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annotate lispref/keymaps.texi @ 12125:995be67f3fd1
updates for version 19.29.
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author | Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org> |
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date | Thu, 08 Jun 1995 04:43:19 +0000 |
parents | a6eb5f12b0f3 |
children | 284b8763066d |
rev | line source |
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6558 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
4 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. | |
5 @setfilename ../info/keymaps | |
6 @node Keymaps, Modes, Command Loop, Top | |
7 @chapter Keymaps | |
8 @cindex keymap | |
9 | |
10 The bindings between input events and commands are recorded in data | |
11 structures called @dfn{keymaps}. Each binding in a keymap associates | |
12 (or @dfn{binds}) an individual event type either with another keymap or | |
13 with a command. When an event is bound to a keymap, that keymap is | |
14 used to look up the next input event; this continues until a command | |
15 is found. The whole process is called @dfn{key lookup}. | |
16 | |
17 @menu | |
18 * Keymap Terminology:: Definitions of terms pertaining to keymaps. | |
19 * Format of Keymaps:: What a keymap looks like as a Lisp object. | |
20 * Creating Keymaps:: Functions to create and copy keymaps. | |
21 * Inheritance and Keymaps:: How one keymap can inherit the bindings | |
22 of another keymap. | |
23 * Prefix Keys:: Defining a key with a keymap as its definition. | |
24 * Active Keymaps:: Each buffer has a local keymap | |
25 to override the standard (global) bindings. | |
26 A minor mode can also override them. | |
27 * Key Lookup:: How extracting elements from keymaps works. | |
28 * Functions for Key Lookup:: How to request key lookup. | |
29 * Changing Key Bindings:: Redefining a key in a keymap. | |
30 * Key Binding Commands:: Interactive interfaces for redefining keys. | |
31 * Scanning Keymaps:: Looking through all keymaps, for printing help. | |
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32 * Menu Keymaps:: A keymap can define a menu. |
6558 | 33 @end menu |
34 | |
35 @node Keymap Terminology | |
36 @section Keymap Terminology | |
37 @cindex key | |
38 @cindex keystroke | |
39 @cindex key binding | |
40 @cindex binding of a key | |
41 @cindex complete key | |
42 @cindex undefined key | |
43 | |
44 A @dfn{keymap} is a table mapping event types to definitions (which | |
45 can be any Lisp objects, though only certain types are meaningful for | |
46 execution by the command loop). Given an event (or an event type) and a | |
47 keymap, Emacs can get the event's definition. Events include ordinary | |
48 @sc{ASCII} characters, function keys, and mouse actions (@pxref{Input | |
49 Events}). | |
50 | |
51 A sequence of input events that form a unit is called a | |
52 @dfn{key sequence}, or @dfn{key} for short. A sequence of one event | |
53 is always a key sequence, and so are some multi-event sequences. | |
54 | |
55 A keymap determines a binding or definition for any key sequence. If | |
56 the key sequence is a single event, its binding is the definition of the | |
57 event in the keymap. The binding of a key sequence of more than one | |
58 event is found by an iterative process: the binding of the first event | |
59 is found, and must be a keymap; then the second event's binding is found | |
60 in that keymap, and so on until all the events in the key sequence are | |
61 used up. | |
62 | |
63 If the binding of a key sequence is a keymap, we call the key sequence | |
64 a @dfn{prefix key}. Otherwise, we call it a @dfn{complete key} (because | |
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65 no more events can be added to it). If the binding is @code{nil}, |
6558 | 66 we call the key @dfn{undefined}. Examples of prefix keys are @kbd{C-c}, |
67 @kbd{C-x}, and @kbd{C-x 4}. Examples of defined complete keys are | |
68 @kbd{X}, @key{RET}, and @kbd{C-x 4 C-f}. Examples of undefined complete | |
69 keys are @kbd{C-x C-g}, and @kbd{C-c 3}. @xref{Prefix Keys}, for more | |
70 details. | |
71 | |
72 The rule for finding the binding of a key sequence assumes that the | |
73 intermediate bindings (found for the events before the last) are all | |
74 keymaps; if this is not so, the sequence of events does not form a | |
75 unit---it is not really a key sequence. In other words, removing one or | |
76 more events from the end of any valid key must always yield a prefix | |
12098 | 77 key. For example, @kbd{C-f C-n} is not a key; @kbd{C-f} is not a prefix |
6558 | 78 key, so a longer sequence starting with @kbd{C-f} cannot be a key. |
79 | |
80 Note that the set of possible multi-event key sequences depends on the | |
81 bindings for prefix keys; therefore, it can be different for different | |
82 keymaps, and can change when bindings are changed. However, a one-event | |
83 sequence is always a key sequence, because it does not depend on any | |
84 prefix keys for its well-formedness. | |
85 | |
86 At any time, several primary keymaps are @dfn{active}---that is, in | |
87 use for finding key bindings. These are the @dfn{global map}, which is | |
88 shared by all buffers; the @dfn{local keymap}, which is usually | |
89 associated with a specific major mode; and zero or more @dfn{minor mode | |
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90 keymaps}, which belong to currently enabled minor modes. (Not all minor |
6558 | 91 modes have keymaps.) The local keymap bindings shadow (i.e., take |
92 precedence over) the corresponding global bindings. The minor mode | |
93 keymaps shadow both local and global keymaps. @xref{Active Keymaps}, | |
94 for details. | |
95 | |
96 @node Format of Keymaps | |
97 @section Format of Keymaps | |
98 @cindex format of keymaps | |
99 @cindex keymap format | |
100 @cindex full keymap | |
101 @cindex sparse keymap | |
102 | |
103 A keymap is a list whose @sc{car} is the symbol @code{keymap}. The | |
104 remaining elements of the list define the key bindings of the keymap. | |
105 Use the function @code{keymapp} (see below) to test whether an object is | |
106 a keymap. | |
107 | |
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108 Each ordinary binding applies to events of a particular @dfn{event |
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109 type}, which is always a character or a symbol. @xref{Classifying |
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110 Events}. |
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111 |
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112 An ordinary element of a keymap is a cons cell of the form |
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113 @code{(@var{type} .@: @var{binding})}. This specifies one binding, for |
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114 events of type @var{type}. |
6558 | 115 |
116 @cindex default key binding | |
117 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
118 A cons cell whose @sc{car} is @code{t} is a @dfn{default key binding}; | |
119 any event not bound by other elements of the keymap is given | |
120 @var{binding} as its binding. Default bindings allow a keymap to bind | |
121 all possible event types without having to enumerate all of them. A | |
122 keymap that has a default binding completely masks any lower-precedence | |
123 keymap. | |
124 | |
125 If an element of a keymap is a vector, the vector counts as bindings | |
126 for all the @sc{ASCII} characters; vector element @var{n} is the binding | |
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127 for the character with code @var{n}. This is a compact way to |
6558 | 128 record lots of bindings. A keymap with such a vector is called a |
129 @dfn{full keymap}. Other keymaps are called @dfn{sparse keymaps}. | |
130 | |
131 When a keymap contains a vector, it always defines a binding for every | |
132 @sc{ASCII} character even if the vector element is @code{nil}. Such a | |
133 binding of @code{nil} overrides any default binding in the keymap. | |
134 However, default bindings are still meaningful for events that are not | |
135 @sc{ASCII} characters. A binding of @code{nil} does @emph{not} | |
136 override lower-precedence keymaps; thus, if the local map gives a | |
137 binding of @code{nil}, Emacs uses the binding from the global map. | |
138 | |
139 @cindex keymap prompt string | |
140 @cindex overall prompt string | |
141 @cindex prompt string of keymap | |
142 Aside from bindings, a keymap can also have a string as an element. | |
143 This is called the @dfn{overall prompt string} and makes it possible to | |
144 use the keymap as a menu. @xref{Menu Keymaps}. | |
145 | |
146 @cindex meta characters lookup | |
147 Keymaps do not directly record bindings for the meta characters, whose | |
148 codes are from 128 to 255. Instead, meta characters are regarded for | |
149 purposes of key lookup as sequences of two characters, the first of | |
150 which is @key{ESC} (or whatever is currently the value of | |
151 @code{meta-prefix-char}). Thus, the key @kbd{M-a} is really represented | |
152 as @kbd{@key{ESC} a}, and its global binding is found at the slot for | |
153 @kbd{a} in @code{esc-map} (@pxref{Prefix Keys}). | |
154 | |
155 Here as an example is the local keymap for Lisp mode, a sparse | |
156 keymap. It defines bindings for @key{DEL} and @key{TAB}, plus @kbd{C-c | |
157 C-l}, @kbd{M-C-q}, and @kbd{M-C-x}. | |
158 | |
159 @example | |
160 @group | |
161 lisp-mode-map | |
162 @result{} | |
163 @end group | |
164 @group | |
165 (keymap | |
166 ;; @key{TAB} | |
167 (9 . lisp-indent-line) | |
168 @end group | |
169 @group | |
170 ;; @key{DEL} | |
171 (127 . backward-delete-char-untabify) | |
172 @end group | |
173 @group | |
174 (3 keymap | |
175 ;; @kbd{C-c C-l} | |
176 (12 . run-lisp)) | |
177 @end group | |
178 @group | |
179 (27 keymap | |
180 ;; @r{@kbd{M-C-q}, treated as @kbd{@key{ESC} C-q}} | |
181 (17 . indent-sexp) | |
182 ;; @r{@kbd{M-C-x}, treated as @kbd{@key{ESC} C-x}} | |
183 (24 . lisp-send-defun))) | |
184 @end group | |
185 @end example | |
186 | |
187 @defun keymapp object | |
188 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a keymap, @code{nil} | |
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189 otherwise. More precisely, this function tests for a list whose |
6558 | 190 @sc{car} is @code{keymap}. |
191 | |
192 @example | |
193 @group | |
194 (keymapp '(keymap)) | |
195 @result{} t | |
196 @end group | |
197 @group | |
198 (keymapp (current-global-map)) | |
199 @result{} t | |
200 @end group | |
201 @end example | |
202 @end defun | |
203 | |
204 @node Creating Keymaps | |
205 @section Creating Keymaps | |
206 @cindex creating keymaps | |
207 | |
208 Here we describe the functions for creating keymaps. | |
209 | |
12098 | 210 @c ??? This should come after makr-sparse-keymap |
6558 | 211 @defun make-keymap &optional prompt |
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212 This function creates and returns a new full keymap (i.e., one |
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213 containing a vector of length 128 for defining all the @sc{ASCII} |
6558 | 214 characters). The new keymap initially binds all @sc{ASCII} characters |
215 to @code{nil}, and does not bind any other kind of event. | |
216 | |
217 @example | |
218 @group | |
219 (make-keymap) | |
220 @result{} (keymap [nil nil nil @dots{} nil nil]) | |
221 @end group | |
222 @end example | |
223 | |
224 If you specify @var{prompt}, that becomes the overall prompt string for | |
225 the keymap. The prompt string is useful for menu keymaps (@pxref{Menu | |
226 Keymaps}). | |
227 @end defun | |
228 | |
229 @defun make-sparse-keymap &optional prompt | |
230 This function creates and returns a new sparse keymap with no entries. | |
231 The new keymap does not bind any events. The argument @var{prompt} | |
232 specifies a prompt string, as in @code{make-keymap}. | |
233 | |
234 @example | |
235 @group | |
236 (make-sparse-keymap) | |
237 @result{} (keymap) | |
238 @end group | |
239 @end example | |
240 @end defun | |
241 | |
242 @defun copy-keymap keymap | |
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243 This function returns a copy of @var{keymap}. Any keymaps that |
6558 | 244 appear directly as bindings in @var{keymap} are also copied recursively, |
