts and colors) in the text |
25829 | 1356 properties of the text being printed. |
1357 | |
1358 If you are using a color display, you can print a buffer of program | |
1359 code with color highlighting by turning on Font-Lock mode in that | |
1360 buffer, and using @code{ps-print-buffer-with-faces}. | |
1361 | |
1362 @findex ps-spool-region | |
1363 @findex ps-spool-buffer | |
1364 @findex ps-spool-region-with-faces | |
1365 @findex ps-spool-buffer-with-faces | |
1366 The commands whose names have @samp{spool} instead of @samp{print} | |
27210 | 1367 generate the PostScript output in an Emacs buffer instead of sending |
25829 | 1368 it to the printer. |
1369 | |
27210 | 1370 @findex handwrite |
1371 @cindex handwriting | |
1372 @kbd{M-x handwrite} is more frivolous. It generates a PostScript | |
1373 rendition of the current buffer as a cursive handwritten document. It | |
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1374 can be customized in group @code{handwrite}. This function only |
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1375 supports ISO 8859-1 characters. |
27210 | 1376 |
25829 | 1377 @ifinfo |
1378 The following section describes variables for customizing these commands. | |
1379 @end ifinfo | |
1380 | |
27210 | 1381 @node PostScript Variables, Sorting, PostScript, Top |
1382 @section Variables for PostScript Hardcopy | |
25829 | 1383 |
1384 @vindex ps-lpr-command | |
1385 @vindex ps-lpr-switches | |
1386 @vindex ps-printer-name | |
27210 | 1387 All the PostScript hardcopy commands use the variables |
25829 | 1388 @code{ps-lpr-command} and @code{ps-lpr-switches} to specify how to print |
1389 the output. @code{ps-lpr-command} specifies the command name to run, | |
1390 @code{ps-lpr-switches} specifies command line options to use, and | |
1391 @code{ps-printer-name} specifies the printer. If you don't set the | |
1392 first two variables yourself, they take their initial values from | |
1393 @code{lpr-command} and @code{lpr-switches}. If @code{ps-printer-name} | |
1394 is @code{nil}, @code{printer-name} is used. | |
1395 | |
1396 @vindex ps-print-header | |
1397 The variable @code{ps-print-header} controls whether these commands | |
1398 add header lines to each page---set it to @code{nil} to turn headers | |
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1399 off. |
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1400 |
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1401 @cindex color emulation on black-and-white printers |
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1402 @vindex ps-print-color-p |
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1403 If your printer doesn't support colors, you should turn off color |
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1404 processing by setting @code{ps-print-color-p} to @code{nil}. By |
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1405 default, if the display supports colors, Emacs produces hardcopy output |
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1406 with color information; on black-and-white printers, colors are emulated |
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1407 with shades of gray. This might produce illegible output, even if your |
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1408 screen colors only use shades of gray. |
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1409 |
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1410 @vindex ps-use-face-background |
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1411 By default, PostScript printing ignores the background colors of the |
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1412 faces, unless the variable @code{ps-use-face-background} is |
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1413 non-@code{nil}. This is to avoid unwanted interference with the zebra |
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1414 stripes and background image/text. |
25829 | 1415 |
1416 @vindex ps-paper-type | |
1417 @vindex ps-page-dimensions-database | |
1418 The variable @code{ps-paper-type} specifies which size of paper to | |
1419 format for; legitimate values include @code{a4}, @code{a3}, | |
1420 @code{a4small}, @code{b4}, @code{b5}, @code{executive}, @code{ledger}, | |
1421 @code{legal}, @code{letter}, @code{letter-small}, @code{statement}, | |
1422 @code{tabloid}. The default is @code{letter}. You can define | |
1423 additional paper sizes by changing the variable | |
1424 @code{ps-page-dimensions-database}. | |
1425 | |
1426 @vindex ps-landscape-mode | |
1427 The variable @code{ps-landscape-mode} specifies the orientation of | |
1428 printing on the page. The default is @code{nil}, which stands for | |
1429 ``portrait'' mode. Any non-@code{nil} value specifies ``landscape'' | |
1430 mode. | |
1431 | |
1432 @vindex ps-number-of-columns | |
1433 The variable @code{ps-number-of-columns} specifies the number of | |
1434 columns; it takes effect in both landscape and portrait mode. The | |
1435 default is 1. | |
1436 | |
1437 @vindex ps-font-family | |
1438 @vindex ps-font-size | |
1439 @vindex ps-font-info-database | |
1440 The variable @code{ps-font-family} specifies which font family to use | |
1441 for printing ordinary text. Legitimate values include @code{Courier}, | |
1442 @code{Helvetica}, @code{NewCenturySchlbk}, @code{Palatino} and | |
1443 @code{Times}. The variable @code{ps-font-size} specifies the size of | |
1444 the font for ordinary text. It defaults to 8.5 points. | |
1445 | |
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1446 @vindex ps-multibyte-buffer |
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1447 @cindex Intlfonts for PostScript printing |
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1448 @cindex fonts for PostScript printing |
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1449 Emacs supports more scripts and characters than a typical PostScript |
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1450 printer. Thus, some of the characters in your buffer might not be |
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1451 printable using the fonts built into your printer. You can augment |
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1452 the fonts supplied with the printer with those from the GNU Intlfonts |
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1453 package, or you can instruct Emacs to use Intlfonts exclusively. The |
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1454 variable @code{ps-multibyte-buffer} controls this: the default value, |
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1455 @code{nil}, is appropriate for printing @sc{ascii} and Latin-1 |
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1456 characters; a value of @code{non-latin-printer} is for printers which |
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1457 have the fonts for @sc{ascii}, Latin-1, Japanese, and Korean |
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1458 characters built into them. A value of @code{bdf-font} arranges for |
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1459 the BDF fonts from the Intlfonts package to be used for @emph{all} |
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1460 characters. Finally, a value of @code{bdf-font-except-latin} |
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1461 instructs the printer to use built-in fonts for @sc{ascii} and Latin-1 |
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1462 characters, and Intlfonts BDF fonts for the rest. |
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1463 |
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1464 @vindex bdf-directory-list |
