annotate lispref/display.texi @ 8602:99f6ae4160f5

(Fmake_symbolic_link, Ffile_accessible_directory_p, Finsert_file_contents, auto_save_error, Fwrite_region): Fix gcpro problems.
author Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
date Wed, 24 Aug 1994 00:35:51 +0000
parents 355f353f7c74
children b05788fd41f0
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1 @c -*-texinfo-*-
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2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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4 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions.
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5 @setfilename ../info/display
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6 @node Display, Calendar, System Interface, Top
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7 @chapter Emacs Display
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8
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9 This chapter describes a number of features related to the display
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10 that Emacs presents to the user.
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11
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12 @menu
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13 * Refresh Screen:: Clearing the screen and redrawing everything on it.
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14 * Screen Size:: How big is the Emacs screen.
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15 * Truncation:: Folding or wrapping long text lines.
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16 * The Echo Area:: Where messages are displayed.
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17 * Selective Display:: Hiding part of the buffer text.
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18 * Overlay Arrow:: Display of an arrow to indicate position.
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19 * Temporary Displays:: Displays that go away automatically.
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20 * Overlays:: Use overlays to highlight parts of the buffer.
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21 * Faces:: A face defines a graphics appearance: font, color, etc.
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22 * Blinking:: How Emacs shows the matching open parenthesis.
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23 * Inverse Video:: Specifying how the screen looks.
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24 * Usual Display:: The usual conventions for displaying nonprinting chars.
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25 * Display Tables:: How to specify other conventions.
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26 * Beeping:: Audible signal to the user.
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27 * Window Systems:: Which window system is being used.
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28 @end menu
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29
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30 @node Refresh Screen
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31 @section Refreshing the Screen
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32
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33 The function @code{redraw-frame} redisplays the entire contents of a
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34 given frame. @xref{Frames}.
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35
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36 @c Emacs 19 feature
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37 @defun redraw-frame frame
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38 This function clears and redisplays frame @var{frame}.
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39 @end defun
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40
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41 Even more powerful is @code{redraw-display}:
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42
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43 @deffn Command redraw-display
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44 This function clears and redisplays all visible frames.
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45 @end deffn
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46
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47 Normally, suspending and resuming Emacs also refreshes the screen.
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48 Some terminal emulators record separate contents for display-oriented
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49 programs such as Emacs and for ordinary sequential display. If you are
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50 using such a terminal, you might want to inhibit the redisplay on
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51 resumption. @xref{Suspending Emacs}.
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52
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53 @defvar no-redraw-on-reenter
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54 @cindex suspend (cf. @code{no-redraw-on-reenter})
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55 @cindex resume (cf. @code{no-redraw-on-reenter})
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56 This variable controls whether Emacs redraws the entire screen after it
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57 has been suspended and resumed. Non-@code{nil} means yes, @code{nil}
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58 means no.
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59 @end defvar
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60
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61 Processing user input takes absolute priority over redisplay. If you
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62 call these functions when input is available, they do nothing
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63 immediately, but a full redisplay does happen eventually---after all the
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64 input has been processed.
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65
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66 @node Screen Size
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67 @section Screen Size
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68 @cindex size of screen
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69 @cindex screen size
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70 @cindex display lines
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71 @cindex display columns
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72 @cindex resize redisplay
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73
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74 The screen size functions report or tell Emacs the height or width of
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75 the terminal. When you are using multiple frames, they apply to the
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76 selected frame (@pxref{Frames}).
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77
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78 @defun screen-height
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79 This function returns the number of lines on the screen that are
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80 available for display.
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81
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82 @example
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83 @group
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84 (screen-height)
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85 @result{} 50
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86 @end group
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87 @end example
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88 @end defun
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89
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90 @defun screen-width
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91 This function returns the number of columns on the screen that are
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92 available for display.
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93
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94 @example
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95 @group
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96 (screen-width)
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97 @result{} 80
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98 @end group
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99 @end example
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100 @end defun
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101
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102 @defun set-screen-height lines &optional not-actual-size
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103 This function declares that the terminal can display @var{lines} lines.
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104 The sizes of existing windows are altered proportionally to fit.
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105
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106 If @var{not-actual-size} is non-@code{nil}, then Emacs displays
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107 @var{lines} lines of output, but does not change its value for the
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108 actual height of the screen. (Knowing the correct actual size may be
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109 necessary for correct cursor positioning.) Using a smaller height than
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110 the terminal actually implements may be useful to reproduce behavior
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111 observed on a smaller screen, or if the terminal malfunctions when using
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112 its whole screen.
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113
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114 If @var{lines} is different from what it was previously, then the
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115 entire screen is cleared and redisplayed using the new size.
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116
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117 This function returns @code{nil}.
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118 @end defun
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119
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120 @defun set-screen-width columns &optional not-actual-size
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121 This function declares that the terminal can display @var{columns}
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122 columns. The details are as in @code{set-screen-height}.
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123 @end defun
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124
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125 @node Truncation
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126 @section Truncation
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127 @cindex line wrapping
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128 @cindex continuation lines
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129 @cindex @samp{$} in display
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130 @cindex @samp{\} in display
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131
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132 When a line of text extends beyond the right edge of a window, the
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133 line can either be continued on the next screen line, or truncated to
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134 one screen line. The additional screen lines used to display a long
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135 text line are called @dfn{continuation} lines. Normally, a @samp{$} in
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136 the rightmost column of the window indicates truncation; a @samp{\} on
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137 the rightmost column indicates a line that ``wraps'' or is continued
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138 onto the next line. (The display table can specify alternative
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139 indicators; see @ref{Display Tables}.)
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140
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141 Note that continuation is different from filling; continuation happens
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142 on the screen only, not in the buffer contents, and it breaks a line
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143 precisely at the right margin, not at a word boundary. @xref{Filling}.
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144
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145 @defopt truncate-lines
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146 This buffer-local variable controls how Emacs displays lines that extend
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147 beyond the right edge of the window. The default is @code{nil}, which
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148 specifies continuation. If the value is non-@code{nil}, then these
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149 lines are truncated.
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150
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151 If the variable @code{truncate-partial-width-windows} is non-@code{nil},
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152 then truncation is always used for side-by-side windows (within one
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153 frame) regardless of the value of @code{truncate-lines}.
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154 @end defopt
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155
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156 @defvar default-truncate-lines
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157 This variable is the default value for @code{truncate-lines}, for
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158 buffers that do not have local values for it.
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159 @end defvar
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160
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161 @defopt truncate-partial-width-windows
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162 This variable controls display of lines that extend beyond the right
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163 edge of the window, in side-by-side windows (@pxref{Splitting Windows}).
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164 If it is non-@code{nil}, these lines are truncated; otherwise,
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165 @code{truncate-lines} says what to do with them.
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166 @end defopt
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167
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168 You can override the images that indicate continuation or truncation
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169 with the display table; see @ref{Display Tables}.
