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annotate lispref/tips.texi @ 23460:94f4ba741f22
(exec_sentinel, read_process_output):
Restore waiting_for_user_input_p after running Lisp code.
author | Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org> |
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date | Wed, 14 Oct 1998 14:36:33 +0000 |
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6552 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6552 | 4 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @setfilename ../info/tips | |
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6 @node Tips, GNU Emacs Internals, System Interface, Top |
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7 @appendix Tips and Conventions |
6552 | 8 @cindex tips |
9 @cindex standards of coding style | |
10 @cindex coding standards | |
11 | |
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12 This chapter describes no additional features of Emacs Lisp. Instead |
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13 it gives advice on making effective use of the features described in the |
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14 previous chapters, and describes conventions Emacs Lisp programmers |
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15 should follow. |
6552 | 16 |
17 @menu | |
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18 * Coding Conventions:: Conventions for clean and robust programs. |
6552 | 19 * Compilation Tips:: Making compiled code run fast. |
20 * Documentation Tips:: Writing readable documentation strings. | |
21 * Comment Tips:: Conventions for writing comments. | |
22 * Library Headers:: Standard headers for library packages. | |
23 @end menu | |
24 | |
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25 @node Coding Conventions |
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26 @section Emacs Lisp Coding Conventions |
6552 | 27 |
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28 Here are conventions that you should follow when writing Emacs Lisp |
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29 code intended for widespread use: |
6552 | 30 |
31 @itemize @bullet | |
32 @item | |
33 Since all global variables share the same name space, and all functions | |
34 share another name space, you should choose a short word to distinguish | |
35 your program from other Lisp programs. Then take care to begin the | |
36 names of all global variables, constants, and functions with the chosen | |
37 prefix. This helps avoid name conflicts. | |
38 | |
39 This recommendation applies even to names for traditional Lisp | |
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40 primitives that are not primitives in Emacs Lisp---even to |
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41 @code{copy-list}. Believe it or not, there is more than one plausible |
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42 way to define @code{copy-list}. Play it safe; append your name prefix |
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43 to produce a name like @code{foo-copy-list} or @code{mylib-copy-list} |
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44 instead. |
6552 | 45 |
46 If you write a function that you think ought to be added to Emacs under | |
47 a certain name, such as @code{twiddle-files}, don't call it by that name | |
48 in your program. Call it @code{mylib-twiddle-files} in your program, | |
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49 and send mail to @samp{bug-gnu-emacs@@gnu.org} suggesting we add |
6552 | 50 it to Emacs. If and when we do, we can change the name easily enough. |
51 | |
52 If one prefix is insufficient, your package may use two or three | |
53 alternative common prefixes, so long as they make sense. | |
54 | |
55 Separate the prefix from the rest of the symbol name with a hyphen, | |
56 @samp{-}. This will be consistent with Emacs itself and with most Emacs | |
57 Lisp programs. | |
58 | |
59 @item | |
60 It is often useful to put a call to @code{provide} in each separate | |
61 library program, at least if there is more than one entry point to the | |
62 program. | |
63 | |
64 @item | |
12098 | 65 If a file requires certain other library programs to be loaded |
66 beforehand, then the comments at the beginning of the file should say | |
67 so. Also, use @code{require} to make sure they are loaded. | |
68 | |
69 @item | |
6552 | 70 If one file @var{foo} uses a macro defined in another file @var{bar}, |
12098 | 71 @var{foo} should contain this expression before the first use of the |
72 macro: | |
73 | |
74 @example | |
75 (eval-when-compile (require '@var{bar})) | |
76 @end example | |
77 | |
78 @noindent | |
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79 (And the library @var{bar} should contain @code{(provide '@var{bar})}, |
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80 to make the @code{require} work.) This will cause @var{bar} to be |
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81 loaded when you byte-compile @var{foo}. Otherwise, you risk compiling |
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82 @var{foo} without the necessary macro loaded, and that would produce |
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83 compiled code that won't work right. @xref{Compiling Macros}. |
12098 | 84 |
85 Using @code{eval-when-compile} avoids loading @var{bar} when | |
86 the compiled version of @var{foo} is @emph{used}. | |
6552 | 87 |
88 @item | |
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89 When defining a major mode, please follow the major mode |
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90 conventions. @xref{Major Mode Conventions}. |
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91 |
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92 @item |
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93 When defining a minor mode, please follow the minor mode |
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94 conventions. @xref{Minor Mode Conventions}. |
6552 | 95 |
96 @item | |
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97 If the purpose of a function is to tell you whether a certain condition |
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98 is true or false, give the function a name that ends in @samp{p}. If |
