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annotate lispref/eval.texi @ 76615:5479380913c9 EMACS_PRETEST_22_0_96
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date | Tue, 20 Mar 2007 01:01:04 +0000 |
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6558 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003, |
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4 @c 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6558 | 5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
6 @setfilename ../info/eval | |
7 @node Evaluation, Control Structures, Symbols, Top | |
8 @chapter Evaluation | |
9 @cindex evaluation | |
10 @cindex interpreter | |
11 @cindex interpreter | |
12 @cindex value of expression | |
13 | |
14 The @dfn{evaluation} of expressions in Emacs Lisp is performed by the | |
15 @dfn{Lisp interpreter}---a program that receives a Lisp object as input | |
16 and computes its @dfn{value as an expression}. How it does this depends | |
17 on the data type of the object, according to rules described in this | |
18 chapter. The interpreter runs automatically to evaluate portions of | |
19 your program, but can also be called explicitly via the Lisp primitive | |
20 function @code{eval}. | |
21 | |
27193 | 22 @ifnottex |
6558 | 23 @menu |
24 * Intro Eval:: Evaluation in the scheme of things. | |
25 * Forms:: How various sorts of objects are evaluated. | |
26 * Quoting:: Avoiding evaluation (to put constants in the program). | |
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27 * Eval:: How to invoke the Lisp interpreter explicitly. |
6558 | 28 @end menu |
29 | |
30 @node Intro Eval | |
31 @section Introduction to Evaluation | |
32 | |
7119 | 33 The Lisp interpreter, or evaluator, is the program that computes |
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34 the value of an expression that is given to it. When a function |
6558 | 35 written in Lisp is called, the evaluator computes the value of the |
36 function by evaluating the expressions in the function body. Thus, | |
37 running any Lisp program really means running the Lisp interpreter. | |
38 | |
39 How the evaluator handles an object depends primarily on the data | |
40 type of the object. | |
27193 | 41 @end ifnottex |
6558 | 42 |
43 @cindex forms | |
44 @cindex expression | |
7119 | 45 A Lisp object that is intended for evaluation is called an |
6558 | 46 @dfn{expression} or a @dfn{form}. The fact that expressions are data |
47 objects and not merely text is one of the fundamental differences | |
48 between Lisp-like languages and typical programming languages. Any | |
49 object can be evaluated, but in practice only numbers, symbols, lists | |
50 and strings are evaluated very often. | |
51 | |
52 It is very common to read a Lisp expression and then evaluate the | |
53 expression, but reading and evaluation are separate activities, and | |
54 either can be performed alone. Reading per se does not evaluate | |
55 anything; it converts the printed representation of a Lisp object to the | |
56 object itself. It is up to the caller of @code{read} whether this | |
57 object is a form to be evaluated, or serves some entirely different | |
58 purpose. @xref{Input Functions}. | |
59 | |
60 Do not confuse evaluation with command key interpretation. The | |
61 editor command loop translates keyboard input into a command (an | |
62 interactively callable function) using the active keymaps, and then | |
63 uses @code{call-interactively} to invoke the command. The execution of | |
64 the command itself involves evaluation if the command is written in | |
65 Lisp, but that is not a part of command key interpretation itself. | |
66 @xref{Command Loop}. | |
67 | |
68 @cindex recursive evaluation | |
69 Evaluation is a recursive process. That is, evaluation of a form may | |
70 call @code{eval} to evaluate parts of the form. For example, evaluation | |
71 of a function call first evaluates each argument of the function call, | |
72 and then evaluates each form in the function body. Consider evaluation | |
73 of the form @code{(car x)}: the subform @code{x} must first be evaluated | |
74 recursively, so that its value can be passed as an argument to the | |
75 function @code{car}. | |
76 | |
12098 | 77 Evaluation of a function call ultimately calls the function specified |
78 in it. @xref{Functions}. The execution of the function may itself work | |
79 by evaluating the function definition; or the function may be a Lisp | |
80 primitive implemented in C, or it may be a byte-compiled function | |
81 (@pxref{Byte Compilation}). | |
82 | |
6558 | 83 @cindex environment |
84 The evaluation of forms takes place in a context called the | |
85 @dfn{environment}, which consists of the current values and bindings of | |
86 all Lisp variables.@footnote{This definition of ``environment'' is | |
7119 | 87 specifically not intended to include all the data that can affect the |
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88 result of a program.} Whenever a form refers to a variable without |
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89 creating a new binding for it, the value of the variable's binding in |
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90 the current environment is used. @xref{Variables}. |
