annotate lispref/macros.texi @ 57481:991294eeb9d6

*** empty log message ***
author Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
date Wed, 13 Oct 2004 17:07:58 +0000
parents 8dd49b2f3a40
children 47ee198dd02a c08afac24467
Ignore whitespace changes - Everywhere: Within whitespace: At end of lines:
rev   line source
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1 @c -*-texinfo-*-
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
54812
47d3a293c8ae Revision: miles@gnu.org--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-205
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 53591
diff changeset
3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5 @setfilename ../info/macros
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
6 @node Macros, Customization, Functions, Top
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
7 @chapter Macros
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
8 @cindex macros
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
9
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
10 @dfn{Macros} enable you to define new control constructs and other
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
11 language features. A macro is defined much like a function, but instead
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
12 of telling how to compute a value, it tells how to compute another Lisp
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
13 expression which will in turn compute the value. We call this
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
14 expression the @dfn{expansion} of the macro.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
15
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
16 Macros can do this because they operate on the unevaluated expressions
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
17 for the arguments, not on the argument values as functions do. They can
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
18 therefore construct an expansion containing these argument expressions
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
19 or parts of them.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
20
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
21 If you are using a macro to do something an ordinary function could
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
22 do, just for the sake of speed, consider using an inline function
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
23 instead. @xref{Inline Functions}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
24
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
25 @menu
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
26 * Simple Macro:: A basic example.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
27 * Expansion:: How, when and why macros are expanded.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
28 * Compiling Macros:: How macros are expanded by the compiler.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
29 * Defining Macros:: How to write a macro definition.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
30 * Backquote:: Easier construction of list structure.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
31 * Problems with Macros:: Don't evaluate the macro arguments too many times.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
32 Don't hide the user's variables.
52145
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
33 * Indenting Macros:: Specifying how to indent macro calls.
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
34 @end menu
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
35
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
36 @node Simple Macro
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
37 @section A Simple Example of a Macro
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
38
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
39 Suppose we would like to define a Lisp construct to increment a
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
40 variable value, much like the @code{++} operator in C. We would like to
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
41 write @code{(inc x)} and have the effect of @code{(setq x (1+ x))}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
42 Here's a macro definition that does the job:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
43
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
44 @findex inc
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
45 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
46 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
47 (defmacro inc (var)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
48 (list 'setq var (list '1+ var)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
49 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
50 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
51
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
52 When this is called with @code{(inc x)}, the argument @var{var} is the
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
53 symbol @code{x}---@emph{not} the @emph{value} of @code{x}, as it would
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
54 be in a function. The body of the macro uses this to construct the
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
55 expansion, which is @code{(setq x (1+ x))}. Once the macro definition
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
56 returns this expansion, Lisp proceeds to evaluate it, thus incrementing
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
57 @code{x}.
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
58
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
59 @node Expansion
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
60 @section Expansion of a Macro Call
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
61 @cindex expansion of macros
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
62 @cindex macro call
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
63
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
64 A macro call looks just like a function call in that it is a list which
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
65 starts with the name of the macro. The rest of the elements of the list
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
66 are the arguments of the macro.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
67
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
68 Evaluation of the macro call begins like evaluation of a function call
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
69 except for one crucial difference: the macro arguments are the actual
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
70 expressions appearing in the macro call. They are not evaluated before
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
71 they are given to the macro definition. By contrast, the arguments of a
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
72 function are results of evaluating the elements of the function call
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
73 list.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
74
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
75 Having obtained the arguments, Lisp invokes the macro definition just
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
76 as a function is invoked. The argument variables of the macro are bound
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
77 to the argument values from the macro call, or to a list of them in the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
78 case of a @code{&rest} argument. And the macro body executes and
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
79 returns its value just as a function body does.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
80
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
81 The second crucial difference between macros and functions is that the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
82 value returned by the macro body is not the value of the macro call.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
83 Instead, it is an alternate expression for computing that value, also
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
84 known as the @dfn{expansion} of the macro. The Lisp interpreter
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
85 proceeds to evaluate the expansion as soon as it comes back from the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
86 macro.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
87
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
88 Since the expansion is evaluated in the normal manner, it may contain
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
89 calls to other macros. It may even be a call to the same macro, though
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
90 this is unusual.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
91
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
92 You can see the expansion of a given macro call by calling
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
93 @code{macroexpand}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
94
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
95 @defun macroexpand form &optional environment
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
96 @cindex macro expansion
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
97 This function expands @var{form}, if it is a macro call. If the result
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
98 is another macro call, it is expanded in turn, until something which is
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
99 not a macro call results. That is the value returned by
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
100 @code{macroexpand}. If @var{form} is not a macro call to begin with, it
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
101 is returned as given.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
102
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