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99 the name is one word, add just @samp{p}; if the name is multiple words, |
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100 add @samp{-p}. Examples are @code{framep} and @code{frame-live-p}. |
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101 |
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102 @item |
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103 If a user option variable records a true-or-false condition, give it a |
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104 name that ends in @samp{-flag}. |
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105 |
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106 @item |
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107 @cindex reserved keys |
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108 @cindex keys, reserved |
6552 | 109 Please do not define @kbd{C-c @var{letter}} as a key in your major |
110 modes. These sequences are reserved for users; they are the | |
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111 @strong{only} sequences reserved for users, so do not block them. |
6552 | 112 |
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113 Instead, define sequences consisting of @kbd{C-c} followed by a control |
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114 character, a digit, or certain punctuation characters. These sequences |
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115 are reserved for major modes. |
6552 | 116 |
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117 Changing all the Emacs major modes to follow this convention was a lot |
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118 of work. Abandoning this convention would make that work go to waste, |
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119 and inconvenience users. |
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120 |
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121 @item |
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122 Sequences consisting of @kbd{C-c} followed by @kbd{@{}, @kbd{@}}, |
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123 @kbd{<}, @kbd{>}, @kbd{:} or @kbd{;} are also reserved for major modes. |
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124 |
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125 @item |
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126 Sequences consisting of @kbd{C-c} followed by any other punctuation |
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127 character are allocated for minor modes. Using them in a major mode is |
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128 not absolutely prohibited, but if you do that, the major mode binding |
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129 may be shadowed from time to time by minor modes. |
6552 | 130 |
131 @item | |
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132 Function keys @key{F5} through @key{F9} without modifier keys are |
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133 reserved for users to define. |
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134 |
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135 @item |
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136 Do not bind @kbd{C-h} following any prefix character (including |
6552 | 137 @kbd{C-c}). If you don't bind @kbd{C-h}, it is automatically available |
138 as a help character for listing the subcommands of the prefix character. | |
139 | |
140 @item | |
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141 Do not bind a key sequence ending in @key{ESC} except following |
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142 another @key{ESC}. (That is, it is OK to bind a sequence ending in |
6552 | 143 @kbd{@key{ESC} @key{ESC}}.) |
144 | |
145 The reason for this rule is that a non-prefix binding for @key{ESC} in | |
146 any context prevents recognition of escape sequences as function keys in | |
147 that context. | |
148 | |
149 @item | |
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150 Anything which acts like a temporary mode or state which the user can |
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151 enter and leave should define @kbd{@key{ESC} @key{ESC}} of |
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152 @kbd{@key{ESC} @key{ESC} @key{ESC}} as a way to escape. |
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153 |
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154 For a state which accepts ordinary Emacs commands, or more generally any |
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155 kind of state in which @key{ESC} followed by a function key or arrow key |
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156 is potentially meaningful, then you must not define @kbd{@key{ESC} |
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157 @key{ESC}}, since that would preclude recognizing an escape sequence |
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158 after @key{ESC}. In these states, you should define @kbd{@key{ESC} |
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159 @key{ESC} @key{ESC}} as the way to escape. Otherwise, define |
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160 @kbd{@key{ESC} @key{ESC}} instead. |
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161 |
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162 @item |
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163 Applications should not bind mouse events based on button 1 with the |
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164 shift key held down. These events include @kbd{S-mouse-1}, |
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165 @kbd{M-S-mouse-1}, @kbd{C-S-mouse-1}, and so on. They are reserved for |
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166 users. |
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167 |
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168 @item |
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169 Special major modes used for read-only text should usually redefine |
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170 @kbd{mouse-2} and @key{RET} to trace some sort of reference in the text. |
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171 Modes such as Dired, Info, Compilation, and Occur redefine it in this |