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1465 To be able to use the BDF fonts, Emacs should know where to find |
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1466 them. The variable @code{bdf-directory-list} holds the list of |
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1467 directories where Emacs should look for the fonts; the default value |
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1468 includes a single directory @file{/usr/local/share/emacs/fonts/bdf}. |
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1469 |
25829 | 1470 Many other customization variables for these commands are defined and |
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1471 described in the Lisp files @file{ps-print.el} and @file{ps-mule.el}. |
25829 | 1472 |
27210 | 1473 @node Sorting, Narrowing, PostScript Variables, Top |
25829 | 1474 @section Sorting Text |
1475 @cindex sorting | |
1476 | |
1477 Emacs provides several commands for sorting text in the buffer. All | |
1478 operate on the contents of the region (the text between point and the | |
1479 mark). They divide the text of the region into many @dfn{sort records}, | |
1480 identify a @dfn{sort key} for each record, and then reorder the records | |
1481 into the order determined by the sort keys. The records are ordered so | |
1482 that their keys are in alphabetical order, or, for numeric sorting, in | |
1483 numeric order. In alphabetic sorting, all upper-case letters `A' through | |
1484 `Z' come before lower-case `a', in accord with the ASCII character | |
1485 sequence. | |
1486 | |
1487 The various sort commands differ in how they divide the text into sort | |
1488 records and in which part of each record is used as the sort key. Most of | |
1489 the commands make each line a separate sort record, but some commands use | |
1490 paragraphs or pages as sort records. Most of the sort commands use each | |
1491 entire sort record as its own sort key, but some use only a portion of the | |
1492 record as the sort key. | |
1493 | |
1494 @findex sort-lines | |
1495 @findex sort-paragraphs | |
1496 @findex sort-pages | |
1497 @findex sort-fields | |
1498 @findex sort-numeric-fields | |
27469 | 1499 @vindex sort-numeric-base |
25829 | 1500 @table @kbd |
1501 @item M-x sort-lines | |
1502 Divide the region into lines, and sort by comparing the entire | |
1503 text of a line. A numeric argument means sort into descending order. | |
1504 | |
1505 @item M-x sort-paragraphs | |
1506 Divide the region into paragraphs, and sort by comparing the entire | |
1507 text of a paragraph (except for leading blank lines). A numeric | |
1508 argument means sort into descending order. | |
1509 | |
1510 @item M-x sort-pages | |
1511 Divide the region into pages, and sort by comparing the entire | |
1512 text of a page (except for leading blank lines). A numeric | |
1513 argument means sort into descending order. | |
1514 | |
1515 @item M-x sort-fields | |
1516 Divide the region into lines, and sort by comparing the contents of | |
1517 one field in each line. Fields are defined as separated by | |
1518 whitespace, so the first run of consecutive non-whitespace characters | |
1519 in a line constitutes field 1, the second such run constitutes field | |
1520 2, etc. | |
1521 | |
1522 Specify which field to sort by with a numeric argument: 1 to sort by | |
1523 field 1, etc. A negative argument means count fields from the right | |
1524 instead of from the left; thus, minus 1 means sort by the last field. | |
1525 If several lines have identical contents in the field being sorted, they | |
1526 keep same relative order that they had in the original buffer. | |
1527 | |
1528 @item M-x sort-numeric-fields | |
1529 Like @kbd{M-x sort-fields} except the specified field is converted | |
1530 to an integer for each line, and the numbers are compared. @samp{10} | |
1531 comes before @samp{2} when considered as text, but after it when | |
27469 | 1532 considered as a number. By default, numbers are interpreted according |
1533 to @code{sort-numeric-base}, but numbers beginning with @samp{0x} or | |
1534 @samp{0} are interpreted as hexadecimal and octal, respectively. | |
25829 | 1535 |
1536 @item M-x sort-columns | |
1537 Like @kbd{M-x sort-fields} except that the text within each line | |
1538 used for comparison comes from a fixed range of columns. See below | |
1539 for an explanation. | |
1540 | |
1541 @item M-x reverse-region | |
1542 Reverse the order of the lines in the region. This is useful for | |
1543 sorting into descending order by fields or columns, since those sort | |
1544 commands do not have a feature for doing that. | |
1545 @end table | |
1546 | |
1547 For example, if the buffer contains this: | |
1548 | |
1549 @smallexample | |
1550 On systems where clash detection (locking of files being edited) is | |
1551 implemented, Emacs also checks the first time you modify a buffer | |
1552 whether the file has changed on disk since it was last visited or | |
1553 saved. If it has, you are asked to confirm that you want to change | |
1554 the buffer. | |
1555 @end smallexample | |
1556 | |
1557 @noindent | |
1558 applying @kbd{M-x sort-lines} to the entire buffer produces this: | |
1559 | |
1560 @smallexample | |
1561 On systems where clash detection (locking of files being edited) is | |
1562 implemented, Emacs also checks the first time you modify a buffer | |
1563 saved. If it has, you are asked to confirm that you want to change | |
1564 the buffer. | |
1565 whether the file has changed on disk since it was last visited or | |
1566 @end smallexample | |
1567 | |
1568 @noindent | |
1569 where the upper-case @samp{O} sorts before all lower-case letters. If | |
1570 you use @kbd{C-u 2 M-x sort-fields} instead, you get this: | |
1571 | |
1572 @smallexample | |
1573 implemented, Emacs also checks the first time you modify a buffer | |
1574 saved. If it has, you are asked to confirm that you want to change | |
1575 the buffer. | |
1576 On systems where clash detection (locking of files being edited) is | |
1577 whether the file has changed on disk since it was last visited or | |
1578 @end smallexample | |
1579 | |
1580 @noindent | |
1581 where the sort keys were @samp{Emacs}, @samp{If}, @samp{buffer}, | |
1582 @samp{systems} and @samp{the}. | |
1583 | |
1584 @findex sort-columns | |
1585 @kbd{M-x sort-columns} requires more explanation. You specify the | |
1586 columns by putting point at one of the columns and the mark at the other | |
1587 column. Because this means you cannot put point or the mark at the | |
1588 beginning of the first line of the text you want to sort, this command | |
36185 | 1589 uses an unusual definition of ``region'': all of the line point is in is |
25829 | 1590 considered part of the region, and so is all of the line the mark is in, |
1591 as well as all the lines in between. | |
1592 | |
1593 For example, to sort a table by information found in columns 10 to 15, | |
1594 you could put the mark on column 10 in the first line of the table, and | |
1595 point on column 15 in the last line of the table, and then run | |
1596 @code{sort-columns}. Equivalently, you could run it with the mark on | |
1597 column 15 in the first line and point on column 10 in the last line. | |
1598 | |
1599 This can be thought of as sorting the rectangle specified by point and | |
1600 the mark, except that the text on each line to the left or right of the | |
1601 rectangle moves along with the text inside the rectangle. | |
1602 @xref{Rectangles}. | |
1603 | |
1604 @vindex sort-fold-case | |
1605 Many of the sort commands ignore case differences when comparing, if | |
1606 @code{sort-fold-case} is non-@code{nil}. | |
1607 | |
1608 @node Narrowing, Two-Column, Sorting, Top | |
1609 @section Narrowing | |
