annotate lispref/hash.texi @ 73923:9ebe2e5d0079

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author Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
date Sat, 11 Nov 2006 16:13:41 +0000
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1 @c -*-texinfo-*-
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2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1999, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
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4 @c 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions.
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6 @setfilename ../info/hash
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7 @node Hash Tables, Symbols, Sequences Arrays Vectors, Top
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8 @chapter Hash Tables
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9 @cindex hash tables
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10
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11 A hash table is a very fast kind of lookup table, somewhat like
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12 an alist in that it maps keys to corresponding values. It differs
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13 from an alist in these ways:
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14
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15 @itemize @bullet
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16 @item
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17 Lookup in a hash table is extremely fast for large tables---in fact, the
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18 time required is essentially @emph{independent} of how many elements are
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19 stored in the table. For smaller tables (a few tens of elements)
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20 alists may still be faster because hash tables have a more-or-less
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21 constant overhead.
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22
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23 @item
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24 The correspondences in a hash table are in no particular order.
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25
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26 @item
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27 There is no way to share structure between two hash tables,
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28 the way two alists can share a common tail.
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29 @end itemize
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30
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31 Emacs Lisp provides a general-purpose hash table data type, along
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32 with a series of functions for operating on them. Hash tables have no
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33 read syntax, and print in hash notation, like this:
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34
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35 @example
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36 (make-hash-table)
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37 @result{} #<hash-table 'eql nil 0/65 0x83af980>
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38 @end example
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39
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40 @noindent
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41 (The term ``hash notation'' refers to the initial @samp{#}
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42 character---@pxref{Printed Representation}---and has nothing to do with
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43 the term ``hash table.'')
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44
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45 Obarrays are also a kind of hash table, but they are a different type
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46 of object and are used only for recording interned symbols
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47 (@pxref{Creating Symbols}).
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48
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49 @menu
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50 * Creating Hash:: Functions to create hash tables.
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51 * Hash Access:: Reading and writing the hash table contents.
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52 * Defining Hash:: Defining new comparison methods
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53 * Other Hash:: Miscellaneous.
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54 @end menu
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55
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56 @node Creating Hash
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57 @section Creating Hash Tables
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58
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59 The principal function for creating a hash table is
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60 @code{make-hash-table}.
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61
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62 @defun make-hash-table &rest keyword-args
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63 This function creates a new hash table according to the specified
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64 arguments. The arguments should consist of alternating keywords
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65 (particular symbols recognized specially) and values corresponding to
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66 them.
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67
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68 Several keywords make sense in @code{make-hash-table}, but the only two
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69 that you really need to know about are @code{:test} and @code{:weakness}.
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70
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71 @table @code
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72 @item :test @var{test}
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73 This specifies the method of key lookup for this hash table. The
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74 default is @code{eql}; @code{eq} and @code{equal} are other
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75 alternatives:
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76
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77 @table @code
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78 @item eql
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79 Keys which are numbers are ``the same'' if they are @code{equal}, that
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80 is, if they are equal in value and either both are integers or both
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81 are floating point numbers; otherwise, two distinct objects are never
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82 ``the same.''
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83
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84 @item eq
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85 Any two distinct Lisp objects are ``different'' as keys.
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86
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87 @item equal
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88 Two Lisp objects are ``the same,'' as keys, if they are equal
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89 according to @code{equal}.
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90 @end table
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91
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92 You can use @code{define-hash-table-test} (@pxref{Defining Hash}) to
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93 define additional possibilities for @var{test}.
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94
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95 @item :weakness @var{weak}
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96 The weakness of a hash table specifies whether the presence of a key or
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97 value in the hash table preserves it from garbage collection.
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98
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99 The value, @var{weak}, must be one of @code{nil}, @code{key},
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100 @code{value}, @code{key-or-value}, @code{key-and-value}, or @code{t}
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101 which is an alias for @code{key-and-value}. If @var{weak} is @code{key}
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102 then the hash table does not prevent its keys from being collected as
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103 garbage (if they are not referenced anywhere else); if a particular key
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104 does get collected, the corresponding association is removed from the
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105 hash table.
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106
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107 If @var{weak} is @code{value}, then the hash table does not prevent
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108 values from being collected as garbage (if they are not referenced
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109 anywhere else); if a particular value does get collected, the
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110 corresponding association is removed from the hash table.