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170
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171 @node The Echo Area
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172 @section The Echo Area
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173 @cindex error display
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174 @cindex echo area
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175
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176 The @dfn{echo area} is used for displaying messages made with the
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177 @code{message} primitive, and for echoing keystrokes. It is not the
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178 same as the minibuffer, despite the fact that the minibuffer appears
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179 (when active) in the same place on the screen as the echo area. The
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180 @cite{GNU Emacs Manual} specifies the rules for resolving conflicts
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181 between the echo area and the minibuffer for use of that screen space
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182 (@pxref{Minibuffer,, The Minibuffer, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}).
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183 Error messages appear in the echo area; see @ref{Errors}.
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184
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185 You can write output in the echo area by using the Lisp printing
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186 functions with @code{t} as the stream (@pxref{Output Functions}), or as
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187 follows:
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188
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189 @defun message string &rest arguments
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190 This function prints a one-line message in the echo area. The
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191 argument @var{string} is similar to a C language @code{printf} control
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192 string. See @code{format} in @ref{String Conversion}, for the details
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193 on the conversion specifications. @code{message} returns the
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194 constructed string.
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195
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196 In batch mode, @code{message} prints the message text on the standard
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197 error stream, followed by a newline.
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198
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199 @c Emacs 19 feature
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200 If @var{string} is @code{nil}, @code{message} clears the echo area. If
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201 the minibuffer is active, this brings the minibuffer contents back onto
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202 the screen immediately.
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203
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204 @example
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205 @group
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206 (message "Minibuffer depth is %d."
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207 (minibuffer-depth))
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208 @print{} Minibuffer depth is 0.
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209 @result{} "Minibuffer depth is 0."
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210 @end group
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211
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212 @group
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213 ---------- Echo Area ----------
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214 Minibuffer depth is 0.
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215 ---------- Echo Area ----------
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216 @end group
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217 @end example
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218 @end defun
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219
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220 @defvar cursor-in-echo-area
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221 This variable controls where the cursor appears when a message is
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222 displayed in the echo area. If it is non-@code{nil}, then the cursor
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223 appears at the end of the message. Otherwise, the cursor appears at
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224 point---not in the echo area at all.
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225
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226 The value is normally @code{nil}; Lisp programs bind it to @code{t}
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227 for brief periods of time.
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228 @end defvar
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229
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230 @node Selective Display
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231 @section Selective Display
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232 @cindex selective display
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233
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234 @dfn{Selective display} is a class of minor modes in which specially
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235 marked lines do not appear on the screen, or in which highly indented
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236 lines do not appear.
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237
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238 The first variant, explicit selective display, is designed for use in
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239 a Lisp program. The program controls which lines are hidden by altering
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240 the text. Outline mode uses this variant. In the second variant, the
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241 choice of lines to hide is made automatically based on indentation.
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242 This variant is designed as a user-level feature.
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243
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244 The way you control explicit selective display is by replacing a
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245 newline (control-j) with a carriage return (control-m). The text which
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246 was formerly a line following that newline is now invisible. Strictly
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247 speaking, it is temporarily no longer a line at all, since only newlines
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248 can separate lines; it is now part of the previous line.
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249
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250 Selective display does not directly affect editing commands. For
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251 example, @kbd{C-f} (@code{forward-char}) moves point unhesitatingly into
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252 invisible text. However, the replacement of newline characters with
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253 carriage return characters affects some editing commands. For example,
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254 @code{next-line} skips invisible lines, since it searches only for
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255 newlines. Modes that use selective display can also define commands
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256 that take account of the newlines, or that make parts of the text
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257 visible or invisible.
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258
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259 When you write a selectively displayed buffer into a file, all the
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260 control-m's are output as newlines. This means that when you next read
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261 in the file, it looks OK, with nothing invisible. The selective display
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262 effect is seen only within Emacs.
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263
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264 @defvar selective-display
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265 This buffer-local variable enables selective display. This means that
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266 lines, or portions of lines, may be made invisible.
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267
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268 @itemize @bullet
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269 @item
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270 If the value of @code{selective-display} is @code{t}, then any portion
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271 of a line that follows a control-m is not displayed.
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272
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273 @item
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274 If the value of @code{selective-display} is a positive integer, then
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275 lines that start with more than that many columns of indentation are not
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276 displayed.
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277 @end itemize
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278
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279 When some portion of a buffer is invisible, the vertical movement
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280 commands operate as if that portion did not exist, allowing a single
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281 @code{next-line} command to skip any number of invisible lines.
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282 However, character movement commands (such as @code{forward-char}) do
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283 not skip the invisible portion, and it is possible (if tricky) to insert
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284 or delete text in an invisible portion.
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285
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286 In the examples below, we show the @emph{display appearance} of the
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287 buffer @code{foo}, which changes with the value of
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288 @code{selective-display}. The @emph{contents} of the buffer do not
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289 change.
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290
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291 @example
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292 @group
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293 (setq selective-display nil)
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294 @result{} nil
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295
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296 ---------- Buffer: foo ----------
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297 1 on this column
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298 2on this column
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299 3n this column
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300 3n this column
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301 2on this column
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302 1 on this column
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303 ---------- Buffer: foo ----------
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304 @end group
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305
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306 @group
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307 (setq selective-display 2)
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308 @result{} 2
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309
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310 ---------- Buffer: foo ----------
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311 1 on this column
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312 2on this column
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313 2on this column
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314 1 on this column
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315 ---------- Buffer: foo ----------
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316 @end group
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317 @end example
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318 @end defvar
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319
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320 @defvar selective-display-ellipses
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321 If this buffer-local variable is non-@code{nil}, then Emacs displays
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322 @samp{@dots{}} at the end of a line that is followed by invisible text.
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323 This example is a continuation of the previous one.
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324
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325 @example
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326 @group
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327 (setq selective-display-ellipses t)
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328 @result{} t
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329
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330 ---------- Buffer: foo ----------
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331 1 on this column
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332 2on this column ...
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333 2on this column
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334 1 on this column
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335 ---------- Buffer: foo ----------
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336 @end group
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337 @end example
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338
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339 You can use a display table to substitute other text for the ellipsis
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340 (@samp{@dots{}}). @xref{Display Tables}.
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341 @end defvar
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342
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343 @node Overlay Arrow
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344 @section The Overlay Arrow
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345 @cindex overlay arrow
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346
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347 The @dfn{overlay arrow} is useful for directing the user's attention
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348 to a particular line in a buffer. For example, in the modes used for
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349 interface to debuggers, the overlay arrow indicates the line of code
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350 about to be executed.
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351
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352 @defvar overlay-arrow-string
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353 This variable holds the string to display as an arrow, or @code{nil} if
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354 the arrow feature is not in use.
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355 @end defvar
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356
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357 @defvar overlay-arrow-position
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358 This variable holds a marker which indicates where to display the arrow.
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359 It should point at the beginning of a line. The arrow text appears at
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360 the beginning of that line, overlaying any text that would otherwise
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361 appear. Since the arrow is usually short, and the line usually begins
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362 with indentation, normally nothing significant is overwritten.
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363
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364 The overlay string is displayed only in the buffer which this marker
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365 points into. Thus, only one buffer can have an overlay arrow at any
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366 given time.