1610 @cindex widening | |
1611 @cindex restriction | |
1612 @cindex narrowing | |
1613 @cindex accessible portion | |
1614 | |
1615 @dfn{Narrowing} means focusing in on some portion of the buffer, | |
1616 making the rest temporarily inaccessible. The portion which you can | |
1617 still get to is called the @dfn{accessible portion}. Canceling the | |
1618 narrowing, which makes the entire buffer once again accessible, is | |
1619 called @dfn{widening}. The amount of narrowing in effect in a buffer at | |
1620 any time is called the buffer's @dfn{restriction}. | |
1621 | |
1622 Narrowing can make it easier to concentrate on a single subroutine or | |
1623 paragraph by eliminating clutter. It can also be used to restrict the | |
1624 range of operation of a replace command or repeating keyboard macro. | |
1625 | |
1626 @c WideCommands | |
1627 @table @kbd | |
1628 @item C-x n n | |
1629 Narrow down to between point and mark (@code{narrow-to-region}). | |
1630 @item C-x n w | |
1631 Widen to make the entire buffer accessible again (@code{widen}). | |
1632 @item C-x n p | |
1633 Narrow down to the current page (@code{narrow-to-page}). | |
1634 @item C-x n d | |
1635 Narrow down to the current defun (@code{narrow-to-defun}). | |
1636 @end table | |
1637 | |
1638 When you have narrowed down to a part of the buffer, that part appears | |
1639 to be all there is. You can't see the rest, you can't move into it | |
1640 (motion commands won't go outside the accessible part), you can't change | |
1641 it in any way. However, it is not gone, and if you save the file all | |
1642 the inaccessible text will be saved. The word @samp{Narrow} appears in | |
1643 the mode line whenever narrowing is in effect. | |
1644 | |
1645 @kindex C-x n n | |
1646 @findex narrow-to-region | |
1647 The primary narrowing command is @kbd{C-x n n} (@code{narrow-to-region}). | |
1648 It sets the current buffer's restrictions so that the text in the current | |
1649 region remains accessible but all text before the region or after the region | |
1650 is inaccessible. Point and mark do not change. | |
1651 | |
1652 @kindex C-x n p | |
1653 @findex narrow-to-page | |
1654 @kindex C-x n d | |
1655 @findex narrow-to-defun | |
1656 Alternatively, use @kbd{C-x n p} (@code{narrow-to-page}) to narrow | |
1657 down to the current page. @xref{Pages}, for the definition of a page. | |
1658 @kbd{C-x n d} (@code{narrow-to-defun}) narrows down to the defun | |
1659 containing point (@pxref{Defuns}). | |
1660 | |
1661 @kindex C-x n w | |
1662 @findex widen | |
1663 The way to cancel narrowing is to widen with @kbd{C-x n w} | |
1664 (@code{widen}). This makes all text in the buffer accessible again. | |
1665 | |
1666 You can get information on what part of the buffer you are narrowed down | |
1667 to using the @kbd{C-x =} command. @xref{Position Info}. | |
1668 | |
1669 Because narrowing can easily confuse users who do not understand it, | |
1670 @code{narrow-to-region} is normally a disabled command. Attempting to use | |
1671 this command asks for confirmation and gives you the option of enabling it; | |
1672 if you enable the command, confirmation will no longer be required for | |
1673 it. @xref{Disabling}. | |
1674 | |
1675 @node Two-Column, Editing Binary Files, Narrowing, Top | |
1676 @section Two-Column Editing | |
1677 @cindex two-column editing | |
1678 @cindex splitting columns | |
1679 @cindex columns, splitting | |
1680 | |
1681 Two-column mode lets you conveniently edit two side-by-side columns of | |
1682 text. It uses two side-by-side windows, each showing its own | |
1683 buffer. | |
1684 | |
1685 There are three ways to enter two-column mode: | |
1686 | |
1687 @table @asis | |
1688 @item @kbd{@key{F2} 2} or @kbd{C-x 6 2} | |
1689 @kindex F2 2 | |
1690 @kindex C-x 6 2 | |
1691 @findex 2C-two-columns | |
1692 Enter two-column mode with the current buffer on the left, and on the | |
1693 right, a buffer whose name is based on the current buffer's name | |
1694 (@code{2C-two-columns}). If the right-hand buffer doesn't already | |
1695 exist, it starts out empty; the current buffer's contents are not | |
1696 changed. | |
1697 | |
1698 This command is appropriate when the current buffer is empty or contains | |
1699 just one column and you want to add another column. | |
1700 | |
1701 @item @kbd{@key{F2} s} or @kbd{C-x 6 s} | |
1702 @kindex F2 s | |
1703 @kindex C-x 6 s | |
1704 @findex 2C-split | |
1705 Split the current buffer, which contains two-column text, into two | |
1706 buffers, and display them side by side (@code{2C-split}). The current | |
1707 buffer becomes the left-hand buffer, but the text in the right-hand | |
1708 column is moved into the right-hand buffer. The current column | |
1709 specifies the split point. Splitting starts with the current line and | |
1710 continues to the end of the buffer. | |
1711 | |
1712 This command is appropriate when you have a buffer that already contains | |
1713 two-column text, and you wish to separate the columns temporarily. | |
1714 | |
1715 @item @kbd{@key{F2} b @var{buffer} @key{RET}} | |
1716 @itemx @kbd{C-x 6 b @var{buffer} @key{RET}} | |
1717 @kindex F2 b | |
1718 @kindex C-x 6 b | |
1719 @findex 2C-associate-buffer | |
1720 Enter two-column mode using the current buffer as the left-hand buffer, | |
1721 and using buffer @var{buffer} as the right-hand buffer | |
1722 (@code{2C-associate-buffer}). | |
1723 @end table | |
1724 | |
1725 @kbd{@key{F2} s} or @kbd{C-x 6 s} looks for a column separator, which | |
1726 is a string that appears on each line between the two columns. You can | |
1727 specify the width of the separator with a numeric argument to | |
1728 @kbd{@key{F2} s}; that many characters, before point, constitute the | |
1729 separator string. By default, the width is 1, so the column separator | |
1730 is the character before point. | |
1731 | |
1732 When a line has the separator at the proper place, @kbd{@key{F2} s} | |
1733 puts the text after the separator into the right-hand buffer, and | |
1734 deletes the separator. Lines that don't have the column separator at | |
1735 the proper place remain unsplit; they stay in the left-hand buffer, and | |
1736 the right-hand buffer gets an empty line to correspond. (This is the | |
1737 way to write a line that ``spans both columns while in two-column | |
1738 mode'': write it in the left-hand buffer, and put an empty line in the | |
1739 right-hand buffer.) | |
1740 | |
1741 @kindex F2 RET | |
1742 @kindex C-x 6 RET | |
1743 @findex 2C-newline | |
1744 The command @kbd{C-x 6 @key{RET}} or @kbd{@key{F2} @key{RET}} | |
1745 (@code{2C-newline}) inserts a newline in each of the two buffers at | |
1746 corresponding positions. This is the easiest way to add a new line to | |
1747 the two-column text while editing it in split buffers. | |
1748 | |
1749 @kindex F2 1 | |
1750 @kindex C-x 6 1 | |
1751 @findex 2C-merge | |
1752 When you have edited both buffers as you wish, merge them with | |
1753 @kbd{@key{F2} 1} or @kbd{C-x 6 1} (@code{2C-merge}). This copies the | |
1754 text from the right-hand buffer as a second column in the other buffer. | |
1755 To go back to two-column editing, use @kbd{@key{F2} s}. | |
1756 | |
1757 @kindex F2 d | |
1758 @kindex C-x 6 d | |
1759 @findex 2C-dissociate | |
1760 Use @kbd{@key{F2} d} or @kbd{C-x 6 d} to dissociate the two buffers, | |
1761 leaving each as it stands (@code{2C-dissociate}). If the other buffer, | |
1762 the one not current when you type @kbd{@key{F2} d}, is empty, | |
1763 @kbd{@key{F2} d} kills it. | |
1764 | |
1765 @node Editing Binary Files, Saving Emacs Sessions, Two-Column, Top | |
1766 @section Editing Binary Files | |
1767 | |
1768 @cindex Hexl mode | |
1769 @cindex mode, Hexl | |
1770 @cindex editing binary files | |
