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annotate man/building.texi @ 59467:9c3931bf6cd0
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author | Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk> |
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date | Tue, 11 Jan 2005 08:36:26 +0000 |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
39287 | 2 @c Copyright (C) 1985,86,87,93,94,95,97,2000,2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 3 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
38202 | 4 @node Building, Maintaining, Programs, Top |
25829 | 5 @chapter Compiling and Testing Programs |
6 @cindex building programs | |
7 @cindex program building | |
8 @cindex running Lisp functions | |
9 | |
10 The previous chapter discusses the Emacs commands that are useful for | |
11 making changes in programs. This chapter deals with commands that assist | |
12 in the larger process of developing and maintaining programs. | |
13 | |
14 @menu | |
15 * Compilation:: Compiling programs in languages other | |
16 than Lisp (C, Pascal, etc.). | |
17 * Grep Searching:: Running grep as if it were a compiler. | |
18 * Compilation Mode:: The mode for visiting compiler errors. | |
19 * Compilation Shell:: Customizing your shell properly | |
20 for use in the compilation buffer. | |
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21 * Debuggers:: Running symbolic debuggers for non-Lisp programs. |
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22 * Executing Lisp:: Various modes for editing Lisp programs, |
25829 | 23 with different facilities for running |
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24 the Lisp programs. |
25829 | 25 * Libraries: Lisp Libraries. Creating Lisp programs to run in Emacs. |
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26 * Eval: Lisp Eval. Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs. |
25829 | 27 * Interaction: Lisp Interaction. Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer. |
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28 * External Lisp:: Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp. |
25829 | 29 @end menu |
30 | |
31 @node Compilation | |
32 @section Running Compilations under Emacs | |
33 @cindex inferior process | |
34 @cindex make | |
35 @cindex compilation errors | |
36 @cindex error log | |
37 | |
38 Emacs can run compilers for noninteractive languages such as C and | |
39 Fortran as inferior processes, feeding the error log into an Emacs buffer. | |
40 It can also parse the error messages and show you the source lines where | |
41 compilation errors occurred. | |
42 | |
43 @table @kbd | |
44 @item M-x compile | |
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45 Run a compiler asynchronously under Emacs, with error messages going to |
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46 the @samp{*compilation*} buffer. |
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47 @item M-x recompile |
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48 Invoke a compiler with the same command as in the last invocation of |
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49 @kbd{M-x compile}. |
25829 | 50 @item M-x grep |
51 Run @code{grep} asynchronously under Emacs, with matching lines | |
52 listed in the buffer named @samp{*grep*}. | |
53 @item M-x grep-find | |
54 Run @code{grep} via @code{find}, with user-specified arguments, and | |
55 collect output in the buffer named @samp{*grep*}. | |
56 @item M-x kill-compilation | |
57 @itemx M-x kill-grep | |
58 Kill the running compilation or @code{grep} subprocess. | |
59 @end table | |
60 | |
61 @findex compile | |
62 To run @code{make} or another compilation command, do @kbd{M-x | |
63 compile}. This command reads a shell command line using the minibuffer, | |
64 and then executes the command in an inferior shell, putting output in | |
65 the buffer named @samp{*compilation*}. The current buffer's default | |
66 directory is used as the working directory for the execution of the | |
67 command; normally, therefore, the compilation happens in this | |
68 directory. | |
69 | |
70 @vindex compile-command | |
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71 When the shell command line is read, the minibuffer appears |
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72 containing a default command line, which is the command you used the |
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73 last time you did @kbd{M-x compile}. If you type just @key{RET}, the |
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74 same command line is used again. For the first @kbd{M-x compile}, the |
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75 default is @samp{make -k}, which is correct most of the time for |
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76 nontrivial programs. (@xref{Top,, Make, make, GNU Make Manual}.) |
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77 The default compilation command comes from the variable |
25829 | 78 @code{compile-command}; if the appropriate compilation command for a |
79 file is something other than @samp{make -k}, it can be useful for the | |
80 file to specify a local value for @code{compile-command} (@pxref{File | |
81 Variables}). | |
82 | |
83 Starting a compilation displays the buffer @samp{*compilation*} in | |
84 another window but does not select it. The buffer's mode line tells you | |
85 whether compilation is finished, with the word @samp{run} or @samp{exit} | |
86 inside the parentheses. You do not have to keep this buffer visible; | |
87 compilation continues in any case. While a compilation is going on, the | |
88 string @samp{Compiling} appears in the mode lines of all windows. When | |
89 this string disappears, the compilation is finished. | |
90 | |
91 If you want to watch the compilation transcript as it appears, switch | |
92 to the @samp{*compilation*} buffer and move point to the end of the | |
93 buffer. When point is at the end, new compilation output is inserted | |
94 above point, which remains at the end. If point is not at the end of | |
95 the buffer, it remains fixed while more compilation output is added at | |
96 the end of the buffer. | |
97 | |
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98 @cindex compilation buffer, keeping current position at the end |
25829 | 99 @vindex compilation-scroll-output |
100 If you set the variable @code{compilation-scroll-output} to a | |
101 non-@code{nil} value, then the compilation buffer always scrolls to | |
102 follow output as it comes in. | |
103 | |
104 @findex kill-compilation | |
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105 When the compiler process terminates, for whatever reason, the mode |
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106 line of the @samp{*compilation*} buffer changes to say @samp{signal} |
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107 instead of @samp{run}. Starting a new compilation also kills any |
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108 running compilation, as only one can exist at any time. However, |
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109 @kbd{M-x compile} asks for confirmation before actually killing a |
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110 compilation that is running. You can also kill the compilation |
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111 process with @kbd{M-x kill-compilation}. |
25829 | 112 |
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113 @findex recompile |
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114 To rerun the last compilation with the same command, type @kbd{M-x |
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115 recompile}. This automatically reuses the compilation command from the |
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116 last invocation of @kbd{M-x compile}. |
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117 |
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118 Emacs does not expect a compiler process to launch asynchronous |
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119 subprocesses; if it does, and they keep running after the main |
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120 compiler process has terminated, Emacs may kill them or their output |
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121 may not arrive in Emacs. To avoid this problem, make the main process |
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122 wait for its subprocesses to finish. In a shell script, you can do this |
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123 using @samp{$!} and @samp{wait}, like this: |
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124 |
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125 @example |
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126 (sleep 10; echo 2nd)& pid=$! # @r{Record pid of subprocess} |
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127 echo first message |
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128 wait $pid # @r{Wait for subprocess} |
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129 @end example |
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130 |