103 Note that @code{macroexpand} does not look at the subexpressions of
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
104 @var{form} (although some macro definitions may do so). Even if they
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
105 are macro calls themselves, @code{macroexpand} does not expand them.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
106
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
107 The function @code{macroexpand} does not expand calls to inline functions.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
108 Normally there is no need for that, since a call to an inline function is
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
109 no harder to understand than a call to an ordinary function.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
110
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
111 If @var{environment} is provided, it specifies an alist of macro
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
112 definitions that shadow the currently defined macros. Byte compilation
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
113 uses this feature.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
114
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
115 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
116 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
117 (defmacro inc (var)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
118 (list 'setq var (list '1+ var)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
119 @result{} inc
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
120 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
121
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
122 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
123 (macroexpand '(inc r))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
124 @result{} (setq r (1+ r))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
125 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
126
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
127 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
128 (defmacro inc2 (var1 var2)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
129 (list 'progn (list 'inc var1) (list 'inc var2)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
130 @result{} inc2
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
131 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
132
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
133 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
134 (macroexpand '(inc2 r s))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
135 @result{} (progn (inc r) (inc s)) ; @r{@code{inc} not expanded here.}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
136 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
137 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
138 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
139
54812
47d3a293c8ae Revision: miles@gnu.org--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-205
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 53591
diff changeset
140
47d3a293c8ae Revision: miles@gnu.org--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-205
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 53591
diff changeset
141 @defun macroexpand-all form &optional environment
47d3a293c8ae Revision: miles@gnu.org--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-205
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 53591
diff changeset
142 @cindex macro expansion in entire form
47d3a293c8ae Revision: miles@gnu.org--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-205
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 53591
diff changeset
143
47d3a293c8ae Revision: miles@gnu.org--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-205
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 53591
diff changeset
144 @code{macroexpand-all} expands macros like @code{macroexpand}, but
47d3a293c8ae Revision: miles@gnu.org--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-205
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 53591
diff changeset
145 will look for and expand all macros in @var{form}, not just at the
47d3a293c8ae Revision: miles@gnu.org--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-205
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 53591
diff changeset
146 top-level.
47d3a293c8ae Revision: miles@gnu.org--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-205
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 53591
diff changeset
147
47d3a293c8ae Revision: miles@gnu.org--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-205
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 53591
diff changeset
148 In emacs-lisp, @code{macroexpand-all} guarantees that if no macros
47d3a293c8ae Revision: miles@gnu.org--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-205
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 53591
diff changeset
149 are expanded, the return value will be @code{eq} to @var{form}.
47d3a293c8ae Revision: miles@gnu.org--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-205
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 53591
diff changeset
150
47d3a293c8ae Revision: miles@gnu.org--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-205
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 53591
diff changeset
151 Repeating the example used for @code{macroexpand} above with
47d3a293c8ae Revision: miles@gnu.org--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-205
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 53591
diff changeset
152 @code{macroexpand-all}, we see that @code{macroexpand-all} @emph{does}
47d3a293c8ae Revision: miles@gnu.org--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-205
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 53591
diff changeset
153 expand the embedded calls to @code{inc}:
47d3a293c8ae Revision: miles@gnu.org--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-205
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 53591
diff changeset
154
47d3a293c8ae Revision: miles@gnu.org--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-205
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 53591
diff changeset
155 @smallexample
47d3a293c8ae Revision: miles@gnu.org--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-205
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 53591
diff changeset
156 (macroexpand-all '(inc2 r s))
47d3a293c8ae Revision: miles@gnu.org--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-205
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 53591
diff changeset
157 @result{} (progn (setq r (1+ r)) (setq s (1+ s)))
47d3a293c8ae Revision: miles@gnu.org--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-205
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 53591
diff changeset
158 @end smallexample
47d3a293c8ae Revision: miles@gnu.org--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-205
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 53591
diff changeset
159
47d3a293c8ae Revision: miles@gnu.org--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-205
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 53591
diff changeset
160 @end defun
47d3a293c8ae Revision: miles@gnu.org--gnu-2004/emacs--cvs-trunk--0--patch-205
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 53591
diff changeset
161
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
162 @node Compiling Macros
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
163 @section Macros and Byte Compilation
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
164 @cindex byte-compiling macros
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
165
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
166 You might ask why we take the trouble to compute an expansion for a
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
167 macro and then evaluate the expansion. Why not have the macro body
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
168 produce the desired results directly? The reason has to do with
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
169 compilation.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
170
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
171 When a macro call appears in a Lisp program being compiled, the Lisp
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
172 compiler calls the macro definition just as the interpreter would, and
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
173 receives an expansion. But instead of evaluating this expansion, it
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
174 compiles the expansion as if it had appeared directly in the program.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
175 As a result, the compiled code produces the value and side effects
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
176 intended for the macro, but executes at full compiled speed. This would
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
177 not work if the macro body computed the value and side effects
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
178 itself---they would be computed at compile time, which is not useful.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
179
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
180 In order for compilation of macro calls to work, the macros must
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
181 already be defined in Lisp when the calls to them are compiled. The
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
182 compiler has a special feature to help you do this: if a file being
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
183 compiled contains a @code{defmacro} form, the macro is defined
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
184 temporarily for the rest of the compilation of that file. To make this
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
185 feature work, you must put the @code{defmacro} in the same file where it
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
186 is used, and before its first use.