31029 | 1771 @cindex hex editing |
25829 | 1772 There is a special major mode for editing binary files: Hexl mode. To |
1773 use it, use @kbd{M-x hexl-find-file} instead of @kbd{C-x C-f} to visit | |
1774 the file. This command converts the file's contents to hexadecimal and | |
1775 lets you edit the translation. When you save the file, it is converted | |
1776 automatically back to binary. | |
1777 | |
1778 You can also use @kbd{M-x hexl-mode} to translate an existing buffer | |
1779 into hex. This is useful if you visit a file normally and then discover | |
1780 it is a binary file. | |
1781 | |
1782 Ordinary text characters overwrite in Hexl mode. This is to reduce | |
1783 the risk of accidentally spoiling the alignment of data in the file. | |
1784 There are special commands for insertion. Here is a list of the | |
1785 commands of Hexl mode: | |
1786 | |
1787 @c I don't think individual index entries for these commands are useful--RMS. | |
1788 @table @kbd | |
1789 @item C-M-d | |
1790 Insert a byte with a code typed in decimal. | |
1791 | |
1792 @item C-M-o | |
1793 Insert a byte with a code typed in octal. | |
1794 | |
1795 @item C-M-x | |
1796 Insert a byte with a code typed in hex. | |
1797 | |
1798 @item C-x [ | |
1799 Move to the beginning of a 1k-byte ``page.'' | |
1800 | |
1801 @item C-x ] | |
1802 Move to the end of a 1k-byte ``page.'' | |
1803 | |
1804 @item M-g | |
1805 Move to an address specified in hex. | |
1806 | |
1807 @item M-j | |
1808 Move to an address specified in decimal. | |
1809 | |
1810 @item C-c C-c | |
1811 Leave Hexl mode, going back to the major mode this buffer had before you | |
1812 invoked @code{hexl-mode}. | |
1813 @end table | |
1814 | |
31029 | 1815 @noindent |
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1816 Other Hexl commands let you insert strings (sequences) of binary |
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1817 bytes, move by short's or int's, etc.; type @kbd{C-h a hexl- |
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1818 @key{RET}} for details. |
31029 | 1819 |
1820 | |
25829 | 1821 @node Saving Emacs Sessions, Recursive Edit, Editing Binary Files, Top |
1822 @section Saving Emacs Sessions | |
1823 @cindex saving sessions | |
1824 @cindex desktop | |
1825 | |
1826 You can use the Desktop library to save the state of Emacs from one | |
1827 session to another. Saving the state means that Emacs starts up with | |
1828 the same set of buffers, major modes, buffer positions, and so on that | |
1829 the previous Emacs session had. | |
1830 | |
1831 @vindex desktop-enable | |
1832 To use Desktop, you should use the Customization buffer (@pxref{Easy | |
1833 Customization}) to set @code{desktop-enable} to a non-@code{nil} value, | |
1834 or add these lines at the end of your @file{.emacs} file: | |
1835 | |
1836 @example | |
1837 (desktop-load-default) | |
1838 (desktop-read) | |
1839 @end example | |
1840 | |
1841 @noindent | |
1842 @findex desktop-save | |
1843 The first time you save the state of the Emacs session, you must do it | |
1844 manually, with the command @kbd{M-x desktop-save}. Once you have done | |
1845 that, exiting Emacs will save the state again---not only the present | |
1846 Emacs session, but also subsequent sessions. You can also save the | |
1847 state at any time, without exiting Emacs, by typing @kbd{M-x | |
1848 desktop-save} again. | |
1849 | |
1850 In order for Emacs to recover the state from a previous session, you | |
1851 must start it with the same current directory as you used when you | |
1852 started the previous session. This is because @code{desktop-read} looks | |
1853 in the current directory for the file to read. This means that you can | |
1854 have separate saved sessions in different directories; the directory in | |
1855 which you start Emacs will control which saved session to use. | |
1856 | |
1857 @vindex desktop-files-not-to-save | |
1858 The variable @code{desktop-files-not-to-save} controls which files are | |
1859 excluded from state saving. Its value is a regular expression that | |
1860 matches the files to exclude. By default, remote (ftp-accessed) files | |
1861 are excluded; this is because visiting them again in the subsequent | |
1862 session would be slow. If you want to include these files in state | |
1863 saving, set @code{desktop-files-not-to-save} to @code{"^$"}. | |
1864 @xref{Remote Files}. | |
1865 | |
29083 | 1866 @vindex save-place |
1867 @cindex Saveplace | |
1868 @findex toggle-save-place | |
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1869 The Saveplace library provides a simpler feature that records your |
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1870 position in each file when you kill its buffer (or kill Emacs), and |
29083 | 1871 jumps to the same position when you visit the file again (even in |
31310 | 1872 another Emacs session). Use @kbd{M-x toggle-save-place} to turn on |
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1873 place-saving in a given file. Customize the option @code{save-place} |
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1874 to turn it on for all files in each session. |
29083 | 1875 |
25829 | 1876 @node Recursive Edit, Emulation, Saving Emacs Sessions, Top |
1877 @section Recursive Editing Levels | |
1878 @cindex recursive editing level | |
1879 @cindex editing level, recursive | |
1880 | |
1881 A @dfn{recursive edit} is a situation in which you are using Emacs | |
1882 commands to perform arbitrary editing while in the middle of another | |
1883 Emacs command. For example, when you type @kbd{C-r} inside of a | |
1884 @code{query-replace}, you enter a recursive edit in which you can change | |
1885 the current buffer. On exiting from the recursive edit, you go back to | |
1886 the @code{query-replace}. | |
1887 | |
1888 @kindex C-M-c | |
1889 @findex exit-recursive-edit | |
1890 @cindex exiting recursive edit | |
1891 @dfn{Exiting} the recursive edit means returning to the unfinished | |
1892 command, which continues execution. The command to exit is @kbd{C-M-c} | |
1893 (@code{exit-recursive-edit}). | |
1894 | |
1895 You can also @dfn{abort} the recursive edit. This is like exiting, | |
1896 but also quits the unfinished command immediately. Use the command | |
1897 @kbd{C-]} (@code{abort-recursive-edit}) to do this. @xref{Quitting}. | |
1898 | |
1899 The mode line shows you when you are in a recursive edit by displaying | |
1900 square brackets around the parentheses that always surround the major and | |
1901 minor mode names. Every window's mode line shows this, in the same way, | |
1902 since being in a recursive edit is true of Emacs as a whole rather than | |
1903 any particular window or buffer. | |
1904 | |
1905 It is possible to be in recursive edits within recursive edits. For | |
1906 example, after typing @kbd{C-r} in a @code{query-replace}, you may type a | |
1907 command that enters the debugger. This begins a recursive editing level | |
1908 for the debugger, within the recursive editing level for @kbd{C-r}. | |
1909 Mode lines display a pair of square brackets for each recursive editing | |
1910 level currently in progress. | |
1911 | |
1912 Exiting the inner recursive edit (such as, with the debugger @kbd{c} | |
1913 command) resumes the command running in the next level up. When that | |
1914 command finishes, you can then use @kbd{C-M-c} to exit another recursive | |
1915 editing level, and so on. Exiting applies to the innermost level only. | |
1916 Aborting also gets out of only one level of recursive edit; it returns | |
1917 immediately to the command level of the previous recursive edit. If you | |
1918 wish, you can then abort the next recursive editing level. | |
1919 | |
