annotate man/screen.texi @ 70026:a0de53f6c617

* mh-compat.el (mh-font-lock-add-keywords): New alias for font-lock-add-keywords. Returns nil on XEmacs. * mh-e.el: Add MH-E function and variable keywords such as mh-defun-compat and mh-defcustom to font-lock-keywords.
author Bill Wohler <wohler@newt.com>
date Fri, 14 Apr 2006 18:49:18 +0000
parents dc2d5a6655a3
children db1ebf89af53 c5406394f567
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1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual.
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2001, 2002,
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3 @c 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
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5 @node Screen, User Input, Acknowledgments, Top
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6 @chapter The Organization of the Screen
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7 @cindex screen
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8 @cindex parts of the screen
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9
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10 On a text-only terminal, the Emacs display occupies the whole
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11 screen. On a graphical display, such as on GNU/Linux using the X
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12 Window System, Emacs creates its own windows to use. We use the term
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13 @dfn{frame} to mean the entire text-only screen or an entire
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14 system-level window used by Emacs. Emacs uses both kinds of frames,
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15 in the same way, to display your editing. Emacs normally starts out
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16 with just one frame, but you can create additional frames if you wish.
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17 @xref{Frames}.
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18
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19 When you start Emacs, the main central area of the frame, all except
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20 for the top and bottom and sides, displays the text you are editing.
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21 This area is called @dfn{the window}. At the top there is normally a
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22 @dfn{menu bar} where you can access a series of menus; then there may
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23 be a @dfn{tool bar}, a row of icons that perform editing commands if
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24 you click on them. Below this, the window begins, often with a
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25 @dfn{scroll bar} on one side. Below the window comes the last line of
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26 the frame, a special @dfn{echo area} or @dfn{minibuffer window}, where
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27 prompts appear and where you enter information when Emacs asks for it.
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28 See following sections for more information about these special lines.
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29
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30 You can subdivide the window horizontally or vertically to make
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31 multiple text windows, each of which can independently display some
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32 file or text (@pxref{Windows}). In this manual, the word ``window''
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33 refers to the initial large window if not subdivided, or any one of
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34 the multiple windows you have subdivided it into.
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35
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36 At any time, one window is the @dfn{selected window}. On graphical
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37 terminals, the selected window normally shows a more prominent cursor
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38 (usually solid and blinking) while other windows show a weaker cursor
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39 (such as a hollow box). On text terminals, which have just one
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40 cursor, that cursor always appears in the selected window.
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41
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42 Most Emacs commands implicitly apply to the text in the selected
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43 window (though mouse commands generally operate on whatever window you
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44 click them in, whether selected or not). The text in other windows is
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45 mostly visible for reference, unless/until you select them. If you
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46 use multiple frames on a graphical display, then giving the input
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47 focus to a particular frame selects a window in that frame.
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48
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49 Each window's last line is a @dfn{mode line}, which describes what
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50 is going on in that window. It appears in different color and/or a
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51 ``3D'' box, if the terminal supports that; its contents normally begin
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52 with @w{@samp{--:-- @ *scratch*}} when Emacs starts. The mode line
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53 displays status information such as what buffer is being displayed
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54 above it in the window, what major and minor modes are in use, and
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55 whether the buffer contains unsaved changes.
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56
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57 @menu
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58 * Point:: The place in the text where editing commands operate.
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59 * Echo Area:: Short messages appear at the bottom of the screen.
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60 * Mode Line:: Interpreting the mode line.
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61 * Menu Bar:: How to use the menu bar.
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62 @end menu
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63
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64 @node Point
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65 @section Point
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66 @cindex point
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67 @cindex cursor
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68
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69 Within Emacs, the active cursor shows the location at which
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70 editing commands will take effect. This location is called @dfn{point}.
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71 Many Emacs commands move point through the text, so that you can edit at
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72 different places in it. You can also place point by clicking mouse
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73 button 1 (normally the left button).
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74
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75 While the cursor appears to be @emph{on} a character, you should
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76 think of point as @emph{between} two characters; it points @emph{before}
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77 the character that appears under the cursor. For example, if your text
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78 looks like @samp{frob} with the cursor over the @samp{b}, then point is
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79 between the @samp{o} and the @samp{b}. If you insert the character
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80 @samp{!} at that position, the result is @samp{fro!b}, with point
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81 between the @samp{!} and the @samp{b}. Thus, the cursor remains over
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82 the @samp{b}, as before.