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172 way. |
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173 |
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174 @item |
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175 When a package provides a modification of ordinary Emacs behavior, it is |
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176 good to include a command to enable and disable the feature, Provide a |
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177 command named @code{@var{whatever}-mode} which turns the feature on or |
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178 off, and make it autoload (@pxref{Autoload}). Design the package so |
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179 that simply loading it has no visible effect---that should not enable |
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180 the feature. Users will request the feature by invoking the command. |
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181 |
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182 @item |
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183 It is a bad idea to define aliases for the Emacs primitives. Use the |
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184 standard names instead. |
6552 | 185 |
186 @item | |
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187 Redefining (or advising) an Emacs primitive is discouraged. It may do |
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188 the right thing for a particular program, but there is no telling what |
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189 other programs might break as a result. |
6552 | 190 |
191 @item | |
192 If a file does replace any of the functions or library programs of | |
193 standard Emacs, prominent comments at the beginning of the file should | |
194 say which functions are replaced, and how the behavior of the | |
195 replacements differs from that of the originals. | |
196 | |
197 @item | |
198 Please keep the names of your Emacs Lisp source files to 13 characters | |
199 or less. This way, if the files are compiled, the compiled files' names | |
200 will be 14 characters or less, which is short enough to fit on all kinds | |
201 of Unix systems. | |
202 | |
203 @item | |
204 Don't use @code{next-line} or @code{previous-line} in programs; nearly | |
205 always, @code{forward-line} is more convenient as well as more | |
206 predictable and robust. @xref{Text Lines}. | |
207 | |
208 @item | |
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209 Don't call functions that set the mark, unless setting the mark is one |
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210 of the intended features of your program. The mark is a user-level |
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211 feature, so it is incorrect to change the mark except to supply a value |
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212 for the user's benefit. @xref{The Mark}. |
6552 | 213 |
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214 In particular, don't use any of these functions: |
6552 | 215 |
216 @itemize @bullet | |
217 @item | |
218 @code{beginning-of-buffer}, @code{end-of-buffer} | |
219 @item | |
220 @code{replace-string}, @code{replace-regexp} | |
221 @end itemize | |
222 | |
223 If you just want to move point, or replace a certain string, without any | |
224 of the other features intended for interactive users, you can replace | |
225 these functions with one or two lines of simple Lisp code. | |
226 | |
227 @item | |
8669 | 228 Use lists rather than vectors, except when there is a particular reason |
229 to use a vector. Lisp has more facilities for manipulating lists than | |
230 for vectors, and working with lists is usually more convenient. | |
231 | |
232 Vectors are advantageous for tables that are substantial in size and are | |
233 accessed in random order (not searched front to back), provided there is | |
234 no need to insert or delete elements (only lists allow that). | |
235 | |
236 @item | |
6552 | 237 The recommended way to print a message in the echo area is with |
238 the @code{message} function, not @code{princ}. @xref{The Echo Area}. | |
239 | |
240 @item | |
241 When you encounter an error condition, call the function @code{error} | |
242 (or @code{signal}). The function @code{error} does not return. | |
243 @xref{Signaling Errors}. | |
244 | |
245 Do not use @code{message}, @code{throw}, @code{sleep-for}, | |
246 or @code{beep} to report errors. | |
247 | |
248 @item | |
12098 | 249 An error message should start with a capital letter but should not end |
250 with a period. | |
251 | |
252 @item | |
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253 Many commands that take a long time to execute display a message that |
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254 says @samp{Operating...} when they start, and change it to |
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255 @samp{Operating...done} when they finish. Please keep the style of |
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256 these messages uniform: @emph{no} space around the ellipsis, and |
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257 @emph{no} period at the end. |
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258 |
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259 @item |
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260 Try to avoid using recursive edits. Instead, do what the Rmail @kbd{e} |
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261 command does: use a new local keymap that contains one command defined |
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262 to switch back to the old local keymap. Or do what the |
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263 @code{edit-options} command does: switch to another buffer and let the |
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264 user switch back at will. @xref{Recursive Editing}. |
6552 | 265 |
266 @item | |
267 In some other systems there is a convention of choosing variable names | |
268 that begin and end with @samp{*}. We don't use that convention in Emacs | |
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269 Lisp, so please don't use it in your programs. (Emacs uses such names |