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111
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112 If @var{weak} is @code{key-and-value} or @code{t}, both the key and
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113 the value must be live in order to preserve the association. Thus,
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114 the hash table does not protect either keys or values from garbage
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115 collection; if either one is collected as garbage, that removes the
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116 association.
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117
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118 If @var{weak} is @code{key-or-value}, either the key or
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119 the value can preserve the association. Thus, associations are
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120 removed from the hash table when both their key and value would be
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121 collected as garbage (if not for references from weak hash tables).
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122
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123 The default for @var{weak} is @code{nil}, so that all keys and values
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124 referenced in the hash table are preserved from garbage collection.
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125
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126 @item :size @var{size}
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127 This specifies a hint for how many associations you plan to store in the
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128 hash table. If you know the approximate number, you can make things a
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129 little more efficient by specifying it this way. If you specify too
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130 small a size, the hash table will grow automatically when necessary, but
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131 doing that takes some extra time.
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132
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133 The default size is 65.
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134
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135 @item :rehash-size @var{rehash-size}
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136 When you add an association to a hash table and the table is ``full,''
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137 it grows automatically. This value specifies how to make the hash table
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138 larger, at that time.
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139
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140 If @var{rehash-size} is an integer, it should be positive, and the hash
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141 table grows by adding that much to the nominal size. If
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142 @var{rehash-size} is a floating point number, it had better be greater
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143 than 1, and the hash table grows by multiplying the old size by that
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144 number.
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145
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146 The default value is 1.5.
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147
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148 @item :rehash-threshold @var{threshold}
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149 This specifies the criterion for when the hash table is ``full'' (so
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150 it should be made larger). The value, @var{threshold}, should be a
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151 positive floating point number, no greater than 1. The hash table is
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152 ``full'' whenever the actual number of entries exceeds this fraction
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153 of the nominal size. The default for @var{threshold} is 0.8.
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154 @end table
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155 @end defun
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156
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157 @defun makehash &optional test
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158 This is equivalent to @code{make-hash-table}, but with a different style
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159 argument list. The argument @var{test} specifies the method
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160 of key lookup.
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161
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162 This function is obsolete. Use @code{make-hash-table} instead.
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163 @end defun
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164
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165 @node Hash Access
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166 @section Hash Table Access
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167
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168 This section describes the functions for accessing and storing
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169 associations in a hash table. In general, any Lisp object can be used
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170 as a hash key, unless the comparison method imposes limits. Any Lisp
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171 object can also be used as the value.
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172
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173 @defun gethash key table &optional default
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174 This function looks up @var{key} in @var{table}, and returns its
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175 associated @var{value}---or @var{default}, if @var{key} has no
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176 association in @var{table}.
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177 @end defun
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178
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179 @defun puthash key value table
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180 This function enters an association for @var{key} in @var{table}, with
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181 value @var{value}. If @var{key} already has an association in
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182 @var{table}, @var{value} replaces the old associated value.
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183 @end defun
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184
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185 @defun remhash key table
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186 This function removes the association for @var{key} from @var{table}, if
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187 there is one. If @var{key} has no association, @code{remhash} does
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188 nothing.
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189
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190 @b{Common Lisp note:} In Common Lisp, @code{remhash} returns
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191 non-@code{nil} if it actually removed an association and @code{nil}
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192 otherwise. In Emacs Lisp, @code{remhash} always returns @code{nil}.
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193 @end defun
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194
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195 @defun clrhash table
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196 This function removes all the associations from hash table @var{table},
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197 so that it becomes empty. This is also called @dfn{clearing} the hash
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198 table.
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199
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200 @b{Common Lisp note:} In Common Lisp, @code{clrhash} returns the empty
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201 @var{table}. In Emacs Lisp, it returns @code{nil}.
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202 @end defun
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203
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204 @defun maphash function table
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205 @anchor{Definition of maphash}
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206 This function calls @var{function} once for each of the associations in
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207 @var{table}. The function @var{function} should accept two
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208 arguments---a @var{key} listed in @var{table}, and its associated
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209 @var{value}. @code{maphash} returns @code{nil}.
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210 @end defun
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211
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212 @node Defining Hash
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213 @section Defining Hash Comparisons
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214 @cindex hash code
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215
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216 You can define new methods of key lookup by means of
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217 @code{define-hash-table-test}. In order to use this feature, you need
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218 to understand how hash tables work, and what a @dfn{hash code} means.