1920 Alternatively, the command @kbd{M-x top-level} aborts all levels of | |
1921 recursive edits, returning immediately to the top-level command reader. | |
1922 | |
1923 The text being edited inside the recursive edit need not be the same text | |
1924 that you were editing at top level. It depends on what the recursive edit | |
1925 is for. If the command that invokes the recursive edit selects a different | |
1926 buffer first, that is the buffer you will edit recursively. In any case, | |
1927 you can switch buffers within the recursive edit in the normal manner (as | |
1928 long as the buffer-switching keys have not been rebound). You could | |
1929 probably do all the rest of your editing inside the recursive edit, | |
1930 visiting files and all. But this could have surprising effects (such as | |
1931 stack overflow) from time to time. So remember to exit or abort the | |
1932 recursive edit when you no longer need it. | |
1933 | |
1934 In general, we try to minimize the use of recursive editing levels in | |
1935 GNU Emacs. This is because they constrain you to ``go back'' in a | |
1936 particular order---from the innermost level toward the top level. When | |
1937 possible, we present different activities in separate buffers so that | |
1938 you can switch between them as you please. Some commands switch to a | |
1939 new major mode which provides a command to switch back. These | |
1940 approaches give you more flexibility to go back to unfinished tasks in | |
1941 the order you choose. | |
1942 | |
28448 | 1943 @node Emulation, Hyperlinking, Recursive Edit, Top |
25829 | 1944 @section Emulation |
1945 @cindex emulating other editors | |
1946 @cindex other editors | |
1947 @cindex EDT | |
1948 @cindex vi | |
27210 | 1949 @cindex PC keybindings |
1950 @cindex scrolling all windows | |
1951 @cindex PC selecion | |
1952 @cindex Motif keybindings | |
1953 @cindex Macintosh keybindings | |
1954 @cindex WordStar | |
25829 | 1955 |
1956 GNU Emacs can be programmed to emulate (more or less) most other | |
1957 editors. Standard facilities can emulate these: | |
1958 | |
1959 @table @asis | |
27210 | 1960 @item CRiSP/Brief (PC editor) |
1961 @findex crisp-mode | |
1962 @vindex crisp-override-meta-x | |
1963 @findex scroll-all-mode | |
30856 | 1964 @cindex CRiSP mode |
1965 @cindex Brief emulation | |
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1966 @cindex emulation of Brief |
30856 | 1967 @cindex mode, CRiSP |
1968 You can turn on keybindings to emulate the CRiSP/Brief editor with | |
1969 @kbd{M-x crisp-mode}. Note that this rebinds @kbd{M-x} to exit Emacs | |
1970 unless you change the user option @code{crisp-override-meta-x}. You can | |
1971 also use the command @kbd{M-x scroll-all-mode} or set the user option | |
1972 @code{crisp-load-scroll-all} to emulate CRiSP's scroll-all feature | |
1973 (scrolling all windows together). | |
27210 | 1974 |
25829 | 1975 @item EDT (DEC VMS editor) |
1976 @findex edt-emulation-on | |
1977 @findex edt-emulation-off | |
1978 Turn on EDT emulation with @kbd{M-x edt-emulation-on}. @kbd{M-x | |
1979 edt-emulation-off} restores normal Emacs command bindings. | |
1980 | |
1981 Most of the EDT emulation commands are keypad keys, and most standard | |
1982 Emacs key bindings are still available. The EDT emulation rebindings | |
1983 are done in the global keymap, so there is no problem switching | |
1984 buffers or major modes while in EDT emulation. | |
1985 | |
36185 | 1986 @item ``PC'' bindings |
27210 | 1987 @findex pc-bindings-mode |
36185 | 1988 @cindex ``PC'' key bindings |
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1989 The command @kbd{M-x pc-bindings-mode} sets up certain key bindings |
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1990 for ``PC compatibility''---what people are often used to on PCs---as |
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1991 follows: @kbd{Delete} and its variants delete forward instead of |
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1992 backward, @kbd{C-Backspace} kills backward a word (as @kbd{C-Delete} |
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1993 normally would), @kbd{M-Backspace} does undo, @kbd{Home} and @kbd{End} |
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1994 move to beginning and end of line, @kbd{C-Home} and @kbd{C-End} move |
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1995 to beginning and end of buffer and @kbd{C-Escape} does |
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1996 @code{list-buffers}. |
27210 | 1997 |
30856 | 1998 @item PC Selection mode |
27210 | 1999 @findex pc-selection-mode |
30856 | 2000 @cindex PC Selection minor mode |
2001 @cindex mode, PC selection | |
36185 | 2002 @cindex selection, PC |
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2003 The command @kbd{M-x pc-selection-mode} enables a global minor mode |
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2004 that emulates the mark, copy, cut and paste commands of various other |
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2005 systems---an interface known as CUA. It establishes the keybindings |
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2006 of PC mode, and also modifies the bindings of the cursor keys and the |
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2007 @kbd{next}, @kbd{prior}, @kbd{home} and @kbd{end} keys. It does not |
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2008 provide the full set of CUA keybindings---the fundamental Emacs keys |
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2009 @kbd{C-c}, @kbd{C-v} and @kbd{C-x} are not changed. |
27210 | 2010 |
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2011 The standard keys for moving around (@kbd{right}, @kbd{left}, |
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2012 @kbd{up}, @kbd{down}, @kbd{home}, @kbd{end}, @kbd{prior}, @kbd{next}, |
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2013 called ``move-keys'') deactivate the mark in PC selection mode. |
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2014 However, using @kbd{Shift} together with the ``move keys'' activates |
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2015 the region over which they move. The copy, cut and paste functions |
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2016 are available on @kbd{C-insert}, @kbd{S-delete} and @kbd{S-insert} |
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2017 respectively. |
27210 | 2018 |
31310 | 2019 @cindex s-region package |
27210 | 2020 The @code{s-region} package provides similar, but less complete, |
2021 facilities. | |
2022 | |
28448 | 2023 @item TPU (DEC VMS editor) |
2024 @findex tpu-edt-on | |
2025 @cindex TPU | |
2026 @kbd{M-x tpu-edt-on} turns on emulation of the TPU editor emulating EDT. | |
2027 | |
25829 | 2028 @item vi (Berkeley editor) |
2029 @findex viper-mode | |
2030 Viper is the newest emulator for vi. It implements several levels of | |
2031 emulation; level 1 is closest to vi itself, while level 5 departs | |
2032 somewhat from strict emulation to take advantage of the capabilities of | |
2033 Emacs. To invoke Viper, type @kbd{M-x viper-mode}; it will guide you | |
2034 the rest of the way and ask for the emulation level. @inforef{Top, | |
2035 Viper, viper}. | |
2036 | |
2037 @item vi (another emulator) | |
2038 @findex vi-mode | |
2039 @kbd{M-x vi-mode} enters a major mode that replaces the previously | |
2040 established major mode. All of the vi commands that, in real vi, enter | |
2041 ``input'' mode are programmed instead to return to the previous major | |
2042 mode. Thus, ordinary Emacs serves as vi's ``input'' mode. | |
2043 | |
2044 Because vi emulation works through major modes, it does not work | |