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270 only for special-purpose buffers.) The users will find Emacs more |
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271 coherent if all libraries use the same conventions. |
6552 | 272 |
273 @item | |
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274 Try to avoid compiler warnings about undefined free variables, by adding |
15198 | 275 @code{defvar} definitions for these variables. |
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276 |
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277 If you bind a variable in one function, and use it or set it in another |
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278 function, the compiler warns about the latter function unless the |
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279 variable has a definition. But often these variables have short names, |
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280 and it is not clean for Lisp packages to define such variable names. |
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281 Therefore, you should rename the variable to start with the name prefix |
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282 used for the other functions and variables in your package. |
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283 |
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284 @item |
6552 | 285 Indent each function with @kbd{C-M-q} (@code{indent-sexp}) using the |
286 default indentation parameters. | |
287 | |
288 @item | |
289 Don't make a habit of putting close-parentheses on lines by themselves; | |
290 Lisp programmers find this disconcerting. Once in a while, when there | |
291 is a sequence of many consecutive close-parentheses, it may make sense | |
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292 to split the sequence in one or two significant places. |
6552 | 293 |
294 @item | |
295 Please put a copyright notice on the file if you give copies to anyone. | |
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296 Use a message like this one: |
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297 |
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298 @smallexample |
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299 ;; Copyright (C) @var{year} @var{name} |
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300 |
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301 ;; This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or |
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302 ;; modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as |
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303 ;; published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of |
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304 ;; the License, or (at your option) any later version. |
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305 |
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306 ;; This program is distributed in the hope that it will be |
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307 ;; useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied |
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308 ;; warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR |
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309 ;; PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. |
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310 |
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311 ;; You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public |
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312 ;; License along with this program; if not, write to the Free |
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313 ;; Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, |
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314 ;; MA 02111-1307 USA |
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315 @end smallexample |
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316 |
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317 If you have signed papers to assign the copyright to the Foundation, |
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318 then use @samp{Free Software Foundation, Inc.} as @var{name}. |
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319 Otherwise, use your name. |
6552 | 320 @end itemize |
321 | |
322 @node Compilation Tips | |
323 @section Tips for Making Compiled Code Fast | |
324 @cindex execution speed | |
325 @cindex speedups | |
326 | |
327 Here are ways of improving the execution speed of byte-compiled | |
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328 Lisp programs. |
6552 | 329 |
330 @itemize @bullet | |
331 @item | |
332 @cindex profiling | |
333 @cindex timing programs | |
334 @cindex @file{profile.el} | |
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335 @cindex @file{elp.el} |
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336 Profile your program with the @file{profile} library or the @file{elp} |
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337 library. See the files @file{profile.el} and @file{elp.el} for |
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338 instructions. |
6552 | 339 |
340 @item | |
341 Use iteration rather than recursion whenever possible. | |
342 Function calls are slow in Emacs Lisp even when a compiled function | |
343 is calling another compiled function. | |
344 | |
345 @item | |
12098 | 346 Using the primitive list-searching functions @code{memq}, @code{member}, |
347 @code{assq}, or @code{assoc} is even faster than explicit iteration. It | |
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348 can be worth rearranging a data structure so that one of these primitive |
12098 | 349 search functions can be used. |
6552 | 350 |
351 @item | |
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352 Certain built-in functions are handled specially in byte-compiled code, |
6552 | 353 avoiding the need for an ordinary function call. It is a good idea to |
354 use these functions rather than alternatives. To see whether a function | |
355 is handled specially by the compiler, examine its @code{byte-compile} | |
356 property. If the property is non-@code{nil}, then the function is | |
357 handled specially. | |
358 | |
359 For example, the following input will show you that @code{aref} is | |