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
187
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
188 Byte-compiling a file executes any @code{require} calls at top-level
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
189 in the file. This is in case the file needs the required packages for
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
190 proper compilation. One way to ensure that necessary macro definitions
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
191 are available during compilation is to require the files that define
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
192 them (@pxref{Named Features}). To avoid loading the macro definition files
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
193 when someone @emph{runs} the compiled program, write
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
194 @code{eval-when-compile} around the @code{require} calls (@pxref{Eval
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
195 During Compile}).
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
196
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
197 @node Defining Macros
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
198 @section Defining Macros
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
199
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
200 A Lisp macro is a list whose @sc{car} is @code{macro}. Its @sc{cdr} should
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
201 be a function; expansion of the macro works by applying the function
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
202 (with @code{apply}) to the list of unevaluated argument-expressions
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
203 from the macro call.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
204
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
205 It is possible to use an anonymous Lisp macro just like an anonymous
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
206 function, but this is never done, because it does not make sense to pass
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
207 an anonymous macro to functionals such as @code{mapcar}. In practice,
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
208 all Lisp macros have names, and they are usually defined with the
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
209 special form @code{defmacro}.
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
210
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
211 @defspec defmacro name argument-list body-forms@dots{}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
212 @code{defmacro} defines the symbol @var{name} as a macro that looks
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
213 like this:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
214
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
215 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
216 (macro lambda @var{argument-list} . @var{body-forms})
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
217 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
218
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
219 (Note that the @sc{cdr} of this list is a function---a lambda expression.)
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
220 This macro object is stored in the function cell of @var{name}. The
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
221 value returned by evaluating the @code{defmacro} form is @var{name}, but
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
222 usually we ignore this value.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
223
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
224 The shape and meaning of @var{argument-list} is the same as in a
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
225 function, and the keywords @code{&rest} and @code{&optional} may be used
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
226 (@pxref{Argument List}). Macros may have a documentation string, but
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
227 any @code{interactive} declaration is ignored since macros cannot be
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
228 called interactively.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
229 @end defspec
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
230
52145
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
231 The body of the macro definition can include a @code{declare} form,
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
232 which can specify how @key{TAB} should indent macro calls, and how to
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
233 step through them for Edebug.
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
234
56215
c9aa4127a482 Reposition @anchor's.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 54812
diff changeset
235 @defmac declare @var{specs}@dots{}
53591
fe9a11a8e417 (Defining Macros): Update description of `declare', which now is a macro.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
236 @anchor{Definition of declare}
fe9a11a8e417 (Defining Macros): Update description of `declare', which now is a macro.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
237 A @code{declare} form is used in a macro definition to specify various
fe9a11a8e417 (Defining Macros): Update description of `declare', which now is a macro.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
238 additional information about it. Two kinds of specification are
fe9a11a8e417 (Defining Macros): Update description of `declare', which now is a macro.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
239 currently supported:
52145
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
240
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
241 @table @code
56510
8dd49b2f3a40 (Defining Macros): Declaration keyword is `debug' not `edebug'.
John Paul Wallington <jpw@pobox.com>
parents: 56215
diff changeset
242 @item (debug @var{edebug-form-spec})
52145
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
243 Specify how to step through macro calls for Edebug.
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
244 @xref{Instrumenting Macro Calls}, for more details.
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
245
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
246 @item (indent @var{indent-spec})
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
247 Specify how to indent calls to this macro. @xref{Indenting Macros},
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
248 for more details.