6558 | 91 |
92 @cindex side effect | |
93 Evaluation of a form may create new environments for recursive | |
94 evaluation by binding variables (@pxref{Local Variables}). These | |
95 environments are temporary and vanish by the time evaluation of the form | |
96 is complete. The form may also make changes that persist; these changes | |
97 are called @dfn{side effects}. An example of a form that produces side | |
98 effects is @code{(setq foo 1)}. | |
99 | |
100 The details of what evaluation means for each kind of form are | |
101 described below (@pxref{Forms}). | |
102 | |
103 @node Forms | |
104 @section Kinds of Forms | |
105 | |
106 A Lisp object that is intended to be evaluated is called a @dfn{form}. | |
107 How Emacs evaluates a form depends on its data type. Emacs has three | |
108 different kinds of form that are evaluated differently: symbols, lists, | |
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109 and ``all other types.'' This section describes all three kinds, one by |
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110 one, starting with the ``all other types'' which are self-evaluating |
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111 forms. |
6558 | 112 |
113 @menu | |
114 * Self-Evaluating Forms:: Forms that evaluate to themselves. | |
115 * Symbol Forms:: Symbols evaluate as variables. | |
116 * Classifying Lists:: How to distinguish various sorts of list forms. | |
117 * Function Indirection:: When a symbol appears as the car of a list, | |
118 we find the real function via the symbol. | |
119 * Function Forms:: Forms that call functions. | |
120 * Macro Forms:: Forms that call macros. | |
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121 * Special Forms:: "Special forms" are idiosyncratic primitives, |
6558 | 122 most of them extremely important. |
123 * Autoloading:: Functions set up to load files | |
124 containing their real definitions. | |
125 @end menu | |
126 | |
127 @node Self-Evaluating Forms | |
128 @subsection Self-Evaluating Forms | |
129 @cindex vector evaluation | |
130 @cindex literal evaluation | |
131 @cindex self-evaluating form | |
132 | |
133 A @dfn{self-evaluating form} is any form that is not a list or symbol. | |
134 Self-evaluating forms evaluate to themselves: the result of evaluation | |
135 is the same object that was evaluated. Thus, the number 25 evaluates to | |
136 25, and the string @code{"foo"} evaluates to the string @code{"foo"}. | |
137 Likewise, evaluation of a vector does not cause evaluation of the | |
138 elements of the vector---it returns the same vector with its contents | |
139 unchanged. | |
140 | |
141 @example | |
142 @group | |
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143 '123 ; @r{A number, shown without evaluation.} |
6558 | 144 @result{} 123 |
145 @end group | |
146 @group | |
147 123 ; @r{Evaluated as usual---result is the same.} | |
148 @result{} 123 | |
149 @end group | |
150 @group | |
151 (eval '123) ; @r{Evaluated ``by hand''---result is the same.} | |
152 @result{} 123 | |
153 @end group | |
154 @group | |
155 (eval (eval '123)) ; @r{Evaluating twice changes nothing.} | |
156 @result{} 123 | |
157 @end group | |
158 @end example | |
159 | |
160 It is common to write numbers, characters, strings, and even vectors | |
161 in Lisp code, taking advantage of the fact that they self-evaluate. | |
162 However, it is quite unusual to do this for types that lack a read | |
12098 | 163 syntax, because there's no way to write them textually. It is possible |
164 to construct Lisp expressions containing these types by means of a Lisp | |
165 program. Here is an example: | |
6558 | 166 |
167 @example | |
168 @group | |
169 ;; @r{Build an expression containing a buffer object.} | |
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170 (setq print-exp (list 'print (current-buffer))) |
6558 | 171 @result{} (print #<buffer eval.texi>) |
172 @end group | |
173 @group | |
174 ;; @r{Evaluate it.} | |
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175 (eval print-exp) |
6558 | 176 @print{} #<buffer eval.texi> |
177 @result{} #<buffer eval.texi> | |
178 @end group | |
179 @end example | |
180 | |
181 @node Symbol Forms | |
182 @subsection Symbol Forms | |
183 @cindex symbol evaluation | |
184 | |
185 When a symbol is evaluated, it is treated as a variable. The result | |
186 is the variable's value, if it has one. If it has none (if its value | |
187 cell is void), an error is signaled. For more information on the use of | |
188 variables, see @ref{Variables}. | |
189 | |
190 In the following example, we set the value of a symbol with | |
191 @code{setq}. Then we evaluate the symbol, and get back the value that | |
192 @code{setq} stored. | |
193 | |
194 @example | |
195 @group | |
196 (setq a 123) | |
197 @result{} 123 | |
198 @end group | |
199 @group | |
200 (eval 'a) | |
201 @result{} 123 | |
202 @end group | |
203 @group | |
204 a | |
205 @result{} 123 | |
206 @end group | |
207 @end example | |
208 | |
209 The symbols @code{nil} and @code{t} are treated specially, so that the | |
210 value of @code{nil} is always @code{nil}, and the value of @code{t} is | |
7119 | 211 always @code{t}; you cannot set or bind them to any other values. Thus, |