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360 compiled specially (@pxref{Array Functions}): |
6552 | 361 |
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362 @example |
6552 | 363 @group |
364 (get 'aref 'byte-compile) | |
365 @result{} byte-compile-two-args | |
366 @end group | |
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367 @end example |
6552 | 368 |
369 @item | |
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370 If calling a small function accounts for a substantial part of your |
6552 | 371 program's running time, make the function inline. This eliminates |
372 the function call overhead. Since making a function inline reduces | |
373 the flexibility of changing the program, don't do it unless it gives | |
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374 a noticeable speedup in something slow enough that users care about |
6552 | 375 the speed. @xref{Inline Functions}. |
376 @end itemize | |
377 | |
378 @node Documentation Tips | |
379 @section Tips for Documentation Strings | |
380 | |
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381 @tindex checkdoc-minor-mode |
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382 @findex checkdoc-minor-mode |
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383 Here are some tips and conventions for the writing of documentation |
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384 strings. You can check many of these conventions by running the command |
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385 @kbd{M-x checkdoc-minor-mode}. |
6552 | 386 |
387 @itemize @bullet | |
388 @item | |
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389 Every command, function, or variable intended for users to know about |
6552 | 390 should have a documentation string. |
391 | |
392 @item | |
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393 An internal variable or subroutine of a Lisp program might as well have |
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394 a documentation string. In earlier Emacs versions, you could save space |
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395 by using a comment instead of a documentation string, but that is no |
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396 longer the case. |
6552 | 397 |
398 @item | |
399 The first line of the documentation string should consist of one or two | |
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400 complete sentences that stand on their own as a summary. @kbd{M-x |
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401 apropos} displays just the first line, and if it doesn't stand on its |
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402 own, the result looks bad. In particular, start the first line with a |
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403 capital letter and end with a period. |
6552 | 404 |
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405 The documentation string can have additional lines that expand on the |
6552 | 406 details of how to use the function or variable. The additional lines |
407 should be made up of complete sentences also, but they may be filled if | |
408 that looks good. | |
409 | |
410 @item | |
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411 For consistency, phrase the verb in the first sentence of a |
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412 function's documentation string as an infinitive with ``to'' omitted. For |
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413 instance, use ``Return the cons of A and B.'' in preference to ``Returns |
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414 the cons of A and B@.'' Usually it looks good to do likewise for the |
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415 rest of the first paragraph. Subsequent paragraphs usually look better |
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416 if they have proper subjects. |
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417 |
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418 @item |
6552 | 419 Write documentation strings in the active voice, not the passive, and in |
420 the present tense, not the future. For instance, use ``Return a list | |
421 containing A and B.'' instead of ``A list containing A and B will be | |
422 returned.'' | |
423 | |
424 @item | |
425 Avoid using the word ``cause'' (or its equivalents) unnecessarily. | |
426 Instead of, ``Cause Emacs to display text in boldface,'' write just | |
427 ``Display text in boldface.'' | |
428 | |
429 @item | |
430 Do not start or end a documentation string with whitespace. | |
431 | |
432 @item | |
433 Format the documentation string so that it fits in an Emacs window on an | |
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434 80-column screen. It is a good idea for most lines to be no wider than |
6552 | 435 60 characters. The first line can be wider if necessary to fit the |
436 information that ought to be there. | |
437 | |
438 However, rather than simply filling the entire documentation string, you | |
439 can make it much more readable by choosing line breaks with care. | |
440 Use blank lines between topics if the documentation string is long. | |
441 | |
442 @item | |
443 @strong{Do not} indent subsequent lines of a documentation string so | |
444 that the text is lined up in the source code with the text of the first | |
445 line. This looks nice in the source code, but looks bizarre when users | |
446 view the documentation. Remember that the indentation before the | |
447 starting double-quote is not part of the string! | |
448 | |
449 @item | |
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450 When the user tries to use a disabled command, Emacs displays just the |
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451 first paragraph of its documentation string---everything through the |
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452 first blank line. If you wish, you can choose which information to |
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453 include before the first blank line so as to make this display useful. |
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454 |
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455 @item |
6552 | 456 A variable's documentation string should start with @samp{*} if the |