2045 to switch buffers during emulation. Return to normal Emacs first. | |
2046 | |
2047 If you plan to use vi emulation much, you probably want to bind a key | |
2048 to the @code{vi-mode} command. | |
2049 | |
2050 @item vi (alternate emulator) | |
2051 @findex vip-mode | |
2052 @kbd{M-x vip-mode} invokes another vi emulator, said to resemble real vi | |
2053 more thoroughly than @kbd{M-x vi-mode}. ``Input'' mode in this emulator | |
2054 is changed from ordinary Emacs so you can use @key{ESC} to go back to | |
2055 emulated vi command mode. To get from emulated vi command mode back to | |
2056 ordinary Emacs, type @kbd{C-z}. | |
2057 | |
2058 This emulation does not work through major modes, and it is possible | |
2059 to switch buffers in various ways within the emulator. It is not | |
2060 so necessary to assign a key to the command @code{vip-mode} as | |
2061 it is with @code{vi-mode} because terminating insert mode does | |
2062 not use it. | |
2063 | |
2064 @inforef{Top, VIP, vip}, for full information. | |
27210 | 2065 |
2066 @item WordStar (old wordprocessor) | |
2067 @findex wordstar-mode | |
2068 @kbd{M-x wordstar-mode} provides a major mode with WordStar-like | |
2069 keybindings. | |
25829 | 2070 @end table |
2071 | |
28448 | 2072 @node Hyperlinking, Dissociated Press, Emulation, Top |
2073 @section Hyperlinking and Navigation Features | |
2074 | |
2075 @cindex hyperlinking | |
2076 @cindex navigation | |
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2077 Various modes documented elsewhere have hypertext features so that |
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2078 you can follow links, usually by clicking @kbd{Mouse-2} on the link or |
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2079 typing @key{RET} while point is on the link. Info mode, Help mode and |
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2080 the Dired-like modes are examples. The Tags facility links between |
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2081 uses and definitions in source files, see @ref{Tags}. Imenu provides |
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2082 navigation amongst items indexed in the current buffer, see |
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2083 @ref{Imenu}. Info-lookup provides mode-specific lookup of definitions |
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2084 in Info indexes, see @ref{Documentation}. Speedbar maintains a frame |
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2085 in which links to files, and locations in files are displayed, see |
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2086 @ref{Speedbar}. |
30856 | 2087 |
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2088 Other non-mode-specific facilities described in this section enable |
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2089 following links from the current buffer in a context-sensitive |
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2090 fashion. |
28448 | 2091 |
30856 | 2092 @menu |
2093 * Browse-URL:: Following URLs. | |
2094 * Goto-address:: Activating URLs. | |
2095 * FFAP:: Finding files etc. at point. | |
2096 * Find-func:: Finding function and variable definitions. | |
2097 @end menu | |
28448 | 2098 |
30856 | 2099 @node Browse-URL |
2100 @subsection Following URLs | |
28448 | 2101 @cindex World Wide Web |
30856 | 2102 @cindex Web |
28448 | 2103 @findex browse-url |
2104 @findex browse-url-at-point | |
2105 @findex browse-url-at-mouse | |
2106 @cindex Browse-URL | |
2107 @cindex URLs | |
30856 | 2108 |
2109 @table @kbd | |
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2110 @item M-x browse-url @key{RET} @var{url} @key{RET} |
30856 | 2111 Load a URL into a Web browser. |
2112 @end table | |
2113 | |
28448 | 2114 The Browse-URL package provides facilities for following URLs specifying |
2115 links on the World Wide Web. Usually this works by invoking a web | |
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2116 browser, but you can, for instance, arrange to invoke @code{compose-mail} |
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2117 from @samp{mailto:} URLs. |
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2118 |
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2119 The general way to use this feature is to type @kbd{M-x browse-url}, |
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2120 which displays a specified URL. If point is located near a plausible |
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2121 URL, that URL is used as the default. Other commands are available |
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2122 which you might like to bind to keys, such as |
30856 | 2123 @code{browse-url-at-point} and @code{browse-url-at-mouse}. |
28448 | 2124 |
30856 | 2125 @vindex browse-url-browser-function |
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2126 You can customize Browse-URL's behaviour via various options in the |
30856 | 2127 @code{browse-url} Customize group, particularly |
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2128 @code{browse-url-browser-function}. You can invoke actions dependent |
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2129 on the type of URL by defining @code{browse-url-browser-function} as |
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2130 an association list. The package's commentary available via @kbd{C-h |
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2131 p} provides more information. Packages with facilities for following |
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2132 URLs should always go through Browse-URL, so that the customization |
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2133 options for Browse-URL will affect all browsing in Emacs. |
28448 | 2134 |
30856 | 2135 @node Goto-address |
2136 @subsection Activating URLs | |
28448 | 2137 @findex goto-address |
2138 @cindex Goto-address | |
2139 @cindex URLs, activating | |
30856 | 2140 |
2141 @table @kbd | |
2142 @item M-x goto-address | |
2143 Activate URLs and e-mail addresses in the current buffer. | |
2144 @end table | |
2145 | |
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2146 You can make URLs in the current buffer active with @kbd{M-x |
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2147 goto-address}. This finds all the URLs in the buffer, and establishes |
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2148 bindings for @kbd{Mouse-2} and @kbd{C-c @key{RET}} on them. After |
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2149 activation, if you click on a URL with @kbd{Mouse-2}, or move to a URL |
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2150 and type @kbd{C-c @key{RET}}, that will display the web page that the URL |
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2151 specifies. For a @samp{mailto} URL, it sends mail instead, using your |
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2152 selected mail-composition method (@pxref{Mail Methods}). |
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2153 |
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2154 It can be useful to add @code{goto-address} to mode hooks and the |
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2155 hooks used to display an incoming message. |
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2156 @code{rmail-show-message-hook} is the appropriate hook for Rmail, and |
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2157 @code{mh-show-mode-hook} for MH-E. This is not needed for Gnus, |
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2158 which has a similar feature of its own. |
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2159 |
28448 | 2160 |
30856 | 2161 @node FFAP |