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367 @c !!! overlay-arrow-position: but the overlay string may remain in the display
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368 @c of some other buffer until an update is required. This should be fixed
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369 @c now. Is it?
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370 @end defvar
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371
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372 @node Temporary Displays
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373 @section Temporary Displays
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374
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375 Temporary displays are used by commands to put output into a buffer
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376 and then present it to the user for perusal rather than for editing.
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377 Many of the help commands use this feature.
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378
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379 @defspec with-output-to-temp-buffer buffer-name forms@dots{}
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380 This function executes @var{forms} while arranging to insert any
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381 output they print into the buffer named @var{buffer-name}. The buffer
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382 is then shown in some window for viewing, displayed but not selected.
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383
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384 The string @var{buffer-name} specifies the temporary buffer, which
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385 need not already exist. The argument must be a string, not a buffer.
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386 The buffer is erased initially (with no questions asked), and it is
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387 marked as unmodified after @code{with-output-to-temp-buffer} exits.
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388
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389 @code{with-output-to-temp-buffer} binds @code{standard-output} to the
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390 temporary buffer, then it evaluates the forms in @var{forms}. Output
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391 using the Lisp output functions within @var{forms} goes by default to
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392 that buffer (but screen display and messages in the echo area, although
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393 they are ``output'' in the general sense of the word, are not affected).
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394 @xref{Output Functions}.
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395
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396 The value of the last form in @var{forms} is returned.
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397
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398 @example
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399 @group
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400 ---------- Buffer: foo ----------
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401 This is the contents of foo.
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402 ---------- Buffer: foo ----------
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403 @end group
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404
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405 @group
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406 (with-output-to-temp-buffer "foo"
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407 (print 20)
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408 (print standard-output))
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409 @result{} #<buffer foo>
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410
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411 ---------- Buffer: foo ----------
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412 20
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413
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414 #<buffer foo>
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415
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416 ---------- Buffer: foo ----------
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417 @end group
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418 @end example
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419 @end defspec
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420
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421 @defvar temp-buffer-show-function
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422 If this variable, if non-@code{nil}, @code{with-output-to-temp-buffer}
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423 calls it as a function to do the job of displaying a help buffer. The
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424 function gets one argument, which is the buffer it should display.
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425
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426 In Emacs versions 18 and earlier, this variable was called
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427 @code{temp-buffer-show-hook}.
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428 @end defvar
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429
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430 @defun momentary-string-display string position &optional char message
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431 This function momentarily displays @var{string} in the current buffer at
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432 @var{position}. It has no effect on the undo list or on the buffer's
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433 modification status.
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434
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435 The momentary display remains until the next input event. If the next
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436 input event is @var{char}, @code{momentary-string-display} ignores it
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437 and returns. Otherwise, that event remains buffered for subsequent use
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438 as input. Thus, typing @var{char} will simply remove the string from
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439 the display, while typing (say) @kbd{C-f} will remove the string from
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440 the display and later (presumably) move point forward. The argument
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441 @var{char} is a space by default.
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442
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443 The return value of @code{momentary-string-display} is not meaningful.
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444
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445 If @var{message} is non-@code{nil}, it is displayed in the echo area
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446 while @var{string} is displayed in the buffer. If it is @code{nil}, a
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447 default message says to type @var{char} to continue.
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448
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449 In this example, point is initially located at the beginning of the
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450 second line:
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451
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452 @example
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453 @group
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454 ---------- Buffer: foo ----------
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455 This is the contents of foo.
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456 @point{}Second line.
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457 ---------- Buffer: foo ----------
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458 @end group
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459
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460 @group
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461 (momentary-string-display
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462 "**** Important Message! ****"
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463 (point) ?\r
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464 "Type RET when done reading")
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465 @result{} t
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466 @end group
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467
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468 @group
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469 ---------- Buffer: foo ----------
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470 This is the contents of foo.
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471 **** Important Message! ****Second line.
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472 ---------- Buffer: foo ----------
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473
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474 ---------- Echo Area ----------
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475 Type RET when done reading
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476 ---------- Echo Area ----------
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477 @end group
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478 @end example
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479 @end defun
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480
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481 @node Overlays
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482 @section Overlays
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483 @cindex overlays
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484
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485 You can use @dfn{overlays} to alter the appearance of a buffer's text on
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486 the screen. An overlay is an object which belongs to a particular
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487 buffer, and has a specified beginning and end. It also has properties
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488 that you can examine and set; these affect the display of the text
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489 within the overlay.
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490
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491 @menu
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492 * Overlay Properties:: How to read and set properties.
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493 What properties do to the screen display.
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494 * Managing Overlays:: Creating, moving, finding overlays.
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495 @end menu
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496
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497 @node Overlay Properties
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498 @subsection Overlay Properties
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499
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500 Overlay properties are like text properties in some respects, but the
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501 differences are more important than the similarities. Text properties
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502 are considered a part of the text; overlays are specifically considered
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503 not to be part of the text. Thus, copying text between various buffers
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504 and strings preserves text properties, but does not try to preserve
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505 overlays. Changing a buffer's text properties marks the buffer as
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506 modified, while moving an overlay or changing its properties does not.
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507 Unlike text propery changes, overlay changes are not recorded in the
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508 buffer's undo list.
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509
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510 @table @code
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511 @item priority
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512 @kindex priority @r{(overlay property)}
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513 This property's value (which should be a nonnegative number) determines
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514 the priority of the overlay. The priority matters when two or more
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515 overlays cover the same character and both specify a face for display;
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516 the one whose @code{priority} value is larger takes priority over the
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517 other, and its face attributes override the face attributes of the lower
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518 priority overlay.
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519
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520 Currently, all overlays take priority over text properties. Please
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521 avoid using negative priority values, as we have not yet decided just
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522 what they should mean.
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523
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524 @item window
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525 @kindex window @r{(overlay property)}
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526 If the @code{window} property is non-@code{nil}, then the overlay
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527 applies only on that window.
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528
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529 @item face
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530 @kindex face @r{(overlay property)}
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531 This property controls the font and color of text. @xref{Faces}, for
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532 more information. This feature is temporary; in the future, we may
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diff changeset
533 replace it with other ways of specifying how to display text.
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534
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535 @item mouse-face
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536 @kindex mouse-face @r{(overlay property)}
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537 This property is used instead of @code{face} when the mouse is within
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538 the range of the overlay. This feature may be temporary, like
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diff changeset
539 @code{face}.
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540
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541 @item modification-hooks
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542 @kindex modification-hooks @r{(overlay property)}
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543 This property's value is a list of functions to be called if any
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544 character within the overlay is changed or if text is inserted strictly
7086
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diff changeset
545 within the overlay. Each function receives three arguments: the
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parents: 6598
diff changeset
546 overlay, and the beginning and end of the part of the buffer being
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parents: 6598
diff changeset
547 modified.
6598
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548
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549 @item insert-in-front-hooks
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550 @kindex insert-in-front-hooks @r{(overlay property)}
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551 This property's value is a list of functions to be called
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552 if text is inserted right at the beginning of the overlay.