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
249 @end table
53591
fe9a11a8e417 (Defining Macros): Update description of `declare', which now is a macro.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
250
fe9a11a8e417 (Defining Macros): Update description of `declare', which now is a macro.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
251 A @code{declare} form only has its special effect in the body of a
fe9a11a8e417 (Defining Macros): Update description of `declare', which now is a macro.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
252 @code{defmacro} form if it immediately follows the documentation
fe9a11a8e417 (Defining Macros): Update description of `declare', which now is a macro.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
253 string, if present, or the argument list otherwise. (Strictly
fe9a11a8e417 (Defining Macros): Update description of `declare', which now is a macro.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
254 speaking, @emph{several} @code{declare} forms can follow the
fe9a11a8e417 (Defining Macros): Update description of `declare', which now is a macro.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
255 documentation string or argument list, but since a @code{declare} form
fe9a11a8e417 (Defining Macros): Update description of `declare', which now is a macro.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
256 can have several @var{specs}, they can always be combined into a
fe9a11a8e417 (Defining Macros): Update description of `declare', which now is a macro.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
257 single form.) When used at other places in a @code{defmacro} form, or
fe9a11a8e417 (Defining Macros): Update description of `declare', which now is a macro.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
258 outside a @code{defmacro} form, @code{declare} just returns @code{nil}
fe9a11a8e417 (Defining Macros): Update description of `declare', which now is a macro.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
259 without evaluating any @var{specs}.
fe9a11a8e417 (Defining Macros): Update description of `declare', which now is a macro.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
260 @end defmac
52145
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
261
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
262 No macro absolutely needs a @code{declare} form, because that form
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
263 has no effect on how the macro expands, on what the macro means in the
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
264 program. It only affects secondary features: indentation and Edebug.
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
265
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
266 @node Backquote
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
267 @section Backquote
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
268 @cindex backquote (list substitution)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
269 @cindex ` (list substitution)
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 7734
diff changeset
270 @findex `
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
271
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
272 Macros often need to construct large list structures from a mixture of
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
273 constants and nonconstant parts. To make this easier, use the @samp{`}
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
274 syntax (usually called @dfn{backquote}).
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
275
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
276 Backquote allows you to quote a list, but selectively evaluate
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
277 elements of that list. In the simplest case, it is identical to the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
278 special form @code{quote} (@pxref{Quoting}). For example, these
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
279 two forms yield identical results:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
280
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
281 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
282 @group
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 7734
diff changeset
283 `(a list of (+ 2 3) elements)
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
284 @result{} (a list of (+ 2 3) elements)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
285 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
286 @group
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 7734
diff changeset
287 '(a list of (+ 2 3) elements)
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
288 @result{} (a list of (+ 2 3) elements)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
289 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
290 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
291
7194
3112fb627aa0 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
292 @findex , @r{(with Backquote)}
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
293 The special marker @samp{,} inside of the argument to backquote
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
294 indicates a value that isn't constant. Backquote evaluates the
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
295 argument of @samp{,} and puts the value in the list structure:
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
296
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
297 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
298 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
299 (list 'a 'list 'of (+ 2 3) 'elements)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
300 @result{} (a list of 5 elements)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
301 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
302 @group
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 7734
diff changeset
303 `(a list of ,(+ 2 3) elements)
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
304 @result{} (a list of 5 elements)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
305 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
306 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
307
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
308 Substitution with @samp{,} is allowed at deeper levels of the list
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
309 structure also. For example:
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
310
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
311 @example
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
312 @group
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
313 (defmacro t-becomes-nil (variable)
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
314 `(if (eq ,variable t)
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
315 (setq ,variable nil)))
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
316 @end group
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
317
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
318 @group
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
319 (t-becomes-nil foo)
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
320 @equiv{} (if (eq foo t) (setq foo nil))
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
321 @end group
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
322 @end example
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
323
7194
3112fb627aa0 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
324 @findex ,@@ @r{(with Backquote)}
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
325 @cindex splicing (with backquote)
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
326 You can also @dfn{splice} an evaluated value into the resulting list,
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
327 using the special marker @samp{,@@}. The elements of the spliced list
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
328 become elements at the same level as the other elements of the resulting
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
329 list. The equivalent code without using @samp{`} is often unreadable.