212 these two symbols act like self-evaluating forms, even though | |
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213 @code{eval} treats them like any other symbol. A symbol whose name |
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214 starts with @samp{:} also self-evaluates in the same way; likewise, |
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215 its value ordinarily cannot be changed. @xref{Constant Variables}. |
6558 | 216 |
217 @node Classifying Lists | |
218 @subsection Classification of List Forms | |
219 @cindex list form evaluation | |
220 | |
221 A form that is a nonempty list is either a function call, a macro | |
222 call, or a special form, according to its first element. These three | |
223 kinds of forms are evaluated in different ways, described below. The | |
224 remaining list elements constitute the @dfn{arguments} for the function, | |
225 macro, or special form. | |
226 | |
227 The first step in evaluating a nonempty list is to examine its first | |
228 element. This element alone determines what kind of form the list is | |
229 and how the rest of the list is to be processed. The first element is | |
230 @emph{not} evaluated, as it would be in some Lisp dialects such as | |
231 Scheme. | |
232 | |
233 @node Function Indirection | |
234 @subsection Symbol Function Indirection | |
235 @cindex symbol function indirection | |
236 @cindex indirection | |
237 @cindex void function | |
238 | |
239 If the first element of the list is a symbol then evaluation examines | |
240 the symbol's function cell, and uses its contents instead of the | |
241 original symbol. If the contents are another symbol, this process, | |
242 called @dfn{symbol function indirection}, is repeated until it obtains a | |
243 non-symbol. @xref{Function Names}, for more information about using a | |
244 symbol as a name for a function stored in the function cell of the | |
245 symbol. | |
246 | |
247 One possible consequence of this process is an infinite loop, in the | |
248 event that a symbol's function cell refers to the same symbol. Or a | |
249 symbol may have a void function cell, in which case the subroutine | |
250 @code{symbol-function} signals a @code{void-function} error. But if | |
251 neither of these things happens, we eventually obtain a non-symbol, | |
252 which ought to be a function or other suitable object. | |
253 | |
254 @kindex invalid-function | |
255 @cindex invalid function | |
256 More precisely, we should now have a Lisp function (a lambda | |
257 expression), a byte-code function, a primitive function, a Lisp macro, a | |
258 special form, or an autoload object. Each of these types is a case | |
259 described in one of the following sections. If the object is not one of | |
260 these types, the error @code{invalid-function} is signaled. | |
261 | |
262 The following example illustrates the symbol indirection process. We | |
263 use @code{fset} to set the function cell of a symbol and | |
264 @code{symbol-function} to get the function cell contents | |
265 (@pxref{Function Cells}). Specifically, we store the symbol @code{car} | |
266 into the function cell of @code{first}, and the symbol @code{first} into | |
267 the function cell of @code{erste}. | |
268 | |
269 @smallexample | |
270 @group | |
271 ;; @r{Build this function cell linkage:} | |
272 ;; ------------- ----- ------- ------- | |
273 ;; | #<subr car> | <-- | car | <-- | first | <-- | erste | | |
274 ;; ------------- ----- ------- ------- | |
275 @end group | |
276 @end smallexample | |
277 | |
278 @smallexample | |
279 @group | |
280 (symbol-function 'car) | |
281 @result{} #<subr car> | |
282 @end group | |
283 @group | |
284 (fset 'first 'car) | |
285 @result{} car | |
286 @end group | |
287 @group | |
288 (fset 'erste 'first) | |
289 @result{} first | |
290 @end group | |
291 @group | |
292 (erste '(1 2 3)) ; @r{Call the function referenced by @code{erste}.} | |
293 @result{} 1 | |
294 @end group | |
295 @end smallexample | |
296 | |
297 By contrast, the following example calls a function without any symbol | |
298 function indirection, because the first element is an anonymous Lisp | |
299 function, not a symbol. | |
300 | |
301 @smallexample | |
302 @group | |
303 ((lambda (arg) (erste arg)) | |
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304 '(1 2 3)) |
6558 | 305 @result{} 1 |
306 @end group | |
307 @end smallexample | |
308 | |
309 @noindent | |
7119 | 310 Executing the function itself evaluates its body; this does involve |
311 symbol function indirection when calling @code{erste}. | |
6558 | 312 |
313 The built-in function @code{indirect-function} provides an easy way to | |
314 perform symbol function indirection explicitly. | |
315 | |
316 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
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317 @defun indirect-function function &optional noerror |
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318 @anchor{Definition of indirect-function} |
6558 | 319 This function returns the meaning of @var{function} as a function. If |
320 @var{function} is a symbol, then it finds @var{function}'s function | |
321 definition and starts over with that value. If @var{function} is not a | |