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553
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554 @item insert-behind-hooks
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555 @kindex insert-behind-hooks @r{(overlay property)}
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556 This property's value is a list of functions to be called if text is
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557 inserted right at the end of the overlay.
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558
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559 @item invisible
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560 @kindex invisible @r{(overlay property)}
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561 A non-@code{nil} @code{invisible} property means that the text in the
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562 overlay does not appear on the screen. This works much like selective
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563 display. Details of this feature are likely to change in future
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564 versions, so check the @file{etc/NEWS} file in the version you are
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565 using.
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566
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567 @item before-string
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568 @kindex before-string @r{(overlay property)}
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569 This property's value is a string to add to the display at the beginning
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570 of the overlay. The string does not appear in the buffer in any
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571 sense---only on the screen. This is not yet implemented, but will be.
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572
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573 @item after-string
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574 @kindex after-string @r{(overlay property)}
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575 This property's value is a string to add to the display at the end of
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576 the overlay. The string does not appear in the buffer in any
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577 sense---only on the screen. This is not yet implemented, but will be.
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578 @end table
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579
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580 These are the functions for reading and writing the properties of an
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581 overlay.
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582
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583 @defun overlay-get overlay prop
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584 This function returns the value of property @var{prop} recorded in
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585 @var{overlay}. If @var{overlay} does not record any value for that
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586 property, then the value is @code{nil}.
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587 @end defun
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588
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589 @defun overlay-put overlay prop value
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590 This function sets the value of property @var{prop} recorded in
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591 @var{overlay} to @var{value}. It returns @var{value}.
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592 @end defun
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593
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594 See also the function @code{get-char-property} which checks both
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diff changeset
595 overlay properties and text properties for a given character.
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596 @xref{Examining Properties}.
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597
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598 @node Managing Overlays
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diff changeset
599 @subsection Managing Overlays
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diff changeset
600
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diff changeset
601 This section describes the functions to create, delete and move
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diff changeset
602 overlays, and to examine their contents.
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603
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604 @defun make-overlay start end &optional buffer
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diff changeset
605 This function creates and returns an overlay which belongs to
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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diff changeset
606 @var{buffer} and ranges from @var{start} to @var{end}. Both @var{start}
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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607 and @var{end} must specify buffer positions; they may be integers or
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parents:
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608 markers. If @var{buffer} is omitted, the overlay is created in the
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parents:
diff changeset
609 current buffer.
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diff changeset
610 @end defun
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diff changeset
611
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
612 @defun overlay-start overlay
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parents:
diff changeset
613 This function returns the position at which @var{overlay} starts.
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diff changeset
614 @end defun
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diff changeset
615
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parents:
diff changeset
616 @defun overlay-end overlay
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diff changeset
617 This function returns the position at which @var{overlay} ends.
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diff changeset
618 @end defun
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diff changeset
619
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diff changeset
620 @defun overlay-buffer overlay
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diff changeset
621 This function returns the buffer that @var{overlay} belongs to.
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622 @end defun
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diff changeset
623
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diff changeset
624 @defun delete-overlay overlay
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parents:
diff changeset
625 This function deletes @var{overlay}. The overlay continues to exist as
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parents:
diff changeset
626 a Lisp object, but ceases to be part of the buffer it belonged to, and
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
627 ceases to have any effect on display.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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diff changeset
628 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
629
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diff changeset
630 @defun move-overlay overlay start end &optional buffer
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parents:
diff changeset
631 This function moves @var{overlay} to @var{buffer}, and places its bounds
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
632 at @var{start} and @var{end}. Both arguments @var{start} and @var{end}
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parents:
diff changeset
633 must specify buffer positions; they may be integers or markers. If
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
634 @var{buffer} is omitted, the overlay stays in the same buffer.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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diff changeset
635
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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diff changeset
636 The return value is @var{overlay}.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
637
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
638 This is the only valid way to change the endpoints of an overlay. Do
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diff changeset
639 not try modifying the markers in the overlay by hand, as that fails to
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diff changeset
640 update other vital data structures and can cause some overlays to be
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diff changeset
641 ``lost''.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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diff changeset
642 @end defun
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diff changeset
643
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parents:
diff changeset
644 @defun overlays-at pos
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
645 This function returns a list of all the overlays that contain position
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
646 @var{pos} in the current buffer. The list is in no particular order.
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parents:
diff changeset
647 An overlay contains position @var{pos} if it begins at or before
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
648 @var{pos}, and ends after @var{pos}.
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diff changeset
649 @end defun
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diff changeset
650
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parents:
diff changeset
651 @defun next-overlay-change pos
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diff changeset
652 This function returns the buffer position of the next beginning or end
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diff changeset
653 of an overlay, after @var{pos}.
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diff changeset
654 @end defun
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diff changeset
655
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diff changeset
656 @node Faces
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diff changeset
657 @section Faces
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diff changeset
658 @cindex face
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
659
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diff changeset
660 A @dfn{face} is a named collection of graphical attributes: font,
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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diff changeset
661 foreground color, background color and optional underlining. Faces
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parents:
diff changeset
662 control the display of text on the screen.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
663
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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diff changeset
664 @cindex face id
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
665 Each face has its own @dfn{face id number} which distinguishes faces at
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diff changeset
666 low levels within Emacs. However, for most purposes, you can refer to
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
667 faces in Lisp programs by their names.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
668
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
669 Each face name is meaningful for all frames, and by default it has the
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parents:
diff changeset
670 same meaning in all frames. But you can arrange to give a particular
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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diff changeset
671 face name a special meaning in one frame if you wish.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
672
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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diff changeset
673 @menu
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parents:
diff changeset
674 * Standard Faces:: The faces Emacs normally comes with.
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parents:
diff changeset
675 * Merging Faces:: How Emacs decides which face to use for a character.
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diff changeset
676 * Face Functions:: How to define and examine faces.
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diff changeset
677 @end menu
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diff changeset
678
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diff changeset
679 @node Standard Faces
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diff changeset
680 @subsection Standard Faces
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parents:
diff changeset
681
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diff changeset
682 This table lists all the standard faces and their uses.
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parents:
diff changeset
683
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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diff changeset
684 @table @code
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
685 @item default
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
686 @kindex default @r{(face name)}
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parents:
diff changeset
687 This face is used for ordinary text.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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diff changeset
688
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parents:
diff changeset
689 @item modeline
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parents:
diff changeset
690 @kindex modeline @r{(face name)}
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parents:
diff changeset
691 This face is used for mode lines and menu bars.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
692
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
693 @item region
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
694 @kindex region @r{(face name)}
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parents:
diff changeset
695 This face is used for highlighting the region in Transient Mark mode.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
696
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
697 @item secondary-selection
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parents:
diff changeset
698 @kindex secondary-selection @r{(face name)}
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parents:
diff changeset
699 This face is used to show any secondary selection you have made.
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parents:
diff changeset
700
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
701 @item highlight
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parents:
diff changeset
702 @kindex highlight @r{(face name)}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
703 This face is meant to be used for highlighting for various purposes.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
704
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
705 @item underline
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parents:
diff changeset
706 @kindex underline @r{(face name)}
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parents:
diff changeset
707 This face underlines text.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
708
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
709 @item bold
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parents:
diff changeset
710 @kindex bold @r{(face name)}
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parents:
diff changeset
711 This face uses a bold font, if possible. It uses the bold variant of
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
712 the frame's font, if it has one. It's up to you to choose a default
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
713 font that has a bold variant, if you want to use one.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
714
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
715 @item italic
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
716 @kindex italic @r{(face name)}
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
717 This face uses the italic variant of the frame's font, if it has one.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
718
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
719 @item bold-italic
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
720 @kindex bold-italic @r{(face name)}
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
721 This face uses the bold italic variant of the frame's font, if it has
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
722 one.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
723 @end table
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
724
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
725 @node Merging Faces
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
726 @subsection Merging Faces for Display
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
727
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parents:
diff changeset
728 Here are all the ways to specify which face to use for display of text:
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parents:
diff changeset
729
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
730 @itemize @bullet
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
731 @item
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
732 With defaults. Each frame has a @dfn{default face}, whose id number is
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
733 zero, which is used for all text that doesn't somehow specify another
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
734 face.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
735
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
736 @item
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
737 With text properties. A character may have a @code{face} property; if so,
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
738 it's displayed with that face. @xref{Special Properties}.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
739
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
740 If the character has a @code{mouse-face} property, that is used instead
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
741 of the @code{face} property when the mouse is ``near enough'' to the
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
742 character.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
743
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
744 @item
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
745 With overlays. An overlay may have @code{face} and @code{mouse-face}
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
746 properties too; they apply to all the text covered by the overlay.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
747
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
748 @item
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
749 With special glyphs. Each glyph can specify a particular face id
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
750 number. @xref{Glyphs}.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
751 @end itemize
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parents:
diff changeset
752
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
753 If these various sources together specify more than one face for a
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
754 particular character, Emacs merges the attributes of the various faces
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
755 specified. The attributes of the faces of special glyphs come first;
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
756 then come attributes of faces from overlays, followed by those from text
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
757 properties, and last the default face.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
758
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
759 When multiple overlays cover one character, an overlay with higher
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
760 priority overrides those with lower priority. @xref{Overlays}.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
761
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
762 If an attribute such as the font or a color is not specified in any of
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
763 the above ways, the frame's own font or color is used.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
764
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
765 @node Face Functions
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
766 @subsection Functions for Working with Faces
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
767
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
768 The attributes a face can specify include the font, the foreground
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
769 color, the background color, and underlining. The face can also leave
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
770 these unspecified by giving the value @code{nil} for them.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
771
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
772 Here are the primitives for creating and changing faces.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
773
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
774 @defun make-face name
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
775 This function defines a new face named @var{name}, initially with all
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
776 attributes @code{nil}. It does nothing if there is already a face named
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
777 @var{name}.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
778 @end defun
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
779
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
780 @defun face-list
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
781 This function returns a list of all defined face names.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
782 @end defun
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
783
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
784 @defun copy-face old-face new-name &optional frame new-frame
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
785 This function defines the face @var{new-name} as a copy of the existing
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
786 face named @var{old-face}. It creates the face @var{new-name} if that
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
787 doesn't already exist.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
788
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
789 If the optional argument @var{frame} is given, this function applies
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
790 only to that frame. Otherwise it applies to each frame individually,
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
791 copying attributes from @var{old-face} in each frame to @var{new-face}
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
792 in the same frame.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
793
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
794 If the optional argument @var{new-frame} is given, then @code{copy-face}
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
795 copies the attributes of @var{old-face} in @var{frame} to @var{new-name}
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
796 in @var{new-frame}.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
797 @end defun
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
798
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
799 You can modify the attributes of an existing face with the following
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
800 functions. If you specify @var{frame}, they affect just that frame;
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
801 otherwise, they affect all frames as well as the defaults that apply to
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
802 new frames.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
803
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
804 @defun set-face-foreground face color &optional frame
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
805 @defunx set-face-background face color &optional frame
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
806 These functions set the foreground (respectively, background) color of
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
807 face @var{face} to @var{color}. The argument @var{color} should be a
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
808 string, the name of a color.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
809 @end defun
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
810
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
811 @defun set-face-font face font &optional frame
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
812 This function sets the font of face @var{face}. The argument @var{font}
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
813 should be a string.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
814 @end defun
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
815
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
816 @defun set-face-underline-p face underline-p &optional frame
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
817 This function sets the underline attribute of face @var{face}.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
818 Non-@code{nil} means do underline; @code{nil} means don't.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
819 @end defun
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
820
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
821 @defun invert-face face &optional frame
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
822 Swap the foreground and background colors of face @var{face}. If the
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
823 face doesn't specify both foreground and background, then its foreground
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
824 and background are set to the default background and foreground.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
825 @end defun
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
826
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
827 These functions examine the attributes of a face. If you don't
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
828 specify @var{frame}, they refer to the default data for new frames.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
829
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
830 @defun face-foreground face &optional frame
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
831 @defunx face-background face &optional frame
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
832 These functions return the foreground (respectively, background) color
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
833 of face @var{face}, as a string.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
834 @end defun
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
835
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
836 @defun face-font face &optional frame
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
837 This function returns the name of the font of face @var{face}.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
838 @end defun
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
839
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
840 @defun face-underline-p face &optional frame
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
841 This function returns the underline attribute of face @var{face}.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
842 @end defun
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
843
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
844 @defun face-id-number face
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
845 This function returns the face id number of face @var{face}.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
846 @end defun
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
847
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
848 @defun face-equal face1 face2 &optional frame
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
849 This returns @code{t} if the faces @var{face1} and @var{face2} have the
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
850 same attributes for display.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
851 @end defun
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
852
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
853 @defun face-differs-from-default-p face &optional frame
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
854 This returns @code{t} if the face @var{face} displays differently from
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
855 the default face. A face is considered to be ``the same'' as the normal
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
856 face if each attribute is either the same as that of the default face or
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
857 @code{nil} (meaning to inherit from the default).
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
858 @end defun
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
859
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
860 @defvar region-face
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
861 This variable's value specifies the face id to use to display characters
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
862 in the region when it is active (in Transient Mark mode only). The face
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
863 thus specified takes precedence over all faces that come from text
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
864 properties and overlays, for characters in the region. @xref{The Mark},
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
865 for more information about Transient Mark mode.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
866
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
867 Normally, the value is the id number of the face named @code{region}.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
868 @end defvar
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
869
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
870 @node Blinking
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
871 @section Blinking Parentheses
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
872 @cindex parenthesis matching
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
873 @cindex blinking
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
874 @cindex balancing parentheses
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
875 @cindex close parenthesis
db2685239be9 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
876
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877 This section describes the mechanism by which Emacs shows a matching
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parents:
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878 open parenthesis when the user inserts a close parenthesis.