2162 @subsection Finding Files and URLs at Point | |
28448 | 2163 @findex find-file-at-point |
2164 @findex ffap | |
30856 | 2165 @findex ffap-dired-at-point |
2166 @findex ffap-next | |
2167 @findex ffap-menu | |
2168 @cindex finding file at point | |
2169 | |
36168
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2170 FFAP mode replaces certain key bindings for finding files, including |
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2171 @kbd{C-x C-f}, with commands that provide more sensitive defaults. |
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2172 These commands behave like the ordinary ones when given a prefix |
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2173 argument. Otherwise, they get the default file name or URL from the |
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2174 text around point. If what is found in the buffer has the form of a |
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2175 URL rather than a file name, the commands use @code{browse-url} to |
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2176 view it. |
30856 | 2177 |
36168
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2178 This feature is useful for following references in mail or news |
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2179 buffers, @file{README} files, @file{MANIFEST} files, and so on. The |
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2180 @samp{ffap} package's commentary available via @kbd{C-h p} and the |
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2181 @code{ffap} Custom group provide details. |
28448 | 2182 |
30856 | 2183 @cindex FFAP minor mode |
2184 @findex ffap-mode | |
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2185 You can turn on FFAP minor mode to make the following key bindings |
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2186 and to install hooks for using @code{ffap} in Rmail, Gnus and VM |
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2187 article buffers. |
30856 | 2188 |
2189 @table @kbd | |
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2190 @item C-x C-f @var{filename} @key{RET} |
30856 | 2191 @kindex C-x C-f @r{(FFAP)} |
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2192 Find @var{filename}, guessing a default from text around point |
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2193 (@code{find-file-at-point}). |
30856 | 2194 @item C-x 4 f |
2195 @kindex C-x 4 f @r{(FFAP)} | |
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2196 @code{ffap-other-window}, analogous to @code{find-file-other-window}. |
30856 | 2197 @item C-x 5 f |
2198 @kindex C-x 5 f @r{(FFAP)} | |
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2199 @code{ffap-other-frame}, analogous to @code{find-file-other-frame}. |
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2200 @item M-x ffap-next |
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2201 Search buffer for next file name or URL, then find that file or URL. |
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2202 @item C-x d @var{directory} @key{RET} |
30856 | 2203 @kindex C-x d @r{(FFAP)} |
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2204 Start Dired on @var{directory}, defaulting to the directory name at |
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2205 point (@code{ffap-dired-at-point}). |
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2206 @item S-Mouse-3 |
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2207 @kindex S-Mouse-3 @r{(FFAP)} |
30856 | 2208 @code{ffap-at-mouse} finds the file guessed from text around the position |
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2209 of a mouse click. |
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2210 @item C-S-Mouse-3 |
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2211 @kindex C-S-Mouse-3 @r{(FFAP)} |
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2212 Display a menu of files and URLs mentioned in current buffer, then |
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2213 find the one you select (@code{ffap-menu}). |
30856 | 2214 @end table |
2215 | |
2216 @node Find-func | |
2217 @subsection Finding Function and Variable Definitions | |
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2218 @cindex definitions, finding in Lisp sources |
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2219 @cindex Lisp definitions, finding in sources |
30856 | 2220 |
2221 @table @kbd | |
2222 @item M-x find-function @key{RET} @var{function} @key{RET} | |
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2223 Find the definition of @var{function} in its source file. |
30856 | 2224 @item M-x find-variable @key{RET} @var{variable} @key{RET} |
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2225 Find the definition of @var{variable} in its source file. |
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2226 @item M-x find-function-on-key @key{RET} @var{key} |
30856 | 2227 Find the definition of the function that @var{key} invokes. |
2228 @end table | |
2229 | |
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2230 These commands provide an easy way to find the definitions of Emacs |
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2231 Lisp functions and variables. They are similar in purpose to the Tags |
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2232 facility (@pxref{Tags}), but don't require a tags table; on the other |
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2233 hand, they only works for function and variable definitions that are |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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2234 already loaded in the Emacs session. |
28448 | 2235 |
36168
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35648
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|
2236 @findex find-function |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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2237 @findex find-function-on-key |
df827c1def99
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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2238 @findex find-variable |
df827c1def99
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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2239 To find the definition of a function, use @kbd{M-x find-function}. |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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2240 @kbd{M-x find-variable} finds the definition of a specified variable. |
df827c1def99
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35648
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changeset
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2241 @kbd{M-x find-function-on-key} finds the definition of the function |
df827c1def99
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35648
diff
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2242 bound to a specified key. |
28448 | 2243 |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35648
diff
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2244 To use these commands, you must have the Lisp source (@samp{.el}) |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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2245 files available along with the compiled (@samp{.elc}) files, in |
df827c1def99
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35648
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changeset
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2246 directories in @code{load-path}. You can use compressed source files |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
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2247 if you enable Auto Compression mode. These commands only handle |