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
330 Here are some examples:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
331
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
332 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
333 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
334 (setq some-list '(2 3))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
335 @result{} (2 3)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
336 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
337 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
338 (cons 1 (append some-list '(4) some-list))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
339 @result{} (1 2 3 4 2 3)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
340 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
341 @group
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 7734
diff changeset
342 `(1 ,@@some-list 4 ,@@some-list)
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
343 @result{} (1 2 3 4 2 3)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
344 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
345
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
346 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
347 (setq list '(hack foo bar))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
348 @result{} (hack foo bar)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
349 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
350 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
351 (cons 'use
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
352 (cons 'the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
353 (cons 'words (append (cdr list) '(as elements)))))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
354 @result{} (use the words foo bar as elements)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
355 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
356 @group
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 7734
diff changeset
357 `(use the words ,@@(cdr list) as elements)
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
358 @result{} (use the words foo bar as elements)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
359 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
360 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
361
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
362 In old Emacs versions, before version 19.29, @samp{`} used a different
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
363 syntax which required an extra level of parentheses around the entire
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
364 backquote construct. Likewise, each @samp{,} or @samp{,@@} substitution
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
365 required an extra level of parentheses surrounding both the @samp{,} or
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
366 @samp{,@@} and the following expression. The old syntax required
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
367 whitespace between the @samp{`}, @samp{,} or @samp{,@@} and the
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
368 following expression.
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
369
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
370 This syntax is still accepted, for compatibility with old Emacs
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
371 versions, but we recommend not using it in new programs.
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
372
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
373 @node Problems with Macros
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
374 @section Common Problems Using Macros
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
375
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
376 The basic facts of macro expansion have counterintuitive consequences.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
377 This section describes some important consequences that can lead to
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
378 trouble, and rules to follow to avoid trouble.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
379
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
380 @menu
38163
79e758f8571a (Wrong Time): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
381 * Wrong Time:: Do the work in the expansion, not in the macro.
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
382 * Argument Evaluation:: The expansion should evaluate each macro arg once.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
383 * Surprising Local Vars:: Local variable bindings in the expansion
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
384 require special care.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
385 * Eval During Expansion:: Don't evaluate them; put them in the expansion.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
386 * Repeated Expansion:: Avoid depending on how many times expansion is done.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
387 @end menu
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
388
38163
79e758f8571a (Wrong Time): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
389 @node Wrong Time
79e758f8571a (Wrong Time): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
390 @subsection Wrong Time
79e758f8571a (Wrong Time): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
391
53591
fe9a11a8e417 (Defining Macros): Update description of `declare', which now is a macro.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
392 The most common problem in writing macros is doing some of the
38163
79e758f8571a (Wrong Time): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
393 real work prematurely---while expanding the macro, rather than in the
53591
fe9a11a8e417 (Defining Macros): Update description of `declare', which now is a macro.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
394 expansion itself. For instance, one real package had this macro
38163
79e758f8571a (Wrong Time): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
395 definition:
79e758f8571a (Wrong Time): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
396
79e758f8571a (Wrong Time): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
397 @example
79e758f8571a (Wrong Time): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
398 (defmacro my-set-buffer-multibyte (arg)
79e758f8571a (Wrong Time): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
399 (if (fboundp 'set-buffer-multibyte)
79e758f8571a (Wrong Time): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
400 (set-buffer-multibyte arg)))
79e758f8571a (Wrong Time): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
401 @end example
79e758f8571a (Wrong Time): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
402
79e758f8571a (Wrong Time): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
403 With this erroneous macro definition, the program worked fine when
79e758f8571a (Wrong Time): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
404 interpreted but failed when compiled. This macro definition called
79e758f8571a (Wrong Time): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
405 @code{set-buffer-multibyte} during compilation, which was wrong, and
79e758f8571a (Wrong Time): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
406 then did nothing when the compiled package was run. The definition
79e758f8571a (Wrong Time): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
407 that the programmer really wanted was this:
79e758f8571a (Wrong Time): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
408
79e758f8571a (Wrong Time): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
409 @example
79e758f8571a (Wrong Time): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
410 (defmacro my-set-buffer-multibyte (arg)
79e758f8571a (Wrong Time): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
411 (if (fboundp 'set-buffer-multibyte)
79e758f8571a (Wrong Time): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
412 `(set-buffer-multibyte ,arg)))
79e758f8571a (Wrong Time): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
413 @end example
79e758f8571a (Wrong Time): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
414
79e758f8571a (Wrong Time): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
415 @noindent
79e758f8571a (Wrong Time): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
416 This macro expands, if appropriate, into a call to
79e758f8571a (Wrong Time): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
417 @code{set-buffer-multibyte} that will be executed when the compiled
79e758f8571a (Wrong Time): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
418 program is actually run.