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879
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diff changeset
880 @vindex blink-paren-hook
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881 @defvar blink-paren-function
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882 The value of this variable should be a function (of no arguments) to
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parents:
diff changeset
883 be called whenever a character with close parenthesis syntax is inserted.
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884 The value of @code{blink-paren-function} may be @code{nil}, in which
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parents:
diff changeset
885 case nothing is done.
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diff changeset
886
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887 @quotation
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 7086
diff changeset
888 @strong{Please note:} This variable was named @code{blink-paren-hook} in
6598
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889 older Emacs versions, but since it is not called with the standard
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parents:
diff changeset
890 convention for hooks, it was renamed to @code{blink-paren-function} in
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parents:
diff changeset
891 version 19.
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892 @end quotation
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893 @end defvar
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894
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diff changeset
895 @defvar blink-matching-paren
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896 If this variable is @code{nil}, then @code{blink-matching-open} does
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897 nothing.
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898 @end defvar
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899
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900 @defvar blink-matching-paren-distance
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parents:
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901 This variable specifies the maximum distance to scan for a matching
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parents:
diff changeset
902 parenthesis before giving up.
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903 @end defvar
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parents:
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904
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diff changeset
905 @defun blink-matching-open
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parents:
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906 This function is the default value of @code{blink-paren-function}. It
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parents:
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907 assumes that point follows a character with close parenthesis syntax and
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parents:
diff changeset
908 moves the cursor momentarily to the matching opening character. If that
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parents:
diff changeset
909 character is not already on the screen, it displays the character's
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parents:
diff changeset
910 context in the echo area. To avoid long delays, this function does not
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parents:
diff changeset
911 search farther than @code{blink-matching-paren-distance} characters.
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parents:
diff changeset
912
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diff changeset
913 Here is an example of calling this function explicitly.
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parents:
diff changeset
914
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915 @smallexample
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parents:
diff changeset
916 @group
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diff changeset
917 (defun interactive-blink-matching-open ()
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parents:
diff changeset
918 @c Do not break this line! -- rms.
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parents:
diff changeset
919 @c The first line of a doc string
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diff changeset
920 @c must stand alone.
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parents:
diff changeset
921 "Indicate momentarily the start of sexp before point."
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parents:
diff changeset
922 (interactive)
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diff changeset
923 @end group
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diff changeset
924 @group
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diff changeset
925 (let ((blink-matching-paren-distance
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parents:
diff changeset
926 (buffer-size))
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parents:
diff changeset
927 (blink-matching-paren t))
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parents:
diff changeset
928 (blink-matching-open)))
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parents:
diff changeset
929 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
930 @end smallexample
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diff changeset
931 @end defun
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932
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933 @node Inverse Video
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parents:
diff changeset
934 @section Inverse Video
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diff changeset
935 @cindex Inverse Video
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parents:
diff changeset
936
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diff changeset
937 @defopt inverse-video
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parents:
diff changeset
938 @cindex highlighting
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parents:
diff changeset
939 This variable controls whether Emacs uses inverse video for all text
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parents:
diff changeset
940 on the screen. Non-@code{nil} means yes, @code{nil} means no. The
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parents:
diff changeset
941 default is @code{nil}.
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parents:
diff changeset
942 @end defopt
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parents:
diff changeset
943
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diff changeset
944 @defopt mode-line-inverse-video
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parents:
diff changeset
945 This variable controls the use of inverse video for mode lines. If it
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parents:
diff changeset
946 is non-@code{nil}, then mode lines are displayed in inverse video (under
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parents:
diff changeset
947 X, this uses the face named @code{modeline}, which you can set as you
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parents:
diff changeset
948 wish). Otherwise, mode lines are displayed normally, just like text.
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parents:
diff changeset
949 The default is @code{t}.
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diff changeset
950 @end defopt
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diff changeset
951
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diff changeset
952 @node Usual Display
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diff changeset
953 @section Usual Display Conventions
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parents:
diff changeset
954
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diff changeset
955 The usual display conventions define how to display each character
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diff changeset
956 code. You can override these conventions by setting up a display table
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diff changeset
957 (@pxref{Display Tables}). Here are the usual display conventions:
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diff changeset
958
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959 @itemize @bullet
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diff changeset
960 @item
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diff changeset
961 Character codes 32 through 126 map to glyph codes 32 through 126.
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parents:
diff changeset
962 Normally this means they display as themselves.
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diff changeset
963
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diff changeset
964 @item
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diff changeset
965 Character code 9 is a horizontal tab. It displays as whitespace
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parents:
diff changeset
966 up to a position determined by @code{tab-width}.
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diff changeset
967
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diff changeset
968 @item
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diff changeset
969 Character code 10 is a newline.
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diff changeset
970
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diff changeset
971 @item
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diff changeset
972 All other codes in the range 0 through 31, and code 127, display in one
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parents:
diff changeset
973 of two ways according to the value of @code{ctl-arrow}. If it is is
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parents:
diff changeset
974 non-@code{nil}, these codes map to sequences of two glyphs, where the
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
975 first glyph is the @sc{ASCII} code for @samp{^}. (A display table can
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parents:
diff changeset
976 specify a glyph to use instead of @samp{^}.) Otherwise, these codes map
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
977 just like the codes in the range 128 to 255.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
978
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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diff changeset
979 @item
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diff changeset
980 Character codes 128 through 255 map to sequences of four glyphs, where
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parents:
diff changeset
981 the first glyph is the @sc{ASCII} code for @samp{\}, and the others are
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
982 digit characters representing the code in octal. (A display table can
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
983 specify a glyph to use instead of @samp{\}.)
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parents:
diff changeset
984 @end itemize
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parents:
diff changeset
985
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diff changeset
986 The usual display conventions apply even when there is a display
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
987 table, for any character whose entry in the active display table is
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
988 @code{nil}. Thus, when you set up a display table, you need only
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
989 specify the the characters for which you want unusual behavior.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
990
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diff changeset
991 These variables affect the way certain characters are displayed on the
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
992 screen. Since they change the number of columns the characters occupy,
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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diff changeset
993 they also affect the indentation functions.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
994
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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diff changeset
995 @defopt ctl-arrow
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parents:
diff changeset
996 @cindex control characters in display
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parents:
diff changeset
997 This buffer-local variable controls how control characters are
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
998 displayed. If it is non-@code{nil}, they are displayed as a caret
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
999 followed by the character: @samp{^A}. If it is @code{nil}, they are
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1000 displayed as a backslash followed by three octal digits: @samp{\001}.
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diff changeset
1001 @end defopt
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parents:
diff changeset
1002
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diff changeset
1003 @c Following may have overfull hbox.
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parents:
diff changeset
1004 @defvar default-ctl-arrow
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parents:
diff changeset
1005 The value of this variable is the default value for @code{ctl-arrow} in
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diff changeset
1006 buffers that do not override it. @xref{Default Value}.