245 and so on to any number of levels. However, recursive copying does not | |
246 take place when the definition of a character is a symbol whose function | |
247 definition is a keymap; the same symbol appears in the new copy. | |
248 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
249 | |
250 @example | |
251 @group | |
252 (setq map (copy-keymap (current-local-map))) | |
253 @result{} (keymap | |
254 @end group | |
255 @group | |
256 ;; @r{(This implements meta characters.)} | |
257 (27 keymap | |
258 (83 . center-paragraph) | |
259 (115 . center-line)) | |
260 (9 . tab-to-tab-stop)) | |
261 @end group | |
262 | |
263 @group | |
264 (eq map (current-local-map)) | |
265 @result{} nil | |
266 @end group | |
267 @group | |
268 (equal map (current-local-map)) | |
269 @result{} t | |
270 @end group | |
271 @end example | |
272 @end defun | |
273 | |
274 @node Inheritance and Keymaps | |
275 @section Inheritance and Keymaps | |
276 @cindex keymap inheritance | |
277 @cindex inheriting a keymap's bindings | |
278 | |
279 A keymap can inherit the bindings of another keymap. Do do this, make | |
280 a keymap whose ``tail'' is another existing keymap to inherit from. | |
281 Such a keymap looks like this: | |
282 | |
283 @example | |
284 (keymap @var{bindings}@dots{} . @var{other-keymap}) | |
285 @end example | |
286 | |
287 @noindent | |
288 The effect is that this keymap inherits all the bindings of | |
289 @var{other-keymap}, whatever they may be at the time a key is looked up, | |
290 but can add to them or override them with @var{bindings}. | |
291 | |
292 If you change the bindings in @var{other-keymap} using @code{define-key} | |
293 or other key-binding functions, these changes are visible in the | |
294 inheriting keymap unless shadowed by @var{bindings}. The converse is | |
295 not true: if you use @code{define-key} to change the inheriting keymap, | |
296 that affects @var{bindings}, but has no effect on @var{other-keymap}. | |
297 | |
298 Here is an example showing how to make a keymap that inherits | |
299 from @code{text-mode-map}: | |
300 | |
301 @example | |
302 (setq my-mode-map (cons 'keymap text-mode-map)) | |
303 @end example | |
304 | |
305 @node Prefix Keys | |
306 @section Prefix Keys | |
307 @cindex prefix key | |
308 | |
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309 A @dfn{prefix key} has an associated keymap that defines what to do |
6558 | 310 with key sequences that start with the prefix key. For example, |
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311 @kbd{C-x} is a prefix key, and it uses a keymap that is also stored in |
6558 | 312 the variable @code{ctl-x-map}. Here is a list of the standard prefix |
313 keys of Emacs and their keymaps: | |
314 | |
315 @itemize @bullet | |
316 @item | |
317 @vindex esc-map | |
318 @findex ESC-prefix | |
319 @code{esc-map} is used for events that follow @key{ESC}. Thus, the | |
320 global definitions of all meta characters are actually found here. This | |
321 map is also the function definition of @code{ESC-prefix}. | |
322 | |
323 @item | |
324 @cindex @kbd{C-h} | |
325 @code{help-map} is used for events that follow @kbd{C-h}. | |
326 | |
327 @item | |
328 @cindex @kbd{C-c} | |
329 @vindex mode-specific-map | |
330 @code{mode-specific-map} is for events that follow @kbd{C-c}. This | |
331 map is not actually mode specific; its name was chosen to be informative | |
332 for the user in @kbd{C-h b} (@code{display-bindings}), where it | |
333 describes the main use of the @kbd{C-c} prefix key. | |
334 | |
335 @item | |
336 @cindex @kbd{C-x} | |
337 @vindex ctl-x-map | |
338 @findex Control-X-prefix | |
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339 @code{ctl-x-map} is the map used for events that follow @kbd{C-x}. This |
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340 map is also the function definition of @code{Control-X-prefix}. |
6558 | 341 |
342 @item | |
343 @cindex @kbd{C-x 4} | |
344 @vindex ctl-x-4-map | |
345 @code{ctl-x-4-map} is used for events that follow @kbd{C-x 4}. | |
346 | |
347 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
348 @item | |
349 @cindex @kbd{C-x 5} | |
350 @vindex ctl-x-5-map | |
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351 @code{ctl-x-5-map} is used for events that follow @kbd{C-x 5}. |
6558 | 352 |
353 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
354 @item | |
355 @cindex @kbd{C-x n} | |
356 @cindex @kbd{C-x r} | |
357 @cindex @kbd{C-x a} | |
358 The prefix keys @kbd{C-x n}, @kbd{C-x r} and @kbd{C-x a} use keymaps | |
359 that have no special name. | |
360 @end itemize | |
361 | |
362 The binding of a prefix key is the keymap to use for looking up the | |
363 events that follow the prefix key. (It may instead be a symbol whose | |
364 function definition is a keymap. The effect is the same, but the symbol | |
365 serves as a name for the prefix key.) Thus, the binding of @kbd{C-x} is | |
366 the symbol @code{Control-X-prefix}, whose function definition is the | |
367 keymap for @kbd{C-x} commands. (The same keymap is also the value of | |
368 @code{ctl-x-map}.) | |
369 | |
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370 Prefix key definitions can appear in any active keymap. The |
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371 definitions of @kbd{C-c}, @kbd{C-x}, @kbd{C-h} and @key{ESC} as prefix |
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372 keys appear in the global map, so these prefix keys are always |
6558 | 373 available. Major and minor modes can redefine a key as a prefix by |
374 putting a prefix key definition for it in the local map or the minor | |
375 mode's map. @xref{Active Keymaps}. | |
376 | |
377 If a key is defined as a prefix in more than one active map, then its | |
378 various definitions are in effect merged: the commands defined in the | |
379 minor mode keymaps come first, followed by those in the local map's | |
380 prefix definition, and then by those from the global map. | |
381 | |
382 In the following example, we make @kbd{C-p} a prefix key in the local | |
383 keymap, in such a way that @kbd{C-p} is identical to @kbd{C-x}. Then | |
384 the binding for @kbd{C-p C-f} is the function @code{find-file}, just | |
385 like @kbd{C-x C-f}. The key sequence @kbd{C-p 6} is not found in any | |
386 active keymap. | |
387 | |
388 @example | |
389 @group | |
390 (use-local-map (make-sparse-keymap)) | |
391 @result{} nil | |
392 @end group | |
393 @group | |
394 (local-set-key "\C-p" ctl-x-map) | |
395 @result{} nil | |
396 @end group | |
397 @group | |
398 (key-binding "\C-p\C-f") | |
399 @result{} find-file | |
400 @end group | |
401 | |
402 @group | |
403 (key-binding "\C-p6") | |
404 @result{} nil | |
405 @end group | |
406 @end example | |
407 | |
408 @defun define-prefix-command symbol | |
409 @cindex prefix command | |
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410 This function defines @var{symbol} as a prefix command: it creates a |
6558 | 411 full keymap and stores it as @var{symbol}'s function definition. |
412 Storing the symbol as the binding of a key makes the key a prefix key | |
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413 that has a name. The function also sets @var{symbol} as a variable, to |
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414 have the keymap as its value. It returns @var{symbol}. |
6558 | 415 |
416 In Emacs version 18, only the function definition of @var{symbol} was | |
417 set, not the value as a variable. | |
418 @end defun | |
419 | |
420 @node Active Keymaps | |
421 @section Active Keymaps | |
422 @cindex active keymap | |
423 @cindex global keymap | |
424 @cindex local keymap | |
425 | |
426 Emacs normally contains many keymaps; at any given time, just a few of | |
427 them are @dfn{active} in that they participate in the interpretation | |
428 of user input. These are the global keymap, the current buffer's | |
429 local keymap, and the keymaps of any enabled minor modes. | |
430 | |
431 The @dfn{global keymap} holds the bindings of keys that are defined | |
432 regardless of the current buffer, such as @kbd{C-f}. The variable | |
433 @code{global-map} holds this keymap, which is always active. | |
434 | |
435 Each buffer may have another keymap, its @dfn{local keymap}, which may | |
436 contain new or overriding definitions for keys. The current buffer's | |
437 local keymap is always active except when @code{overriding-local-map} | |
438 overrides it. Text properties can specify an alternative local map for | |
439 certain parts of the buffer; see @ref{Special Properties}. | |
440 | |
441 Each minor mode may have a keymap; if it does, the keymap is active | |
442 when the minor mode is enabled. | |
443 | |
444 The variable @code{overriding-local-map}, if non-@code{nil}, specifies | |
445 another local keymap that overrides the buffer's local map and all the | |
446 minor mode keymaps. | |
447 | |
448 All the active keymaps are used together to determine what command to | |
449 execute when a key is entered. Emacs searches these maps one by one, in | |
450 order of decreasing precedence, until it finds a binding in one of the maps. | |
451 | |
452 Normally, Emacs @emph{first} searches for the key in the minor mode | |
453 maps (one map at a time); if they do not supply a binding for the key, | |
454 Emacs searches the local map; if that too has no binding, Emacs then | |
455 searches the global map. However, if @code{overriding-local-map} is | |
456 non-@code{nil}, Emacs searches that map first, followed by the global | |
457 map. | |
458 | |
459 The procedure for searching a single keymap is called | |
460 @dfn{key lookup}; see @ref{Key Lookup}. | |
461 | |
462 @cindex major mode keymap | |
463 Since every buffer that uses the same major mode normally uses the | |
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464 same local keymap, you can think of the keymap as local to the mode. A |
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465 change to the local keymap of a buffer (using @code{local-set-key}, for |
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466 example) is seen also in the other buffers that share that keymap. |
6558 | 467 |
468 The local keymaps that are used for Lisp mode, C mode, and several | |
469 other major modes exist even if they have not yet been used. These | |
470 local maps are the values of the variables @code{lisp-mode-map}, | |
471 @code{c-mode-map}, and so on. For most other modes, which are less | |
472 frequently used, the local keymap is constructed only when the mode is | |
473 used for the first time in a session. | |
474 | |
475 The minibuffer has local keymaps, too; they contain various completion | |
476 and exit commands. @xref{Intro to Minibuffers}. | |
477 | |
478 @xref{Standard Keymaps}, for a list of standard keymaps. | |
479 | |
480 @defvar global-map | |
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481 This variable contains the default global keymap that maps Emacs |
6558 | 482 keyboard input to commands. The global keymap is normally this keymap. |
483 The default global keymap is a full keymap that binds | |
484 @code{self-insert-command} to all of the printing characters. | |
485 | |
486 It is normal practice to change the bindings in the global map, but you | |
487 should not assign this variable any value other than the keymap it starts | |
488 out with. | |
489 @end defvar | |
490 | |
491 @defun current-global-map | |
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492 This function returns the current global keymap. This is the |
6558 | 493 same as the value of @code{global-map} unless you change one or the |
494 other. | |
495 | |
496 @example | |
497 @group | |
498 (current-global-map) | |
499 @result{} (keymap [set-mark-command beginning-of-line @dots{} | |
500 delete-backward-char]) | |
501 @end group | |
502 @end example | |
503 @end defun | |
504 | |
505 @defun current-local-map | |
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506 This function returns the current buffer's local keymap, or @code{nil} |
6558 | 507 if it has none. In the following example, the keymap for the |
508 @samp{*scratch*} buffer (using Lisp Interaction mode) is a sparse keymap | |
509 in which the entry for @key{ESC}, @sc{ASCII} code 27, is another sparse | |
510 keymap. | |
511 | |
512 @example | |
513 @group | |
514 (current-local-map) | |
515 @result{} (keymap | |