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457 variable is one that users would often want to set interactively. If |
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458 the value is a long list, or a function, or if the variable would be set |
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459 only in init files, then don't start the documentation string with |
6552 | 460 @samp{*}. @xref{Defining Variables}. |
461 | |
462 @item | |
463 The documentation string for a variable that is a yes-or-no flag should | |
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464 start with words such as ``Non-nil means@dots{}'', to make it clear that |
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465 all non-@code{nil} values are equivalent and indicate explicitly what |
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466 @code{nil} and non-@code{nil} mean. |
6552 | 467 |
468 @item | |
469 When a function's documentation string mentions the value of an argument | |
470 of the function, use the argument name in capital letters as if it were | |
471 a name for that value. Thus, the documentation string of the function | |
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472 @code{/} refers to its second argument as @samp{DIVISOR}, because the |
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473 actual argument name is @code{divisor}. |
6552 | 474 |
475 Also use all caps for meta-syntactic variables, such as when you show | |
476 the decomposition of a list or vector into subunits, some of which may | |
477 vary. | |
478 | |
479 @item | |
480 @iftex | |
481 When a documentation string refers to a Lisp symbol, write it as it | |
482 would be printed (which usually means in lower case), with single-quotes | |
483 around it. For example: @samp{`lambda'}. There are two exceptions: | |
484 write @code{t} and @code{nil} without single-quotes. | |
485 @end iftex | |
486 @ifinfo | |
487 When a documentation string refers to a Lisp symbol, write it as it | |
488 would be printed (which usually means in lower case), with single-quotes | |
489 around it. For example: @samp{lambda}. There are two exceptions: write | |
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490 t and nil without single-quotes. (In this manual, we use a different |
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491 convention, with single-quotes for all symbols.) |
6552 | 492 @end ifinfo |
493 | |
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494 Help mode automatically creates a hyperlink when a documentation string |
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495 uses a symbol name inside single quotes, if the symbol has either a |
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496 function or a variable definition. You do not need to do anything |
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497 special to make use of this feature. However, when a symbol has both a |
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498 function definition and a variable definition, and you want to refer to |
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499 just one of them, you can specify which one by writing one of the words |
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500 @samp{variable}, @samp{option}, @samp{function}, or @samp{command}, |
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501 immediately before the symbol name. (Case makes no difference in |
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502 recognizing these indicator words.) For example, if you write |
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503 |
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504 @example |
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505 This function sets the variable `buffer-file-name'. |
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506 @end example |
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507 |
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508 @noindent |
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509 then the hyperlink will refer only to the variable documentation of |
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510 @code{buffer-file-name}, and not to its function documentation. |
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511 |
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512 If a symbol has a function definition and/or a variable definition, but |
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513 those are irrelevant to the use of the symbol that you are documenting, |
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514 you can write the word @samp{symbol} before the symbol name to prevent |
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515 making any hyperlink. For example, |
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516 |
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517 @example |
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518 If the argument KIND-OF-RESULT is the symbol `list', |
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519 this function returns a list of all the objects |
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520 that satisfy the criterion. |
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521 @end example |
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522 |
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523 @noindent |
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524 does not make a hyperlink to the documentation, irrelevant here, of the |
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525 function @code{list}. |
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526 |
6552 | 527 @item |
528 Don't write key sequences directly in documentation strings. Instead, | |
529 use the @samp{\\[@dots{}]} construct to stand for them. For example, | |
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530 instead of writing @samp{C-f}, write the construct |
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531 @samp{\\[forward-char]}. When Emacs displays the documentation string, |
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532 it substitutes whatever key is currently bound to @code{forward-char}. |
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533 (This is normally @samp{C-f}, but it may be some other character if the |