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131 If the background process does not output to the compilation buffer, |
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132 so you only need to prevent it from being killed when the main |
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133 compilation process terminates, this is sufficient: |
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134 |
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135 @example |
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136 nohup @var{command}; sleep 1 |
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137 @end example |
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138 |
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139 @vindex compilation-environment |
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140 You can control the environment passed to the compilation command |
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141 with the variable @code{compilation-environment}. Its value is a list |
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142 of environment variable settings; each element should be a string of |
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143 the form @code{"@var{envvarname}=@var{value}"}. These environment |
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144 variable settings override the usual ones. |
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145 |
25829 | 146 @node Grep Searching |
147 @section Searching with Grep under Emacs | |
148 | |
149 @findex grep | |
150 Just as you can run a compiler from Emacs and then visit the lines | |
151 where there were compilation errors, you can also run @code{grep} and | |
152 then visit the lines on which matches were found. This works by | |
153 treating the matches reported by @code{grep} as if they were ``errors.'' | |
154 | |
155 To do this, type @kbd{M-x grep}, then enter a command line that | |
156 specifies how to run @code{grep}. Use the same arguments you would give | |
157 @code{grep} when running it normally: a @code{grep}-style regexp | |
158 (usually in single-quotes to quote the shell's special characters) | |
159 followed by file names, which may use wildcards. The output from | |
160 @code{grep} goes in the @samp{*grep*} buffer. You can find the | |
161 corresponding lines in the original files using @kbd{C-x `} and | |
162 @key{RET}, as with compilation errors. | |
163 | |
164 If you specify a prefix argument for @kbd{M-x grep}, it figures out | |
165 the tag (@pxref{Tags}) around point, and puts that into the default | |
166 @code{grep} command. | |
167 | |
168 @findex grep-find | |
169 The command @kbd{M-x grep-find} is similar to @kbd{M-x grep}, but it | |
170 supplies a different initial default for the command---one that runs | |
171 both @code{find} and @code{grep}, so as to search every file in a | |
172 directory tree. See also the @code{find-grep-dired} command, | |
173 in @ref{Dired and Find}. | |
174 | |
175 @node Compilation Mode | |
176 @section Compilation Mode | |
177 | |
178 @findex compile-goto-error | |
179 @cindex Compilation mode | |
180 @cindex mode, Compilation | |
181 The @samp{*compilation*} buffer uses a special major mode, Compilation | |
182 mode, whose main feature is to provide a convenient way to look at the | |
183 source line where the error happened. | |
184 | |
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185 If you set the variable @code{compilation-scroll-output} to a |
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186 non-@code{nil} value, then the compilation buffer always scrolls to |
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187 follow output as it comes in. |
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188 |
25829 | 189 @table @kbd |
190 @item C-x ` | |
191 Visit the locus of the next compiler error message or @code{grep} match. | |
192 @item @key{RET} | |
193 Visit the locus of the error message that point is on. | |
194 This command is used in the compilation buffer. | |
195 @item Mouse-2 | |
196 Visit the locus of the error message that you click on. | |
197 @end table | |
198 | |
199 @kindex C-x ` | |
200 @findex next-error | |
201 You can visit the source for any particular error message by moving | |
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202 point in the @samp{*compilation*} buffer to that error message and |
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203 typing @key{RET} (@code{compile-goto-error}). Alternatively, you can |
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204 click @kbd{Mouse-2} on the error message; you need not switch to the |
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205 @samp{*compilation*} buffer first. |
25829 | 206 |
207 To parse the compiler error messages sequentially, type @kbd{C-x `} | |
208 (@code{next-error}). The character following the @kbd{C-x} is the | |
209 backquote or ``grave accent,'' not the single-quote. This command is | |
210 available in all buffers, not just in @samp{*compilation*}; it displays | |
211 the next error message at the top of one window and source location of | |
212 the error in another window. | |
213 | |
214 The first time @kbd{C-x `} is used after the start of a compilation, | |
215 it moves to the first error's location. Subsequent uses of @kbd{C-x `} | |
216 advance down to subsequent errors. If you visit a specific error | |
217 message with @key{RET} or @kbd{Mouse-2}, subsequent @kbd{C-x `} | |
218 commands advance from there. When @kbd{C-x `} gets to the end of the | |
219 buffer and finds no more error messages to visit, it fails and signals | |
220 an Emacs error. | |
221 | |
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222 You don't have to be in the compilation buffer in order to use |
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223 @code{next-error}. If one window on the selected frame can be the |
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224 target of the @code{next-error} call, it is used. Else, if a buffer |
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225 previously had @code{next-error} called on it, it is used. Else, |
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226 if the current buffer can be the target of @code{next-error}, it is |
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227 used. Else, all the buffers Emacs manages are tried for |
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228 @code{next-error} support. |
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229 |
25829 | 230 @kbd{C-u C-x `} starts scanning from the beginning of the compilation |
231 buffer. This is one way to process the same set of errors again. | |
232 | |
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233 @vindex compilation-error-regexp-alist |
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234 @vindex grep-regexp-alist |
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235 To parse messages from the compiler, Compilation mode uses the |
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236 variable @code{compilation-error-regexp-alist} which lists various |
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237 formats of error messages and tells Emacs how to extract the source file |
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238 and the line number from the text of a message. If your compiler isn't |
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239 supported, you can tailor Compilation mode to it by adding elements to |
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240 that list. A similar variable @code{grep-regexp-alist} tells Emacs how |
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241 to parse output of a @code{grep} command. |
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242 |
25829 | 243 Compilation mode also redefines the keys @key{SPC} and @key{DEL} to |
244 scroll by screenfuls, and @kbd{M-n} and @kbd{M-p} to move to the next or | |
245 previous error message. You can also use @kbd{M-@{} and @kbd{M-@}} to | |
246 move up or down to an error message for a different source file. | |
247 | |
248 The features of Compilation mode are also available in a minor mode | |
249 called Compilation Minor mode. This lets you parse error messages in | |
250 any buffer, not just a normal compilation output buffer. Type @kbd{M-x | |
251 compilation-minor-mode} to enable the minor mode. This defines the keys | |
252 @key{RET} and @kbd{Mouse-2}, as in the Compilation major mode. | |
253 | |
254 Compilation minor mode works in any buffer, as long as the contents | |
255 are in a format that it understands. In an Rlogin buffer (@pxref{Remote | |
256 Host}), Compilation minor mode automatically accesses remote source | |
257 files by FTP (@pxref{File Names}). | |
258 | |
259 @node Compilation Shell | |
260 @section Subshells for Compilation | |
261 | |
262 Emacs uses a shell to run the compilation command, but specifies | |
263 the option for a noninteractive shell. This means, in particular, that | |
264 the shell should start with no prompt. If you find your usual shell | |
265 prompt making an unsightly appearance in the @samp{*compilation*} | |
266 buffer, it means you have made a mistake in your shell's init file by | |