516 (10 . eval-print-last-sexp) | |
517 (9 . lisp-indent-line) | |
518 (127 . backward-delete-char-untabify) | |
519 @end group | |
520 @group | |
521 (27 keymap | |
522 (24 . eval-defun) | |
523 (17 . indent-sexp))) | |
524 @end group | |
525 @end example | |
526 @end defun | |
527 | |
528 @defun current-minor-mode-maps | |
529 This function returns a list of the keymaps of currently enabled minor modes. | |
530 @end defun | |
531 | |
532 @defun use-global-map keymap | |
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533 This function makes @var{keymap} the new current global keymap. It |
6558 | 534 returns @code{nil}. |
535 | |
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536 It is very unusual to change the global keymap. |
6558 | 537 @end defun |
538 | |
539 @defun use-local-map keymap | |
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540 This function makes @var{keymap} the new local keymap of the current |
6558 | 541 buffer. If @var{keymap} is @code{nil}, then the buffer has no local |
542 keymap. @code{use-local-map} returns @code{nil}. Most major mode | |
543 commands use this function. | |
544 @end defun | |
545 | |
546 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
547 @defvar minor-mode-map-alist | |
548 This variable is an alist describing keymaps that may or may not be | |
549 active according to the values of certain variables. Its elements look | |
550 like this: | |
551 | |
552 @example | |
553 (@var{variable} . @var{keymap}) | |
554 @end example | |
555 | |
556 The keymap @var{keymap} is active whenever @var{variable} has a | |
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557 non-@code{nil} value. Typically @var{variable} is the variable that |
6558 | 558 enables or disables a minor mode. @xref{Keymaps and Minor Modes}. |
559 | |
560 Note that elements of @code{minor-mode-map-alist} do not have the same | |
561 structure as elements of @code{minor-mode-alist}. The map must be the | |
562 @sc{cdr} of the element; a list with the map as the second element will | |
563 not do. | |
564 | |
565 What's more, the keymap itself must appear in the @sc{cdr}. It does not | |
566 work to store a variable in the @sc{cdr} and make the map the value of | |
567 that variable. | |
568 | |
569 When more than one minor mode keymap is active, their order of priority | |
570 is the order of @code{minor-mode-map-alist}. But you should design | |
571 minor modes so that they don't interfere with each other. If you do | |
572 this properly, the order will not matter. | |
573 | |
12098 | 574 See also @code{minor-mode-key-binding}, above. See @ref{Keymaps and |
575 Minor Modes}, for more information about minor modes. | |
6558 | 576 @end defvar |
577 | |
578 @defvar overriding-local-map | |
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579 If non-@code{nil}, this variable holds a keymap to use instead of the |
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580 buffer's local keymap and instead of all the minor mode keymaps. This |
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581 keymap, if any, overrides all other maps that would have been active, |
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582 except for the current global map. |
6558 | 583 @end defvar |
584 | |
12067 | 585 @defvar overriding-local-map-menu-flag |
586 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, the value of | |
587 @code{overriding-local-map} can affect the display of the menu bar. The | |
588 default value is @code{nil}, so @code{overriding-local-map} has no | |
589 effect on the menu bar. | |
590 | |
591 Note that @code{overriding-local-map} does affect the execution of key | |
592 sequences entered using the menu bar, even if it does not affect the | |
593 menu bar display. So if a menu bar key sequence comes in, you should | |
594 clear @code{overriding-local-map} before looking up and executing that | |
595 key sequence. Modes that use @code{overriding-local-map} would | |
596 typically do this anyway; normally they respond to events that they do | |
12098 | 597 not handle by ``unreading'' them and exiting. |
12067 | 598 @end defvar |
599 | |
6558 | 600 @node Key Lookup |
601 @section Key Lookup | |
602 @cindex key lookup | |
603 @cindex keymap entry | |
604 | |
605 @dfn{Key lookup} is the process of finding the binding of a key | |
606 sequence from a given keymap. Actual execution of the binding is not | |
607 part of key lookup. | |
608 | |
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609 Key lookup uses just the event type of each event in the key |
6558 | 610 sequence; the rest of the event is ignored. In fact, a key sequence |
611 used for key lookup may designate mouse events with just their types | |
612 (symbols) instead of with entire mouse events (lists). @xref{Input | |
613 Events}. Such a pseudo-key-sequence is insufficient for | |
614 @code{command-execute}, but it is sufficient for looking up or rebinding | |
615 a key. | |
616 | |
617 When the key sequence consists of multiple events, key lookup | |
618 processes the events sequentially: the binding of the first event is | |
619 found, and must be a keymap; then the second event's binding is found in | |
620 that keymap, and so on until all the events in the key sequence are used | |
621 up. (The binding thus found for the last event may or may not be a | |
622 keymap.) Thus, the process of key lookup is defined in terms of a | |
623 simpler process for looking up a single event in a keymap. How that is | |
624 done depends on the type of object associated with the event in that | |
625 keymap. | |
626 | |
627 Let's use the term @dfn{keymap entry} to describe the value found by | |
628 looking up an event type in a keymap. (This doesn't include the item | |
629 string and other extra elements in menu key bindings because | |
630 @code{lookup-key} and other key lookup functions don't include them in | |
631 the returned value.) While any Lisp object may be stored in a keymap as | |
632 a keymap entry, not all make sense for key lookup. Here is a list of | |
633 the meaningful kinds of keymap entries: | |
634 | |
635 @table @asis | |
636 @item @code{nil} | |
637 @cindex @code{nil} in keymap | |
638 @code{nil} means that the events used so far in the lookup form an | |
639 undefined key. When a keymap fails to mention an event type at all, and | |
640 has no default binding, that is equivalent to a binding of @code{nil} | |
641 for that event type. | |
642 | |
643 @item @var{keymap} | |
644 @cindex keymap in keymap | |
645 The events used so far in the lookup form a prefix key. The next | |
646 event of the key sequence is looked up in @var{keymap}. | |
647 | |
648 @item @var{command} | |
649 @cindex command in keymap | |
650 The events used so far in the lookup form a complete key, | |
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651 and @var{command} is its binding. @xref{What Is a Function}. |
6558 | 652 |
12098 | 653 @item @var{array} |
6558 | 654 @cindex string in keymap |
12098 | 655 The array (either a string or a vector) is a keyboard macro. The events |
656 used so far in the lookup form a complete key, and the array is its | |
657 binding. See @ref{Keyboard Macros}, for more information. | |
6558 | 658 |
659 @item @var{list} | |
660 @cindex list in keymap | |
661 The meaning of a list depends on the types of the elements of the list. | |
662 | |
663 @itemize @bullet | |
664 @item | |
665 If the @sc{car} of @var{list} is the symbol @code{keymap}, then the list | |
666 is a keymap, and is treated as a keymap (see above). | |
667 | |
668 @item | |
669 @cindex @code{lambda} in keymap | |
670 If the @sc{car} of @var{list} is @code{lambda}, then the list is a | |
671 lambda expression. This is presumed to be a command, and is treated as | |
672 such (see above). | |
673 | |
674 @item | |
675 If the @sc{car} of @var{list} is a keymap and the @sc{cdr} is an event | |
676 type, then this is an @dfn{indirect entry}: | |
677 | |
678 @example | |
679 (@var{othermap} . @var{othertype}) | |
680 @end example | |
681 | |
682 When key lookup encounters an indirect entry, it looks up instead the | |
683 binding of @var{othertype} in @var{othermap} and uses that. | |
684 | |
685 This feature permits you to define one key as an alias for another key. | |
686 For example, an entry whose @sc{car} is the keymap called @code{esc-map} | |
12098 | 687 and whose @sc{cdr} is 32 (the code for @key{SPC}) means, ``Use the global |
6558 | 688 binding of @kbd{Meta-@key{SPC}}, whatever that may be.'' |
689 @end itemize | |
690 | |
691 @item @var{symbol} | |
692 @cindex symbol in keymap | |
693 The function definition of @var{symbol} is used in place of | |
694 @var{symbol}. If that too is a symbol, then this process is repeated, | |
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695 any number of times. Ultimately this should lead to an object that is |
6558 | 696 a keymap, a command or a keyboard macro. A list is allowed if it is a |
697 keymap or a command, but indirect entries are not understood when found | |
698 via symbols. | |
699 | |
700 Note that keymaps and keyboard macros (strings and vectors) are not | |
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701 valid functions, so a symbol with a keymap, string, or vector as its |
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702 function definition is invalid as a function. It is, however, valid as |
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703 a key binding. If the definition is a keyboard macro, then the symbol |
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704 is also valid as an argument to @code{command-execute} |
6558 | 705 (@pxref{Interactive Call}). |
706 | |
707 @cindex @code{undefined} in keymap | |
708 The symbol @code{undefined} is worth special mention: it means to treat | |
709 the key as undefined. Strictly speaking, the key is defined, and its | |
710 binding is the command @code{undefined}; but that command does the same | |
711 thing that is done automatically for an undefined key: it rings the bell | |
712 (by calling @code{ding}) but does not signal an error. | |
713 | |
714 @cindex preventing prefix key | |
715 @code{undefined} is used in local keymaps to override a global key | |
716 binding and make the key ``undefined'' locally. A local binding of | |
717 @code{nil} would fail to do this because it would not override the | |
718 global binding. | |
719 | |
720 @item @var{anything else} | |
721 If any other type of object is found, the events used so far in the | |
722 lookup form a complete key, and the object is its binding, but the | |
723 binding is not executable as a command. | |
724 @end table | |
725 | |
726 In short, a keymap entry may be a keymap, a command, a keyboard macro, | |
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727 a symbol that leads to one of them, or an indirection or @code{nil}. |
6558 | 728 Here is an example of a sparse keymap with two characters bound to |
729 commands and one bound to another keymap. This map is the normal value | |
730 of @code{emacs-lisp-mode-map}. Note that 9 is the code for @key{TAB}, | |
731 127 for @key{DEL}, 27 for @key{ESC}, 17 for @kbd{C-q} and 24 for | |
732 @kbd{C-x}. | |
733 | |
734 @example | |
735 @group | |
736 (keymap (9 . lisp-indent-line) | |
737 (127 . backward-delete-char-untabify) | |
738 (27 keymap (17 . indent-sexp) (24 . eval-defun))) | |
739 @end group | |
740 @end example | |
741 | |
742 @node Functions for Key Lookup | |
743 @section Functions for Key Lookup | |
744 | |
745 Here are the functions and variables pertaining to key lookup. | |
746 | |
747 @defun lookup-key keymap key &optional accept-defaults | |
748 This function returns the definition of @var{key} in @var{keymap}. If | |
749 the string or vector @var{key} is not a valid key sequence according to | |
750 the prefix keys specified in @var{keymap} (which means it is ``too | |
751 long'' and has extra events at the end), then the value is a number, the | |
752 number of events at the front of @var{key} that compose a complete key. | |
753 | |
754 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
755 If @var{accept-defaults} is non-@code{nil}, then @code{lookup-key} | |
756 considers default bindings as well as bindings for the specific events | |
757 in @var{key}. Otherwise, @code{lookup-key} reports only bindings for | |