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diff changeset
1007 @end defvar
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diff changeset
1008
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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diff changeset
1009 @defopt tab-width
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parents:
diff changeset
1010 The value of this variable is the spacing between tab stops used for
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1011 displaying tab characters in Emacs buffers. The default is 8. Note
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parents:
diff changeset
1012 that this feature is completely independent from the user-settable tab
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1013 stops used by the command @code{tab-to-tab-stop}. @xref{Indent Tabs}.
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diff changeset
1014 @end defopt
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parents:
diff changeset
1015
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diff changeset
1016 @node Display Tables
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parents:
diff changeset
1017 @section Display Tables
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parents:
diff changeset
1018
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diff changeset
1019 @cindex display table
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1020 You can use the @dfn{display table} feature to control how all 256
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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diff changeset
1021 possible character codes display on the screen. This is useful for
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parents:
diff changeset
1022 displaying European languages that have letters not in the @sc{ASCII}
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parents:
diff changeset
1023 character set.
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parents:
diff changeset
1024
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diff changeset
1025 The display table maps each character code into a sequence of
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1026 @dfn{glyphs}, each glyph being an image that takes up one character
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1027 position on the screen. You can also define how to display each glyph
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1028 on your terminal, using the @dfn{glyph table}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1029
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diff changeset
1030 @menu
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parents:
diff changeset
1031 * Display Table Format:: What a display table consists of.
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parents:
diff changeset
1032 * Active Display Table:: How Emacs selects a display table to use.
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parents:
diff changeset
1033 * Glyphs:: How to define a glyph, and what glyphs mean.
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parents:
diff changeset
1034 * ISO Latin 1:: How to use display tables
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1035 to support the ISO Latin 1 character set.
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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diff changeset
1036 @end menu
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parents:
diff changeset
1037
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diff changeset
1038 @node Display Table Format
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parents:
diff changeset
1039 @subsection Display Table Format
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1040
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diff changeset
1041 A display table is actually an array of 261 elements.
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parents:
diff changeset
1042
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diff changeset
1043 @defun make-display-table
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parents:
diff changeset
1044 This creates and returns a display table. The table initially has
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diff changeset
1045 @code{nil} in all elements.
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diff changeset
1046 @end defun
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diff changeset
1047
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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diff changeset
1048 The first 256 elements correspond to character codes; the @var{n}th
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1049 element says how to display the character code @var{n}. The value
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diff changeset
1050 should be @code{nil} or a vector of glyph values (@pxref{Glyphs}). If
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diff changeset
1051 an element is @code{nil}, it says to display that character according to
8096
355f353f7c74 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 7735
diff changeset
1052 the usual display conventions (@pxref{Usual Display}). Note that the
355f353f7c74 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 7735
diff changeset
1053 display table has no effect on the tab and newline characters; they are
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parents: 7735
diff changeset
1054 always displayed as whitespace in their usual special fashion.
6598
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parents:
diff changeset
1055
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diff changeset
1056 The remaining five elements of a display table serve special purposes,
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parents:
diff changeset
1057 and @code{nil} means use the default stated below.
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diff changeset
1058
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diff changeset
1059 @table @asis
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diff changeset
1060 @item 256
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diff changeset
1061 The glyph for the end of a truncated screen line (the default for this
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parents:
diff changeset
1062 is @samp{$}). @xref{Glyphs}.
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diff changeset
1063 @item 257
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diff changeset
1064 The glyph for the end of a continued line (the default is @samp{\}).
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parents:
diff changeset
1065 @item 258
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parents:
diff changeset
1066 The glyph for indicating a character displayed as an octal character
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parents:
diff changeset
1067 code (the default is @samp{\}).
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parents:
diff changeset
1068 @item 259
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parents:
diff changeset
1069 The glyph for indicating a control character (the default is @samp{^}).
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parents:
diff changeset
1070 @item 260
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diff changeset
1071 A vector of glyphs for indicating the presence of invisible lines (the
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parents:
diff changeset
1072 default is @samp{...}). @xref{Selective Display}.
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diff changeset
1073 @end table
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parents:
diff changeset
1074
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diff changeset
1075 For example, here is how to construct a display table that mimics the
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parents:
diff changeset
1076 effect of setting @code{ctl-arrow} to a non-@code{nil} value:
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parents:
diff changeset
1077
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diff changeset
1078 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
1079 (setq disptab (make-display-table))
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parents:
diff changeset
1080 (let ((i 0))
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parents:
diff changeset
1081 (while (< i 32)
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parents:
diff changeset
1082 (or (= i ?\t) (= i ?\n)
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parents:
diff changeset
1083 (aset disptab i (vector ?^ (+ i 64))))
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parents:
diff changeset
1084 (setq i (1+ i)))
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diff changeset
1085 (aset disptab 127 (vector ?^ ??)))
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diff changeset
1086 @end example
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diff changeset
1087
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diff changeset
1088 @node Active Display Table
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diff changeset
1089 @subsection Active Display Table
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diff changeset
1090 @cindex active display table
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parents:
diff changeset
1091
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diff changeset
1092 Each window can specify a display table, and so can each buffer. When
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diff changeset
1093 a buffer @var{b} is displayed in window @var{w}, display uses the
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parents:
diff changeset
1094 display table for window @var{w} if it has one; otherwise, the display
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parents:
diff changeset
1095 table for buffer @var{b} if it has one; otherwise, the standard display
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diff changeset
1096 table if any. The display table chosen is called the @dfn{active}
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diff changeset
1097 display table.
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diff changeset
1098
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diff changeset
1099 @defun window-display-table window
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diff changeset
1100 This function returns @var{window}'s display table, or @code{nil}
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parents:
diff changeset
1101 if @var{window} does not have an assigned display table.
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diff changeset
1102 @end defun
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diff changeset
1103
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diff changeset
1104 @defun set-window-display-table window table
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parents:
diff changeset
1105 This function sets the display table of @var{window} to @var{table}.
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diff changeset
1106 The argument @var{table} should be either a display table or
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diff changeset
1107 @code{nil}.
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diff changeset
1108 @end defun
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diff changeset
1109
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diff changeset
1110 @defvar buffer-display-table
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diff changeset
1111 This variable is automatically local in all buffers; its value in a
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parents:
diff changeset
1112 particular buffer is the display table for that buffer, or @code{nil} if
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parents:
diff changeset
1113 the buffer does not have an assigned display table.
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diff changeset
1114 @end defvar
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diff changeset
1115
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diff changeset
1116 @defvar standard-display-table
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diff changeset
1117 This variable's value is the default display table, used whenever a
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parents:
diff changeset
1118 window has no display table and neither does the buffer displayed in
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parents:
diff changeset
1119 that window. This variable is @code{nil} by default.