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219
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220 You can think of a hash table conceptually as a large array of many
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221 slots, each capable of holding one association. To look up a key,
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222 @code{gethash} first computes an integer, the hash code, from the key.
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223 It reduces this integer modulo the length of the array, to produce an
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224 index in the array. Then it looks in that slot, and if necessary in
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225 other nearby slots, to see if it has found the key being sought.
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226
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227 Thus, to define a new method of key lookup, you need to specify both a
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228 function to compute the hash code from a key, and a function to compare
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229 two keys directly.
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230
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231 @defun define-hash-table-test name test-fn hash-fn
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232 This function defines a new hash table test, named @var{name}.
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233
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234 After defining @var{name} in this way, you can use it as the @var{test}
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235 argument in @code{make-hash-table}. When you do that, the hash table
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236 will use @var{test-fn} to compare key values, and @var{hash-fn} to compute
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237 a ``hash code'' from a key value.
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238
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239 The function @var{test-fn} should accept two arguments, two keys, and
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240 return non-@code{nil} if they are considered ``the same.''
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241
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242 The function @var{hash-fn} should accept one argument, a key, and return
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243 an integer that is the ``hash code'' of that key. For good results, the
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244 function should use the whole range of integer values for hash codes,
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245 including negative integers.
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246
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247 The specified functions are stored in the property list of @var{name}
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248 under the property @code{hash-table-test}; the property value's form is
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249 @code{(@var{test-fn} @var{hash-fn})}.
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250 @end defun
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251
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252 @defun sxhash obj
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253 This function returns a hash code for Lisp object @var{obj}.
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254 This is an integer which reflects the contents of @var{obj}
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255 and the other Lisp objects it points to.
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256
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257 If two objects @var{obj1} and @var{obj2} are equal, then @code{(sxhash
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258 @var{obj1})} and @code{(sxhash @var{obj2})} are the same integer.
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259
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260 If the two objects are not equal, the values returned by @code{sxhash}
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261 are usually different, but not always; once in a rare while, by luck,
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262 you will encounter two distinct-looking objects that give the same
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263 result from @code{sxhash}.
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264 @end defun
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265
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266 This example creates a hash table whose keys are strings that are
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267 compared case-insensitively.
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268
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269 @example
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270 (defun case-fold-string= (a b)
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271 (compare-strings a nil nil b nil nil t))
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272 (defun case-fold-string-hash (a)
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273 (sxhash (upcase a)))
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274
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275 (define-hash-table-test 'case-fold
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276 'case-fold-string= 'case-fold-string-hash)
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277
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278 (make-hash-table :test 'case-fold)
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279 @end example
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280
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281 Here is how you could define a hash table test equivalent to the
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282 predefined test value @code{equal}. The keys can be any Lisp object,
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283 and equal-looking objects are considered the same key.
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284
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285 @example
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286 (define-hash-table-test 'contents-hash 'equal 'sxhash)
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287
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288 (make-hash-table :test 'contents-hash)
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289 @end example
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290
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291 @node Other Hash
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292 @section Other Hash Table Functions
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293
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294 Here are some other functions for working with hash tables.
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295
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296 @defun hash-table-p table
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297 This returns non-@code{nil} if @var{table} is a hash table object.
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298 @end defun
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299
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300 @defun copy-hash-table table
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301 This function creates and returns a copy of @var{table}. Only the table
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302 itself is copied---the keys and values are shared.
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303 @end defun
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304
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305 @defun hash-table-count table
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306 This function returns the actual number of entries in @var{table}.
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307 @end defun
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308
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309 @defun hash-table-test table
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310 This returns the @var{test} value that was given when @var{table} was
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311 created, to specify how to hash and compare keys. See
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312 @code{make-hash-table} (@pxref{Creating Hash}).
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313 @end defun
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314
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315 @defun hash-table-weakness table
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316 This function returns the @var{weak} value that was specified for hash
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317 table @var{table}.
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318 @end defun
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319
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320 @defun hash-table-rehash-size table
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321 This returns the rehash size of @var{table}.
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322 @end defun
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323
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324 @defun hash-table-rehash-threshold table
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325 This returns the rehash threshold of @var{table}.
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326 @end defun
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327
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328 @defun hash-table-size table
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329 This returns the current nominal size of @var{table}.
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330 @end defun
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331
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332 @ignore
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333 arch-tag: 3b5107f9-d2f0-47d5-ad61-3498496bea0e
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334 @end ignore