758 the specific sequence @var{key}, ignoring default bindings except when | |
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759 you explicitly ask about them. (To do this, supply @code{t} as an |
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760 element of @var{key}; see @ref{Format of Keymaps}.) |
6558 | 761 |
762 All the other functions described in this chapter that look up keys use | |
763 @code{lookup-key}. | |
764 | |
765 @example | |
766 @group | |
767 (lookup-key (current-global-map) "\C-x\C-f") | |
768 @result{} find-file | |
769 @end group | |
770 @group | |
771 (lookup-key (current-global-map) "\C-x\C-f12345") | |
772 @result{} 2 | |
773 @end group | |
774 @end example | |
775 | |
776 If @var{key} contains a meta character, that character is implicitly | |
777 replaced by a two-character sequence: the value of | |
778 @code{meta-prefix-char}, followed by the corresponding non-meta | |
779 character. Thus, the first example below is handled by conversion into | |
780 the second example. | |
781 | |
782 @example | |
783 @group | |
784 (lookup-key (current-global-map) "\M-f") | |
785 @result{} forward-word | |
786 @end group | |
787 @group | |
788 (lookup-key (current-global-map) "\ef") | |
789 @result{} forward-word | |
790 @end group | |
791 @end example | |
792 | |
793 Unlike @code{read-key-sequence}, this function does not modify the | |
794 specified events in ways that discard information (@pxref{Key Sequence | |
795 Input}). In particular, it does not convert letters to lower case and | |
796 it does not change drag events to clicks. | |
797 @end defun | |
798 | |
799 @deffn Command undefined | |
800 Used in keymaps to undefine keys. It calls @code{ding}, but does | |
801 not cause an error. | |
802 @end deffn | |
803 | |
804 @defun key-binding key &optional accept-defaults | |
805 This function returns the binding for @var{key} in the current | |
806 keymaps, trying all the active keymaps. The result is @code{nil} if | |
807 @var{key} is undefined in the keymaps. | |
808 | |
809 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
810 The argument @var{accept-defaults} controls checking for default | |
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811 bindings, as in @code{lookup-key} (above). |
6558 | 812 |
813 An error is signaled if @var{key} is not a string or a vector. | |
814 | |
815 @example | |
816 @group | |
817 (key-binding "\C-x\C-f") | |
818 @result{} find-file | |
819 @end group | |
820 @end example | |
821 @end defun | |
822 | |
823 @defun local-key-binding key &optional accept-defaults | |
824 This function returns the binding for @var{key} in the current | |
825 local keymap, or @code{nil} if it is undefined there. | |
826 | |
827 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
828 The argument @var{accept-defaults} controls checking for default bindings, | |
829 as in @code{lookup-key} (above). | |
830 @end defun | |
831 | |
832 @defun global-key-binding key &optional accept-defaults | |
833 This function returns the binding for command @var{key} in the | |
834 current global keymap, or @code{nil} if it is undefined there. | |
835 | |
836 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
837 The argument @var{accept-defaults} controls checking for default bindings, | |
838 as in @code{lookup-key} (above). | |
839 @end defun | |
840 | |
841 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
842 @defun minor-mode-key-binding key &optional accept-defaults | |
843 This function returns a list of all the active minor mode bindings of | |
844 @var{key}. More precisely, it returns an alist of pairs | |
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845 @code{(@var{modename} . @var{binding})}, where @var{modename} is the |
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846 variable that enables the minor mode, and @var{binding} is @var{key}'s |
6558 | 847 binding in that mode. If @var{key} has no minor-mode bindings, the |
848 value is @code{nil}. | |
849 | |
850 If the first binding is not a prefix command, all subsequent bindings | |
851 from other minor modes are omitted, since they would be completely | |
852 shadowed. Similarly, the list omits non-prefix bindings that follow | |
853 prefix bindings. | |
854 | |
855 The argument @var{accept-defaults} controls checking for default | |
856 bindings, as in @code{lookup-key} (above). | |
857 @end defun | |
858 | |
859 @defvar meta-prefix-char | |
860 @cindex @key{ESC} | |
861 This variable is the meta-prefix character code. It is used when | |
862 translating a meta character to a two-character sequence so it can be | |
863 looked up in a keymap. For useful results, the value should be a prefix | |
864 event (@pxref{Prefix Keys}). The default value is 27, which is the | |
865 @sc{ASCII} code for @key{ESC}. | |
866 | |
867 As long as the value of @code{meta-prefix-char} remains 27, key | |
868 lookup translates @kbd{M-b} into @kbd{@key{ESC} b}, which is normally | |
869 defined as the @code{backward-word} command. However, if you set | |
870 @code{meta-prefix-char} to 24, the code for @kbd{C-x}, then Emacs will | |
871 translate @kbd{M-b} into @kbd{C-x b}, whose standard binding is the | |
872 @code{switch-to-buffer} command. | |
873 | |
874 @smallexample | |
875 @group | |
876 meta-prefix-char ; @r{The default value.} | |
877 @result{} 27 | |
878 @end group | |
879 @group | |
880 (key-binding "\M-b") | |
881 @result{} backward-word | |
882 @end group | |
883 @group | |
884 ?\C-x ; @r{The print representation} | |
885 @result{} 24 ; @r{of a character.} | |
886 @end group | |
887 @group | |
888 (setq meta-prefix-char 24) | |
889 @result{} 24 | |
890 @end group | |
891 @group | |
892 (key-binding "\M-b") | |
893 @result{} switch-to-buffer ; @r{Now, typing @kbd{M-b} is} | |
894 ; @r{like typing @kbd{C-x b}.} | |
895 | |
896 (setq meta-prefix-char 27) ; @r{Avoid confusion!} | |
897 @result{} 27 ; @r{Restore the default value!} | |
898 @end group | |
899 @end smallexample | |
900 @end defvar | |
901 | |
902 @node Changing Key Bindings | |
903 @section Changing Key Bindings | |
904 @cindex changing key bindings | |
905 @cindex rebinding | |
906 | |
907 The way to rebind a key is to change its entry in a keymap. If you | |
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908 change a binding in the global keymap, the change is effective in all |
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909 buffers (though it has no direct effect in buffers that shadow the |
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910 global binding with a local one). If you change the current buffer's |
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911 local map, that usually affects all buffers using the same major mode. |
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912 The @code{global-set-key} and @code{local-set-key} functions are |
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913 convenient interfaces for these operations (@pxref{Key Binding |
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914 Commands}). You can also use @code{define-key}, a more general |
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915 function; then you must specify explicitly the map to change. |
6558 | 916 |
917 @cindex meta character key constants | |
918 @cindex control character key constants | |
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919 In writing the key sequence to rebind, it is good to use the special |
6558 | 920 escape sequences for control and meta characters (@pxref{String Type}). |
921 The syntax @samp{\C-} means that the following character is a control | |
922 character and @samp{\M-} means that the following character is a meta | |
923 character. Thus, the string @code{"\M-x"} is read as containing a | |
924 single @kbd{M-x}, @code{"\C-f"} is read as containing a single | |
925 @kbd{C-f}, and @code{"\M-\C-x"} and @code{"\C-\M-x"} are both read as | |
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926 containing a single @kbd{C-M-x}. You can also use this escape syntax in |
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927 vectors, as well as others that aren't allowed in strings; one example |
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928 is @samp{[?\C-\H-x home]}. @xref{Character Type}. |
6558 | 929 |
12067 | 930 The key definition and lookup functions accept an alternate syntax for |
931 event types in a key sequence that is a vector: you can use a list | |
932 containing modifier names plus one base event (a character or function | |
933 key name). For example, @code{(control ?a)} is equivalent to | |
934 @code{?\C-a} and @code{(hyper control left)} is equivalent to | |
935 @code{C-H-left}. | |
936 | |
12098 | 937 One advantage of using a list to represent the event type is that the |
938 precise numeric codes for the modifier bits don't appear in compiled | |
939 files. | |
940 | |
6558 | 941 For the functions below, an error is signaled if @var{keymap} is not a |
942 keymap or if @var{key} is not a string or vector representing a key | |
943 sequence. You can use event types (symbols) as shorthand for events | |
944 that are lists. | |
945 | |
946 @defun define-key keymap key binding | |
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947 This function sets the binding for @var{key} in @var{keymap}. (If |
6558 | 948 @var{key} is more than one event long, the change is actually made |
949 in another keymap reached from @var{keymap}.) The argument | |
950 @var{binding} can be any Lisp object, but only certain types are | |
951 meaningful. (For a list of meaningful types, see @ref{Key Lookup}.) | |
952 The value returned by @code{define-key} is @var{binding}. | |
953 | |
954 @cindex invalid prefix key error | |
955 @cindex key sequence error | |
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956 Every prefix of @var{key} must be a prefix key (i.e., bound to a |
6558 | 957 keymap) or undefined; otherwise an error is signaled. |
958 | |
959 If some prefix of @var{key} is undefined, then @code{define-key} defines | |
960 it as a prefix key so that the rest of @var{key} may be defined as | |
961 specified. | |
962 @end defun | |
963 | |
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964 Here is an example that creates a sparse keymap and makes a number of |
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965 bindings in it: |
6558 | 966 |
967 @smallexample | |
968 @group | |
969 (setq map (make-sparse-keymap)) | |
970 @result{} (keymap) | |
971 @end group | |
972 @group | |
973 (define-key map "\C-f" 'forward-char) | |
974 @result{} forward-char | |
975 @end group | |
976 @group | |
977 map | |
978 @result{} (keymap (6 . forward-char)) | |
979 @end group | |
980 | |
981 @group | |
982 ;; @r{Build sparse submap for @kbd{C-x} and bind @kbd{f} in that.} | |
983 (define-key map "\C-xf" 'forward-word) | |
984 @result{} forward-word | |
985 @end group | |
986 @group | |
987 map | |
988 @result{} (keymap | |
989 (24 keymap ; @kbd{C-x} | |
990 (102 . forward-word)) ; @kbd{f} | |
991 (6 . forward-char)) ; @kbd{C-f} | |
992 @end group | |
993 | |
994 @group | |
995 ;; @r{Bind @kbd{C-p} to the @code{ctl-x-map}.} | |
996 (define-key map "\C-p" ctl-x-map) | |
997 ;; @code{ctl-x-map} | |
998 @result{} [nil @dots{} find-file @dots{} backward-kill-sentence] | |
999 @end group | |
1000 | |
1001 @group | |
1002 ;; @r{Bind @kbd{C-f} to @code{foo} in the @code{ctl-x-map}.} | |
1003 (define-key map "\C-p\C-f" 'foo) | |
1004 @result{} 'foo | |
1005 @end group | |
1006 @group | |
1007 map | |
1008 @result{} (keymap ; @r{Note @code{foo} in @code{ctl-x-map}.} | |
1009 (16 keymap [nil @dots{} foo @dots{} backward-kill-sentence]) | |
1010 (24 keymap | |
1011 (102 . forward-word)) | |
1012 (6 . forward-char)) | |
1013 @end group | |
1014 @end smallexample | |
1015 | |
1016 @noindent | |
1017 Note that storing a new binding for @kbd{C-p C-f} actually works by | |
1018 changing an entry in @code{ctl-x-map}, and this has the effect of | |
1019 changing the bindings of both @kbd{C-p C-f} and @kbd{C-x C-f} in the | |
1020 default global map. | |
1021 | |
1022 @defun substitute-key-definition olddef newdef keymap &optional oldmap | |
1023 @cindex replace bindings | |
1024 This function replaces @var{olddef} with @var{newdef} for any keys in | |
1025 @var{keymap} that were bound to @var{olddef}. In other words, | |
1026 @var{olddef} is replaced with @var{newdef} wherever it appears. The | |