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83
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84 Sometimes people speak of ``the cursor'' when they mean ``point,'' or
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85 speak of commands that move point as ``cursor motion'' commands.
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86
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87 If you are editing several files in Emacs, each in its own buffer,
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88 each buffer has its own point location. A buffer that is not
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89 currently displayed remembers its point location in case you display
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90 it again later. When Emacs displays multiple windows, each window has
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91 its own point location. If the same buffer appears in more than one
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92 window, each window has its own position for point in that buffer, and
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93 (when possible) its own cursor.
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94
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95 A text-only terminal has just one cursor, so Emacs puts it
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96 in the selected window. The other windows do not show a cursor, even
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97 though they do have a location of point. When Emacs updates the
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98 screen on a text-only terminal, it has to put the cursor temporarily
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99 at the place the output goes. This doesn't mean point is there,
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100 though. Once display updating finishes, Emacs puts the cursor where
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101 point is.
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102
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103 On graphical terminals, Emacs shows a cursor in each window; the
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104 selected window's cursor is solid and blinking, and the other cursors
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105 are just hollow. Thus, the most prominent cursor always shows you the
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106 selected window, on all kinds of terminals.
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107
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108 @xref{Cursor Display}, for customizable variables that control display
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109 of the cursor or cursors.
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110
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111 The term ``point'' comes from the character @samp{.}, which was the
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112 command in TECO (the language in which the original Emacs was written)
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113 for accessing the value now called ``point.''
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114
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115 @node Echo Area
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116 @section The Echo Area
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117 @cindex echo area
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118
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119 The line at the bottom of the frame (below the mode line) is the
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120 @dfn{echo area}. It is used to display small amounts of text for
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121 various purposes.
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122
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123 @dfn{Echoing} means displaying the characters that you type. At the
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124 command line, the operating system normally echoes all your input.
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125 Emacs handles echoing differently.
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126
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127 Single-character commands do not echo in Emacs, and multi-character
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128 commands echo only if you pause while typing them. As soon as you pause
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129 for more than a second in the middle of a command, Emacs echoes all the
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130 characters of the command so far. This is to @dfn{prompt} you for the
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131 rest of the command. Once echoing has started, the rest of the command
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132 echoes immediately as you type it. This behavior is designed to give
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133 confident users fast response, while giving hesitant users maximum
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134 feedback. You can change this behavior by setting a variable
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135 (@pxref{Display Custom}).
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136
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137 @cindex error message in the echo area
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138 If a command cannot do its job, it may display an @dfn{error
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139 message} in the echo area. Error messages are accompanied by beeping
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140 or by flashing the screen. The error also discards any input you have
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141 typed ahead.
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142
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143 Some commands display informative messages in the echo area. These
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144 messages look much like error messages, but they are not announced
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145 with a beep and do not throw away input. Sometimes the message tells
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146 you what the command has done, when this is not obvious from looking
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147 at the text being edited. Sometimes the sole purpose of a command is
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148 to show you a message giving you specific information---for example,
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149 @kbd{C-x =} (hold down @key{CTRL} and type @kbd{x}, then let go of
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150 @key{CTRL} and type @kbd{=}) displays a message describing the
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151 character position of point in the text and its current column in the
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152 window. Commands that take a long time often display messages ending
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153 in @samp{...} while they are working, and add @samp{done} at the end
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154 when they are finished. They may also indicate progress with
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155 percentages.
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156
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157 @cindex @samp{*Messages*} buffer
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158 @cindex saved echo area messages
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159 @cindex messages saved from echo area
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160 Echo-area informative messages are saved in an editor buffer named
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161 @samp{*Messages*}. (We have not explained buffers yet; see
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162 @ref{Buffers}, for more information about them.) If you miss a message
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163 that appears briefly on the screen, you can switch to the
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164 @samp{*Messages*} buffer to see it again. (Successive progress messages
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165 are often collapsed into one in that buffer.)
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166
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167 @vindex message-log-max
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168 The size of @samp{*Messages*} is limited to a certain number of lines.
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169 The variable @code{message-log-max} specifies how many lines. Once the
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170 buffer has that many lines, each line added at the end deletes one line
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171 from the beginning. @xref{Variables}, for how to set variables such as
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172 @code{message-log-max}.
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173
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174 The echo area is also used to display the @dfn{minibuffer}, a window that
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175 is used for reading arguments to commands, such as the name of a file to be
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176 edited. When the minibuffer is in use, the echo area begins with a prompt
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177 string that usually ends with a colon; also, the cursor appears in that line
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178 because it is the selected window. You can always get out of the
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179 minibuffer by typing @kbd{C-g}. @xref{Minibuffer}.