267 setting the prompt unconditionally. (This init file's name may be | |
268 @file{.bashrc}, @file{.profile}, @file{.cshrc}, @file{.shrc}, or various | |
269 other things, depending on the shell you use.) The shell init file | |
270 should set the prompt only if there already is a prompt. In csh, here | |
271 is how to do it: | |
272 | |
273 @example | |
274 if ($?prompt) set prompt = @dots{} | |
275 @end example | |
276 | |
277 @noindent | |
278 And here's how to do it in bash: | |
279 | |
280 @example | |
281 if [ "$@{PS1+set@}" = set ] | |
282 then PS1=@dots{} | |
283 fi | |
284 @end example | |
285 | |
286 There may well be other things that your shell's init file | |
287 ought to do only for an interactive shell. You can use the same | |
288 method to conditionalize them. | |
289 | |
290 The MS-DOS ``operating system'' does not support asynchronous | |
291 subprocesses; to work around this lack, @kbd{M-x compile} runs the | |
292 compilation command synchronously on MS-DOS. As a consequence, you must | |
293 wait until the command finishes before you can do anything else in | |
294 Emacs. @xref{MS-DOS}. | |
295 | |
296 @node Debuggers | |
297 @section Running Debuggers Under Emacs | |
298 @cindex debuggers | |
299 @cindex GUD library | |
300 @cindex GDB | |
301 @cindex DBX | |
302 @cindex SDB | |
303 @cindex XDB | |
304 @cindex Perldb | |
305 @cindex JDB | |
306 @cindex PDB | |
307 | |
308 @c Do you believe in GUD? | |
309 The GUD (Grand Unified Debugger) library provides an interface to | |
310 various symbolic debuggers from within Emacs. We recommend the debugger | |
311 GDB, which is free software, but you can also run DBX, SDB or XDB if you | |
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312 have them. GUD can also serve as an interface to Perl's debugging |
25829 | 313 mode, the Python debugger PDB, and to JDB, the Java Debugger. |
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314 @xref{Debugging,, The Lisp Debugger, elisp, the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}, |
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315 for information on debugging Emacs Lisp programs. |
25829 | 316 |
317 @menu | |
318 * Starting GUD:: How to start a debugger subprocess. | |
319 * Debugger Operation:: Connection between the debugger and source buffers. | |
320 * Commands of GUD:: Key bindings for common commands. | |
321 * GUD Customization:: Defining your own commands for GUD. | |
27223 | 322 * GUD Tooltips:: Showing variable values by pointing with the mouse. |
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323 * GDB Graphical Interface:: An enhanced mode that uses GDB features to |
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324 implement a graphical debugging environment through |
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325 Emacs. |
25829 | 326 @end menu |
327 | |
328 @node Starting GUD | |
329 @subsection Starting GUD | |
330 | |
331 There are several commands for starting a debugger, each corresponding | |
332 to a particular debugger program. | |
333 | |
334 @table @kbd | |
335 @item M-x gdb @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET} | |
336 @findex gdb | |
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337 Run GDB as a subprocess of Emacs. If the variable |
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338 @code{gud-gdb-command-name} is ``gdb --annotate=3'' (the default |
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339 value) then GDB starts as for @kbd{M-x gdba} below. If you want GDB |
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340 to start as in Emacs 21.3 and earlier then edit the string in the |
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341 minibuffer or set @code{gud-gdb-command-name} to ``gdb --fullname''. |
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342 You need to do this if you want to run multiple debugging sessions |
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343 within one Emacs session. In this case, the command creates a buffer |
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344 for input and output to GDB, and switches to it. If a GDB buffer |
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345 already exists, it just switches to that buffer. |
25829 | 346 |
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347 @item M-x gdba @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET} |
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348 Run GDB as a subprocess of Emacs, providing a graphical interface |
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349 to GDB features through Emacs. @xref{GDB Graphical Interface}. |
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350 |
25829 | 351 @item M-x dbx @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET} |
352 @findex dbx | |
38490 | 353 Similar, but run DBX instead of GDB. |
25829 | 354 |
355 @item M-x xdb @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET} | |
356 @findex xdb | |
357 @vindex gud-xdb-directories | |
38490 | 358 Similar, but run XDB instead of GDB. Use the variable |
25829 | 359 @code{gud-xdb-directories} to specify directories to search for source |
360 files. | |
361 | |
362 @item M-x sdb @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET} | |
363 @findex sdb | |
38490 | 364 Similar, but run SDB instead of GDB. |
25829 | 365 |
366 Some versions of SDB do not mention source file names in their | |
367 messages. When you use them, you need to have a valid tags table | |
368 (@pxref{Tags}) in order for GUD to find functions in the source code. | |
369 If you have not visited a tags table or the tags table doesn't list one | |
370 of the functions, you get a message saying @samp{The sdb support | |
371 requires a valid tags table to work}. If this happens, generate a valid | |
372 tags table in the working directory and try again. | |
373 | |
374 @item M-x perldb @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET} | |
375 @findex perldb | |
376 Run the Perl interpreter in debug mode to debug @var{file}, a Perl program. | |
377 | |
378 @item M-x jdb @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET} | |
379 @findex jdb | |
380 Run the Java debugger to debug @var{file}. | |
381 | |
382 @item M-x pdb @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET} | |
383 @findex pdb | |
384 Run the Python debugger to debug @var{file}. | |
385 @end table | |
386 | |
387 Each of these commands takes one argument: a command line to invoke | |
388 the debugger. In the simplest case, specify just the name of the | |
389 executable file you want to debug. You may also use options that the | |
390 debugger supports. However, shell wildcards and variables are not | |
391 allowed. GUD assumes that the first argument not starting with a | |
392 @samp{-} is the executable file name. | |
393 | |
394 Emacs can only run one debugger process at a time. | |
395 | |
396 @node Debugger Operation | |
397 @subsection Debugger Operation | |
398 | |
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399 @cindex fringes, and current execution line in GUD |
25829 | 400 When you run a debugger with GUD, the debugger uses an Emacs buffer |
401 for its ordinary input and output. This is called the GUD buffer. The | |
402 debugger displays the source files of the program by visiting them in | |
403 Emacs buffers. An arrow (@samp{=>}) in one of these buffers indicates | |
42913 | 404 the current execution line.@footnote{Under a window system, the arrow |
405 appears in the left fringe of the Emacs window.} Moving point in this | |
406 buffer does not move the arrow. | |
25829 | 407 |
408 You can start editing these source files at any time in the buffers | |
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409 that display them. The arrow is not part of the file's |
25829 | 410 text; it appears only on the screen. If you do modify a source file, |
411 keep in mind that inserting or deleting lines will throw off the arrow's | |
412 positioning; GUD has no way of figuring out which line corresponded | |
413 before your changes to the line number in a debugger message. Also, | |
414 you'll typically have to recompile and restart the program for your | |
415 changes to be reflected in the debugger's tables. | |
416 | |
417 If you wish, you can control your debugger process entirely through the | |
418 debugger buffer, which uses a variant of Shell mode. All the usual | |
419 commands for your debugger are available, and you can use the Shell mode | |
420 history commands to repeat them. @xref{Shell Mode}. | |
421 | |
422 @node Commands of GUD | |
423 @subsection Commands of GUD | |
424 | |
425 The GUD interaction buffer uses a variant of Shell mode, so the | |
426 commands of Shell mode are available (@pxref{Shell Mode}). GUD mode | |
427 also provides commands for setting and clearing breakpoints, for | |
428 selecting stack frames, and for stepping through the program. These | |
429 commands are available both in the GUD buffer and globally, but with | |
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430 different key bindings. It also has its own toolbar from which you |