79e758f8571a (Wrong Time): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
419
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
420 @node Argument Evaluation
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
421 @subsection Evaluating Macro Arguments Repeatedly
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
422
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
423 When defining a macro you must pay attention to the number of times
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
424 the arguments will be evaluated when the expansion is executed. The
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
425 following macro (used to facilitate iteration) illustrates the problem.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
426 This macro allows us to write a simple ``for'' loop such as one might
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
427 find in Pascal.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
428
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
429 @findex for
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
430 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
431 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
432 (defmacro for (var from init to final do &rest body)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
433 "Execute a simple \"for\" loop.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
434 For example, (for i from 1 to 10 do (print i))."
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
435 (list 'let (list (list var init))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
436 (cons 'while (cons (list '<= var final)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
437 (append body (list (list 'inc var)))))))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
438 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
439 @result{} for
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
440
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
441 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
442 (for i from 1 to 3 do
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
443 (setq square (* i i))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
444 (princ (format "\n%d %d" i square)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
445 @expansion{}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
446 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
447 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
448 (let ((i 1))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
449 (while (<= i 3)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
450 (setq square (* i i))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
451 (princ (format "%d %d" i square))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
452 (inc i)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
453 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
454 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
455
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
456 @print{}1 1
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
457 @print{}2 4
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
458 @print{}3 9
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
459 @result{} nil
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
460 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
461 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
462
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
463 @noindent
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
464 The arguments @code{from}, @code{to}, and @code{do} in this macro are
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
465 ``syntactic sugar''; they are entirely ignored. The idea is that you
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
466 will write noise words (such as @code{from}, @code{to}, and @code{do})
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
467 in those positions in the macro call.
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
468
7194
3112fb627aa0 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
469 Here's an equivalent definition simplified through use of backquote:
3112fb627aa0 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
470
3112fb627aa0 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
471 @smallexample
3112fb627aa0 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
472 @group
3112fb627aa0 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
473 (defmacro for (var from init to final do &rest body)
3112fb627aa0 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
474 "Execute a simple \"for\" loop.
3112fb627aa0 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
475 For example, (for i from 1 to 10 do (print i))."
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
476 `(let ((,var ,init))
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
477 (while (<= ,var ,final)
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
478 ,@@body
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
479 (inc ,var))))
7194
3112fb627aa0 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
480 @end group
3112fb627aa0 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
481 @end smallexample
3112fb627aa0 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
482
3112fb627aa0 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
483 Both forms of this definition (with backquote and without) suffer from
3112fb627aa0 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
484 the defect that @var{final} is evaluated on every iteration. If
3112fb627aa0 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
485 @var{final} is a constant, this is not a problem. If it is a more
3112fb627aa0 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
486 complex form, say @code{(long-complex-calculation x)}, this can slow
3112fb627aa0 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
487 down the execution significantly. If @var{final} has side effects,
3112fb627aa0 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
488 executing it more than once is probably incorrect.
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
489
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
490 @cindex macro argument evaluation
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
491 A well-designed macro definition takes steps to avoid this problem by
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
492 producing an expansion that evaluates the argument expressions exactly
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
493 once unless repeated evaluation is part of the intended purpose of the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
494 macro. Here is a correct expansion for the @code{for} macro:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
495
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
496 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
497 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
498 (let ((i 1)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
499 (max 3))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
500 (while (<= i max)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
501 (setq square (* i i))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
502 (princ (format "%d %d" i square))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
503 (inc i)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
504 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
505 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
506
49600
23a1cea22d13 Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents: 38163
diff changeset
507 Here is a macro definition that creates this expansion:
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
508
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
509 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
510 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
511 (defmacro for (var from init to final do &rest body)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
512 "Execute a simple for loop: (for i from 1 to 10 do (print i))."
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
513 `(let ((,var ,init)
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
514 (max ,final))
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
515 (while (<= ,var max)
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
516 ,@@body
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
517 (inc ,var))))
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
518 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
519 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
520
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
521 Unfortunately, this fix introduces another problem,
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
522 described in the following section.
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
523
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
524 @node Surprising Local Vars
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
525 @subsection Local Variables in Macro Expansions
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
526
27193
89afca54a135 @ifinto -> @ifnottex.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
527 @ifnottex
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
528 In the previous section, the definition of @code{for} was fixed as
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
529 follows to make the expansion evaluate the macro arguments the proper
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
530 number of times:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
531
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
532 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
533 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
534 (defmacro for (var from init to final do &rest body)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
535 "Execute a simple for loop: (for i from 1 to 10 do (print i))."