322 symbol, then it returns @var{function} itself. | |
323 | |
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324 This function signals a @code{void-function} error if the final symbol |
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325 is unbound and optional argument @var{noerror} is @code{nil} or |
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326 omitted. Otherwise, if @var{noerror} is non-@code{nil}, it returns |
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327 @code{nil} if the final symbol is unbound. |
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328 |
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329 It signals a @code{cyclic-function-indirection} error if there is a |
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330 loop in the chain of symbols. |
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331 |
6558 | 332 Here is how you could define @code{indirect-function} in Lisp: |
333 | |
334 @smallexample | |
335 (defun indirect-function (function) | |
336 (if (symbolp function) | |
337 (indirect-function (symbol-function function)) | |
338 function)) | |
339 @end smallexample | |
340 @end defun | |
341 | |
342 @node Function Forms | |
343 @subsection Evaluation of Function Forms | |
344 @cindex function form evaluation | |
345 @cindex function call | |
346 | |
347 If the first element of a list being evaluated is a Lisp function | |
348 object, byte-code object or primitive function object, then that list is | |
349 a @dfn{function call}. For example, here is a call to the function | |
350 @code{+}: | |
351 | |
352 @example | |
353 (+ 1 x) | |
354 @end example | |
355 | |
7119 | 356 The first step in evaluating a function call is to evaluate the |
357 remaining elements of the list from left to right. The results are the | |
358 actual argument values, one value for each list element. The next step | |
359 is to call the function with this list of arguments, effectively using | |
360 the function @code{apply} (@pxref{Calling Functions}). If the function | |
361 is written in Lisp, the arguments are used to bind the argument | |
362 variables of the function (@pxref{Lambda Expressions}); then the forms | |
363 in the function body are evaluated in order, and the value of the last | |
364 body form becomes the value of the function call. | |
6558 | 365 |
366 @node Macro Forms | |
367 @subsection Lisp Macro Evaluation | |
368 @cindex macro call evaluation | |
369 | |
370 If the first element of a list being evaluated is a macro object, then | |
371 the list is a @dfn{macro call}. When a macro call is evaluated, the | |
372 elements of the rest of the list are @emph{not} initially evaluated. | |
373 Instead, these elements themselves are used as the arguments of the | |
374 macro. The macro definition computes a replacement form, called the | |
375 @dfn{expansion} of the macro, to be evaluated in place of the original | |
376 form. The expansion may be any sort of form: a self-evaluating | |
7119 | 377 constant, a symbol, or a list. If the expansion is itself a macro call, |
6558 | 378 this process of expansion repeats until some other sort of form results. |
379 | |
7119 | 380 Ordinary evaluation of a macro call finishes by evaluating the |
381 expansion. However, the macro expansion is not necessarily evaluated | |
382 right away, or at all, because other programs also expand macro calls, | |
383 and they may or may not evaluate the expansions. | |
384 | |
6558 | 385 Normally, the argument expressions are not evaluated as part of |
386 computing the macro expansion, but instead appear as part of the | |
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387 expansion, so they are computed when the expansion is evaluated. |
6558 | 388 |
389 For example, given a macro defined as follows: | |
390 | |
391 @example | |
392 @group | |
393 (defmacro cadr (x) | |
394 (list 'car (list 'cdr x))) | |
395 @end group | |
396 @end example | |
397 | |
398 @noindent | |
399 an expression such as @code{(cadr (assq 'handler list))} is a macro | |
400 call, and its expansion is: | |
401 | |
402 @example | |
403 (car (cdr (assq 'handler list))) | |
404 @end example | |
405 | |
406 @noindent | |
407 Note that the argument @code{(assq 'handler list)} appears in the | |
408 expansion. | |
409 | |
410 @xref{Macros}, for a complete description of Emacs Lisp macros. | |
411 | |
412 @node Special Forms | |
413 @subsection Special Forms | |
414 @cindex special form evaluation | |
415 | |
416 A @dfn{special form} is a primitive function specially marked so that | |
417 its arguments are not all evaluated. Most special forms define control | |
418 structures or perform variable bindings---things which functions cannot | |
419 do. | |
420 | |
421 Each special form has its own rules for which arguments are evaluated | |
422 and which are used without evaluation. Whether a particular argument is | |
423 evaluated may depend on the results of evaluating other arguments. | |
424 | |
425 Here is a list, in alphabetical order, of all of the special forms in | |
426 Emacs Lisp with a reference to where each is described. | |
427 | |
428 @table @code | |
429 @item and | |
430 @pxref{Combining Conditions} | |
431 | |
432 @item catch | |
433 @pxref{Catch and Throw} | |
434 | |