1027 function returns @code{nil}. | |
1028 | |
1029 For example, this redefines @kbd{C-x C-f}, if you do it in an Emacs with | |
1030 standard bindings: | |
1031 | |
1032 @smallexample | |
1033 @group | |
1034 (substitute-key-definition | |
1035 'find-file 'find-file-read-only (current-global-map)) | |
1036 @end group | |
1037 @end smallexample | |
1038 | |
1039 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1040 If @var{oldmap} is non-@code{nil}, then its bindings determine which | |
1041 keys to rebind. The rebindings still happen in @var{newmap}, not in | |
1042 @var{oldmap}. Thus, you can change one map under the control of the | |
1043 bindings in another. For example, | |
1044 | |
1045 @smallexample | |
1046 (substitute-key-definition | |
1047 'delete-backward-char 'my-funny-delete | |
1048 my-map global-map) | |
1049 @end smallexample | |
1050 | |
1051 @noindent | |
1052 puts the special deletion command in @code{my-map} for whichever keys | |
1053 are globally bound to the standard deletion command. | |
1054 | |
1055 @ignore | |
1056 @c Emacs 18 only | |
1057 Prefix keymaps that appear within @var{keymap} are not checked | |
1058 recursively for keys bound to @var{olddef}; they are not changed at all. | |
1059 Perhaps it would be better to check nested keymaps recursively. | |
1060 @end ignore | |
1061 | |
1062 Here is an example showing a keymap before and after substitution: | |
1063 | |
1064 @smallexample | |
1065 @group | |
1066 (setq map '(keymap | |
1067 (?1 . olddef-1) | |
1068 (?2 . olddef-2) | |
1069 (?3 . olddef-1))) | |
1070 @result{} (keymap (49 . olddef-1) (50 . olddef-2) (51 . olddef-1)) | |
1071 @end group | |
1072 | |
1073 @group | |
1074 (substitute-key-definition 'olddef-1 'newdef map) | |
1075 @result{} nil | |
1076 @end group | |
1077 @group | |
1078 map | |
1079 @result{} (keymap (49 . newdef) (50 . olddef-2) (51 . newdef)) | |
1080 @end group | |
1081 @end smallexample | |
1082 @end defun | |
1083 | |
1084 @defun suppress-keymap keymap &optional nodigits | |
1085 @cindex @code{self-insert-command} override | |
1086 This function changes the contents of the full keymap @var{keymap} by | |
1087 making all the printing characters undefined. More precisely, it binds | |
1088 them to the command @code{undefined}. This makes ordinary insertion of | |
1089 text impossible. @code{suppress-keymap} returns @code{nil}. | |
1090 | |
1091 If @var{nodigits} is @code{nil}, then @code{suppress-keymap} defines | |
1092 digits to run @code{digit-argument}, and @kbd{-} to run | |
1093 @code{negative-argument}. Otherwise it makes them undefined like the | |
1094 rest of the printing characters. | |
1095 | |
1096 @cindex yank suppression | |
1097 @cindex @code{quoted-insert} suppression | |
1098 The @code{suppress-keymap} function does not make it impossible to | |
1099 modify a buffer, as it does not suppress commands such as @code{yank} | |
1100 and @code{quoted-insert}. To prevent any modification of a buffer, make | |
1101 it read-only (@pxref{Read Only Buffers}). | |
1102 | |
1103 Since this function modifies @var{keymap}, you would normally use it | |
1104 on a newly created keymap. Operating on an existing keymap | |
1105 that is used for some other purpose is likely to cause trouble; for | |
1106 example, suppressing @code{global-map} would make it impossible to use | |
1107 most of Emacs. | |
1108 | |
1109 Most often, @code{suppress-keymap} is used to initialize local | |
1110 keymaps of modes such as Rmail and Dired where insertion of text is not | |
1111 desirable and the buffer is read-only. Here is an example taken from | |
1112 the file @file{emacs/lisp/dired.el}, showing how the local keymap for | |
1113 Dired mode is set up: | |
1114 | |
1115 @smallexample | |
1116 @group | |
1117 @dots{} | |
1118 (setq dired-mode-map (make-keymap)) | |
1119 (suppress-keymap dired-mode-map) | |
1120 (define-key dired-mode-map "r" 'dired-rename-file) | |
1121 (define-key dired-mode-map "\C-d" 'dired-flag-file-deleted) | |
1122 (define-key dired-mode-map "d" 'dired-flag-file-deleted) | |
1123 (define-key dired-mode-map "v" 'dired-view-file) | |
1124 (define-key dired-mode-map "e" 'dired-find-file) | |
1125 (define-key dired-mode-map "f" 'dired-find-file) | |
1126 @dots{} | |
1127 @end group | |
1128 @end smallexample | |
1129 @end defun | |
1130 | |
1131 @node Key Binding Commands | |
1132 @section Commands for Binding Keys | |
1133 | |
1134 This section describes some convenient interactive interfaces for | |
1135 changing key bindings. They work by calling @code{define-key}. | |
1136 | |
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1137 People often use @code{global-set-key} in their @file{.emacs} file for |
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1138 simple customization. For example, |
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1139 |
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1140 @smallexample |
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1141 (global-set-key "\C-x\C-\\" 'next-line) |
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1142 @end smallexample |
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1143 |
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1144 @noindent |
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1145 or |
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1146 |
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1147 @smallexample |
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1148 (global-set-key [?\C-x ?\C-\\] 'next-line) |
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1149 @end smallexample |
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1150 |
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1151 @noindent |
12098 | 1152 or |
1153 | |
1154 @smallexample | |
1155 (global-set-key [(control ?x) (control ?\\)] 'next-line) | |
1156 @end smallexample | |
1157 | |
1158 @noindent | |
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1159 redefines @kbd{C-x C-\} to move down a line. |
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1160 |
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1161 @smallexample |
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1162 (global-set-key [M-mouse-1] 'mouse-set-point) |
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1163 @end smallexample |
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1164 |
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1165 @noindent |
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1166 redefines the first (leftmost) mouse button, typed with the Meta key, to |
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1167 set point where you click. |
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1168 |
6558 | 1169 @deffn Command global-set-key key definition |
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1170 This function sets the binding of @var{key} in the current global map |
6558 | 1171 to @var{definition}. |
1172 | |
1173 @smallexample | |
1174 @group | |
1175 (global-set-key @var{key} @var{definition}) | |
1176 @equiv{} | |
1177 (define-key (current-global-map) @var{key} @var{definition}) | |
1178 @end group | |
1179 @end smallexample | |
1180 @end deffn | |
1181 | |
1182 @deffn Command global-unset-key key | |
1183 @cindex unbinding keys | |
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1184 This function removes the binding of @var{key} from the current |
6558 | 1185 global map. |
1186 | |
1187 One use of this function is in preparation for defining a longer key | |
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1188 that uses @var{key} as a prefix---which would not be allowed if |
6558 | 1189 @var{key} has a non-prefix binding. For example: |
1190 | |
1191 @smallexample | |
1192 @group | |
1193 (global-unset-key "\C-l") | |
1194 @result{} nil | |
1195 @end group | |
1196 @group | |
1197 (global-set-key "\C-l\C-l" 'redraw-display) | |
1198 @result{} nil | |
1199 @end group | |
1200 @end smallexample | |
1201 | |
1202 This function is implemented simply using @code{define-key}: | |
1203 | |
1204 @smallexample | |
1205 @group | |
1206 (global-unset-key @var{key}) | |
1207 @equiv{} | |
1208 (define-key (current-global-map) @var{key} nil) | |
1209 @end group | |
1210 @end smallexample | |
1211 @end deffn | |
1212 | |
1213 @deffn Command local-set-key key definition | |
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1214 This function sets the binding of @var{key} in the current local |
6558 | 1215 keymap to @var{definition}. |
1216 | |
1217 @smallexample | |
1218 @group | |
1219 (local-set-key @var{key} @var{definition}) | |
1220 @equiv{} | |
1221 (define-key (current-local-map) @var{key} @var{definition}) | |
1222 @end group | |
1223 @end smallexample | |
1224 @end deffn | |
1225 | |
1226 @deffn Command local-unset-key key | |
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1227 This function removes the binding of @var{key} from the current |
6558 | 1228 local map. |
1229 | |
1230 @smallexample | |
1231 @group | |
1232 (local-unset-key @var{key}) | |
1233 @equiv{} | |
1234 (define-key (current-local-map) @var{key} nil) | |
1235 @end group | |
1236 @end smallexample | |
1237 @end deffn | |
1238 | |
1239 @node Scanning Keymaps | |
1240 @section Scanning Keymaps | |
1241 | |
1242 This section describes functions used to scan all the current keymaps | |
1243 for the sake of printing help information. | |
1244 | |
1245 @defun accessible-keymaps keymap &optional prefix | |
1246 This function returns a list of all the keymaps that can be accessed | |
1247 (via prefix keys) from @var{keymap}. The value is an association list | |
1248 with elements of the form @code{(@var{key} .@: @var{map})}, where | |
1249 @var{key} is a prefix key whose definition in @var{keymap} is | |
1250 @var{map}. | |
1251 | |
1252 The elements of the alist are ordered so that the @var{key} increases | |
1253 in length. The first element is always @code{("" .@: @var{keymap})}, | |
1254 because the specified keymap is accessible from itself with a prefix of | |
1255 no events. | |
1256 | |
1257 If @var{prefix} is given, it should be a prefix key sequence; then | |
1258 @code{accessible-keymaps} includes only the submaps whose prefixes start | |
1259 with @var{prefix}. These elements look just as they do in the value of | |
1260 @code{(accessible-keymaps)}; the only difference is that some elements | |
1261 are omitted. | |
1262 | |
1263 In the example below, the returned alist indicates that the key | |
1264 @key{ESC}, which is displayed as @samp{^[}, is a prefix key whose | |
1265 definition is the sparse keymap @code{(keymap (83 .@: center-paragraph) | |
1266 (115 .@: foo))}. | |
1267 | |
1268 @smallexample | |
1269 @group | |
1270 (accessible-keymaps (current-local-map)) | |
1271 @result{}(("" keymap | |
1272 (27 keymap ; @r{Note this keymap for @key{ESC} is repeated below.} | |
1273 (83 . center-paragraph) | |
1274 (115 . center-line)) | |
1275 (9 . tab-to-tab-stop)) | |
1276 @end group | |
1277 | |
1278 @group | |
1279 ("^[" keymap | |
1280 (83 . center-paragraph) | |
1281 (115 . foo))) | |
1282 @end group | |
1283 @end smallexample | |
1284 | |
1285 In the following example, @kbd{C-h} is a prefix key that uses a sparse | |
1286 keymap starting with @code{(keymap (118 . describe-variable)@dots{})}. | |
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1287 Another prefix, @kbd{C-x 4}, uses a keymap which is also the value of |
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1288 the variable @code{ctl-x-4-map}. The event @code{mode-line} is one of |
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1289 several dummy events used as prefixes for mouse actions in special parts |
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1290 of a window. |
6558 | 1291 |
1292 @smallexample | |
1293 @group | |
1294 (accessible-keymaps (current-global-map)) | |
1295 @result{} (("" keymap [set-mark-command beginning-of-line @dots{} | |
1296 delete-backward-char]) | |
1297 @end group | |
1298 @group | |
1299 ("^H" keymap (118 . describe-variable) @dots{} | |
1300 (8 . help-for-help)) | |
1301 @end group | |
1302 @group | |
1303 ("^X" keymap [x-flush-mouse-queue @dots{} | |
1304 backward-kill-sentence]) | |
1305 @end group | |
1306 @group | |
1307 ("^[" keymap [mark-sexp backward-sexp @dots{} | |
1308 backward-kill-word]) | |