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431 can invoke the more common commands by clicking on the appropriate |
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432 icon. This is particularly useful for repetitive commands like |
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433 gud-next and gud-step and allows the user to hide the GUD buffer. |
25829 | 434 |
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435 The breakpoint commands are normally used in source file buffers, |
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436 because that is the easiest way to specify where to set or clear the |
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437 breakpoint. Here's the global command to set a breakpoint: |
25829 | 438 |
439 @table @kbd | |
440 @item C-x @key{SPC} | |
441 @kindex C-x SPC | |
442 Set a breakpoint on the source line that point is on. | |
443 @end table | |
444 | |
445 @kindex C-x C-a @r{(GUD)} | |
446 Here are the other special commands provided by GUD. The keys | |
447 starting with @kbd{C-c} are available only in the GUD interaction | |
448 buffer. The key bindings that start with @kbd{C-x C-a} are available in | |
449 the GUD interaction buffer and also in source files. | |
450 | |
451 @table @kbd | |
452 @item C-c C-l | |
453 @kindex C-c C-l @r{(GUD)} | |
454 @itemx C-x C-a C-l | |
455 @findex gud-refresh | |
456 Display in another window the last line referred to in the GUD | |
457 buffer (that is, the line indicated in the last location message). | |
458 This runs the command @code{gud-refresh}. | |
459 | |
460 @item C-c C-s | |
461 @kindex C-c C-s @r{(GUD)} | |
462 @itemx C-x C-a C-s | |
463 @findex gud-step | |
464 Execute a single line of code (@code{gud-step}). If the line contains | |
465 a function call, execution stops after entering the called function. | |
466 | |
467 @item C-c C-n | |
468 @kindex C-c C-n @r{(GUD)} | |
469 @itemx C-x C-a C-n | |
470 @findex gud-next | |
471 Execute a single line of code, stepping across entire function calls | |
472 at full speed (@code{gud-next}). | |
473 | |
474 @item C-c C-i | |
475 @kindex C-c C-i @r{(GUD)} | |
476 @itemx C-x C-a C-i | |
477 @findex gud-stepi | |
478 Execute a single machine instruction (@code{gud-stepi}). | |
479 | |
480 @need 3000 | |
481 @item C-c C-r | |
482 @kindex C-c C-r @r{(GUD)} | |
483 @itemx C-x C-a C-r | |
484 @findex gud-cont | |
485 Continue execution without specifying any stopping point. The program | |
486 will run until it hits a breakpoint, terminates, or gets a signal that | |
487 the debugger is checking for (@code{gud-cont}). | |
488 | |
489 @need 1000 | |
490 @item C-c C-d | |
491 @kindex C-c C-d @r{(GUD)} | |
492 @itemx C-x C-a C-d | |
493 @findex gud-remove | |
494 Delete the breakpoint(s) on the current source line, if any | |
495 (@code{gud-remove}). If you use this command in the GUD interaction | |
496 buffer, it applies to the line where the program last stopped. | |
497 | |
498 @item C-c C-t | |
499 @kindex C-c C-t @r{(GUD)} | |
500 @itemx C-x C-a C-t | |
501 @findex gud-tbreak | |
502 Set a temporary breakpoint on the current source line, if any. | |
503 If you use this command in the GUD interaction buffer, | |
504 it applies to the line where the program last stopped. | |
505 @end table | |
506 | |
507 The above commands are common to all supported debuggers. If you are | |
508 using GDB or (some versions of) DBX, these additional commands are available: | |
509 | |
510 @table @kbd | |
511 @item C-c < | |
512 @kindex C-c < @r{(GUD)} | |
513 @itemx C-x C-a < | |
514 @findex gud-up | |
515 Select the next enclosing stack frame (@code{gud-up}). This is | |
516 equivalent to the @samp{up} command. | |
517 | |
518 @item C-c > | |
519 @kindex C-c > @r{(GUD)} | |
520 @itemx C-x C-a > | |
521 @findex gud-down | |
522 Select the next inner stack frame (@code{gud-down}). This is | |
523 equivalent to the @samp{down} command. | |
524 @end table | |
525 | |
526 If you are using GDB, these additional key bindings are available: | |
527 | |
528 @table @kbd | |
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529 @item C-c C-r |
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530 @kindex C-c C-r @r{(GUD)} |
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531 @itemx C-x C-a C-r |
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532 @findex gud-run |
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533 Start execution of the program (@code{gud-run}). |
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534 |
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535 @item C-c C-u |
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536 @kindex C-c C-u @r{(GUD)} |
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537 @itemx C-x C-a C-u |
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538 @findex gud-until |
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539 Continue execution to the current line. The program will run until |
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540 it hits a breakpoint, terminates, gets a signal that the debugger is |
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541 checking for, or reaches the line on which the cursor currently sits |
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542 (@code{gud-until}). |
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543 |
25829 | 544 @item @key{TAB} |
545 @kindex TAB @r{(GUD)} | |
546 @findex gud-gdb-complete-command | |
547 With GDB, complete a symbol name (@code{gud-gdb-complete-command}). | |
548 This key is available only in the GUD interaction buffer, and requires | |
549 GDB versions 4.13 and later. | |
550 | |
551 @item C-c C-f | |
552 @kindex C-c C-f @r{(GUD)} | |
553 @itemx C-x C-a C-f | |
554 @findex gud-finish | |
555 Run the program until the selected stack frame returns (or until it | |
556 stops for some other reason). | |
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557 |
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558 @item C-x C-a C-j |
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559 @kindex C-x C-a C-j @r{(GUD)} |
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560 @findex gud-jump |
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561 Only useful in a source buffer, (@code{gud-jump}) transfers the |
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562 program's execution point to the current line. In other words, the |
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563 next line that the program executes will be the one where you gave the |
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564 command. If the new execution line is in a different function from |
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565 the previously one, GDB prompts for confirmation since the results may |
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566 be bizarre. See the GDB manual entry regarding @code{jump} for |
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567 details. |
25829 | 568 @end table |
569 | |
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570 If you started GDB with the command @code{gdba}, you can click |
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571 @kbd{Mouse-1} on a line of the source buffer, in the fringe or display |
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572 margin, to set a breakpoint there. If a breakpoint already exists on |
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573 that line, this action will remove it. |
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574 (@code{gdb-mouse-toggle-breakpoint}). |
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575 |
25829 | 576 These commands interpret a numeric argument as a repeat count, when |
577 that makes sense. | |
578 | |
579 Because @key{TAB} serves as a completion command, you can't use it to | |
580 enter a tab as input to the program you are debugging with GDB. | |
581 Instead, type @kbd{C-q @key{TAB}} to enter a tab. | |
582 | |
583 @node GUD Customization | |
584 @subsection GUD Customization | |
585 | |
586 @vindex gdb-mode-hook | |
587 @vindex dbx-mode-hook | |
588 @vindex sdb-mode-hook | |
589 @vindex xdb-mode-hook | |
590 @vindex perldb-mode-hook | |
591 @vindex pdb-mode-hook | |
592 @vindex jdb-mode-hook | |
593 On startup, GUD runs one of the following hooks: @code{gdb-mode-hook}, | |
594 if you are using GDB; @code{dbx-mode-hook}, if you are using DBX; | |
595 @code{sdb-mode-hook}, if you are using SDB; @code{xdb-mode-hook}, if you | |
596 are using XDB; @code{perldb-mode-hook}, for Perl debugging mode; | |
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597 @code{pdb-mode-hook}, for PDB; @code{jdb-mode-hook}, for JDB. You can |
25829 | 598 use these hooks to define custom key bindings for the debugger |
599 interaction buffer. @xref{Hooks}. | |
600 | |
601 Here is a convenient way to define a command that sends a particular | |
602 command string to the debugger, and set up a key binding for it in the | |
603 debugger interaction buffer: | |
604 | |
605 @findex gud-def | |
606 @example | |
607 (gud-def @var{function} @var{cmdstring} @var{binding} @var{docstring}) | |
608 @end example | |
609 | |
610 This defines a command named @var{function} which sends | |