435 @item cond | |
436 @pxref{Conditionals} | |
437 | |
438 @item condition-case | |
439 @pxref{Handling Errors} | |
440 | |
441 @item defconst | |
442 @pxref{Defining Variables} | |
443 | |
444 @item defmacro | |
445 @pxref{Defining Macros} | |
446 | |
447 @item defun | |
448 @pxref{Defining Functions} | |
449 | |
450 @item defvar | |
451 @pxref{Defining Variables} | |
452 | |
453 @item function | |
454 @pxref{Anonymous Functions} | |
455 | |
456 @item if | |
457 @pxref{Conditionals} | |
458 | |
459 @item interactive | |
460 @pxref{Interactive Call} | |
461 | |
462 @item let | |
463 @itemx let* | |
464 @pxref{Local Variables} | |
465 | |
466 @item or | |
467 @pxref{Combining Conditions} | |
468 | |
469 @item prog1 | |
470 @itemx prog2 | |
471 @itemx progn | |
472 @pxref{Sequencing} | |
473 | |
474 @item quote | |
475 @pxref{Quoting} | |
476 | |
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477 @item save-current-buffer |
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478 @pxref{Current Buffer} |
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479 |
6558 | 480 @item save-excursion |
481 @pxref{Excursions} | |
482 | |
483 @item save-restriction | |
484 @pxref{Narrowing} | |
485 | |
486 @item save-window-excursion | |
487 @pxref{Window Configurations} | |
488 | |
489 @item setq | |
490 @pxref{Setting Variables} | |
491 | |
492 @item setq-default | |
493 @pxref{Creating Buffer-Local} | |
494 | |
495 @item track-mouse | |
496 @pxref{Mouse Tracking} | |
497 | |
498 @item unwind-protect | |
499 @pxref{Nonlocal Exits} | |
500 | |
501 @item while | |
502 @pxref{Iteration} | |
503 | |
504 @item with-output-to-temp-buffer | |
505 @pxref{Temporary Displays} | |
506 @end table | |
507 | |
508 @cindex CL note---special forms compared | |
509 @quotation | |
7119 | 510 @b{Common Lisp note:} Here are some comparisons of special forms in |
6558 | 511 GNU Emacs Lisp and Common Lisp. @code{setq}, @code{if}, and |
512 @code{catch} are special forms in both Emacs Lisp and Common Lisp. | |
513 @code{defun} is a special form in Emacs Lisp, but a macro in Common | |
514 Lisp. @code{save-excursion} is a special form in Emacs Lisp, but | |
515 doesn't exist in Common Lisp. @code{throw} is a special form in | |
516 Common Lisp (because it must be able to throw multiple values), but it | |
517 is a function in Emacs Lisp (which doesn't have multiple | |
518 values).@refill | |
519 @end quotation | |
520 | |
521 @node Autoloading | |
522 @subsection Autoloading | |
523 | |
524 The @dfn{autoload} feature allows you to call a function or macro | |
525 whose function definition has not yet been loaded into Emacs. It | |
526 specifies which file contains the definition. When an autoload object | |
527 appears as a symbol's function definition, calling that symbol as a | |
528 function automatically loads the specified file; then it calls the real | |
529 definition loaded from that file. @xref{Autoload}. | |
530 | |
531 @node Quoting | |
532 @section Quoting | |
533 @cindex quoting | |
534 | |
12098 | 535 The special form @code{quote} returns its single argument, as written, |
536 without evaluating it. This provides a way to include constant symbols | |
537 and lists, which are not self-evaluating objects, in a program. (It is | |
538 not necessary to quote self-evaluating objects such as numbers, strings, | |
539 and vectors.) | |
6558 | 540 |
541 @defspec quote object | |
12098 | 542 This special form returns @var{object}, without evaluating it. |
543 @end defspec | |
6558 | 544 |
545 @cindex @samp{'} for quoting | |
546 @cindex quoting using apostrophe | |
547 @cindex apostrophe for quoting | |
548 Because @code{quote} is used so often in programs, Lisp provides a | |
549 convenient read syntax for it. An apostrophe character (@samp{'}) | |
550 followed by a Lisp object (in read syntax) expands to a list whose first | |
551 element is @code{quote}, and whose second element is the object. Thus, | |
552 the read syntax @code{'x} is an abbreviation for @code{(quote x)}. | |
553 | |
554 Here are some examples of expressions that use @code{quote}: | |
555 | |
556 @example | |
557 @group | |
558 (quote (+ 1 2)) | |
559 @result{} (+ 1 2) | |
560 @end group | |
561 @group | |
562 (quote foo) | |
563 @result{} foo | |
564 @end group | |
565 @group | |
566 'foo | |
567 @result{} foo | |
568 @end group | |
569 @group | |
570 ''foo | |
571 @result{} (quote foo) | |
572 @end group | |
573 @group | |
574 '(quote foo) | |
575 @result{} (quote foo) | |
576 @end group | |
577 @group | |
578 ['foo] | |
579 @result{} [(quote foo)] | |
580 @end group | |
581 @end example | |
582 | |
583 Other quoting constructs include @code{function} (@pxref{Anonymous | |
584 Functions}), which causes an anonymous lambda expression written in Lisp | |
12098 | 585 to be compiled, and @samp{`} (@pxref{Backquote}), which is used to quote |
6558 | 586 only part of a list, while computing and substituting other parts. |
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587 |
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588 @node Eval |
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589 @section Eval |
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590 |