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534 user has moved key bindings.) @xref{Keys in Documentation}. |
6552 | 535 |
536 @item | |
537 In documentation strings for a major mode, you will want to refer to the | |
538 key bindings of that mode's local map, rather than global ones. | |
539 Therefore, use the construct @samp{\\<@dots{}>} once in the | |
540 documentation string to specify which key map to use. Do this before | |
541 the first use of @samp{\\[@dots{}]}. The text inside the | |
542 @samp{\\<@dots{}>} should be the name of the variable containing the | |
543 local keymap for the major mode. | |
544 | |
545 It is not practical to use @samp{\\[@dots{}]} very many times, because | |
546 display of the documentation string will become slow. So use this to | |
547 describe the most important commands in your major mode, and then use | |
548 @samp{\\@{@dots{}@}} to display the rest of the mode's keymap. | |
549 @end itemize | |
550 | |
551 @node Comment Tips | |
552 @section Tips on Writing Comments | |
553 | |
554 We recommend these conventions for where to put comments and how to | |
555 indent them: | |
556 | |
557 @table @samp | |
558 @item ; | |
559 Comments that start with a single semicolon, @samp{;}, should all be | |
560 aligned to the same column on the right of the source code. Such | |
561 comments usually explain how the code on the same line does its job. In | |
562 Lisp mode and related modes, the @kbd{M-;} (@code{indent-for-comment}) | |
563 command automatically inserts such a @samp{;} in the right place, or | |
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564 aligns such a comment if it is already present. |
6552 | 565 |
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566 This and following examples are taken from the Emacs sources. |
6552 | 567 |
568 @smallexample | |
569 @group | |
570 (setq base-version-list ; there was a base | |
571 (assoc (substring fn 0 start-vn) ; version to which | |
572 file-version-assoc-list)) ; this looks like | |
573 ; a subversion | |
574 @end group | |
575 @end smallexample | |
576 | |
577 @item ;; | |
578 Comments that start with two semicolons, @samp{;;}, should be aligned to | |
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579 the same level of indentation as the code. Such comments usually |
6552 | 580 describe the purpose of the following lines or the state of the program |
581 at that point. For example: | |
582 | |
583 @smallexample | |
584 @group | |
585 (prog1 (setq auto-fill-function | |
586 @dots{} | |
587 @dots{} | |
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588 ;; update mode line |
6552 | 589 (force-mode-line-update))) |
590 @end group | |
591 @end smallexample | |
592 | |
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593 Every function that has no documentation string (presumably one that is |
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594 used only internally within the package it belongs to), should have |
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595 instead a two-semicolon comment right before the function, explaining |
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596 what the function does and how to call it properly. Explain precisely |
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597 what each argument means and how the function interprets its possible |
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598 values. |
6552 | 599 |
600 @item ;;; | |
601 Comments that start with three semicolons, @samp{;;;}, should start at | |
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602 the left margin. Such comments are used outside function definitions to |
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603 make general statements explaining the design principles of the program. |
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604 For example: |
6552 | 605 |
606 @smallexample | |
607 @group | |
608 ;;; This Lisp code is run in Emacs | |
609 ;;; when it is to operate as a server | |
610 ;;; for other processes. | |
611 @end group | |
612 @end smallexample | |
613 | |
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614 Another use for triple-semicolon comments is for commenting out lines |
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615 within a function. We use triple-semicolons for this precisely so that |
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616 they remain at the left margin. |
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617 |
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618 @smallexample |
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619 (defun foo (a) |
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620 ;;; This is no longer necessary. |
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621 ;;; (force-mode-line-update) |
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622 (message "Finished with %s" a)) |
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623 @end smallexample |
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624 |
6552 | 625 @item ;;;; |
626 Comments that start with four semicolons, @samp{;;;;}, should be aligned | |
627 to the left margin and are used for headings of major sections of a | |
628 program. For example: | |
629 | |
630 @smallexample | |
631 ;;;; The kill ring | |
632 @end smallexample | |
633 @end table | |
634 | |
635 @noindent | |
636 The indentation commands of the Lisp modes in Emacs, such as @kbd{M-;} | |
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637 (@code{indent-for-comment}) and @key{TAB} (@code{lisp-indent-line}), |
6552 | 638 automatically indent comments according to these conventions, |
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639 depending on the number of semicolons. @xref{Comments,, |
6552 | 640 Manipulating Comments, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}. |
641 | |
642 @node Library Headers | |
643 @section Conventional Headers for Emacs Libraries | |
644 @cindex header comments | |
645 @cindex library header comments | |
646 | |
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647 Emacs has conventions for using special comments in Lisp libraries |
6552 | 648 to divide them into sections and give information such as who wrote |
649 them. This section explains these conventions. First, an example: | |
650 | |
651 @smallexample | |
652 @group | |