611 @var{cmdstring} to the debugger process, and gives it the documentation | |
38743 | 612 string @var{docstring}. You can then use the command @var{function} in any |
25829 | 613 buffer. If @var{binding} is non-@code{nil}, @code{gud-def} also binds |
614 the command to @kbd{C-c @var{binding}} in the GUD buffer's mode and to | |
615 @kbd{C-x C-a @var{binding}} generally. | |
616 | |
617 The command string @var{cmdstring} may contain certain | |
618 @samp{%}-sequences that stand for data to be filled in at the time | |
619 @var{function} is called: | |
620 | |
621 @table @samp | |
622 @item %f | |
623 The name of the current source file. If the current buffer is the GUD | |
624 buffer, then the ``current source file'' is the file that the program | |
625 stopped in. | |
626 @c This said, ``the name of the file the program counter was in at the last breakpoint.'' | |
627 @c But I suspect it is really the last stop file. | |
628 | |
629 @item %l | |
630 The number of the current source line. If the current buffer is the GUD | |
631 buffer, then the ``current source line'' is the line that the program | |
632 stopped in. | |
633 | |
634 @item %e | |
635 The text of the C lvalue or function-call expression at or adjacent to point. | |
636 | |
637 @item %a | |
638 The text of the hexadecimal address at or adjacent to point. | |
639 | |
640 @item %p | |
641 The numeric argument of the called function, as a decimal number. If | |
642 the command is used without a numeric argument, @samp{%p} stands for the | |
643 empty string. | |
644 | |
645 If you don't use @samp{%p} in the command string, the command you define | |
646 ignores any numeric argument. | |
647 @end table | |
648 | |
27223 | 649 @node GUD Tooltips |
650 @subsection GUD Tooltips | |
651 | |
652 @cindex tooltips with GUD | |
653 The Tooltip facility (@pxref{Tooltips}) provides support for GUD@. If | |
654 GUD support is activated by customizing the @code{tooltip} group, | |
655 variable values can be displayed in tooltips by pointing at them with | |
656 the mouse in the GUD buffer or in source buffers with major modes in the | |
657 customizable list @code{tooltip-gud-modes}. | |
658 | |
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659 @node GDB Graphical Interface |
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660 @subsection GDB Graphical Interface |
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661 |
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662 @findex gdba |
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663 The command @code{gdba} starts GDB using a graphical interface where |
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664 you view and control the program's data using Emacs windows. You can |
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665 still interact with GDB through the GUD buffer, but the point of this |
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666 mode is that you can do it through menus and clicks, without needing |
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667 to know GDB commands. |
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668 |
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669 @menu |
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670 * Layout:: Control the number of displayed buffers. |
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671 * Breakpoints Buffer:: A breakpoint control panel. |
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672 * Stack Buffer:: Select a frame from the call stack. |
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673 * Watch Expressions:: Monitor variable values in the speedbar. |
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674 * Other Buffers:: Input/output, locals, registers and assembler buffers. |
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675 @end menu |
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676 |
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677 @node Layout |
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678 @subsubsection Layout |
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679 @cindex GDB User Interface layout |
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680 |
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681 @findex gdb-many-windows |
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682 @vindex gdb-many-windows |
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683 |
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684 If the variable @code{gdb-many-windows} is @code{nil} (the default |
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685 value) then gdb just pops up the GUD buffer unless the variable |
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686 @code{gdb-show-main} is non-@code{nil}. In this case it starts with |
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687 two windows: one displaying the GUD buffer and the other with the |
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688 source file with the main routine of the inferior. |
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689 |
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690 If @code{gdb-many-windows} is non-@code{nil}, regardless of the value of |
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691 @code{gdb-show-main}, the layout below will appear unless |
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692 @code{gdb-use-inferior-io-buffer} is @code{nil}. In this case the |
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693 source buffer occupies the full width of the frame. |
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694 |
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695 @multitable @columnfractions .5 .5 |
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696 @item GUD buffer (I/O of GDB) |
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697 @tab Locals buffer |
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698 @item |
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699 @tab |
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700 @item Source buffer |
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701 @tab Input/Output (of inferior) buffer |
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702 @item |
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703 @tab |
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704 @item Stack buffer |
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705 @tab Breakpoints buffer |
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706 @end multitable |
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707 |
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708 To toggle this layout, do @kbd{M-x gdb-many-windows}. |
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709 |
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710 @findex gdb-restore-windows |
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711 If you change the window layout, for example, while editing and |
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712 re-compiling your program, then you can restore it with the command |
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713 @code{gdb-restore-windows}. |
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714 |
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715 You may also choose which additional buffers you want to display, |
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716 either in the same frame or a different one. Select GDB-windows or |
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717 GDB-Frames from the menu-bar under the heading GUD. If the menu-bar |
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718 is unavailable, type @code{M-x |
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719 gdb-display-@var{buffertype}-buffer} or @code{M-x |
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720 gdb-frame-@var{buffertype}-buffer} respectively, where @var{buffertype} |
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721 is the relevant buffer type e.g breakpoints. |
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722 |
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723 @node Breakpoints Buffer |
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724 @subsubsection Breakpoints Buffer |
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725 |
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726 The breakpoints buffer shows the existing breakpoints and watchpoints |
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727 (@pxref{Breakpoints,,, gdb, The GNU debugger}). It has three special |
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728 commands: |
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729 |
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730 @table @kbd |
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731 @item @key{SPC} |
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732 @kindex SPC @r{(GDB breakpoints buffer)} |
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733 @findex gdb-toggle-breakpoint |
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734 Enable/disable the breakpoint at the current line |
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735 (@code{gdb-toggle-breakpoint}). On a graphical display, this changes |