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591 Most often, forms are evaluated automatically, by virtue of their |
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592 occurrence in a program being run. On rare occasions, you may need to |
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593 write code that evaluates a form that is computed at run time, such as |
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594 after reading a form from text being edited or getting one from a |
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595 property list. On these occasions, use the @code{eval} function. |
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596 |
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597 The functions and variables described in this section evaluate forms, |
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598 specify limits to the evaluation process, or record recently returned |
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599 values. Loading a file also does evaluation (@pxref{Loading}). |
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600 |
52626 | 601 It is generally cleaner and more flexible to store a function in a |
602 data structure, and call it with @code{funcall} or @code{apply}, than | |
603 to store an expression in the data structure and evaluate it. Using | |
604 functions provides the ability to pass information to them as | |
605 arguments. | |
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606 |
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607 @defun eval form |
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608 This is the basic function evaluating an expression. It evaluates |
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609 @var{form} in the current environment and returns the result. How the |
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610 evaluation proceeds depends on the type of the object (@pxref{Forms}). |
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611 |
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612 Since @code{eval} is a function, the argument expression that appears |
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613 in a call to @code{eval} is evaluated twice: once as preparation before |
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614 @code{eval} is called, and again by the @code{eval} function itself. |
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615 Here is an example: |
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616 |
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617 @example |
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618 @group |
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619 (setq foo 'bar) |
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620 @result{} bar |
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621 @end group |
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622 @group |
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623 (setq bar 'baz) |
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624 @result{} baz |
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625 ;; @r{Here @code{eval} receives argument @code{foo}} |
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626 (eval 'foo) |
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627 @result{} bar |
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628 ;; @r{Here @code{eval} receives argument @code{bar}, which is the value of @code{foo}} |
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629 (eval foo) |
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630 @result{} baz |
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631 @end group |
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632 @end example |
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633 |
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634 The number of currently active calls to @code{eval} is limited to |
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635 @code{max-lisp-eval-depth} (see below). |
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636 @end defun |
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637 |
56215 | 638 @deffn Command eval-region start end &optional stream read-function |
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639 @anchor{Definition of eval-region} |
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640 This function evaluates the forms in the current buffer in the region |
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641 defined by the positions @var{start} and @var{end}. It reads forms from |
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642 the region and calls @code{eval} on them until the end of the region is |
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643 reached, or until an error is signaled and not handled. |
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644 |
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645 By default, @code{eval-region} does not produce any output. However, |
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646 if @var{stream} is non-@code{nil}, any output produced by output |
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647 functions (@pxref{Output Functions}), as well as the values that |