df827c1def99
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35648
diff
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2248 definitions written in Lisp, not primitive functions or variables |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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2249 defined in the C code of Emacs. |
28448 | 2250 |
2251 @node Dissociated Press, Amusements, Hyperlinking, Top | |
25829 | 2252 @section Dissociated Press |
2253 | |
2254 @findex dissociated-press | |
2255 @kbd{M-x dissociated-press} is a command for scrambling a file of text | |
2256 either word by word or character by character. Starting from a buffer of | |
2257 straight English, it produces extremely amusing output. The input comes | |
2258 from the current Emacs buffer. Dissociated Press writes its output in a | |
2259 buffer named @samp{*Dissociation*}, and redisplays that buffer after every | |
2260 couple of lines (approximately) so you can read the output as it comes out. | |
2261 | |
2262 Dissociated Press asks every so often whether to continue generating | |
2263 output. Answer @kbd{n} to stop it. You can also stop at any time by | |
2264 typing @kbd{C-g}. The dissociation output remains in the | |
2265 @samp{*Dissociation*} buffer for you to copy elsewhere if you wish. | |
2266 | |
2267 @cindex presidentagon | |
2268 Dissociated Press operates by jumping at random from one point in the | |
2269 buffer to another. In order to produce plausible output rather than | |
2270 gibberish, it insists on a certain amount of overlap between the end of | |
2271 one run of consecutive words or characters and the start of the next. | |
2272 That is, if it has just printed out `president' and then decides to jump | |
2273 to a different point in the file, it might spot the `ent' in `pentagon' | |
2274 and continue from there, producing `presidentagon'.@footnote{This | |
2275 dissociword actually appeared during the Vietnam War, when it was very | |
2276 appropriate.} Long sample texts produce the best results. | |
2277 | |
2278 @cindex againformation | |
2279 A positive argument to @kbd{M-x dissociated-press} tells it to operate | |
2280 character by character, and specifies the number of overlap characters. A | |
2281 negative argument tells it to operate word by word and specifies the number | |
2282 of overlap words. In this mode, whole words are treated as the elements to | |
2283 be permuted, rather than characters. No argument is equivalent to an | |
2284 argument of two. For your againformation, the output goes only into the | |
2285 buffer @samp{*Dissociation*}. The buffer you start with is not changed. | |
2286 | |
2287 @cindex Markov chain | |
2288 @cindex ignoriginal | |
2289 @cindex techniquitous | |
2290 Dissociated Press produces nearly the same results as a Markov chain | |
2291 based on a frequency table constructed from the sample text. It is, | |
2292 however, an independent, ignoriginal invention. Dissociated Press | |
2293 techniquitously copies several consecutive characters from the sample | |
2294 between random choices, whereas a Markov chain would choose randomly for | |
2295 each word or character. This makes for more plausible sounding results, | |
2296 and runs faster. | |
2297 | |
2298 @cindex outragedy | |
2299 @cindex buggestion | |
2300 @cindex properbose | |
2301 @cindex mustatement | |
2302 @cindex developediment | |
2303 @cindex userenced | |
2304 It is a mustatement that too much use of Dissociated Press can be a | |
2305 developediment to your real work. Sometimes to the point of outragedy. | |
2306 And keep dissociwords out of your documentation, if you want it to be well | |
2307 userenced and properbose. Have fun. Your buggestions are welcome. | |
2308 | |
2309 @node Amusements, Customization, Dissociated Press, Top | |
2310 @section Other Amusements | |
2311 @cindex boredom | |
2312 @findex hanoi | |
2313 @findex yow | |
2314 @findex gomoku | |
2315 @cindex tower of Hanoi | |
2316 | |
2317 If you are a little bit bored, you can try @kbd{M-x hanoi}. If you are | |
2318 considerably bored, give it a numeric argument. If you are very very | |
2319 bored, try an argument of 9. Sit back and watch. | |
2320 | |
2321 @cindex Go Moku | |
2322 If you want a little more personal involvement, try @kbd{M-x gomoku}, | |
2323 which plays the game Go Moku with you. | |
2324 | |
2325 @findex blackbox | |
2326 @findex mpuz | |
27210 | 2327 @findex 5x5 |
25829 | 2328 @cindex puzzles |
27210 | 2329 @kbd{M-x blackbox}, @kbd{M-x mpuz} and @kbd{M-x 5x5} are kinds of puzzles. |
25829 | 2330 @code{blackbox} challenges you to determine the location of objects |
2331 inside a box by tomography. @code{mpuz} displays a multiplication | |
2332 puzzle with letters standing for digits in a code that you must | |
2333 guess---to guess a value, type a letter and then the digit you think it | |
27210 | 2334 stands for. The aim of @code{5x5} is to fill in all the squares. |
25829 | 2335 |
30856 | 2336 @findex decipher |
2337 @cindex ciphers | |
2338 @cindex cryptanalysis | |
2339 @kbd{M-x decipher} helps you to cryptanalyze a buffer which is encrypted | |
2340 in a simple monoalphabetic substitution cipher. | |
2341 | |
25829 | 2342 @findex dunnet |
2343 @kbd{M-x dunnet} runs an adventure-style exploration game, which is | |
2344 a bigger sort of puzzle. | |
2345 | |
27210 | 2346 @findex lm |
2347 @cindex landmark game | |
2348 @kbd{M-x lm} runs a relatively non-participatory game in which a robot | |
2349 attempts to maneuver towards a tree at the center of the window based on | |
2350 unique olfactory cues from each of the four directions. | |
2351 | |
2352 @findex life | |
2353 @cindex Life | |
36185 | 2354 @kbd{M-x life} runs Conway's ``Life'' cellular automaton. |
27210 | 2355 |
30856 | 2356 @findex morse-region |
2357 @findex unmorse-region | |
2358 @cindex Morse code | |
2359 @cindex --/---/.-./.../. | |
2360 @kbd{M-x morse-region} converts text in a region to Morse code and | |
2361 @kbd{M-x unmorse-region} converts it back. No cause for remorse. | |
2362 | |
2363 @findex pong | |
2364 @cindex Pong game | |
36168
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
2365 @kbd{M-x pong} plays a Pong-like game, bouncing the ball off opposing |
df827c1def99
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parents:
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2366 bats. |
30856 | 2367 |
27210 | 2368 @findex solitaire |
2369 @cindex solitaire | |
2370 @kbd{M-x solitaire} plays a game of solitaire in which you jump pegs | |
2371 across other pegs. | |
2372 | |
30856 | 2373 @findex studlify-region |
2374 @cindex StudlyCaps | |
36168
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2375 @kbd{M-x studlify-region} studlify-cases the region, producing |
df827c1def99
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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2376 text like this: |
30856 | 2377 |
2378 @example | |
2379 M-x stUdlIfY-RegioN stUdlIfY-CaSeS thE region. | |
2380 @end example | |
2381 | |
27210 | 2382 @findex tetris |
2383 @cindex Tetris | |
2384 @findex snake | |
2385 @cindex Snake | |
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2386 @kbd{M-x tetris} runs an implementation of the well-known Tetris game. |
27210 | 2387 Likewise, @kbd{M-x snake} provides an implementation of Snake. |
2388 | |
25829 | 2389 When you are frustrated, try the famous Eliza program. Just do |
2390 @kbd{M-x doctor}. End each input by typing @key{RET} twice. | |
2391 | |
2392 @cindex Zippy | |
2393 When you are feeling strange, type @kbd{M-x yow}. | |
30862 | 2394 |
2395 @findex zone | |
2396 The command @kbd{M-x zone} plays games with the display when Emacs is | |
2397 idle. |