1309 @end group | |
1310 ("^X4" keymap (15 . display-buffer) @dots{}) | |
1311 @group | |
1312 ([mode-line] keymap | |
1313 (S-mouse-2 . mouse-split-window-horizontally) @dots{})) | |
1314 @end group | |
1315 @end smallexample | |
1316 | |
1317 @noindent | |
1318 These are not all the keymaps you would see in an actual case. | |
1319 @end defun | |
1320 | |
1321 @defun where-is-internal command &optional keymap firstonly noindirect | |
1322 This function returns a list of key sequences (of any length) that are | |
1323 bound to @var{command} in a set of keymaps. | |
1324 | |
1325 The argument @var{command} can be any object; it is compared with all | |
1326 keymap entries using @code{eq}. | |
1327 | |
1328 If @var{keymap} is @code{nil}, then the maps used are the current active | |
1329 keymaps, disregarding @code{overriding-local-map} (that is, pretending | |
1330 its value is @code{nil}). If @var{keymap} is non-@code{nil}, then the | |
1331 maps searched are @var{keymap} and the global keymap. | |
1332 | |
1333 Usually it's best to use @code{overriding-local-map} as the expression | |
1334 for @var{keymap}. Then @code{where-is-internal} searches precisely the | |
1335 keymaps that are active. To search only the global map, pass | |
1336 @code{(keymap)} (an empty keymap) as @var{keymap}. | |
1337 | |
1338 If @var{firstonly} is @code{non-ascii}, then the value is a single | |
1339 string representing the first key sequence found, rather than a list of | |
1340 all possible key sequences. If @var{firstonly} is @code{t}, then the | |
1341 value is the first key sequence, except that key sequences consisting | |
1342 entirely of @sc{ASCII} characters (or meta variants of @sc{ASCII} | |
1343 characters) are preferred to all other key sequences. | |
1344 | |
1345 If @var{noindirect} is non-@code{nil}, @code{where-is-internal} doesn't | |
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1346 follow indirect keymap bindings. This makes it possible to search for |
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1347 an indirect definition itself. |
6558 | 1348 |
1349 This function is used by @code{where-is} (@pxref{Help, , Help, emacs, | |
1350 The GNU Emacs Manual}). | |
1351 | |
1352 @smallexample | |
1353 @group | |
1354 (where-is-internal 'describe-function) | |
1355 @result{} ("\^hf" "\^hd") | |
1356 @end group | |
1357 @end smallexample | |
1358 @end defun | |
1359 | |
1360 @deffn Command describe-bindings prefix | |
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1361 This function creates a listing of all defined keys and their |
6558 | 1362 definitions. It writes the listing in a buffer named @samp{*Help*} and |
1363 displays it in a window. | |
1364 | |
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1365 If @var{prefix} is non-@code{nil}, it should be a prefix key; then the |
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1366 listing includes only keys that start with @var{prefix}. |
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1367 |
6558 | 1368 The listing describes meta characters as @key{ESC} followed by the |
1369 corresponding non-meta character. | |
1370 | |
1371 When several characters with consecutive @sc{ASCII} codes have the | |
1372 same definition, they are shown together, as | |
1373 @samp{@var{firstchar}..@var{lastchar}}. In this instance, you need to | |
1374 know the @sc{ASCII} codes to understand which characters this means. | |
1375 For example, in the default global map, the characters @samp{@key{SPC} | |
1376 ..@: ~} are described by a single line. @key{SPC} is @sc{ASCII} 32, | |
1377 @kbd{~} is @sc{ASCII} 126, and the characters between them include all | |
1378 the normal printing characters, (e.g., letters, digits, punctuation, | |
1379 etc.@:); all these characters are bound to @code{self-insert-command}. | |
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1380 @end deffn |
6558 | 1381 |
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1382 @node Menu Keymaps |
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1383 @section Menu Keymaps |
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1384 @cindex menu keymaps |
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1385 |
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1386 @c Emacs 19 feature |
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1387 A keymap can define a menu as well as bindings for keyboard keys and |
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1388 mouse button. Menus are usually actuated with the mouse, but they can |
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1389 work with the keyboard also. |
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1390 |
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1391 @menu |
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1392 * Defining Menus:: How to make a keymap that defines a menu. |
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1393 * Mouse Menus:: How users actuate the menu with the mouse. |
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1394 * Keyboard Menus:: How they actuate it with the keyboard. |
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1395 * Menu Example:: Making a simple menu. |
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1396 * Menu Bar:: How to customize the menu bar. |
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1397 * Modifying Menus:: How to add new items to a menu. |
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1398 @end menu |
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1399 |
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1400 @node Defining Menus |
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1401 @subsection Defining Menus |
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1402 @cindex defining menus |
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1403 @cindex menu prompt string |
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1404 @cindex prompt string (of menu) |
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1405 |
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1406 A keymap is suitable for menu use if it has an @dfn{overall prompt |
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1407 string}, which is a string that appears as an element of the keymap. |
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1408 (@xref{Format of Keymaps}.) The string should describe the purpose of |
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1409 the menu. The easiest way to construct a keymap with a prompt string is |
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1410 to specify the string as an argument when you call @code{make-keymap} or |
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1411 @code{make-sparse-keymap} (@pxref{Creating Keymaps}). |
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1412 |
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1413 The order of items in the menu is the same as the order of bindings in |
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1414 the keymap. Since @code{define-key} puts new bindings at the front, you |
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1415 should define the menu items starting at the bottom of the menu and |
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1416 moving to the top, if you care about the order. When you add an item to |
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1417 an existing menu, you can specify its position in the menu using |
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1418 @code{define-key-after} (@pxref{Modifying Menus}). |
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1419 |
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1420 The individual bindings in the menu keymap should have item |
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1421 strings; these strings become the items displayed in the menu. A |
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1422 binding with an item string looks like this: |
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1423 |
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1424 @example |
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1425 (@var{string} . @var{real-binding}) |
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1426 @end example |
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1427 |
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1428 The item string for a binding should be short---one or two words. It |
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1429 should describe the action of the command it corresponds to. |
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1430 |
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1431 As far as @code{define-key} is concerned, @var{string} is part of the |
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1432 event's binding. However, @code{lookup-key} returns just |
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1433 @var{real-binding}, and only @var{real-binding} is used for executing |
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1434 the key. |
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1435 |
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1436 You can also supply a second string, called the help string, as follows: |
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1437 |
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1438 @example |
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1439 (@var{string} @var{help-string} . @var{real-binding}) |
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1440 @end example |
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1441 |
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1442 Currently Emacs does not actually use @var{help-string}; it knows only |
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1443 how to ignore @var{help-string} in order to extract @var{real-binding}. |
12098 | 1444 In the future we may use @var{help-string} as extended documentation for |
1445 the menu item, available on request. | |
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1446 |
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1447 If @var{real-binding} is @code{nil}, then @var{string} appears in the |
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1448 menu but cannot be selected. |
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1449 |
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1450 If @var{real-binding} is a symbol and has a non-@code{nil} |
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1451 @code{menu-enable} property, that property is an expression that |
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1452 controls whether the menu item is enabled. Every time the keymap is |
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1453 used to display a menu, Emacs evaluates the expression, and it enables |
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1454 the menu item only if the expression's value is non-@code{nil}. When a |
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1455 menu item is disabled, it is displayed in a ``fuzzy'' fashion, and |
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1456 cannot be selected with the mouse. |
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1457 |
12098 | 1458 The menu bar does not recalculate which items are enabled every time you |
1459 look at a menu. This is because the X toolkit requires the whole tree | |
1460 of menus in advance. To force recalculation of the menu bar, call | |
1461 @code{force-mode-line-update} (@pxref{Mode Line Format}). | |
1462 | |
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1463 Sometimes it is useful to make menu items that use the ``same'' command |
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1464 but with different enable conditions. You can do this by defining alias |
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1465 commands. Here's an example that makes two aliases for |
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1466 @code{toggle-read-only} and gives them different enable conditions: |
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1467 |
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1468 @example |
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1469 (defalias 'make-read-only 'toggle-read-only) |