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736 the color of a bullet in the margin of the source buffer at the |
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737 relevant line. This is red when the breakpoint is enabled and grey |
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738 when it is disabled. Text-only terminals correspondingly display |
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739 a @samp{B} or @samp{b}. |
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740 |
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741 @item @kbd{d} |
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742 @kindex d @r{(GDB breakpoints buffer)} |
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743 @findex gdb-delete-breakpoint |
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744 Delete the breakpoint at the current line (@code{gdb-delete-breakpoint}). |
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745 |
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746 @item @key{RET} |
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747 @kindex RET @r{(GDB breakpoints buffer)} |
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748 @findex gdb-goto-breakpoint |
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749 Display the file in the source buffer at the breakpoint specified at |
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750 the current line (@code{gdb-goto-breakpoint}). Alternatively, click @kbd{Mouse-2} on the breakpoint that you wish to visit. |
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751 @end table |
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752 |
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753 @node Stack Buffer |
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754 @subsubsection Stack Buffer |
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755 |
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756 The stack buffer displays a @dfn{call stack}, with one line for each |
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757 of the nested subroutine calls (@dfn{stack frames}) now active in the |
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758 program. @xref{Backtrace,,info stack, gdb, The GNU debugger}. |
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759 |
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760 Move point to any frame in the stack and type @key{RET} to make it |
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761 become the current frame (@code{gdb-frames-select}) and display the |
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762 associated source in the source buffer. Alternatively, click |
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763 @kbd{Mouse-2} to make the selected frame become the current one. If the |
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764 locals buffer is displayed then its contents update to display the |
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765 variables that are local to the new frame. |
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766 |
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767 @node Watch Expressions |
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768 @subsubsection Watch Expressions |
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769 @cindex Watching expressions in GDB |
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770 |
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771 If you want to see how a variable changes each time your program stops |
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772 then place the cursor over the variable name and click on the watch |
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773 icon in the toolbar (@code{gud-watch}). |
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774 |
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775 Each watch expression is displayed in the speedbar. Complex data |
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776 types, such as arrays, structures and unions are represented in a tree |
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777 format. To expand or contract a complex data type, click @kbd{Mouse-2} |
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778 on the tag to the left of the expression. |
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779 |
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780 @kindex RET @r{(GDB speedbar)} |
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781 @findex gdb-var-delete |
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782 With the cursor over the root expression of a complex data type, type |
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783 @kbd{D} to delete it from the speedbar |
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784 (@code{gdb-var-delete}). |
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785 |
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786 @findex gdb-edit-value |
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787 With the cursor over a simple data type or an element of a complex |
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788 data type which holds a value, type @key{RET} or click @kbd{Mouse-2} to edit |
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789 its value. A prompt for a new value appears in the mini-buffer |
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790 (@code{gdb-edit-value}). |
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791 |
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792 If you set the variable @code{gdb-show-changed-values} to |
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793 non-@code{nil} (the default value), then Emacs will use |
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794 font-lock-warning-face to display values that have recently changed in |
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|
795 the speedbar. |
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796 |
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797 If you set the variable @code{gdb-use-colon-colon-notation} to a |
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798 non-@code{nil} value, then, in C, Emacs will use the |
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799 FUNCTION::VARIABLE format to display variables in the speedbar. |
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800 Since this does not work for variables defined in compound statements, |
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801 the default value is @code{nil}. |
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802 |
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803 @node Other Buffers |
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804 @subsubsection Other Buffers |
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805 |
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806 @table @asis |
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807 @item Input/Output Buffer |
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808 If the variable @code{gdb-use-inferior-io-buffer} is non-@code{nil}, |
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809 the executable program that is being debugged takes its input and |
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810 displays its output here. Some of the commands from shell mode are |
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811 available here. @xref{Shell Mode}. |
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812 |
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813 @item Locals Buffer |
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814 The locals buffer displays the values of local variables of the |
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815 current frame for simple data types (@pxref{Frame Info,,, gdb, The GNU |
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816 debugger}). |
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817 |
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818 Arrays and structures display their type only. You must display them |
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819 separately to examine their values. @ref{Watch Expressions}. |
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820 |
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821 @item Registers Buffer |
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822 The registers buffer displays the values held by the registers |
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823 (@pxref{Registers,,, gdb, The GNU debugger}). |
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824 |
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825 @item Assembler Buffer |
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826 The assembler buffer displays the current frame as machine code. An |
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827 overlay arrow points to the current instruction and you can set and |
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828 remove breakpoints as with the source buffer. Breakpoints also |