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648 result from evaluating the expressions in the region are printed using |
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649 @var{stream}. @xref{Output Streams}. |
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650 |
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651 If @var{read-function} is non-@code{nil}, it should be a function, |
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652 which is used instead of @code{read} to read expressions one by one. |
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653 This function is called with one argument, the stream for reading |
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654 input. You can also use the variable @code{load-read-function} |
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655 (@pxref{Definition of load-read-function,, How Programs Do Loading}) |
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656 to specify this function, but it is more robust to use the |
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657 @var{read-function} argument. |
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658 |
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659 @code{eval-region} does not move point. It always returns @code{nil}. |
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660 @end deffn |
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661 |
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662 @cindex evaluation of buffer contents |
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663 @deffn Command eval-buffer &optional buffer-or-name stream filename unibyte print |
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664 This is similar to @code{eval-region}, but the arguments provide |
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665 different optional features. @code{eval-buffer} operates on the |
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666 entire accessible portion of buffer @var{buffer-or-name}. |
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667 @var{buffer-or-name} can be a buffer, a buffer name (a string), or |
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668 @code{nil} (or omitted), which means to use the current buffer. |
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669 @var{stream} is used as in @code{eval-region}, unless @var{stream} is |
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670 @code{nil} and @var{print} non-@code{nil}. In that case, values that |
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671 result from evaluating the expressions are still discarded, but the |
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672 output of the output functions is printed in the echo area. |
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673 @var{filename} is the file name to use for @code{load-history} |
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674 (@pxref{Unloading}), and defaults to @code{buffer-file-name} |
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675 (@pxref{Buffer File Name}). If @var{unibyte} is non-@code{nil}, |
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676 @code{read} converts strings to unibyte whenever possible. |
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677 |
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678 @findex eval-current-buffer |
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679 @code{eval-current-buffer} is an alias for this command. |
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680 @end deffn |
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681 |
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683 @anchor{Definition of max-lisp-eval-depth} |
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684 This variable defines the maximum depth allowed in calls to @code{eval}, |
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685 @code{apply}, and @code{funcall} before an error is signaled (with error |
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686 message @code{"Lisp nesting exceeds max-lisp-eval-depth"}). |
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687 |
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688 This limit, with the associated error when it is exceeded, is one way |
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689 Emacs Lisp avoids infinite recursion on an ill-defined function. If |
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690 you increase the value of @code{max-lisp-eval-depth} too much, such |
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691 code can cause stack overflow instead. |
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692 @cindex Lisp nesting error |
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693 |
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694 The depth limit counts internal uses of @code{eval}, @code{apply}, and |
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695 @code{funcall}, such as for calling the functions mentioned in Lisp |
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696 expressions, and recursive evaluation of function call arguments and |