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1470 (put 'make-read-only 'menu-enable '(not buffer-read-only)) |
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1471 (defalias 'make-writable 'toggle-read-only) |
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1472 (put 'make-writable 'menu-enable 'buffer-read-only) |
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1473 @end example |
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1474 |
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1475 You've probably noticed that menu items show the equivalent keyboard key |
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1476 sequence (if any) to invoke the same command. To save time on |
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1477 recalculation, menu display caches this information in a sublist in the |
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1478 binding, like this: |
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1479 |
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1480 @c This line is not too long--rms. |
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1481 @example |
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1482 (@var{string} @r{[}@var{help-string}@r{]} (@var{key-binding-data}) . @var{real-binding}) |
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1483 @end example |
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1484 |
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1485 Don't put these sublists in the menu item yourself; menu display |
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1486 calculates them automatically. Don't add keyboard equivalents to the |
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1487 item strings in a mouse menu, since that is redundant. |
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1488 |
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1489 If an alias command has no keyboard equivalent itself, menus show the |
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1490 keyboard equivalent of its underlying command. In the example above, |
12125
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1491 menu items defined to run @code{make-read-only} or @code{make-writable} |
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1492 would show the keyboard equivalents of @code{toggle-read-only}. |
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1493 |
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1494 @node Mouse Menus |
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1495 @subsection Menus and the Mouse |
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1496 |
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1497 The way to make a menu keymap produce a menu is to make it the |
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1498 definition of a prefix key. |
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1499 |
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1500 If the prefix key ends with a mouse event, Emacs handles the menu keymap |
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1501 by popping up a visible menu, so that the user can select a choice with |
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1502 the mouse. When the user clicks on a menu item, the event generated is |
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1503 whatever character or symbol has the binding that brought about that |
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1504 menu item. (A menu item may generate a series of events if the menu has |
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1505 multiple levels or comes from the menu bar.) |
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1506 |
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1507 It's often best to use a button-down event to trigger the menu. Then |
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1508 the user can select a menu item by releasing the button. |
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1509 |
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1510 A single keymap can appear as multiple menu panes, if you explicitly |
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1511 arrange for this. The way to do this is to make a keymap for each pane, |
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1512 then create a binding for each of those maps in the main keymap of the |
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1513 menu. Give each of these bindings an item string that starts with |
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1514 @samp{@@}. The rest of the item string becomes the name of the pane. |
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1515 See the file @file{lisp/mouse.el} for an example of this. Any ordinary |
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1516 bindings with @samp{@@}-less item strings are grouped into one pane, |
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1517 which appears along with the other panes explicitly created for the |
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1518 submaps. |
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1519 |
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1520 X toolkit menus don't have panes; instead, they can have submenus. |
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1521 Every nested keymap becomes a submenu, whether the item string starts |
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1522 with @samp{@@} or not. In a toolkit version of Emacs, the only thing |
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1523 special about @samp{@@} at the beginning of an item string is that the |
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1524 @samp{@@} doesn't appear in the menu item. |
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1525 |
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1526 You can also get multiple panes from separate keymaps. The full |
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1527 definition of a prefix key always comes from merging the definitions |
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1528 supplied by the various active keymaps (minor mode, local, and |
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1529 global). When more than one of these keymaps is a menu, each of them |
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1530 makes a separate pane or panes. @xref{Active Keymaps}. |
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1531 |
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1532 In toolkit versions of Emacs, menus don't have panes, so submenus are |
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1533 used to represent the separate keymaps. Each keymap's contribution |
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1534 becomes one submenu. |
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1535 |
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1536 A Lisp program can explicitly pop up a menu and receive the user's |
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1537 choice. You can use keymaps for this also. @xref{Pop-Up Menus}. |
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1538 |
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1539 @node Keyboard Menus |
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1540 @subsection Menus and the Keyboard |
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1541 |
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1542 When a prefix key ending with a keyboard event (a character or function |
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1543 key) has a definition that is a menu keymap, the user can use the |
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1544 keyboard to choose a menu item. |
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1545 |
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1546 Emacs displays the menu alternatives (the item strings of the bindings) |
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1547 in the echo area. If they don't all fit at once, the user can type |
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1548 @key{SPC} to see the next line of alternatives. Successive uses of |
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1549 @key{SPC} eventually get to the end of the menu and then cycle around to |
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1550 the beginning. (The variable @code{menu-prompt-more-char} specifies |
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1551 which character is used for this; @key{SPC} is the default.) |
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1552 |
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1553 When the user has found the desired alternative from the menu, he or she |
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1554 should type the corresponding character---the one whose binding is that |
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1555 alternative. |
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1556 |
12098 | 1557 @ignore |
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1558 In a menu intended for keyboard use, each menu item must clearly |
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1559 indicate what character to type. The best convention to use is to make |
12098 | 1560 the character the first letter of the item string---that is something |
1561 users will understand without being told. We plan to change this; by | |
1562 the time you read this manual, keyboard menus may explicitly name the | |
1563 key for each alternative. | |
1564 @end ignore | |
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1565 |
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1566 This way of using menus in an Emacs-like editor was inspired by the |
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1567 Hierarkey system. |
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1568 |
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1569 @defvar menu-prompt-more-char |
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1570 This variable specifies the character to use to ask to see |
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1571 the next line of a menu. Its initial value is 32, the code |
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1572 for @key{SPC}. |
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1573 @end defvar |
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1574 |
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1575 @node Menu Example |
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1576 @subsection Menu Example |
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1577 |
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1578 Here is a simple example of how to set up a menu for mouse use. |
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1579 |
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1580 @example |
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1581 (defvar my-menu-map |
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1582 (make-sparse-keymap "Key Commands <==> Functions")) |
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1583 (fset 'help-for-keys my-menu-map) |
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1584 |
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1585 (define-key my-menu-map [bindings] |
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1586 '("List all keystroke commands" . describe-bindings)) |
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1587 (define-key my-menu-map [key] |
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1588 '("Describe key briefly" . describe-key-briefly)) |
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1589 (define-key my-menu-map [key-verbose] |
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1590 '("Describe key verbose" . describe-key)) |
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1591 (define-key my-menu-map [function] |
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1592 '("Describe Lisp function" . describe-function)) |
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1593 (define-key my-menu-map [where-is] |
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1594 '("Where is this command" . where-is)) |