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829 appear in the margin. |
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830 |
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831 @item Threads Buffer |
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832 |
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833 The threads buffer displays a summary of all threads currently in your |
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834 program.(@pxref{Threads,,, gdb, The GNU debugger}). Move point to |
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835 any thread in the list and type @key{RET} to make it become the |
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836 current thread (@code{gdb-threads-select}) and display the associated |
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837 source in the source buffer. Alternatively, click @kbd{Mouse-2} to |
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838 make the selected thread become the current one. |
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839 |
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840 @end table |
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841 |
25829 | 842 @node Executing Lisp |
843 @section Executing Lisp Expressions | |
844 | |
845 Emacs has several different major modes for Lisp and Scheme. They are | |
846 the same in terms of editing commands, but differ in the commands for | |
847 executing Lisp expressions. Each mode has its own purpose. | |
848 | |
849 @table @asis | |
850 @item Emacs-Lisp mode | |
851 The mode for editing source files of programs to run in Emacs Lisp. | |
852 This mode defines @kbd{C-M-x} to evaluate the current defun. | |
853 @xref{Lisp Libraries}. | |
854 @item Lisp Interaction mode | |
855 The mode for an interactive session with Emacs Lisp. It defines | |
856 @kbd{C-j} to evaluate the sexp before point and insert its value in the | |
857 buffer. @xref{Lisp Interaction}. | |
858 @item Lisp mode | |
859 The mode for editing source files of programs that run in Lisps other | |
860 than Emacs Lisp. This mode defines @kbd{C-M-x} to send the current defun | |
861 to an inferior Lisp process. @xref{External Lisp}. | |
862 @item Inferior Lisp mode | |
863 The mode for an interactive session with an inferior Lisp process. | |
864 This mode combines the special features of Lisp mode and Shell mode | |
865 (@pxref{Shell Mode}). | |
866 @item Scheme mode | |
867 Like Lisp mode but for Scheme programs. | |
868 @item Inferior Scheme mode | |
869 The mode for an interactive session with an inferior Scheme process. | |
870 @end table | |
871 | |
872 Most editing commands for working with Lisp programs are in fact | |
873 available globally. @xref{Programs}. | |
874 | |
875 @node Lisp Libraries | |
876 @section Libraries of Lisp Code for Emacs | |
877 @cindex libraries | |
878 @cindex loading Lisp code | |
879 | |
880 Lisp code for Emacs editing commands is stored in files whose names | |
881 conventionally end in @file{.el}. This ending tells Emacs to edit them in | |
882 Emacs-Lisp mode (@pxref{Executing Lisp}). | |
883 | |
884 @findex load-file | |
885 To execute a file of Emacs Lisp code, use @kbd{M-x load-file}. This | |
886 command reads a file name using the minibuffer and then executes the | |
887 contents of that file as Lisp code. It is not necessary to visit the | |
888 file first; in any case, this command reads the file as found on disk, | |
889 not text in an Emacs buffer. | |
890 | |
891 @findex load | |
892 @findex load-library | |
893 Once a file of Lisp code is installed in the Emacs Lisp library | |
894 directories, users can load it using @kbd{M-x load-library}. Programs can | |
895 load it by calling @code{load-library}, or with @code{load}, a more primitive | |
896 function that is similar but accepts some additional arguments. | |
897 | |
898 @kbd{M-x load-library} differs from @kbd{M-x load-file} in that it | |
899 searches a sequence of directories and tries three file names in each | |
900 directory. Suppose your argument is @var{lib}; the three names are | |
901 @file{@var{lib}.elc}, @file{@var{lib}.el}, and lastly just | |
902 @file{@var{lib}}. If @file{@var{lib}.elc} exists, it is by convention | |
903 the result of compiling @file{@var{lib}.el}; it is better to load the | |
904 compiled file, since it will load and run faster. | |
905 | |
906 If @code{load-library} finds that @file{@var{lib}.el} is newer than | |
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907 @file{@var{lib}.elc} file, it issues a warning, because it's likely that |
25829 | 908 somebody made changes to the @file{.el} file and forgot to recompile |
909 it. | |
910 | |
911 Because the argument to @code{load-library} is usually not in itself | |
912 a valid file name, file name completion is not available. Indeed, when | |
913 using this command, you usually do not know exactly what file name | |
914 will be used. | |
915 | |
916 @vindex load-path | |
917 The sequence of directories searched by @kbd{M-x load-library} is | |
918 specified by the variable @code{load-path}, a list of strings that are | |
919 directory names. The default value of the list contains the directory where | |
920 the Lisp code for Emacs itself is stored. If you have libraries of | |
921 your own, put them in a single directory and add that directory | |
922 to @code{load-path}. @code{nil} in this list stands for the current default | |
923 directory, but it is probably not a good idea to put @code{nil} in the | |
924 list. If you find yourself wishing that @code{nil} were in the list, | |
925 most likely what you really want to do is use @kbd{M-x load-file} | |
926 this once. | |
927 | |
928 @cindex autoload | |
929 Often you do not have to give any command to load a library, because | |
930 the commands defined in the library are set up to @dfn{autoload} that | |
931 library. Trying to run any of those commands calls @code{load} to load | |
932 the library; this replaces the autoload definitions with the real ones | |
933 from the library. | |
934 | |
935 @cindex byte code | |
936 Emacs Lisp code can be compiled into byte-code which loads faster, | |
937 takes up less space when loaded, and executes faster. @xref{Byte | |
938 Compilation,, Byte Compilation, elisp, the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
939 By convention, the compiled code for a library goes in a separate file | |
940 whose name consists of the library source file with @samp{c} appended. | |
941 Thus, the compiled code for @file{foo.el} goes in @file{foo.elc}. | |
942 That's why @code{load-library} searches for @samp{.elc} files first. | |
943 | |
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944 @vindex load-dangerous-libraries |
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945 @cindex Lisp files byte-compiled by XEmacs |
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946 By default, Emacs refuses to load compiled Lisp files which were |
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947 compiled with XEmacs, a modified versions of Emacs---they can cause |
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948 Emacs to crash. Set the variable @code{load-dangerous-libraries} to |
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949 @code{t} if you want to try loading them. |
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950 |
25829 | 951 @node Lisp Eval |
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952 @section Evaluating Emacs Lisp Expressions |
25829 | 953 @cindex Emacs-Lisp mode |
954 @cindex mode, Emacs-Lisp | |
955 | |
956 @findex emacs-lisp-mode | |
957 Lisp programs intended to be run in Emacs should be edited in | |
958 Emacs-Lisp mode; this happens automatically for file names ending in | |
959 @file{.el}. By contrast, Lisp mode itself is used for editing Lisp | |
960 programs intended for other Lisp systems. To switch to Emacs-Lisp mode | |
961 explicitly, use the command @kbd{M-x emacs-lisp-mode}. | |
962 | |
963 For testing of Lisp programs to run in Emacs, it is often useful to | |
964 evaluate part of the program as it is found in the Emacs buffer. For | |
965 example, after changing the text of a Lisp function definition, | |
966 evaluating the definition installs the change for future calls to the | |
967 function. Evaluation of Lisp expressions is also useful in any kind of | |
968 editing, for invoking noninteractive functions (functions that are | |
969 not commands). | |
970 | |
971 @table @kbd | |
972 @item M-: | |
973 Read a single Lisp expression in the minibuffer, evaluate it, and print | |
974 the value in the echo area (@code{eval-expression}). | |
975 @item C-x C-e | |
976 Evaluate the Lisp expression before point, and print the value in the | |
977 echo area (@code{eval-last-sexp}). | |
978 @item C-M-x | |
979 Evaluate the defun containing or after point, and print the value in | |
980 the echo area (@code{eval-defun}). | |
981 @item M-x eval-region | |
982 Evaluate all the Lisp expressions in the region. | |
983 @item M-x eval-current-buffer | |
984 Evaluate all the Lisp expressions in the buffer. | |
985 @end table | |
986 | |
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987 @ifinfo |