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
536 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
537 @group
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
538 `(let ((,var ,init)
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
539 (max ,final))
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
540 (while (<= ,var max)
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
541 ,@@body
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
542 (inc ,var))))
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
543 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
544 @end smallexample
27193
89afca54a135 @ifinto -> @ifnottex.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
545 @end ifnottex
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
546
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
547 The new definition of @code{for} has a new problem: it introduces a
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
548 local variable named @code{max} which the user does not expect. This
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
549 causes trouble in examples such as the following:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
550
7734
2d4db32cccd5 entered into RCS
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7194
diff changeset
551 @smallexample
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
552 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
553 (let ((max 0))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
554 (for x from 0 to 10 do
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
555 (let ((this (frob x)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
556 (if (< max this)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
557 (setq max this)))))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
558 @end group
7734
2d4db32cccd5 entered into RCS
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7194
diff changeset
559 @end smallexample
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
560
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
561 @noindent
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
562 The references to @code{max} inside the body of the @code{for}, which
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
563 are supposed to refer to the user's binding of @code{max}, really access
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
564 the binding made by @code{for}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
565
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
566 The way to correct this is to use an uninterned symbol instead of
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
567 @code{max} (@pxref{Creating Symbols}). The uninterned symbol can be
7194
3112fb627aa0 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
568 bound and referred to just like any other symbol, but since it is
3112fb627aa0 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
569 created by @code{for}, we know that it cannot already appear in the
3112fb627aa0 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
570 user's program. Since it is not interned, there is no way the user can
3112fb627aa0 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
571 put it into the program later. It will never appear anywhere except
3112fb627aa0 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
572 where put by @code{for}. Here is a definition of @code{for} that works
3112fb627aa0 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
573 this way:
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
574
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
575 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
576 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
577 (defmacro for (var from init to final do &rest body)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
578 "Execute a simple for loop: (for i from 1 to 10 do (print i))."
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
579 (let ((tempvar (make-symbol "max")))
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
580 `(let ((,var ,init)
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
581 (,tempvar ,final))
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
582 (while (<= ,var ,tempvar)
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
583 ,@@body
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
584 (inc ,var)))))
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
585 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
586 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
587
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
588 @noindent
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
589 This creates an uninterned symbol named @code{max} and puts it in the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
590 expansion instead of the usual interned symbol @code{max} that appears
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
591 in expressions ordinarily.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
592
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
593 @node Eval During Expansion
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
594 @subsection Evaluating Macro Arguments in Expansion
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
595
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
596 Another problem can happen if the macro definition itself
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
597 evaluates any of the macro argument expressions, such as by calling
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
598 @code{eval} (@pxref{Eval}). If the argument is supposed to refer to the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
599 user's variables, you may have trouble if the user happens to use a
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
600 variable with the same name as one of the macro arguments. Inside the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
601 macro body, the macro argument binding is the most local binding of this
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
602 variable, so any references inside the form being evaluated do refer to
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
603 it. Here is an example:
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
604
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
605 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
606 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
607 (defmacro foo (a)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
608 (list 'setq (eval a) t))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
609 @result{} foo
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
610 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
611 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
612 (setq x 'b)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
613 (foo x) @expansion{} (setq b t)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
614 @result{} t ; @r{and @code{b} has been set.}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
615 ;; @r{but}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
616 (setq a 'c)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
617 (foo a) @expansion{} (setq a t)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
618 @result{} t ; @r{but this set @code{a}, not @code{c}.}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
619
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
620 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
621 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
622
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
623 It makes a difference whether the user's variable is named @code{a} or
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
624 @code{x}, because @code{a} conflicts with the macro argument variable
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
625 @code{a}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
626
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
627 Another problem with calling @code{eval} in a macro definition is that
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
628 it probably won't do what you intend in a compiled program. The
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
629 byte-compiler runs macro definitions while compiling the program, when
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
630 the program's own computations (which you might have wished to access
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
631 with @code{eval}) don't occur and its local variable bindings don't
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
632 exist.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
633
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
634 To avoid these problems, @strong{don't evaluate an argument expression
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
635 while computing the macro expansion}. Instead, substitute the
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
636 expression into the macro expansion, so that its value will be computed
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
637 as part of executing the expansion. This is how the other examples in
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
638 this chapter work.
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
639
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
640 @node Repeated Expansion
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
641 @subsection How Many Times is the Macro Expanded?
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
642
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
643 Occasionally problems result from the fact that a macro call is
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
644 expanded each time it is evaluated in an interpreted function, but is
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
645 expanded only once (during compilation) for a compiled function. If the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
646 macro definition has side effects, they will work differently depending
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
647 on how many times the macro is expanded.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
648
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
649 Therefore, you should avoid side effects in computation of the
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
650 macro expansion, unless you really know what you are doing.
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
651
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
652 One special kind of side effect can't be avoided: constructing Lisp
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
653 objects. Almost all macro expansions include constructed lists; that is
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
654 the whole point of most macros. This is usually safe; there is just one
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
655 case where you must be careful: when the object you construct is part of a
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
656 quoted constant in the macro expansion.