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1595 |
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1596 (define-key global-map [C-S-down-mouse-1] 'help-for-keys) |
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1597 @end example |
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1598 |
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1599 The symbols used in the key sequences bound in the menu are fictitious |
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1600 ``function keys''; they don't appear on the keyboard, but that doesn't |
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1601 stop you from using them in the menu. Their names were chosen to be |
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1602 mnemonic, because they show up in the output of @code{where-is} and |
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1603 @code{apropos} to identify the corresponding menu items. |
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1604 |
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1605 However, if you want the menu to be usable from the keyboard as well, |
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1606 you must bind real @sc{ASCII} characters as well as fictitious function |
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1607 keys. |
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1608 |
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1609 @node Menu Bar |
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1610 @subsection The Menu Bar |
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1611 @cindex menu bar |
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1612 |
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1613 Most window systems allow each frame to have a @dfn{menu bar}---a |
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1614 permanently displayed menu stretching horizontally across the top of the |
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1615 frame. The items of the menu bar are the subcommands of the fake |
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1616 ``function key'' @code{menu-bar}, as defined by all the active keymaps. |
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1617 |
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1618 To add an item to the menu bar, invent a fake ``function key'' of your |
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1619 own (let's call it @var{key}), and make a binding for the key sequence |
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1620 @code{[menu-bar @var{key}]}. Most often, the binding is a menu keymap, |
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1621 so that pressing a button on the menu bar item leads to another menu. |
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1622 |
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1623 When more than one active keymap defines the same fake function key |
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1624 for the menu bar, the item appears just once. If the user clicks on |
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1625 that menu bar item, it brings up a single, combined submenu containing |
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1626 all the subcommands of that item---the global subcommands, the local |
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1627 subcommands, and the minor mode subcommands, all together. |
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1628 |
12067 | 1629 The variable @code{overriding-local-map} is normally ignored when |
1630 determining the menu bar contents. That is, the menu bar is computed | |
1631 from the keymaps that would be active if @code{overriding-local-map} | |
1632 were @code{nil}. @xref{Active Keymaps}. | |
1633 | |
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1634 In order for a frame to display a menu bar, its @code{menu-bar-lines} |
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1635 parameter must be greater than zero. Emacs uses just one line for the |
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1636 menu bar itself; if you specify more than one line, the other lines |
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1637 serve to separate the menu bar from the windows in the frame. We |
12098 | 1638 recommend 1 or 2 as the value of @code{menu-bar-lines}. @xref{X Frame |
1639 Parameters}. | |
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1640 |
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1641 Here's an example of setting up a menu bar item: |
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1642 |
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1643 @example |
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1644 @group |
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1645 (modify-frame-parameters (selected-frame) |
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1646 '((menu-bar-lines . 2))) |
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1647 @end group |
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1648 |
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1649 @group |
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1650 ;; @r{Make a menu keymap (with a prompt string)} |
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1651 ;; @r{and make it the menu bar item's definition.} |
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1652 (define-key global-map [menu-bar words] |
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1653 (cons "Words" (make-sparse-keymap "Words"))) |
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1654 @end group |
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1655 |
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1656 @group |
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1657 ;; @r{Define specific subcommands in the item's menu.} |
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1658 (define-key global-map |
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1659 [menu-bar words forward] |
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1660 '("Forward word" . forward-word)) |
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1661 @end group |
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1662 @group |
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1663 (define-key global-map |
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1664 [menu-bar words backward] |
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1665 '("Backward word" . backward-word)) |
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1666 @end group |
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1667 @end example |
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1668 |
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1669 A local keymap can cancel a menu bar item made by the global keymap by |
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1670 rebinding the same fake function key with @code{undefined} as the |
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1671 binding. For example, this is how Dired suppresses the @samp{Edit} menu |
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1672 bar item: |
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1673 |
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1674 @example |
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1675 (define-key dired-mode-map [menu-bar edit] 'undefined) |
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1676 @end example |
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1677 |
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1678 @noindent |
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1679 @code{edit} is the fake function key used by the global map for the |
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1680 @samp{Edit} menu bar item. The main reason to suppress a global |
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1681 menu bar item is to regain space for mode-specific items. |
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1682 |
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1683 @defvar menu-bar-final-items |
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1684 Normally the menu bar shows global items followed by items defined by the |
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1685 local maps. |
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1686 |
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1687 This variable holds a list of fake function keys for items to display at |
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1688 the end of the menu bar rather than in normal sequence. The default |
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1689 value is @code{(help)}; thus, the @samp{Help} menu item normally appears |
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1690 at the end of the menu bar, following local menu items. |
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1691 @end defvar |
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1692 |
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1693 @node Modifying Menus |
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1694 @subsection Modifying Menus |
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1695 |
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1696 When you insert a new item in an existing menu, you probably want to |
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1697 put it in a particular place among the menu's existing items. If you |
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1698 use @code{define-key} to add the item, it normally goes at the front of |
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1699 the menu. To put it elsewhere, use @code{define-key-after}: |
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1700 |
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1701 @defun define-key-after map key binding after |
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1702 Define a binding in @var{map} for @var{key}, with value @var{binding}, |
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1703 just like @code{define-key}, but position the binding in @var{map} after |
7681 | 1704 the binding for the event @var{after}. The argument @var{key} should |
1705 be of length one---a vector or string with just one element. | |
1706 | |
1707 For example, | |
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1708 |
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1709 @example |
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1710 (define-key-after my-menu [drink] |
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1711 '("Drink" . drink-command) 'eat) |
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1712 @end example |
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1713 |
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1714 @noindent |
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1715 makes a binding for the fake function key @key{drink} and puts it |
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1716 right after the binding for @key{eat}. |
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1717 |
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1718 Here is how to insert an item called @samp{Work} in the @samp{Signals} |
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1719 menu of Shell mode, after the item @code{break}: |
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1720 |
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1721 @example |
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1722 (define-key-after |
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1723 (lookup-key shell-mode-map [menu-bar signals]) |
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1724 [work] '("Work" . work-command) 'break) |
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1725 @end example |
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1726 |
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1727 Note that @var{key} is a sequence containing just one event type, but |
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1728 @var{after} is just an event type (not a sequence). |
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1729 @end defun |