653 ;;; lisp-mnt.el --- minor mode for Emacs Lisp maintainers | |
654 | |
655 ;; Copyright (C) 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
656 @end group | |
657 | |
658 ;; Author: Eric S. Raymond <esr@@snark.thyrsus.com> | |
659 ;; Maintainer: Eric S. Raymond <esr@@snark.thyrsus.com> | |
660 ;; Created: 14 Jul 1992 | |
661 ;; Version: 1.2 | |
662 @group | |
663 ;; Keywords: docs | |
664 | |
665 ;; This file is part of GNU Emacs. | |
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666 @dots{} |
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667 ;; Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, |
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668 ;; Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. |
6552 | 669 @end group |
670 @end smallexample | |
671 | |
672 The very first line should have this format: | |
673 | |
674 @example | |
675 ;;; @var{filename} --- @var{description} | |
676 @end example | |
677 | |
678 @noindent | |
679 The description should be complete in one line. | |
680 | |
681 After the copyright notice come several @dfn{header comment} lines, | |
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682 each beginning with @samp{;; @var{header-name}:}. Here is a table of |
6552 | 683 the conventional possibilities for @var{header-name}: |
684 | |
685 @table @samp | |
686 @item Author | |
687 This line states the name and net address of at least the principal | |
688 author of the library. | |
689 | |
690 If there are multiple authors, you can list them on continuation lines | |
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691 led by @code{;;} and a tab character, like this: |
6552 | 692 |
693 @smallexample | |
694 @group | |
695 ;; Author: Ashwin Ram <Ram-Ashwin@@cs.yale.edu> | |
6959
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696 ;; Dave Sill <de5@@ornl.gov> |
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697 ;; Dave Brennan <brennan@@hal.com> |
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698 ;; Eric Raymond <esr@@snark.thyrsus.com> |
6552 | 699 @end group |
700 @end smallexample | |
701 | |
702 @item Maintainer | |
703 This line should contain a single name/address as in the Author line, or | |
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704 an address only, or the string @samp{FSF}. If there is no maintainer |
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705 line, the person(s) in the Author field are presumed to be the |
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706 maintainers. The example above is mildly bogus because the maintainer |
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707 line is redundant. |
6552 | 708 |
709 The idea behind the @samp{Author} and @samp{Maintainer} lines is to make | |
710 possible a Lisp function to ``send mail to the maintainer'' without | |
711 having to mine the name out by hand. | |
712 | |
713 Be sure to surround the network address with @samp{<@dots{}>} if | |
714 you include the person's full name as well as the network address. | |
715 | |
716 @item Created | |
717 This optional line gives the original creation date of the | |
718 file. For historical interest only. | |
719 | |
720 @item Version | |
721 If you wish to record version numbers for the individual Lisp program, put | |
722 them in this line. | |
723 | |
724 @item Adapted-By | |
725 In this header line, place the name of the person who adapted the | |
726 library for installation (to make it fit the style conventions, for | |
727 example). | |
728 | |
729 @item Keywords | |
730 This line lists keywords for the @code{finder-by-keyword} help command. | |
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731 Please use that command to see a list of the meaningful keywords. |
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732 |
6552 | 733 This field is important; it's how people will find your package when |
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734 they're looking for things by topic area. To separate the keywords, you |
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735 can use spaces, commas, or both. |
6552 | 736 @end table |
737 | |
738 Just about every Lisp library ought to have the @samp{Author} and | |
739 @samp{Keywords} header comment lines. Use the others if they are | |
740 appropriate. You can also put in header lines with other header | |
741 names---they have no standard meanings, so they can't do any harm. | |
742 | |
743 We use additional stylized comments to subdivide the contents of the | |
744 library file. Here is a table of them: | |
745 | |
746 @table @samp | |
747 @item ;;; Commentary: | |
748 This begins introductory comments that explain how the library works. | |
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749 It should come right after the copying permissions, terminated by a |
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750 @samp{Change Log}, @samp{History} or @samp{Code} comment line. This |
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751 text is used by the Finder package, so it should make sense in that |
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752 context. |
6552 | 753 |
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754 @item ;;; Documentation |
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755 This has been used in some files in place of @samp{;;; Commentary:}, |
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756 but @samp{;;; Commentary:} is preferred. |
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757 |
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758 @item ;;; Change Log: |
6552 | 759 This begins change log information stored in the library file (if you |
760 store the change history there). For most of the Lisp | |
761 files distributed with Emacs, the change history is kept in the file | |
762 @file{ChangeLog} and not in the source file at all; these files do | |
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763 not have a @samp{;;; Change Log:} line. |
6552 | 764 |
765 @item ;;; Code: | |
766 This begins the actual code of the program. | |
767 | |
768 @item ;;; @var{filename} ends here | |
769 This is the @dfn{footer line}; it appears at the very end of the file. | |
770 Its purpose is to enable people to detect truncated versions of the file | |
771 from the lack of a footer line. | |
772 @end table |