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988 @c This uses ``colon'' instead of a literal `:' because Info cannot |
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989 @c cope with a `:' in a menu |
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990 @kindex M-@key{colon} |
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991 @end ifinfo |
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992 @ifnotinfo |
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993 @kindex M-: |
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994 @end ifnotinfo |
25829 | 995 @findex eval-expression |
996 @kbd{M-:} (@code{eval-expression}) is the most basic command for evaluating | |
997 a Lisp expression interactively. It reads the expression using the | |
998 minibuffer, so you can execute any expression on a buffer regardless of | |
999 what the buffer contains. When the expression is evaluated, the current | |
1000 buffer is once again the buffer that was current when @kbd{M-:} was | |
1001 typed. | |
1002 | |
1003 @kindex C-M-x @r{(Emacs-Lisp mode)} | |
1004 @findex eval-defun | |
1005 In Emacs-Lisp mode, the key @kbd{C-M-x} is bound to the command | |
1006 @code{eval-defun}, which parses the defun containing or following point | |
1007 as a Lisp expression and evaluates it. The value is printed in the echo | |
1008 area. This command is convenient for installing in the Lisp environment | |
1009 changes that you have just made in the text of a function definition. | |
1010 | |
1011 @kbd{C-M-x} treats @code{defvar} expressions specially. Normally, | |
1012 evaluating a @code{defvar} expression does nothing if the variable it | |
1013 defines already has a value. But @kbd{C-M-x} unconditionally resets the | |
1014 variable to the initial value specified in the @code{defvar} expression. | |
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1015 @code{defcustom} expressions are treated similarly. |
25829 | 1016 This special feature is convenient for debugging Lisp programs. |
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1017 Typing @kbd{C-M-x} on a @code{defface} expression reinitializes |
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1018 the face according to the @code{defface} specification. |
25829 | 1019 |
1020 @kindex C-x C-e | |
1021 @findex eval-last-sexp | |
1022 The command @kbd{C-x C-e} (@code{eval-last-sexp}) evaluates the Lisp | |
1023 expression preceding point in the buffer, and displays the value in the | |
1024 echo area. It is available in all major modes, not just Emacs-Lisp | |
1025 mode. It does not treat @code{defvar} specially. | |
1026 | |
1027 If @kbd{C-M-x}, @kbd{C-x C-e}, or @kbd{M-:} is given a numeric | |
1028 argument, it inserts the value into the current buffer at point, rather | |
1029 than displaying it in the echo area. The argument's value does not | |
1030 matter. | |
1031 | |
1032 @findex eval-region | |
1033 @findex eval-current-buffer | |
1034 The most general command for evaluating Lisp expressions from a buffer | |
1035 is @code{eval-region}. @kbd{M-x eval-region} parses the text of the | |
1036 region as one or more Lisp expressions, evaluating them one by one. | |
1037 @kbd{M-x eval-current-buffer} is similar but evaluates the entire | |
1038 buffer. This is a reasonable way to install the contents of a file of | |
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1039 Lisp code that you are ready to test. Later, as you find bugs and |
25829 | 1040 change individual functions, use @kbd{C-M-x} on each function that you |
1041 change. This keeps the Lisp world in step with the source file. | |
1042 | |
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1043 @vindex eval-expression-print-level |
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1044 @vindex eval-expression-print-length |
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1045 @vindex eval-expression-debug-on-error |
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1046 The customizable variables @code{eval-expression-print-level} and |
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1047 @code{eval-expression-print-length} control the maximum depth and length |
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1048 of lists to print in the result of the evaluation commands before |
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1049 abbreviating them. @code{eval-expression-debug-on-error} controls |
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1050 whether evaluation errors invoke the debugger when these commands are |
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1051 used. |
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1052 |
25829 | 1053 @node Lisp Interaction |
1054 @section Lisp Interaction Buffers | |
1055 | |
1056 The buffer @samp{*scratch*} which is selected when Emacs starts up is | |
1057 provided for evaluating Lisp expressions interactively inside Emacs. | |
1058 | |
1059 The simplest way to use the @samp{*scratch*} buffer is to insert Lisp | |
1060 expressions and type @kbd{C-j} after each expression. This command | |
1061 reads the Lisp expression before point, evaluates it, and inserts the | |
1062 value in printed representation before point. The result is a complete | |
1063 typescript of the expressions you have evaluated and their values. | |
1064 | |
1065 The @samp{*scratch*} buffer's major mode is Lisp Interaction mode, which | |
1066 is the same as Emacs-Lisp mode except for the binding of @kbd{C-j}. | |
1067 | |
1068 @findex lisp-interaction-mode | |
1069 The rationale for this feature is that Emacs must have a buffer when | |
1070 it starts up, but that buffer is not useful for editing files since a | |
1071 new buffer is made for every file that you visit. The Lisp interpreter | |
1072 typescript is the most useful thing I can think of for the initial | |
1073 buffer to do. Type @kbd{M-x lisp-interaction-mode} to put the current | |
1074 buffer in Lisp Interaction mode. | |
1075 | |
1076 @findex ielm | |
1077 An alternative way of evaluating Emacs Lisp expressions interactively | |
1078 is to use Inferior Emacs-Lisp mode, which provides an interface rather | |
1079 like Shell mode (@pxref{Shell Mode}) for evaluating Emacs Lisp | |
1080 expressions. Type @kbd{M-x ielm} to create an @samp{*ielm*} buffer | |
1081 which uses this mode. | |
1082 | |
1083 @node External Lisp | |
1084 @section Running an External Lisp | |
1085 | |
1086 Emacs has facilities for running programs in other Lisp systems. You can | |
1087 run a Lisp process as an inferior of Emacs, and pass expressions to it to | |
1088 be evaluated. You can also pass changed function definitions directly from | |
1089 the Emacs buffers in which you edit the Lisp programs to the inferior Lisp | |
1090 process. | |
1091 | |
1092 @findex run-lisp | |
1093 @vindex inferior-lisp-program | |
1094 @kindex C-x C-z | |
1095 To run an inferior Lisp process, type @kbd{M-x run-lisp}. This runs | |
1096 the program named @code{lisp}, the same program you would run by typing | |
1097 @code{lisp} as a shell command, with both input and output going through | |
1098 an Emacs buffer named @samp{*lisp*}. That is to say, any ``terminal | |
1099 output'' from Lisp will go into the buffer, advancing point, and any | |
1100 ``terminal input'' for Lisp comes from text in the buffer. (You can | |
1101 change the name of the Lisp executable file by setting the variable | |
1102 @code{inferior-lisp-program}.) | |
1103 | |
1104 To give input to Lisp, go to the end of the buffer and type the input, | |
1105 terminated by @key{RET}. The @samp{*lisp*} buffer is in Inferior Lisp | |
1106 mode, which combines the special characteristics of Lisp mode with most | |
1107 of the features of Shell mode (@pxref{Shell Mode}). The definition of | |
1108 @key{RET} to send a line to a subprocess is one of the features of Shell | |
1109 mode. | |
1110 | |
1111 @findex lisp-mode | |
1112 For the source files of programs to run in external Lisps, use Lisp | |
1113 mode. This mode can be selected with @kbd{M-x lisp-mode}, and is used | |
1114 automatically for files whose names end in @file{.l}, @file{.lsp}, or | |
1115 @file{.lisp}, as most Lisp systems usually expect. | |
1116 | |
1117 @kindex C-M-x @r{(Lisp mode)} | |
1118 @findex lisp-eval-defun | |
1119 When you edit a function in a Lisp program you are running, the easiest | |
1120 way to send the changed definition to the inferior Lisp process is the key | |
1121 @kbd{C-M-x}. In Lisp mode, this runs the function @code{lisp-eval-defun}, | |
1122 which finds the defun around or following point and sends it as input to | |
1123 the Lisp process. (Emacs can send input to any inferior process regardless | |
1124 of what buffer is current.) | |
1125 | |
1126 Contrast the meanings of @kbd{C-M-x} in Lisp mode (for editing programs | |
1127 to be run in another Lisp system) and Emacs-Lisp mode (for editing Lisp | |
1128 programs to be run in Emacs): in both modes it has the effect of installing | |
1129 the function definition that point is in, but the way of doing so is | |
1130 different according to where the relevant Lisp environment is found. | |
1131 @xref{Executing Lisp}. | |
52401 | 1132 |
1133 @ignore | |
1134 arch-tag: 9c3c2f71-b332-4144-8500-3ff9945a50ed | |
1135 @end ignore |