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
657
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
658 If the macro is expanded just once, in compilation, then the object is
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
659 constructed just once, during compilation. But in interpreted
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
660 execution, the macro is expanded each time the macro call runs, and this
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
661 means a new object is constructed each time.
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
662
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
663 In most clean Lisp code, this difference won't matter. It can matter
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
664 only if you perform side-effects on the objects constructed by the macro
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
665 definition. Thus, to avoid trouble, @strong{avoid side effects on
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
666 objects constructed by macro definitions}. Here is an example of how
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
667 such side effects can get you into trouble:
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
668
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
669 @lisp
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
670 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
671 (defmacro empty-object ()
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
672 (list 'quote (cons nil nil)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
673 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
674
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
675 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
676 (defun initialize (condition)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
677 (let ((object (empty-object)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
678 (if condition
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
679 (setcar object condition))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
680 object))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
681 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
682 @end lisp
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
683
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
684 @noindent
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
685 If @code{initialize} is interpreted, a new list @code{(nil)} is
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
686 constructed each time @code{initialize} is called. Thus, no side effect
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
687 survives between calls. If @code{initialize} is compiled, then the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
688 macro @code{empty-object} is expanded during compilation, producing a
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
689 single ``constant'' @code{(nil)} that is reused and altered each time
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
690 @code{initialize} is called.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
691
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
692 One way to avoid pathological cases like this is to think of
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
693 @code{empty-object} as a funny kind of constant, not as a memory
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
694 allocation construct. You wouldn't use @code{setcar} on a constant such
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
695 as @code{'(nil)}, so naturally you won't use it on @code{(empty-object)}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
696 either.
52145
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
697
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
698 @node Indenting Macros
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
699 @section Indenting Macros
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
700
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
701 You can use the @code{declare} form in the macro definition to
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
702 specify how to @key{TAB} should indent indent calls to the macro. You
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
703 write it like this:
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
704
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
705 @example
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
706 (declare (indent @var{indent-spec}))
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
707 @end example
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
708
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
709 @noindent
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
710 Here are the possibilities for @var{indent-spec}:
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
711
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
712 @table @asis
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
713 @item @code{nil}
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
714 This is the same as no property---use the standard indentation pattern.
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
715 @item @code{defun}
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
716 Handle this function like a @samp{def} construct: treat the second
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
717 line as the start of a @dfn{body}.
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
718 @item a number, @var{number}
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
719 The first @var{number} arguments of the function are
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
720 @dfn{distinguished} arguments; the rest are considered the body
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
721 of the expression. A line in the expression is indented according to
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
722 whether the first argument on it is distinguished or not. If the
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
723 argument is part of the body, the line is indented @code{lisp-body-indent}
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
724 more columns than the open-parenthesis starting the containing
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
725 expression. If the argument is distinguished and is either the first
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
726 or second argument, it is indented @emph{twice} that many extra columns.
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
727 If the argument is distinguished and not the first or second argument,
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
728 the line uses the standard pattern.
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
729 @item a symbol, @var{symbol}
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
730 @var{symbol} should be a function name; that function is called to
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
731 calculate the indentation of a line within this expression. The
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
732 function receives two arguments:
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
733 @table @asis
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
734 @item @var{state}
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
735 The value returned by @code{parse-partial-sexp} (a Lisp primitive for
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
736 indentation and nesting computation) when it parses up to the
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
737 beginning of this line.
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
738 @item @var{pos}
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
739 The position at which the line being indented begins.
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
740 @end table
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
741 @noindent
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
742 It should return either a number, which is the number of columns of
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
743 indentation for that line, or a list whose car is such a number. The
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
744 difference between returning a number and returning a list is that a
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
745 number says that all following lines at the same nesting level should
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
746 be indented just like this one; a list says that following lines might
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
747 call for different indentations. This makes a difference when the
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
748 indentation is being computed by @kbd{C-M-q}; if the value is a
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
749 number, @kbd{C-M-q} need not recalculate indentation for the following
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
750 lines until the end of the list.
58a56145385a (Defining Macros): Give definition of `declare'
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
751 @end table
52401
695cf19ef79e Add arch taglines
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 52145
diff changeset
752
695cf19ef79e Add arch taglines
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 52145
diff changeset
753 @ignore
695cf19ef79e Add arch taglines
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 52145
diff changeset
754 arch-tag: d4cce66d-1047-45c3-bfde-db6719d6e82b
695cf19ef79e Add arch taglines
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 52145
diff changeset
755 @end ignore