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697 function body forms, as well as explicit calls in Lisp code. |
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698 |
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699 The default value of this variable is 300. If you set it to a value |
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700 less than 100, Lisp will reset it to 100 if the given value is reached. |
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701 Entry to the Lisp debugger increases the value, if there is little room |
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702 left, to make sure the debugger itself has room to execute. |
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703 |
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704 @code{max-specpdl-size} provides another limit on nesting. |
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705 @xref{Definition of max-specpdl-size,, Local Variables}. |
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706 @end defvar |
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707 |
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708 @defvar values |
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709 The value of this variable is a list of the values returned by all the |
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710 expressions that were read, evaluated, and printed from buffers |
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711 (including the minibuffer) by the standard Emacs commands which do |
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712 this. (Note that this does @emph{not} include evaluation in |
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713 @samp{*ielm*} buffers, nor evaluation using @kbd{C-j} in |
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714 @code{lisp-interaction-mode}.) The elements are ordered most recent |
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715 first. |
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716 |
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717 @example |
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718 @group |
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719 (setq x 1) |
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720 @result{} 1 |
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721 @end group |
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722 @group |
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723 (list 'A (1+ 2) auto-save-default) |
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724 @result{} (A 3 t) |
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725 @end group |
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726 @group |
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727 values |
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728 @result{} ((A 3 t) 1 @dots{}) |
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729 @end group |
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730 @end example |
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731 |
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732 This variable is useful for referring back to values of forms recently |
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733 evaluated. It is generally a bad idea to print the value of |
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734 @code{values} itself, since this may be very long. Instead, examine |
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735 particular elements, like this: |
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736 |
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737 @example |
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738 @group |
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739 ;; @r{Refer to the most recent evaluation result.} |
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740 (nth 0 values) |
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741 @result{} (A 3 t) |
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742 @end group |
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743 @group |
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744 ;; @r{That put a new element on,} |
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745 ;; @r{so all elements move back one.} |
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746 (nth 1 values) |
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747 @result{} (A 3 t) |
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748 @end group |
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749 @group |
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750 ;; @r{This gets the element that was next-to-most-recent} |
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751 ;; @r{before this example.} |
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752 (nth 3 values) |
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753 @result{} 1 |
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754 @end group |
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755 @end example |
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756 @end defvar |
52401 | 757 |
758 @ignore | |
759 arch-tag: f723a4e0-31b3-453f-8afc-0bf8fd276d57 | |
760 @end ignore |