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180
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181 @node Mode Line
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182 @section The Mode Line
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183 @cindex mode line
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184 @cindex top level
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185 @c
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186
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187 Each text window's last line is a @dfn{mode line}, which describes
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188 what is going on in that window. The mode line starts and ends with
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189 dashes. When there is only one text window, the mode line appears
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190 right above the echo area; it is the next-to-last line in the frame.
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191 On a text-mode display, the mode line is in inverse video if the
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192 terminal supports that; on a graphics display, the mode line has a 3D
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193 box appearance to help it stand out. The mode line of the selected
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194 window has a slightly different appearance than those of other
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195 windows; see @ref{Optional Mode Line}, for more about this.
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196
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197 Normally, the mode line looks like this:
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198
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199 @example
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200 -@var{cs}:@var{ch}-@var{fr} @var{buf} @var{pos} @var{line} (@var{major} @var{minor})------
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201 @end example
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202
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203 @noindent
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204 This gives information about the buffer being displayed in the window: the
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205 buffer's name, what major and minor modes are in use, whether the buffer's
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206 text has been changed, and how far down the buffer you are currently
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207 looking.
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208
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209 @var{ch} contains two stars @samp{**} if the text in the buffer has
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210 been edited (the buffer is ``modified''), or @samp{--} if the buffer has
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211 not been edited. For a read-only buffer, it is @samp{%*} if the buffer
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212 is modified, and @samp{%%} otherwise.
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213
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214 @var{fr} appears only on text-only terminals, to show the selected
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215 frame name. @xref{Frames}. The initial frame's name is @samp{F1}.
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216
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217 @var{buf} is the name of the window's @dfn{buffer}. In most cases
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218 this is the same as the name of a file you are editing. @xref{Buffers}.
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219
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220 The buffer displayed in the selected window (the window that the
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221 cursor is in) is the @dfn{current buffer}--the one that editing takes
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222 place in. When we speak of what some command does to ``the buffer,''
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223 we mean it does those things to the current buffer.
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224
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225 @var{pos} tells you whether there is additional text above the top of
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226 the window, or below the bottom. If your buffer is small and it is all
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227 visible in the window, @var{pos} is @samp{All}. Otherwise, it is
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228 @samp{Top} if you are looking at the beginning of the buffer, @samp{Bot}
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229 if you are looking at the end of the buffer, or @samp{@var{nn}%}, where
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230 @var{nn} is the percentage of the buffer above the top of the window.
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231 With Size Indication mode, you can display the size of the buffer as
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232 well. @xref{Optional Mode Line}.
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233
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234 @var{line} is @samp{L} followed by the current line number of point.
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235 This is present when Line Number mode is enabled (which it normally is).
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236 You can optionally display the current column number too, by turning on
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237 Column Number mode (which is not enabled by default because it is
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238 somewhat slower). @xref{Optional Mode Line}.
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239
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240 @var{major} is the name of the @dfn{major mode} in effect in the
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241 buffer. At any time, each buffer is in one and only one of the possible
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242 major modes. The major modes available include Fundamental mode (the
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243 least specialized), Text mode, Lisp mode, C mode, Texinfo mode, and many
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244 others. @xref{Major Modes}, for details of how the modes differ and how
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245 to select one.@refill
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246
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247 Some major modes display additional information after the major mode
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248 name. For example, Rmail buffers display the current message number and
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249 the total number of messages. Compilation buffers and Shell buffers
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250 display the status of the subprocess.
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251
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252 @var{minor} is a list of some of the @dfn{minor modes} that are
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253 turned on at the moment in the window's chosen buffer. For example,
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254 @samp{Fill} means that Auto Fill mode is on. @samp{Abbrev} means that
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255 Word Abbrev mode is on. @samp{Ovwrt} means that Overwrite mode is on.
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256 @xref{Minor Modes}, for more information. @samp{Narrow} means that
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257 the buffer being displayed has editing restricted to only a portion of
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258 its text. (This is not really a minor mode, but is like one.)
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259 @xref{Narrowing}. @samp{Def} means that a keyboard macro is being
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260 defined. @xref{Keyboard Macros}.