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diff changeset
1120 @end defvar
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diff changeset
1121
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diff changeset
1122 If there is no display table to use for a particular window---that is,
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parents:
diff changeset
1123 if the window has none, its buffer has none, and
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parents:
diff changeset
1124 @code{standard-display-table} has none---then Emacs uses the usual
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parents:
diff changeset
1125 display conventions for all character codes in that window. @xref{Usual
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parents:
diff changeset
1126 Display}.
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diff changeset
1127
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diff changeset
1128 @node Glyphs
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parents:
diff changeset
1129 @subsection Glyphs
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parents:
diff changeset
1130
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diff changeset
1131 @cindex glyph
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diff changeset
1132 A @dfn{glyph} is a generalization of a character; it stands for an
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parents:
diff changeset
1133 image that takes up a single character position on the screen. Glyphs
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parents:
diff changeset
1134 are represented in Lisp as integers, just as characters are.
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parents:
diff changeset
1135
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diff changeset
1136 @cindex glyph table
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parents:
diff changeset
1137 The meaning of each integer, as a glyph, is defined by the glyph
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parents:
diff changeset
1138 table, which is the value of the variable @code{glyph-table}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1139
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diff changeset
1140 @defvar glyph-table
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parents:
diff changeset
1141 The value of this variable is the current glyph table. It should be a
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1142 vector; the @var{g}th element defines glyph code @var{g}. If the value
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parents:
diff changeset
1143 is @code{nil} instead of a vector, then all glyphs are simple (see
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parents:
diff changeset
1144 below).
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diff changeset
1145 @end defvar
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parents:
diff changeset
1146
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diff changeset
1147 Here are the possible types of elements in the glyph table:
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diff changeset
1148
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diff changeset
1149 @table @var
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parents:
diff changeset
1150 @item string
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diff changeset
1151 Send the characters in @var{string} to the terminal to output
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parents:
diff changeset
1152 this glyph. This alternative is available on character terminals,
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parents:
diff changeset
1153 but not under X.
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parents:
diff changeset
1154
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diff changeset
1155 @item integer
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parents:
diff changeset
1156 Define this glyph code as an alias for code @var{integer}. You can use
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parents:
diff changeset
1157 an alias to specify a face code for the glyph; see below.
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parents:
diff changeset
1158
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diff changeset
1159 @item @code{nil}
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diff changeset
1160 This glyph is simple. On an ordinary terminal, the glyph code mod 256
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parents:
diff changeset
1161 is the character to output. With X, the glyph code mod 256 is the
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1162 character to output, and the glyph code divided by 256 specifies the
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parents:
diff changeset
1163 @dfn{face id number} to use while outputting it. @xref{Faces}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1164 @end table
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diff changeset
1165
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diff changeset
1166 If a glyph code is greater than or equal to the length of the glyph
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parents:
diff changeset
1167 table, that code is automatically simple.
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parents:
diff changeset
1168
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diff changeset
1169 @node ISO Latin 1
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parents:
diff changeset
1170 @subsection ISO Latin 1
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parents:
diff changeset
1171
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parents:
diff changeset
1172 If you have a terminal that can handle the entire ISO Latin 1 character
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1173 set, you can arrange to use that character set as follows:
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parents:
diff changeset
1174
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diff changeset
1175 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
1176 (require 'disp-table)
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parents:
diff changeset
1177 ;; @r{Set char codes 160--255 to display as themselves.}
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parents:
diff changeset
1178 ;; @r{(Codes 128--159 are the additional control characters.)}
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diff changeset
1179 (standard-display-8bit 160 255)
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diff changeset
1180 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1181
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diff changeset
1182 If you are editing buffers written in the ISO Latin 1 character set and
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parents:
diff changeset
1183 your terminal doesn't handle anything but @sc{ASCII}, you can load the file
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parents:
diff changeset
1184 @file{iso-ascii} to set up a display table which makes the other ISO
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parents:
diff changeset
1185 characters display as sequences of @sc{ASCII} characters. For example, the
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parents:
diff changeset
1186 character ``o with umlaut'' displays as @samp{@{"o@}}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1187
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diff changeset
1188 Some European countries have terminals that don't support ISO Latin 1
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parents:
diff changeset
1189 but do support the special characters for that country's language. You
db2685239be9 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1190 can define a display table to work one language using such terminals.
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diff changeset
1191 For an example, see @file{lisp/iso-swed.el}, which handles certain
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diff changeset
1192 Swedish terminals.
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parents:
diff changeset
1193
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diff changeset
1194 You can load the appropriate display table for your terminal
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diff changeset
1195 automatically by writing a terminal-specific Lisp file for the terminal
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diff changeset
1196 type.
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diff changeset
1197
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diff changeset
1198 @node Beeping
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diff changeset
1199 @section Beeping
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diff changeset
1200 @cindex beeping
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diff changeset
1201 @cindex bell
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diff changeset
1202
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diff changeset
1203 You can make Emacs ring a bell (or blink the screen) to attract the
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diff changeset
1204 user's attention. Be conservative about how often you do this; frequent
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diff changeset
1205 bells can become irritating. Also be careful not to use beeping alone
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diff changeset
1206 when signaling an error is appropriate. (@xref{Errors}.)
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diff changeset
1207
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diff changeset
1208 @defun ding &optional dont-terminate
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parents:
diff changeset
1209 @cindex keyboard macro termination
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diff changeset
1210 This function beeps, or flashes the screen (see @code{visible-bell} below).
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diff changeset
1211 It also terminates any keyboard macro currently executing unless
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diff changeset
1212 @var{dont-terminate} is non-@code{nil}.
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diff changeset
1213 @end defun
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diff changeset
1214
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diff changeset
1215 @defun beep &optional dont-terminate
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diff changeset
1216 This is a synonym for @code{ding}.
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diff changeset
1217 @end defun
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diff changeset
1218
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1219 @defvar visible-bell
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1220 This variable determines whether Emacs should flash the screen to
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1221 represent a bell. Non-@code{nil} means yes, @code{nil} means no. This
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1222 is effective only if the Termcap entry for the terminal in use has the
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1223 visible bell flag (@samp{vb}) set.
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1224 @end defvar
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1225
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1226 @node Window Systems
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1227 @section Window Systems
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1228
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1229 Emacs works with several window systems, most notably the X Window
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1230 System. Both Emacs and X use the term ``window'', but use it
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1231 differently. An Emacs frame is a single window as far as X is
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1232 concerned; the individual Emacs windows are not known to X at all.
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1233
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1234 @defvar window-system
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1235 @cindex X Window System
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1236 This variable tells Lisp programs what window system Emacs is running
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1237 under. Its value should be a symbol such as @code{x} (if Emacs is
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1238 running under X) or @code{nil} (if Emacs is running on an ordinary
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1239 terminal).
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1240 @end defvar
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1241
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1242 @defvar window-system-version
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1243 This variable distinguishes between different versions of the X Window
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1244 System. Its value is 10 or 11 when using X; @code{nil} otherwise.
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1245 @end defvar
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1246
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1247 @defvar window-setup-hook
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1248 This variable is a normal hook which Emacs runs after loading your
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1249 @file{.emacs} file and the default initialization file (if any), after
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1250 loading terminal-specific Lisp code, and after running the hook
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1251 @code{term-setup-hook}.
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1252
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1253 This hook is used for internal purposes: setting up communication with
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1254 the window system, and creating the initial window. Users should not
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1255 interfere with it.
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1256 @end defvar