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261
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262 In addition, if Emacs is currently inside a recursive editing level,
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263 square brackets (@samp{[@dots{}]}) appear around the parentheses that
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264 surround the modes. If Emacs is in one recursive editing level within
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265 another, double square brackets appear, and so on. Since recursive
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266 editing levels affect Emacs globally, not just one buffer, the square
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267 brackets appear in every window's mode line or not in any of them.
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268 @xref{Recursive Edit}.@refill
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269
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270 @var{cs} states the coding system used for the file you are editing.
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271 A dash indicates the default state of affairs: no code conversion,
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272 except for end-of-line translation if the file contents call for that.
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273 @samp{=} means no conversion whatsoever. Nontrivial code conversions
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274 are represented by various letters---for example, @samp{1} refers to ISO
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275 Latin-1. @xref{Coding Systems}, for more information.
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276
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277 On a text-only terminal, @var{cs} includes two additional characters
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278 which describe the coding system for keyboard input and the coding
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279 system for terminal output. They come right before the coding system
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280 used for the file you are editing.
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281
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282 If you are using an input method, a string of the form
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283 @samp{@var{i}>} is added to the beginning of @var{cs}; @var{i}
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284 identifies the input method. (Some input methods show @samp{+} or
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285 @samp{@@} instead of @samp{>}.) @xref{Input Methods}.
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286
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287 When multibyte characters are not enabled, @var{cs} does not appear at
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288 all. @xref{Enabling Multibyte}.
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289
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290 @cindex end-of-line conversion, mode-line indication
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291 The colon after @var{cs} can change to another string in certain
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292 circumstances. Emacs uses newline characters to separate lines in the buffer.
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293 Some files use different conventions for separating lines: either
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294 carriage-return linefeed (the MS-DOS convention) or just carriage-return
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295 (the Macintosh convention). If the buffer's file uses carriage-return
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296 linefeed, the colon changes to either a backslash (@samp{\}) or
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297 @samp{(DOS)}, depending on the operating system. If the file uses just
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298 carriage-return, the colon indicator changes to either a forward slash
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299 (@samp{/}) or @samp{(Mac)}. On some systems, Emacs displays
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300 @samp{(Unix)} instead of the colon even for files that use newline to
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301 separate lines.
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302
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303 @xref{Optional Mode Line}, for features that add other handy
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304 information to the mode line, such as the size of the buffer, the
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305 current column number of point, and whether new mail for you has
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306 arrived.
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307
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308 The mode line is mouse-sensitive; when you move the mouse across
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309 various parts of it, Emacs displays help text to say what a click in
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310 that place will do. @xref{Mode Line Mouse}.
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311
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312 @node Menu Bar
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313 @section The Menu Bar
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314 @cindex menu bar
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315
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316 Each Emacs frame normally has a @dfn{menu bar} at the top which you
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317 can use to perform certain common operations. There's no need to list
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318 them here, as you can more easily see for yourself.
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319
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320 @kindex M-`
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321 @kindex F10
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322 @findex tmm-menubar
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323 On a graphical terminal, you can use the mouse to choose a command
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324 from the menu bar. An arrow pointing right, after the menu item,
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325 indicates that the item leads to a subsidiary menu; @samp{...} at the
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326 end means that the command will read arguments (further input from
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327 you) before it actually does anything.
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328
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329 To view the full command name and documentation for a menu item, type
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330 @kbd{C-h k}, and then select the menu bar with the mouse in the usual
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331 way (@pxref{Key Help}).
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332
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333 On text-only terminals with no mouse, you can use the menu bar by
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334 typing @kbd{M-`} or @key{F10} (these run the command
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335 @code{tmm-menubar}). This command enters a mode in which you can select
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336 a menu item from the keyboard. A provisional choice appears in the echo
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337 area. You can use the up and down arrow keys to move through the
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338 menu to different choices. When you have found the choice you want,
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339 type @key{RET} to select it.
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340
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341 Each menu item also has an assigned letter or digit which designates
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342 that item; it is usually the initial of some word in the item's name.
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343 This letter or digit is separated from the item name by @samp{=>}. You
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344 can type the item's letter or digit to select the item.
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345
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346 Some of the commands in the menu bar have ordinary key bindings as
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347 well; if so, the menu lists one equivalent key binding in parentheses
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348 after the item itself.
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349
695cf19ef79e Add arch taglines
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
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350 @ignore
695cf19ef79e Add arch taglines
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
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351 arch-tag: 104ba40e-d972-4866-a542-a98be94bdf2f
695cf19ef79e Add arch taglines
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
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352 @end ignore